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Third year B.C.A Examination Data communication & network (301)

Q1. Do as direct: (Any Ten) 1. Define communication system Ans. Communication: A communication system is the combination of hardware, software and data transfer links that make up the communication facility for transferring data in a cost effective manner. 2. What are the different modes in bell 103 modem? Ans. The mode for bell 103 modem is full duplex over 2 set of telephone wires. 3. Sketch the transmitted waveform for the bit pattern 01101 using ASK technique.

4. Draw the block diagram of PCM transmitter. Sin (2fs) (input signal) Low pass filter

Sampler

Quantizer

Encoder

Binary Codes 5. List logical type of topology. Ans. The logical types of topology are: 1. Ethernet. 2. Token ring. 3. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 4. ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 6. State two disadvantages of BUS topology. Ans. The disadvantage of bus topology is that 1) Heavy network traffic can slow down the system. 2) If one computer malfunctions the entire system has a problem. 7. What is passive interface in FDDI? Ans. A passive interface consists of 2 taps fused onto the main fiber. One tap has a led or laser diode at the end of it., and the other has a photo diode the tap itself is completely passive and extremely reliable because damage to one does not break the ring. 8. What is refraction?

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Ans. The process of reflecting the signal waves in the increments inside the graded fibers to send it away from the cladding is called refraction. If the waves enter into a different substance due to which its angle gets changed minutely this is known as refraction. 9. State the function of HUB in Satellite communication. Ans. The functions of HUB in satellite communication are 1) Center of all activities. 2) Checks the functioning of all VSATs 3) Does all kinds of configuration. 4) Controls traffic. 5) Monitors the VSATs. 6) Billing. 10. What is the function of charge couple device (CCD)? Ans. it produces an electric current in proportion to the amount of light applied to it.

11. Define single to Noise (S\N) ratio. Ans. The maximum data rate of a noisy channel whose bandwidth is Hz, and whose signal-to-noise ration is S/N is given by: maximum no, of bits/sec = Hlog2(1+S/N) 12. What is companding? Ans. It is desirable to compress the digital codes at the transmitter end and then expand them back to their original form without corrupting its data is companding. It can be done with both types of data analog and digital. Q2. Answer the following: (any Five) 1. Explain Electromagnetic interference and attenuation. Ans. Attenuation. It is the tendency of the electro magnetic signal to become heat or distorted over distance during transmission the signals energy can be absorbed or distorted by the medium itself it is called attenuation. Electromagnetic interface. The interference cause by eltromagnetic particles present in the surrounding can also cause distortion this is known as electromagnetic interference. 2. What is packet switching? Ans. A method of communication between computers in a network in which blocks of messages. Are to be transmitted are formed into packets and placed on the channel.

3. Write in brief about ATM technology.

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Ans. ATM is the newest topology available at this time. Unlike others it can carry both voice and data over network whether wire or fiber. ATM is capable of extremely high speed routing. At the lowest it runs at 25MB per second. ATM is compatible with currently and widely used cable media such as twisted pair and fiber optics, and works great with LAN, WAN, and MAN. However some cable media lack the bandwidth to fully realize ATMs potentially.

4. Explain flooding method of static rooting. Ans. This method is useful when one message must go to all stations. It runs the following instruction in sequence. 1) Inspect the address in the packets header. 2) If this node is destination forward it to appropriate station. 3) If not deduct 1 form hop count. 4) If result >0 then make copies and send in all routes. 5) If new value is 0 destroy packet.

5. Differentiate between Baseband and Broadband transmission. Ans. Baseband Broadband This transmission use the entire bandwidth Out here the bandwidth is divided into for a single channel multiple channels. Used in LANs Used in telephone exchanges Baseband is ideal for single user Broadband is ideal for cafes Thin physically Physically wider. 6. Write brief note on PSK. 1). In PSK the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0. 2). Both peak amplitude & frequency will remain constant as the phase change. 3). It will start with a phase of 0 degree to represent binary 0 then we can change the phase to 180 degree to send binary 1. 4). PSK bit rate using the same bandwidth can be two or more times grater then the ASK & FSK. 5).The phase of a signal during each bit duration is constant and its value depends on bit. 6). This method is known as 2-PSK or binary PSK because 2 different phases are used.

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Advantages of PSK 1) The maximum bit rate can be obtained from PSK. 2) PSK is not affected to noise that effects ASK. 3) There is no bandwidth limitation for PSK. Diagram: - refer angira madam notes.

7. Explain the copper wire. Ans. Modulation for transmission, characteristic for methods.

requirement of modulation for digital signals transmitted over is the technique by which a digital signal is converted to analog form modulate is to mix a data signal on to a carrier and modified its transmission in communication. Data modulate the carrier by various

Q3. (A) State the difference between synchronous and asynchronous data. On a transmission channel if a 500 character message is sending on synchronous data stream using ASCII 7-bit code, having 2 SYN characters and one errordetection character. Calculate the efficiency of transmission channel. Ans. Synchronous Asynchronous 1). Less expensive. 2). Suited for key board type Terminal. 3). Less efficient. 4). Doesnt need any synchronizing

1). Expensive 2). Suited for remote communication and computer to computer communication. 3). Efficient. 4). Needs accurate synchronizing.

500 character message 7 bit code SYN 2 error detection 1. 500+2(SYN) +1(Error Detection) = 503 503x7= 3521 500x7=3500 efficiency= (3500/3521)x100= 99.4 % OR

(A) What are various data transmission modes? Explain with example of each. Ans. There are 3 data transmission modes. They are Simplex, half-duplex and full duplex. Simplex. Simplex communication implies a simple method. There is only one way communication transmission. T.V is an good example of simplex communication.

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The main transmitter sends out a signal (broadcast) but does not accept a reply. As the receiving unit cannot reply. but this has a defect there is no 2 way communication. Half-duplex. In half-duplex both units communicate over the same medium but only one unit can sent at a time. While one unit is sending the other receives. It can alternately send and receive data. It requires 2 wires. Eg: - transmission of data to and from H.D. Full -duplex. A half-duplex system must be turned around each time the direction is reserved this waste time. Although a high speed computer can reduce this time it becomes unaccepted in certain situation. Some application requires simultaneous transmission in both directions. A full duplex system eliminates this situation. It requires 4 wires & can transmit data in any direction simultaneously.

(B) Explain twisted pair and coaxial cable with advantages and disadvantages. Ans. Twisted pair and coaxial cable. Twisted pair. A twisted pair consists of 2 insulated copper wires, typically 1mm thick. The wires are twisted together. The purpose of twisting the wires is to reduce electrical interference from similar pairs close by. Twisted pairs are commonly used in local telephone communication and for digital data transmission for short distances. Advantages of twisted pair. 1) Oldest method so trained manpower to repair is easily available, 2) Media can be used for both analog and digital transmission. 3) Least expensive for short to medium distances. 4) If damaged entire network is not affected. Disadvantages of twisted pair. 1) Highly effective to noise and attenuation. 2) It can be easily broken or tapped. 3) They become some what inefficient in long ranges.

Coaxial cable. A coaxial cable consists of a stiff copper wire as the core, surrounded by an insulated material. The insulator is encased by a cylindrical conductor. The outer conductor is covered in protective plastic sheath.

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Coaxial cable are difficult to connect to network devices and generally require more planning than twisted pair systems. This sometimes reduces the flexibility in locating workstations and servers. Advantages of coaxial cable. 1) it is better shielded than twisted pair so gives higher data at longer distances. 2) They have higher bandwidth and greater immunity against noise. 3) It is easy to handle and less expensive compared to fiber optics. 4) Telephones, T.V etc can easily and efficiently use coaxial cable. Disadvantages of coaxial cable. 1) Coaxial cable gets affected by EMI. 2) They are less secure compared to fiber optics.

OR

(B) Explain VSATS and infrared waves. Ans. VSAT or very small aperture terminals are tiny terminals having 1-meter antennas and can put about 1 watt of power. The uplink is generally good. In many VSAT systems the micro stations do not have enough power to communicate directly with one another. Instead a special ground station, the HUB with a large high antenna is needed to relay traffic between VSATs. Infrared waves. Unguided infrared waves are widely used for short range communication. The remote controls used for T.V. and VCRs etc all use infrared waves. They are relatively directional cheap and easy to built but they cannot pass through solid objects. Q4. Answer the following: (any Five) 1. How many hamming bits are used for the message: SaveOurSouls. Ans. There are 12 characters hence 12 x 8( 8bit binary) gives 96 Therefore 7 hamming bits will be required. 2. Explain different multimode fiber optic. Ans. . Step Index Multimode Fibers. In this type of fiber more than one signals can be transmitted hence it is more beneficial than the single mode fibers. Here the signals are send by reflecting them to the surface of the fiber. Hence 2 or more signals can be reflected by using various angles. The only disadvantage is the loss of info due to attenuation. Graded Index Multimode Fibers. Here the disadvantage of the step indeed is removed. Instead of reflecting the signals directly to the surface which

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caused attenuation, there is an special material which sends the signals away form the cladding. This removes attenuation. 3. write in brief about FDDI Ans FDDI networks runs on fiber optics instead of copper wires. It is very similar to that of token ring. FDDI is very fast however it is very expensive to install and operate. Hence it is used only for high end applications such as stock traders terminal and other applications that require the capability to transfer a large amount of data.

4. Explain passive star construction using fiber optics. Ans. Here the topology used is star, the interface is passive and fiber optics is used as transmission media. The basic construction remains the same. There is one central HUB and all terminals are connected to it. It gives many benefits of ring topology as well as fiber optics. 5. Write brief note on facsimile. Ans. facsimile is more commonly known as FAX. In order to transfer data from one source to another FAX is used. Fax machines must have 3 basic components optical scanner, telephone line, and printer. Optical scanner is used to scan the data and transform it into digital data. Telephone line is required to transmit data to another source, and printer is required to create the hard copy of the receive data.

6. Explain the multiple access technique. Ans. The term multiple technique means the ability of the satellite to link all the earth stations simultaneously, providing point to multipoint communication. The most commonly used multiple technique are Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA),Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) & Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA). 7. Discuss the tree components of satellite communication. Ans. The three components of satellite communication are 1) Ground Segment Equipment 2) Free Space 3) Space Segment

Ground segment equipment. They are earth stations, they perform the error correction encoding and decoding, they are the places from where the signals are transmitted and received. From out here the entire controlling of the satellites are done. Free space. Space is the medium between the satellite and the earth station. The radio frequency i.e. RF carrier signals are added with the original signals and

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transmitted over this medium. The space sometimes creates some obstructions too. Space segment It is the satellite that has been launched from earth to a geo stationery orbit. Its main purpose is to receive and transmit the various signals to various earth stations. Q5. Explain the following. (Any two) 1. Explain PCM in detail. Ans. Its a process in which an analog or continuous signal is converted into a digital or discrete signal form. REQUIRED. To convert the analog signals to digital signals. USES. PCM is used to get advantage of digital data as digital data has many advantages over analog data. Digital data can get rid of noise or is in effected by it, it is easy to simple and handle, storage is also easy. PCM consists of 3 steps. Stage 1. Sampling. The first stage sample of the analog signal is taken which are to be used later on for the reconstruction of analog signal in digital form. Stage 2. Quantization. In this stage values of the sample are evaluated and pulse are generated to recreate the analog signal. Also decimal values are assigning to the amplitude samples. Stage 3. Coding. In this stage the actual PCM takes place. Out here the values of the amplitude sample are rounded off to the nearest binary value resulting into conversion of analog to digital form. Diagram:- refer angira madam notes 2. Explain TDM. Also discuss STDM and ASTDM. Ans. TDM is another type of multiplexing. Out here different time slots are given to different users. The users can send or retrieve data during his time only. Basically TDM is used for digital data. It is new and relatively complex. Analog data cannot or usually not send using TDM. If fully utilizes the bandwidth not a FDM. A chance of mix up of data is not there even though there are no guard ranges. Only that user can transmit whos turn is there. Advantages of TDM. 1) Bandwidth is fully utilized. 2) Uses STATDMs statistics to increase efficiency 3) No guard range is required. Disadvantage of TDM. 1) It is a bit complex.

Tybca.110mb.com 2) It is bit costly too & expensive H/W required. Diagram:- Refer angira madams note

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STDM In STDM time slots of equal lengths are assigned to all users. It automatically imposes fixed size packets to be transmitted by all users. Out here no start or stop bits is required as after one time the data has to be send by the other compulsory. If the user has no data to transfer than the time is wasted.

Advantages of STDM. 1) Less complex and easy. 2) Every user is given its turn. 3) No user can send large data without giving chance to others. 4) No user can occupy the line once his time is over the next user is given chance automatically. Disadvantages of STDM 1) If no data is to be send then the time slot is wasted. 2) If data is long the user has to send data 10 times that too when his turn comes even if no other user is sending data other than him. STATDM. In STATDM different size of time slots are given to different users. Of course the packet size is also different. Out here time is not wasted as STDM as another can use the time slot but as all things has limitations STATDM too has some limitations. Advantages of STATDM 1) Long data can be transferred. 2) Time is not wasted, various length packets are possible. 3) Suitable for high density, high traffic applications. Disadvantages of STATDM. 1) Start bit/stop bit required. 2) Complex structure and implementation. 3) User can almost occupy the line. 4) Unequal opportunities to all users. For diagrams refer text book 4.6(a) and 4.6(b) 3. Explain OSI model in detail. Ans. The OSI model was developed to standardize the procedure for exchange of information between processing systems. It is a seven layer communication protocol intended as a standard for the development of communication systems worldwide. The seven layers of OSI are. 1) Application. 2) Presentation.

Tybca.110mb.com 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Session. Transport. Network. Data Link. Physical.

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Application Layer. It is the topmost layer of the OSI model, and it provides services that directly support user application, such as database access, e-mail and file transfer. Also allows remote communication with other applications. Presentation Layer. The presentation layer translates data between the format the network requires and the format that computer accepts. The presentation layer does protocol conversion, data translation, compression and encryption, interpretation of graphic commands etc. Session Layer. It establishes and terminates the sessions. This layer provides services such as name lookup and security to allow 2 programs to find each other and establish a communication link.. it provides data synchronization and check pointing to minimize loss of data. Transport Layer. It is responsible for converting messages into the structure required for transmission over the network. A high level error recovery is also provided by it. It ensures the data packets are delivered error free i.e. in sequence no losses or duplication. It also breaks up large messages into small packets to reduce network traffic. Network Layer. It translates logical network address into physical machine address. Also determines the quality of services. It may also break up large packets into smaller if its size is larger than data link can accept. Data Link Layer. It is responsible for gaining access to the network and transmitting the physical block of data from one device to another. It includes error checking. It is the communication protocol that is most commonly referenced and implies the specification of physical layer as well. Physical Layer. It makes a physical circuit with electrical, optical or radio signals, passive hubs, simple active hubs, cables and connectors, repeaters, multiplexers etc are devices associated with the physical layer. The physical layer defines the actual set of wires, etc that connect the sending & receiving devices to the network.

4. Write in detail about ISDN. Why ISDN is useful for video Conferencing.

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Ans. ISDN means Integrated Services Digital Network. its primary goal is to integrate the voices and non voice services and to provide them to the user with short interaction. Basically an ISDN device looks like a regular telephone with multiple buttons. Features of ISDN. 1) Instant call setup to arbitrary telephone anywhere in the world. 2) Displays caller telephone number name and address while ringing. 3) Connectivity with computer allows creation of caller database. 4) Other advances call services including call forward and conferences. 5) Other advanced non voice services like bugler alarm, fire alarm, on-line medical services are other features of ISDN systems. Video conferencing has widely increased among business community. Video conferencing is not only used for business purpose only but otherwise as well. But the main problem was that even if a company uses only 2-3 hours video conference per day it has to for 24 hours for the lease line. This made video conference costly. With the introduction of ISDN system video conferencing has reached new heights. It allows the conferencing to take place as dial up basis and also adjust the bandwidth capacity.