4.

l0

Force on valve = p-A; A = 1t(0.095 mil4 = 7.088 x 10-3 m2 9.81kN 2 p=v.h= 3 x 1.80m= 17.66kN/m F

= (17.66 X 103 N/m2)(7.088 x 10-3 m2) = 125 N Acts at center 2:Mhinge = 0 = (125 N)(47.5 mm) - Fo(65 mm)
=

Fo 4.11

5946 N·mm/65

mm

91.5 N = Opening force

FB = PB·A; A = 1.2 x 1.8 m2 = 2.16 m2 PB = Pair + Yo(0.50 m) + Yw(0.75 m) PB = 52 kPa + (0.85)(9.81 kN/m3)(0.5 m) + (9.81)(0.75) = 63.5 kPa FB = (63.5 X 103 N/m2)(2.l6 m2) = 137 x 103 N = 137 kN FB = PB·A; A = 2.0 x 1.2 m2 = 2.4 m2 PB = 200 kPa + Yo(1.5 m) + Yw(2.6 m) PB = 200 kPa + (0.80)(9.81 kN/m3)(1.5 m) + (9.81)(2.6) = 237.3 kPa FB = (237.3 X 103 N/m2)(2.4 m2) = 569 x 103 N = 569 kN Fp

4.12

4.13

= Sp-A; A = n(0.60 m)2/8 + (0.80 m)(0.60 m) + - (.60 m)(0.30 m)

2

A = 0.711 m2 : Assume std. atmosphere above water. pw = Palm + yswh == 101.3 kPa + (10.10 kN/m3)(175 m) = 1869 kPa
Sp = 1869 kPa - 100 kPa = 1769 kPa Fp = (1769 X 103 N/m2)(0.711 nr') = 1.257
X

106 N

= 1.26 MN

Forces on rectangular walls 4.l4 FR

= yw(hI2)A = (62.4 Ib/ft3)(1.8 ft)(8.0 ft)(3.6 ft) = 3235 Ib

FR acts .L wall, 1.20 ft from bottom of gate

Part (b)
2:Mhinge = FR(1.2 ft) - FL1(4.0 ft) Fu= FR(1.2/4.0) = 3235 Ib(0.30) = 970.5Ib on two latches On each latch: FL = (970.5 lb )/2 = 485 Ib

4.15

Length of sloped side

A

=L=

= 17.90 ft

15.5 ftlsin 60°

= (17.90 ft)(11.6 ft) = 207.6 fe

FR

= y(hI2)(A)

= 78.50 lb ft3

15.5 ft x 207.6 ft 2

hp == 2/3 h = (2/3)(15.5 ft) = 10.33 ft Lp = 2/3 L = (2/3)(17.90 ft) = 11.93 ft

FR = 126300 Ib

1
Chapter 4

15.5 It

26

4.16

FR = y(h/2)A

= 62.4lb ft3

x 6 ft x (12 ft)(20 ft) hp = 8.0 ft

12.0ft
I+-ll...-Jfr

FR = 89850 Ib hp = 2/3 h = 2/3(12 ft) = 8.0 ft Moment = FR·4 ft = 359400 lb-ft

4.Oft

4.17

FR

= yo(h/2)A
= (0.86) 9.81kN
3

FR = 46.8 kN hp = 2/3 h = (2/3)(1.4 m) = 0.933 m Lp = 2/3 L = (2/3)(1.98 m) = 1.32 m

x 0.7 m x (1.98)(4.0) m2
1.4m-h L= dsin 45° =1.98 m

Forces on submerged plane areas 4.18 Centroid is at midpoint of AB he = 14 in + 4 in = 18 in = 1.50 ft AB = 10.0 in [3-4-5 triangle] Lc =~. L =h .• d 4' e e
e

t=

~=22.5 4

in

10 2. 2 Area = AB ·3.5 ft= - ·3.5 =2.92 ft (420 In) 12 FR = yheA = 0.93(62.4 Ib/ft3)(1.50 ft)(2.92 ft2) FR=2541b I = BH3 = (42)(10)3 in4 =3500 in" c 12 12 L -L =l= p e LeA 3500 in (22.5 in)(420 in")
4

= 0.37 in

L; = L, + 0.37 in = 22.5 in
4.19

+ 0.37 in = 22.87 in

he = 0.825 m = 825 mm L; = he cos 30°

4

825 mm = 953 mm cos 30°

A = n(450 mm)2 = 1.59 x 105 mm' [.159 m2] FR = yheA = (0.85)(9.81 kN/m3)(.825 m)(0.159 m2) FR= 1.09 kN 4 I. = nD = n(450)4 = 2.013 X 109 mm4 e 64 64 L -L =l= P LeA
C

1.5

2.013xl0 = 13.3 mm (953)(1.59 X 105)

.30

Lp = L;

+ 13.3 mm = 953 + 13.3 = 966 mm

27

Forces Due to Static Fluids

4.20

he = 3.0 m; L;
A

h.Ico« 30° 4

3.464 m

= 1rD2 = 1r(2.4 m /
4
4

= 4.524 m2

l= 1[D = 1r(2.4m)4 = 1.629 m" 64 64 FJ? = rheA = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m3)(3.0 m)(4.524 m2) FR = 146.5 kN L -L =~= p LcA
C

1.629 m (3.464 m)(4.524 m")

0.104 m
~'---'

Lp 4.21

= L;

+ 0.104 m = 3.464 + 0.104 = 3.568 m

= 104mm

z-H·y-o.888ft

~---'-----~---l

1"c,.......-t--

I a-1.5ft
=

--1%:Y-0.813ft

8.0ft

L;

ft)(3.0 ft2) 17871b A = H(G + B)/2 = 1.5(4.0)/2 = 3.0 ft2 2 1 = H3(G +4GB+B2) = 0.551 ft4 e 36(G+B)

he = Le cos 45° = 9.55 ft FJ? = rheA = (62.41b/fe)(9.55

= 13.50 ft

a + 1.5 + z

8.0/eos 45° + 1.5 + z

Lp - L; = ULeA = 0.551/(13.50)(3.0) Lp = L; + 0.0136 ft = 13.50 + 0.0136 4.22 L; A

= =

0.0136 ft 13.51 ft

0.163 in

= a + 1.0 ft = 3.0/eos 30° + 1.0 = 4.464 ft he = L; cos 30° = 3.866 ft = n(.5 ft)2/4 = 0.196 ft2 = 42.61b
ft)(0.196 ft2) FR

FJ? = rheA = (0.90)(62.41b/ft3)(3.866

1 = 1rD4 e 64 L-L
p

= 1r(0.5)2 = 0.00307
64 LcA 0.00307 (4.46)(0.196)

ft4

= __!_:_ =

= 0.00351 ft

Lp

L; + 0.00351

= 4.468 ft

28

Chapter 4

4.23

L; = he/cos 40° = 0.855/cos 40° = 1.116m A

= (.300)2 + Jr(.30)2 = 0.1607 m2

4 m)(A) 102m
he

= (0.90)(9.81 kN/m3)(0.855 FR= 1.213 kN

(0.300)4 Jr(.300)4 +--'-12 64 Ie = 0.001073 m" I 0.001073 L -L = _c =----p e LeA (1.116)(0.1607) 1=
e

FR = rheA

Lp - L; = .00598 m = 5.98 mm Lp = 1.122 m

AC-O.450m y. AC COS 40· - 0.346 m he -1.20 m - y- 0.855 m

4.24

= nD2/4

n(2.0)2/4

= 3.142 ft2

FR =yheA

FR = 12811b
1 = JrD e 64
4

= 62.41b/ft3 X 6.536 ft X 3.142 ft2

= 0.785

ft4

L -L =!.s_= p e LeA

0.785 (9.243)(3.142)

Lp - L; = 0.027 ft Lp = 9.270 ft

= [0.325 in]
a = 3.0/cos 45° = 4.243 ft L; = 5 + a = 9.243 ft

he = L, cos 45° 4.25 L; = a + 0.50 m = 0.76 m/cos 20° + 0.50 L; = ] .309 m he = L; cos 20° = 1.230 m A = (1.00)(0.60) = 0.60 m2 FJ? = rheA = (0.80)(9.81 kN/m3)(1.23 m)(0.60 m2) FR= 5.79 kN 1 = BH3
e =

6.536 ft

12

(0.60)(1.00)3 m

12

= 0.05 m"
-. 0 0637 m = 63 •7 mm

L - Lc - - Ie _ p

LeA

0.05 (1.309)(0.60)

Lp

= Lc

+ 0.0637 = 1.372 m

Forces Due to Static Fluids

29

4.26

4 L; = a + 25 he =
A

a=

~ . 20 = 25

in

= 50.0 in = 4.167 ft
in

i .L; = 40.0
5

= 3.333 ft

= (8)(50) = 400 in\1 ft2/144 in2) = 2.778 ft2 = (1.43)(62.4lb/ft3)(3.333

BH3 12 c
=

FR=yhcA

FR= 8261b 1
e =

ft)(2.778 ft2)

(8)(50)3 12

L -L
p

=l=
LeA

83 333 in" ' 4 83333 in (50.0 in)(400 in")

= 4.167 in Lp = L; + 4.167 in = 54.167 in (4.514 ft)

4.27

It-oI-I----

1.50 m

1-0.212D-0.31'm

a = 0.80 mlsin 70° = 0.851 m L; = a + 0.5 + Y = 0.851 + 0.50 + 0.318 = l.669 m he = L; sin 70° = l.569 m FR =vh.A = (0.88)(9.81 kN/m3)(l.569 m)(0.884 m2) FR= 11.97 kN
L -L
p

LeA

0.0347m4 (l.669 m)(0.884 m")

0.0235 m

Lp

= L; + 0.0235 m = l.669 m + 0.0235 m = 1.693 m

=23.5 mm

30

Chapter 4

4.28

~In

----i

= a + 8 + Y = 11.55 + 8.0 + 8.48 = 28.03 h; = L; cos 30° = 24.27 in [2.023 ft]

L; FJ? =vh.A 144 in ' 17562in =0.997 (28.03 in)(628.3 in")
4

a = 10 in/cos 30°

= 11.55 in

in

= (1.10)(62.4 Ib/ft3)(2.023 ft) (628.3 in~)(l ft2)

FR= 605.81b L -L
p c

=.!.s...=
LeA

= 7.135 in
Lp = Lc + 7.135 in = 29.03 in
4.29

f
.12013 • 6.87 In

~I· ==-30-In===~·1T =
A = 1BH= (1)(30)(20)

= 300 in

1 = BH3 = 30(20)3 = 6667 in" c 36 36 a = 18 in/cos 50° = 28.0 in L; = a + 6 + b = 28.0 + 6.0 + 13.33 L; = 47.34 in h; = L; cos 50° = 30.43 in FJ?= yhcA FJ? = 62.4 Ib/ft3 x 30.43 in x 300 in2 ft3 x 3 = 329.61b 1728 in

L - L, = .!.s... = 6667 in = 0.469 in p LeA (47.34in)(300 in") Lp = L; + 0.469 in = 47.34 + 0.469 = 47.81 in
C

Forces Due to Static Fluids

31

4.30

he = L, = 0.375 + 0.150 = 0.525 m A = (0.60)(0.30) + n(0.30iI4 2 A = 0.2507 m

o.37Sm

o.3Om I f·

.50m

FJI = rheA FJI = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m3)(0.525 FJI = 0.865 kN := 865 N I; = (0.60)(0.30)3 + Ji(0.30/ 12 64 L-L=~
p

m)(0.2507 rrr') = 0.001748 m"

4

LeA

0.001748m =0.0133m=13.3mm (0.525 m)(0.2507 m")

=

Lp = L; + 13.3 mm 4.31

525 + 13.3 = 538 mm

(See Prob. 4.30) he = L; = 0.150 m FR = rheA := (0.67)(9.81)(0.150)(0.2507) Lp L. = ~=

c
4

= 0.247 kN = 247 N

LcA

0.001748 m = 0.0465 m = 46.5 mm (0.150 m)(0.2507 m")

=:

Lp = L; + 46.5 mm 4.32

150 mm

+ 46.5 mm = 196.5 mm

y=

LAy = 9.0xl0-3 m3 Ar 0.1253 m" = 0.0718 m Y =0.0718m=71.8mm

Li=h;»

A(m2) 1 Reet. 2 Semieire. 0.0900 0.0353 0.1253

ji(m)

Aji(m3)

I;(m4) l.688 x 104 5.557 2.243

X X

hem)

Ah2

0.075 0.0636

6.750 x 10-3 2.245 x 10-3 9.000 x 10-3

0.00324 9.4xl07 0.00816 2.35 x 10-6 3.30

X

10-5 10-4

10-6

T
L - L.
p

L~2.27: 1O~

m'

is =
LA

2.276 X 10- m (0.0718m)(0.1253 m")

0.0253 m = 25.3 mm

Lp = L; + 25.3 mm = 97.1 mm FR = rheA = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m3)(0.0718

m)(0.1253 m2) = 0.059 kN = 59 N

32

Chapter 4

4.33

Rectangular Wall FJI = y(hI2)A = 62.4lb/ft3 x 4.0 ft x (8.0 ft)(l5.0 ft) = 29950 lb Lp= -h==-(8.0ft) 3 3

t
h-8.0ft

=5.333ft

_C

.L
t

-_-

4.34

G A

= =

10.0 ft - 8.0 ftitan 60° == 5.381 ft H(G + B) = 61.52 ft2 2

- == H (G + 2B) == 4.40 ft = h == L. Y 3(G+B) e c FR == yheA FJI = 62.41b/ft3 x 4.40 ft x 61.52 ft2 = 16894lb 1 = H3(G2 + 4GB + B2) c 36(G+B) = 8 [5.38 +4(5.38)(10)+10 36(5.38+10) L-L=_!_s_=
p e
3 2 2 ]

EndVlN

= 318.3 ft4 =1.176ft

LeA

318.3 (4.40)(61.52)

Lp = Lc + 1.176 = 5.576 ft 4.35 Rectangular Wall

AB = 8.0 ft/sin 60° == 9.237 ft A = AB x 15 ft == 138.6 ft2 FR = y(hI2)A FR = 62.4 Ib/ft3 x 4.0 ft x 138.6 ft2 = 34586 lb 22 i, = 3(AB) == 3(9.237 ft) = 6.158 ft

4.36

= H(G+2B)= Y 3(G + B) hc=H-

4.6[1.2+2(3.856)] 3(1.2 + 3.856) = 1.897m=Lc page

=2.703m

Y
2

=4.6-2.703

FR = yheA Acts.l

A = H(G + B) == 4.6(1.2 + 3.856) = 11.63 m2 FR = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m2)(1.897 =238 kN L= H\G

c 2

m)(11.63 m2)
Vlew1DWWd endwal 8 - 1.2 m + 4.6 milan

+4GB+B2) 36(G+B) LeA

= 18.62 m"
4

L -L
p
C

= _!_s_=

18.62 m = 0.844 m (l.897 m)(l 1.63 m")

eo-- 3.858 m

Lp = Lc + 0.844 m == l.897 + 0.844

= 2.741 m

Forces Due to Static Fluids

33

4.37

Rectangular Wall: FR = yheA FR = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m3)(4.60/2)m(4.6)(3.0)m2 =343 kN FR acts 113 from bottom or 2/3 from surface 2 Lp = "] (4.60 m) = 3.067 m
811ckW ..

4.38 END WALL

A
Q)
1.046 0.151 0.151
=

Y 0.75 0.l5 0.50

2

Ay
0.784 0.023 0.075
=

-Yi= y-y 0.096 -0.504 -0.154

0 CD
LA
f
=

1.348 m
=

LAy
3

0.882 m3

he = FR I;
=

0.882 m = 0.654 m 1.348 m2 1.5 m - Y = 0.846 m = L; yheA = (0.90)(9.81 kN/m3)(0.846 m)(1.348 m2)
=

IAy IA

10.07 kN

11 + A,y~+ lz + ~y~ + 13 + A3y;

I; = (0.697)(1.5)3 + (1.046)(0.096)2 + (0.503)(0.30)3 + (0.151)(0.504)2 12 12

+ (0.503)(0.60)3 + (0.151)(0.154)2
36 I, == 0.1960 + 0.0096 + 0.0011 + 0.0384 + 0.0030 + 0.0036 = 0.2518 m' 0.2518 Lp = L; + = 0.846 m + m = 0.846 + 0.221 = 1.067 m LeA (0.846)(1.348) c:::o.._ L - L
p c

4.39

Vertical back wall is rectangular FR = yheA = y(hI2)(A) 't = 0.90(9.81 kN/m3) = 8.829 kN/m3 hl2 = 1.50 m/2 = 0.75 m A = (1.50 m)(1.20 m) = 1.80 m2 F» = (8.829 kN/m3)(0.75 m)(1.80 m2) = 11.92 kN Lp= "]xh="]

1..50m

x L50m=1.00m
BadcWaII --

34

Chapter 4

4.40

he = L; = 4.00 ft; A = (4.00)(1.25) = 5.00 ft2 FI? = yheA = (62.4lb/ft3)(4.00 ft)(S.OO ft2) = 12481b Ie = BHI12 = (1.25)(4.00)3112 = 6.667 ft4 L -L
P
C

:=

l=
LeA

6.667 ft4 (4.00ft)(S.00ft2)

I,Ms

0.333 ft = 0 = FR(l.667) - F HC4.00)

=

F = (1248)(1.667) = 520 Ib H 4.00 I,Mf[ = 0 = FI?(2.333) - Fc\{4.00) Fs' 4.41

= (1248)(2.333) . 4

:=

7281b

.r, = (2.50)(0.60)
~Iw

Water side: ~Iw = rwChwl2)Aw

=

= 1.50 m2
=

(9.81)(1.25)(1.50) 2

18.39 kN

I J' =-1 '~...

___

G.8O

-us

._

1?~
0.887

U33

LJ}

= - . 2.50 = 1.667 m
w

Oil side: ~Io = Yo( hol2 )Ao Ao

~Io

= (2.00)(0.60) = 1.20 m2 = (9.81)(0.9)(1.00)(1.20) = 10.59 kN

=o

-=--_

~_L-_I),

'H

Lp IMs

2
3

. 2.00 =

1.333 m

=0
= ~Iw

(1.967) -

~Io

(2.133) - FH(2.80)

FH = [(18.39)(1.967) - (10.59)(2.133)]/2.80 = 4.85 kN ~ IM H = 0 = ~Iw (0.833) - ~Io (0.667) - Fs{2.80) Fs

=

[(18.39)(0.833) - (10.59)(0.667)]/2.80

2.95 kN ~

Forces Due to Static Fluids

35

4.42

he = 38 + Y = 38 + 5 cos 30° = 42.33 in L; = he/cos 30° = 48.88 in FR=yhcA A = n(10i14 = 78.54 in2 F - 62.4lb 42.33 in· 78.54 in2 R1728 in 3 Ife

--:.z--

fe .

FR

= 120.1Ib = 490.9 in4

I, = Jr(10)4 64 L -L peL
c

=~ A
490.9in4 =0128· , • (48.88 in)(78.54 in-)
III

Lp -L e =

-.».
5.128_j
See Prob. 4.19 for data.

Sum moments about hinge at top of gate. 'LMH = 0

= FR(5.128)

Fe(5.00)

Fi= (120.1 Ib)(5.128 in) = 123.2 Ib = cable force 5.00in Piezometric head 4.43 h
a

Po
Yo

13.8kN x
m'

m = 1.655 m (0.85)(9.81 kN)

h.; = he + h., = 0.825 m + 1.655 m = 2.480 m Lee = heelcos 30° = 2.480 m/cos 30° = 2.864 m FJI = y,AeA = (0.85)(9.81 kN/m3)(2.480 m)(0.159 m2) = 3.29 kN 9 4 Lpe _ Lee = ~ = 2.013 x 10 mm = 4.42 mm LcA (2.864 mm)(1.59 xl 05 mm") h
a

4.44

Po
YoD

25.0kN m2

m =2.317m (1.10)(9.81 kN)

h.; = he + h; = 3.000 m + 2.317 m = 5.317 m Lee = hcelcos 30° = 5.317/cos 30° = 6.140 m FR = YoDhceA = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m3)(5.317 m)(4.524 m2)

See Prob. 4.20 for data.

= 259.6 kN

1.629 m" - 0 0586 m - 58 .6 mm Lpe - Lee - -- Ie _ 2 -. Lc,A (6.140 m)(4.524 m )

36

Chapter 4

4.45

ha h.; Lee

p" Yes

2.501b ft3 inZ(1.43)(62.4lb)

x 1728 in 1 ft3

= 48.41 in = 4.034 ft

I See Prob. 4.26.

= he + h; = 40.0 in + 48.41 in = 88.41 in = 7.368 ft

=

hee

(%)
=

88.41 in(

%)

110.5 in

9.209 ft

FR = YesheeA
Lpe - Lee

(1.43)(62.4 Ib/fe)(7.368 83333 in" Z (110.5 in)(400 in )

ft)(2.778 fr')
=

= 1826 Ib

1.885 In

LeA

4.46

FR = 31191b
L -L pe ee
=

Ii, = PI/ = 4.0 Ib x fe x 1728 in = 100.7 in = 8.392 ft See Prob. 4.28. YEG in ' (1.10)(62.4lb) fe h.; = he + ha = 24.27 in + 100.7 in = 124.97 in [See Prob. 4.28] Lee = heelcos 30° = 144.3 in = 12.03 ft FR = YEGheeA = (1.10)(62.4 Ib/fe)(124.97 in)(l ftl12 in)(628.3 in2)(1 fel144 in2)

l=
LceA

17 562 in (144.3 in)(628.3 in")

= 0.194 in

Forces on curved surfaces 4.47 R

=

0.75 m, w

= 2.00 m; Fv= y·V= yAw

x 2.00 m'

F,= 9.81 kN/m' x [(1.85)(0.75)+ "(0~75)']

=

35.89 kN
AI

_ AI XI + X = --'---'------=--=-

Al

=
= =

A2
X

(0.75)(1.85) = 1.388 m2 n"(0.75f/4 = 0.442 m2

Azxz +Az

(1.388)(.375) + (0.442)(0.318) = 0.361 m 1.388 + 0.442 he = hi + sl2 = 1.85 + 0.75/2 = 2.225 m FH = yswhe = 9.81 kN/m3 x (0.75)(2.00)(2.225)m3 FH= 32.74 kN 2 0752 hp = he + _s_ = 2.225 +' = 2.225 + 0.021 12he 12(2.225) FR= ~F:- +F~ =.J35.89z
do = 'f'

2.246 m

+32.742 =48.58kN

tan

-1

FH - tan

Fv _

-I

35.89 32.74

= 4760
.

Forces Due to Static Fluids

37

4.48

Fv= yV= yAw Fv= (0.826)(9.81 kN/m3)(1.389 m2)(2.50 m) A = Al + A2 = (0.62)(1.25) + n(1.25)2/8 A = 1.389 m2 FH = 0 because horiz, forces are balanced FR = Fv= 28.1 kN

!-1.25mm-~

= 28.1

kN

4.49

YI = R sin 15° = 3.882 ft s = R - YI = 15.00 - 3.882 = 11.118 ft he = h + YI + s/2 = 10.0 + 3.882 + 5.559 he = 19.441 ft FH = yhcSw = (62.4)(19.441)(11.118)(5.00) FH = 67,4371b s hp = he + 12hc
2

= 19.441 + 0.530 ft

hp = 19.971 ft Fv=yV=yAJw Al = (14.489)(10.0) = 144.89 ft2 1 1 A2 = - (n)(R cos 15°) = - (3.882)(14.489) 2 2 = 28.12 ft2 75 360 360 = 147.26 ft2 AT = Al + A2 + A3 = 320.27 ft2 Fv= yAJw = (62.4)(320.27)(5.00) = 99,9251b Xl = 14.489/2 = 7.245 ft 2 X2 = (14.489) = 9.659 ft 3 . R sin(37.5°) X3 = b sm 37.5° where b = 38.197 37.5° X3 = 9.301 sin 37.5° = 5.662 ft A3

= nR2 . .l.2_ = n(15.0i

= 9.301 ft (from Machinery's Handbook)

x=

A1x1

+ A2x2 + ~X3
AT

= 6.738

ft

38

Chapter 4

4.50

Fv= YoV= y,Aw A = Al + A2 = (7.50)(9.50) + n(7.50i/8 A = 93.34 ft2 Fv= y,Aw = (0.85)(62.4)(93.34)(3.50) Fv= 173281b =FR FH = 0 because horiz. forces are balanced

I·

7.5Oft

---l

f
1+1· ----t·1

IT
9.50

4.51

s = R - y = 6.00 - 5.196 = 0.804 m he = h + Y + s/2 = 5.20 + 5.196 + 0.402 he = 10.798 m FH = vswh; = (0.72)(9.81)(0.804)(4.00)(10.798) FH=245.3 kN 2 h = h + _i_ = 10.798 + 0.804 p e 12hc 12(10.798) hp = 10.798 + 0.0050 m hp = 10.803 m Fv=yV=yAw Al = (5.20)(3.00) = 15.60 m2 A2 = _!_ (3.00)(5.196) 2
A3

sin

ao- •

3.00 m

5.20 m

=h

= 7.794 m2

= nR2. 30 = Jr(6.0)2 = 9.425 m2

Forces shown acUng on ftuid.

360 12 AT=Al +A2+A3=32.819m2 Fv= yAw = (0.72)(9.81)(32.819)(4.00) = 927.2 kN Xl = 3.00/2 = 1.500 m X2 = 2(3.00)/3 = 2.00 m . Rsinl5° X3 = b sm 15° where b = 38.197 15 X3 = (3.954)sin 15° = 1.023 m

= 3.954 m (from Machinery's Handbook)

x=
Fu
d.-

Al Xl

+ A2x2 + A3X3 = 1.482 m

AT
= ~ F~

+ F; = .J245.32 + 927.22 = 959.1 kN

_1

'f'-

Fv tan -1 -=tan FH

927.2 - 7- 20 -- ::'I. 245.3

Forces Due to Static Fluids

39

4.52

Fv=yAw A = Al + A2 = (1.20)(2.80) + n(1.20)2/4 = 4.491 m2 Fv= (9.81 kN/m3)(4.491 m2)(1.50 m) = 66.1 kN Xl = 0.5(1.20) = 0.60 m; X2 = 0.424(1.20) = 0.509 m _ AIXI + ~X2 (3.36)(.60) + (l.l3)(0.509)
X

AT

4.491

= 0.577 m he = h + sl2 = 2.80 + 1.20/2 = 3.40 m F H = yswhe = (9.81)( 1.20)( 1.50)(3 .40)
h =h +
p
e

= 60.0
m

kN

hP[ ~l~ ~+J

...z._--tI\

11.20ml

-h-=""'I.-so

12hc

3.40 + (1.20)2 12(3.40)

= 3.435 = 89.3

Ij,

~~

"

R -. -1.20 m

ixl

FR

~F; + F~ = ..}66.12 + 60.02

_1

kN

do -I Fv ",= tan -=tan

FH

66.1 60.0

= 4780 .

4.53

11.20
Fv= yAw = (9.81)(3.669)(1.50) = 54.0 kN Xl = 1.20/2 = 0.60 m X2 = 0.2234R = 0.268 m [Machinery's Handbook] _ Al XI + ~X2 = ~~_:__--'-__:__-__:._:-~ (3.36)(0.60) + (0.309)(0.268) X=

I
h

"" Ix,
+

= 2.S0 m

A 3.669 =0.572 m he = h + sl2 = 2.80 + 0.60 = 3.40 m FH = yswhe = (9.81)(1.20)(1.50)(3.40) = 60.0 kN S2 1.202 h =h += 3.40 + = 3.435 m p c 12hc 12(3.40)

FR= ~F;+F~ FH

=..}54.02+60.02
_1

=80.7kN

do-I Fv ",- tan -=tan

54.0
-

60.0

- 4200 .

40

Chapter 4

4.54

A = lfD2/8 = n(36i/8 = 508.9 in2 = 3.534 fe Fv= yAw = (0.79)(62.4)(3.534)(5.0) = 871Ib X = 0.212D = 0.212(36 in) = 7.63 in he = h + s/2 = 48 + 36/2 = 66.0 in = 5.50 ft FH = yswhe = (0.79)(62.4)(3.0)(5.0)(5.50) FH= 4067Ib S2 362 • h =h = -=66+ -= 67.64 m p e 12hc 12(66) FR= ~Fv2+F~
'f/=

=c=

hp

= 67.6 in

=.j8712
-I

+40672

= 4159 Ib

d.

Fv tan -I -=tan
~i

871 = 12 . 10 -4067

4.55

(See Prob. 4.47) E .De th=h q Par = p= 7.5kN/m 9.81 kN/m3

2

=0.765m

hi; = h, + h.; = 1.85 + 0.765 = 2.615 m; hee == + s/2 == h.: 2.615 + 0.75/2 A I = (0.75)(2.615) = 1.961 m2; A2 = 0.442 m2; AT = 2.403 m2 Fv= yAw = (9.81)(2.403)(2.000) = 47.15 kN X = AjXj + A2x2 = (1.961)(0.375) + (0.442)(0.318) = 0.365 m AT 2.403 FH = yswhee == (9.81)(0.75)(2.00)(2.99) = 44.00 kN S2 0.752 hpe-hee== --= ==0.016m=16mm 12hce 12(2.99) FR ==~'-FV-2 -+-F-~ = ..1'--4-7.-15-2-+-4-4-.0-0-264.49 kN = d.=
'f'

= 2.990 m

tan

-I

Fv _ -I 47.15 = 47 00 FH - tan 44.00 .

4.56

(See Prob. 4.48) E . De th=h q Par

=

4.65 kNI m (0.826)(9.81 kN/m3)

= 0.574

hie ==h, + ha = 0.62 m + 0.574 m ==1.194 m A = (1.194)( 1.25) + n( 1.25)218 == 2.106 m2 Fv= yAw == (0.826)(9.81 kN/m3)(2.l06 m2)(2.50 m) == 42.66 kN = FR 4.57 Net horizontal force = 0 From Section 4.11, net vertical force equals the weight of the displaced fluid acting upward and the weight of the cylinder acting downward. wf== yfVd = (62.4 Ib/ft3)(0.164 ft3) = 10.2 Ib 1fD2 .L= 1f(6.00in)2 . 10.0 in =282.7 in3 x ft3 4 4 1728in3 We = YeV= (0.284Ib/in3)(282.7 irr') == 80.3Ib Net force on bottom == - wf= 80.3 - 10.2 == We 70.1Ib down 4.58 See Prob. 4.57. wI= IO.2Ib We == YeV= (0.100 Ib/in3)(282.7 in') == 28.271b Fne! == - WI==28.27 - 10.2 ==18.07Ib down We Vd=A.L== =0.164ft3

Forces Due to Static Fluids

41

4.59

See Prob. 4.57. wf= 10.21b We = YeV= (30.0 Ib/ft3)(0.164 fe) = 4.921b Fnel = We - Wf= 4.92 - 10.2 = 5.281b up But this indicates that the cylinder would float, as expected. Then, the force exerted by the cylinder on the bottom of the tank is zero. The specific weight of the cylinder must be less than or equal to that of the fluid if no force is to be exerted on the tank bottom. (See Prob. 4.57.) Because the depth of the fluid does not affect the result, Fnet = 70.11b down. This is true as long as the fluid depth is greater than or equal to the diameter of the cylinder. (See Prob. 4.57.) We = 80.3 lb Force (downward) on upper part of cylinder = wt. of volume of cross-hatched volume. Force (upward) on lower part of cylinder = wt. of entire displaced volume plus that of crosshatched volume. Then net force is wt. of displaced volume (upward).

4.60

4.61

4.62

e - slrrt (2.0(.1.0) - 41.Sx» Rcos" - 3.0 COS" x-2.2381n

II -

1eo- + 2e - 263.5"

Wf= yfVd = yp4dL TrD2 a 1 Ad = _-. - + -(2x)(2.0) 4 360 2 Ad

=

= AI + A2 = 25.18 in2
1 1728

Tr(6.0 in )2. 263.6 + (2.236)(2.0) 4 360

wf= yp4dL = 62.4lb/fe

Fnel

. 25.18 in2 . 10.0 in·

fe.

= 9.091b

III

= We - wf= 80.3 - 9.09 = 71.21Ib down

42

Chapter 4

4.63

(See Prob. 4.57) For any depth ~ 6.00 in, Foet = 70.11b down Method ofProb. 4.62 used for h < 6.00 in and ~ 3.00 in. For any depth < 3.00 in, use figure below. ffD2 f3 1 Ad=AJ -A2 = --x---(2x)(R-h) 4 360 2 Fnet cc We - Wf= 80.3 lb - yjAdL Summary of Results: h (in) Filet (Ib) 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 70.1 70.5 71.2 72.08 73.07 74.12 75.19 76.27 77.32 78.30 79.18 79.89 80.30
82

,,1 c8 .¥
i

lao
.~

~-

LY' /

-78 78 74

'\

I'\.

I-

"

'\.. ........

II.

~72 70 1 2 3 4

r-,
I
5 8 1 I

fluid Depth. h (In)

4.64

Centroid: y = 0.212 D = 0.212(36 in) = (7.63 in)(1 ftl12 in) = 0.636 ft x = (20 inj/sin 25° = 47.32 in Le = 60 in + x - y = 60 + 47.32 - 7.632 = (99.69 in)(l ft/12 in) = 8.308 ft he = L; sin 25° = (8.308 ft)(sin 25°) = 3.511 ft A = ffD2/8 = n(3.0 ft)2/8 = 3.534 fe FR = rheA = (1.06)(62.4lb/fe)(3.511 ft)(3.534 fe) = 820 lb = FR 1== 6.86 X 10-3 D4 = 6.86 x 10-3(3.00 ft)" = 0.556 ft4 Lp - L; == II[LeA] = (0.556 ft4)/[(8.308 ft)(3.534 ft2)] = 0.0189 ft Lp = L; + 0.0189 ft = 8.308 ft + 0.0189 ft = 8.327 ft = Lp

Forces Due to Static Fluids

43