Mathes 3 Notes

UNI T I ( Fourier Series)
2. Obt ain t he Fourier ser ies f or ( )

x
f x e
= in t he int erval 0 2 x < < .

Ans:
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx
=
}
2
0
1
x
e dx

=
} ( )
( )
2
2
0
1 1
1
x
e e

( = =

}
=

2
0
cos ) (
1
nxdx x f a
n

2
0
1
cos
x
e nxdx

=
}
2
2
0
1
( cos sin )
1
x
e
nx n nx
n

( | |
= +
( |
+
\ .

2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( 1 0) ( 1 0)
1 1 1
e e
n n n

| |
= + + =
|
+ + +
\ .

}
=

2
0
sin ) (
1
nxdx x f b
n

2
0
1
sin
x
e nxdx

=
}

2
2
0
1
( sin cos )
1
x
e
nx n nx
n

( | |
=
( |
+
\ .

2
2 2 2
1 1 2
( 0 2 ) ( 0 0)
1 1 1
x
e e
n n n

| |
= =
|
+ + +
\ .

0
0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
( )
2 2
2
2 2
0
1 1 1 2
1 cos sin
2 1 1
n
e e
e nx nx
n n

=
| |
= +
|
+ +
\ .

2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 cos cos 2 cos3 sin sin 2 sin3
..... 2 .....
2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3
e e x x x x x x
e

| | | |
= + + + + + + +
| |
+ + + + + +
\ . \ .
.
3. Find t he Fourier serie s expansion f or f (x), if :

0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <

Ans:
0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <

2 2 2
0 0 0
( ) 0
2 2 2
x
f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

0
0 2 2 2 2
2
0 0
( ) 0 0
2 2 2 2
x x
f x dx xdx xdx

| |
| | ( ( | |
| = + = + = + + =
| | ( (
|
\ . \ .
\ .
} } }

} }
=

0
) ( 2 ) ( dx x f dx x f
So, t he gi ven f unct i on i s an even f unct i on. So i t s Four i er ser i es i s given by

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
( ) 0
2 2
x
a f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

}
=

0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n

0
2
cos x nxdx
=
}

2
0
2 sin cos nx nx
x
n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .

2 2 2
2 cos 1 2 ( 1) 1
0 0
n
n
n n n

| | | |
= + =
| |
\ .
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
cos
2
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

4 cos3 cos5
cos ........
2 9 25
x x
x
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
.

4. Obt ain t he half -range cosine series f or:
( ) 0 / 2
( ) ( ) / 2
f x kx x l
f x k l x l x l
= s s
= s s

Deduce t he sum of t he series:
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5
+ + +
Ans:
0 / 2
( )
( ) / 2
kx x l
f x
k l x l x l
s s
=

s s

It s Hal f r ange Cosi ne ser i es i s
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a n x
f x a
l
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

w her e
/2
0
0 0 / 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
l l l
l
a f x dx f x dx f x dx
l l
| |
= = +
|
\ .
} } }

/ 2
0
0 / 2
2
( )
l l
l
a kxdx k l x dx
l
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }

/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
0
0 /2
2 2
0
2 2 8 2 2 8
l l
l
k x x k l l l l
a lx l
l l
| |
( ( | |
| = + = + +
| ( (
|
\ .
\ .
2
0
2
4 2
k l kl
a
l
| |
= =
|
\ .
----------------(1)
0
2
( ) cos
l
n
n x
a f x dx
l l
=
}
/ 2
0 / 2
2
cos ( ) cos
l l
n
l
n x n x
a kx dx k l x dx
l l l

| |
= +
|
\ .
} }

/ 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
0 / 2
sin cos sin cos
2
( )
l l
n
l
n x n x n x n x
k
l l l l
a x l x
n n
n n l
l l
l l

| |
( ( | |
|
( (
|
= + + ( (
|
( (

|
( (
\ \
\ .

/2
2 2 2 2
0 / 2
sin cos sin cos
2 ( )
l l
n
l
n x n x n x n x
l l
l l l l
a k x l x
n n n n

| |
( ( | |
|
( (
|
= + +
( (
|
( (
|
( ( \ \
\ .

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos sin cos
( 1)
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
n
n
n n n n
l l
l l l l
a k
n n n n n n

| |
|
= + + +
|
|
\ .

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 cos
( 1)
2
2
n
n
n
l
l l
a k
n n n

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
/2
2 2
0 if n odd
4
(( 1) 1) if n even
n
n
a
kl
n

So, Four i er Ser i es i s
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a n x
f x a
l
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

/ 2 0
2 2
1
4
( ) (( 1) 1) cos
2
n
n
a kl n x
f x
n l
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
w her e n i s even.
/2
2 2
1
4
( ) (( 1) 1) cos
4
n
n
kl kl n x
f x
n l
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
w her e n i s even
{ }
/ 2
2 2
1
( 1) 1
4
( ) cos
4
n
n
kl kl n x
f x
n l

=
| |

| = +
|
\ .
w her e n i s even

2 2 2 2
8 1 2 1 6 1 10
( ) cos cos cos .........
4 4 6 10
kl kl x x x
f x
l l l

| |
= + + +
|
\ .

2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 6 1 10
( ) cos cos cos .........
4 1 3 5
kl kl x x x
f x
l l l

| |
= + + +
|
\ .
.
Now by put t i ng 0 ( ) 0 x f x = = w e get

2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1
0 .........
4 1 3 5
kl kl
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1
.........
1 3 5 4
kl kl
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.........
1 3 5 8
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
.

5. I f ( ) f x is a per iodic f unct ion w it h period 2T, t hen w rit e t he value of Fourier coef f icient s.
Ans: ( ) f x i s a per i odi c f unct i on w i t h per i od 2T.
So, Four i er coef f i ci ent s

2
0
1
( )
T
a f x dx
T
+
=
}
,
2
1
( ).cos
T
n
n x
a f x dx
T T
+
=
}
,
2
1
( ).sin
T
n
n x
b f x dx
T T
+
=
}
.
6. Expand
1 1
4 2
3 1
4 2
0
( )
1
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <
as t he Fourier sine ser ies.

Ans: Her e
1
0
2
( ) sin
1 1
n
n x
b f x dx
=
}

( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
3 1
4 4
0
2
sin sin
1
n
b x n xdx x n xdx
| |
| = +
|
\ .
} }

( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
3 1
4 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 cos sin cos sin
.
1
n
n x n x n x n x
b x x
n n n n

| |
( (
= + + |
( (
|

\ .

2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
cos sin cos cos sin
1 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
n
n n n n
b n
n n n n n n

| | ( (
= + +
|
( (
\ .

2 2
1 cos 2
2 sin
4 2
n
n n
b
n n

| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
1 ( 1) 4
sin
2 2
n
n
n
b
n n

=
So,
1 2 3 4 5 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1 4 1 4
, 0, , 0, , ........
3 3 5 5
b b b b b

= = = + = =
So,
2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1 4 1 4
( ) sin sin3 sin5 ........
3 3 5 5
f x x x x

| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

7. I f
0 0
( )
sin 0
x
f x
x x
s s
=

s s
. Prove t hat
2
1
1 sin 2 cos 2
( )
2 4 1
m
x mx
f x
m

=
= +
.
Hence show t hat
1 1 1 1
....... ( 2)
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
+ + + = .
Ans:
0
1
( ) a f x dx

=
}
0
1
sin xdx
=
}
|
( )
( )
0
1 1 2
cos 1 1 x

= = + =
1
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx

=
}
0
1
sin cos x nxdx
=
}
0
1
2cos .sin .
2
nx x dx
=
}

( )
0
1
sin( 1) sin( 1)
2
n x n x dx
= +
}
0
1 cos( 1) cos( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1
n x n x
n
n n
+ ( | |
= + =
|(
+
\ .

1 1
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1
( 1)
2 1 1
n n
n
n n
+
| |
= + =
|
+
\ .
( ) ( )
1 1
2
( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1) 1 ( 1)
1
( 1)
2 1
n n
n n
n
n
+
| |
+
| = =
|
\ .

1
2
1 ( 1) 2 2
( 1)
2 1
n
n
n

| |
= =
|
\ .
1
2
1 ( 1) 1
( 1)
1
n
n
n

| |
= =
|
\ .
( )
2
2
n even
1
0 n odd(n 1)
n

( )
2
2
4 1 m

=

For n = 1,
1
1
( ) cos
n
a a f x xdx

= =
}

1
0
1
sin cos a x xdx
=
}
0
1
2cos .sin .
2
x x dx
=
}
0
1
sin 2
2
xdx
=
}

1
0
1 cos 2 1
( 1 1) 0
2 2 4
x
a

( | |
= = + =
|(
\ .

1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx

=
}
0
1
sin sin x nxdx
=
}
0
1
2sin .sin .
2
nx x dx
=
}

( )
0
1
cos( 1) cos( 1)
2
n x n x dx
= +
}
0
1 sin( 1) sin( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1
n x n x
n
n n
+ ( | |
= + =
|(
+
\ .

( )
1
0 0 0 0 0 ( 1)
2
n
= + = =

For n = 1
1
1
( )sin
n
b b f x xdx

= =
}

2
1
0
1
sin b xdx
=
}
0
1
(1 cos 2 )
2
x dx
=
}
( )
0
1 sin 2 1 1
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
x
x

( | |
= = + =
|(
\ .

0
0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
( )
2
1
1 2 1
cos 2 sin
2 4 1
m
mx x
m
=
| |
| = + +
|
\ .

2
1
1 sin 2 cos 2
2 4 1
m
x mx
m

=
= +
.
8. W rit e t he Parseval s f ormula f or Fourier Series of f (x) converges uniformly ( , ) l l .
Ans: Par seval s f or mul a f or Four i er Ser i es of f (x) conver ges uni f or mly ( , ) l l i s
( )
2 2 2 2
0
1
1
[ ( )]
2
l
n n
n
i
f x dx l a a b

= + +
`
)
}
.
9. Expand ( ) sin f x x x = in t he int erval 0 2 x < < in a Fourier ser ies.
Ans:
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx
=
}
2
0
1
sin x xdx
=
}
|
( )
( )
2
0
1 1
cos sin 2 0 0 0 2 x x x

= + = + + =
}
=

2
0
cos ) (
1
nxdx x f a
n
2
0
1
sin cos x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
.2cos .sin . sin( 1) sin( 1)
2 2
x nx xdx x n x n x dx

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 cos( 1) cos( 1) sin( 1) sin( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2 0 0 0 ( 1)
2 1 1 1 1 1
n
n n n n n
| | | |
= + + = = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) cos sin cos
n
a a f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }

2
2
1
0 0
1 1 cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
2 2 2 4
x x
a x xdx x

( | |
= = +
|(
\ .
}
1
1 2 1
0 0 0
2 2 2
a

| |
= + + =
|
\ .

2
0
1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx
=
}
2
0
1
sin sin x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
.2sin .sin . cos( 1) cos( 1)
2 2

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 sin( 1) sin( 1) cos( 1) cos( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1 1 1
0 0
2 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) n n n n
( | | | | | |
= + + +
( | | |
+ +
( \ . \ . \ .
0 ( 1) n = =
For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) sin sin sin
n
b b f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }
2 2
2
1
0 0
1 1
.2sin .(1 cos 2 )
2 2
b x xdx x x dx

= =
} }

2
2 2
1
0
0
1 1 sin 2 cos 2
.(1 cos 2 )
2 2 2 2 4
x x x
b x x dx x x

( | | | |
| |
= = +
( | | |
\ .
( \ . \ .
}

( )
2
1
1 4 1 1
2 2 0 0 0
2 2 4 4
b

( | | | |
= +
( | |
( \ . \ .
( )
2 2
1
1
4 2
2
b
= =
0
0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
0
1 1
2
( ) cos ( cos ) sin
2
n
n
a
f x a x a nx b x
=
= + + +

2
2
2 1 2 1
( ) cos cos sin
2 2 1 4
n
f x x nx x
n

=
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
1 2
( ) 1 sin cos cos
2 1
n
f x x x nx
n

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
.
10. Given
1 0
( )
1 0
x x
f x
x x
+ s s
=

+ s s
. I s t he f unct ion even or odd? Find t he Fourier series f or f (x) and deduce
t he value of
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5
+ + + .
Ans:
1 0
( )
1 0
x x
f x
x x
+ s s
=

+ s s

0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx f x dx

= +
} } }

( ) ( )
0
0 2 2
0
0
( ) 1 1
2 2
x x
f x dx x dx x dx x x

( ( | | | | | |

= + + + = + +
` | ( ( | |
\ . \ . \ .
)
} } }

( )
2 2
2
( ) 0 0 0 0 2
2 2
f x dx
| | | |

= + + + + = +
` | |
\ . \ . )
}
------------(1)
( )
2 2
0 0
0
( ) 1
2 2
x
f x dx x dx x
( | |
= + = + = +
( |
\ .
} }
------------(2)
Fr om (1) and (2)
0
( ) 2 ( ) f x dx f x dx

=
} }
.
So, t he gi ven f unct i on i s even f unct i on.
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx
=
}
( ) ( )
2 2
0
0
2 2 2
1 0 0 2
2 2
x
x dx x

( | | | | | |

= + = + = + = +
` | ( | |
\ . \ . \ . )
}

0
2
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx
=
}
( )
0
2
1 cos x nxdx
| |
= +
|
\ .
}

( )
( )
2 2 2 2
0
2 ( 1) 1
2 sin cos 2 1 1
1 0 ( 1) 0
n
n
nx nx
x
n n n n n

( | | | |
= + + = + =
` ` | | (
\ . \ . )

)

and 0
n
b =
( )
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
( )
( )
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
2 cos
n
n
nx
n
=
| |

| = + +
|
\ .

( )
( )
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
2 cos
n
n
nx
n
=

= + +
( )
2 2 2
4 cos cos3 cos5
2 .......
1 3 5
x x x
(
= + + +
(

.(3)
Now by put t i ng 0 x = i n (3) w e get
( )
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
0 1 2 .......
1 3 5
(
+ = + + +
(

( )
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
....... 1
1 3 5

(
+ + = +
(

( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 4
+
(
+ + =
(

.
11. Def ine Fourier Series and w rit e Euler s f ormulae f or Fourier serie s.
Ans: Ever y t r i gonomet r i c ser ies i n si ne and cosi ne
0
1
1
cos sin
2
n n
n
a a nx b nx
=
| |
+ +
|
\ .
w hi ch i s uni f or ml y conver gent

on [ , ] and i f f (x) i s i t s sum, t hen i t i s t he Four i er ser i es of some f unct i on.
If
1
n n
n
a b
=
| |
+
|
\ .
conver ges, t hen t he t r i gonomet r i c ser i es

0
1
1
cos sin
2
n n
n
a a nx b nx
=
| |
+ +
|
\ .
conver ges absol ut el y and

uni f or ml y on ever y cl osed i nt er val [ a, b] t hen i t i s t he Four i er ser i es of cont i nuous 2 per i odi c f unct i ons.
Euler s Formula: Four i er Ser i es of any f unct i on f (x) i s
0
1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
i n t he i nt er val [ , ] ,
w her e
0
1 2 2
( ) , ( ) cos , ( )sin
n n
a f x dx a f x nxdx b f x nxdx

= = =
} } }
.
12. Find t he half -range cosine series f or t he f unct ion
2
( ) ( 1) f x x = in t he int erval 0 1 x < < hence show t hat
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
8 ......
1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
.
Ans:
2
( ) ( 1) f x x = f or 0 1 x < <
Her e
1
0
0
2
( )
1
a f x dx =
}
1
1 3
2
0 0
2( 1) 2 2
2 ( 1) 0
3 3 3
x
x dx
(
= = = + =
(
}

1
0
2
( ) cos
1 1
n
n x
a f x dx
=
}
1
2
0
2 ( 1) cos x n dx =
}

1
2
2 2 3 3
0
sin cos sin
2 ( 1) 2( 1) 2
n x n x n x
x x
n n n

(
= +
(

2 2
1
2 0 0 0 0 2 0
n
(
= + + +
(

2 2
4
n
=
0
0
( ) ( cos )
2
n
n
a
f x a n x
=
= +
2 2
0
1 4
cos
3
n
n x
n

=
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 2 2 2
1 4 cos cos 2 cos3
.....
3 1 2 3
x x x
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
------ (1)
Now , put t i ng 0 x = w e get
2 2 2 2
1 4 1 1 1
1 .....
3 1 2 3
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.....
1 2 3 6
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
-------------------------(2)
Put t i ng 1 x = w e get
2 2 2 2
1 4 1 1 1
0 .....
3 1 2 3
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.....
1 2 3 12
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.....
1 2 3 12
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
---------------------(3)
By addi ng (2) and (30 w e get

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
..... .....
1 2 3 1 2 3 6 12
| | | |
+ + + + + + = +
| |
\ . \ .

2
2 2
1 1
2 .....
1 3 4
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
2
2 2
1 1
8 .....
1 3

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
.
13. Find a Fourier serie s f or:
2
( ) (1 ) f t t = w hen 1 1 t s s .
Ans:

14. Obt ain half range cosine series f or ( ) f x x = in t he int erval 0 x s s . Hence show t hat
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 8
+ + + = .
Ans: Hal f r ange cosi ne expansi on of ( ) f x x = i s
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
( ) 0
2 2
x
a f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

}
=

0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n

0
2
cos x nxdx
=
} 2
0
2 sin cos nx nx
x
n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .

2 2 2
2 cos 1 2 ( 1) 1
0 0
n
n
n n n

| | | |
= + =
| |
\ .
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
cos
2
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

4 cos3 cos5
cos ........
2 9 25
x x
x
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
------------- (1)
By put t i ng 0 x = i n (1) w e get
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
0 ........
2 1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
........
1 3 5 2
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
1 1 1
........
1 3 5 8
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
.

15. Def ine a Fourier Series.
Ans: Fourier Series: Four i er Ser i es of any f unct i on f (x) i s
0
1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
i n t he i nt er val
[ , ] , w her e
0
1 2 2
( ) , ( ) cos , ( )sin
n n
a f x dx a f x nxdx b f x nxdx

= = =
} } }
.
16. Find a series of sine and cosine of mult iples of x w hich w ill represent t he f unct ion
2
( ) f x x x = + in t he
int erval x < < . Hence show t hat :
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 2 3 6
+ + + = .
Ans: Her e
2
( ) f x x x = +

3 2
2
0
2 1 1
( ) ( )
3 2
x x
a f x dx x x dx

( | |
= = + = +
( |
\ .
} }

3 3 2 2 3 2
0
1 1 2 2
3 3 2 2 3 3
a

| |
= + + = =
|
\ .

1
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx

=
}
=
2
1
( ) cos x x nxdx

+
}

2
1
cos x nxdx

=
}
as cos x nx i s an odd f unct i on
2
2 3
1 sin 2 cos 2sin nx x nx nx
x
n n n

(
= +
(

2 2 2
1 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 4( 1)
0 0 0 0
n n n
n n n

(
= + + + =
(

1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx

=
}
2
1
( ) sin x x nxdx

= +
}
1
sin x nxdx

=
}
as
2
sin x nx i s an odd f unct i on

2
1 cos sin nx nx
x
n n

( | |
= +
|(
\ .
1 ( 1) ( 1) 1 2 ( 1) 2( 1)
0 0
n n n n
n n n n

| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .

0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
2
2
1
4( 1) 2( 1)
cos sin
3
n n
n
nx nx
n n

=
| |
= +
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
cos cos 2 cos3 sin sin 2 sin3
4 ...... 2 ......
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
x x x x x x | | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
2 2
f f f f f = + + = + +
( )
2 2 2
1
( )
2
f = + + = ( )
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
4 ...... 2 0 0 0......
3 1 2 3
| |
= + +
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
1 1 1 2
4 ......
1 2 3 3
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
......
1 2 3 6
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
.
17. I f
0 / 2
( )
/ 2
x x
f x
x x

< <
=

< <
t hen show t hat

2 2 2
2 cos 2 cos 6 cos10
( ) .......
4 1 3 5
x x x
f x

(
= + +
(

.
Ans:
0 / 2
( )
/ 2
x x
f x
x x

< <
=

< <

Her e per i od of t he f unct i on i s
0
0
1
( )
/ 2
a f x dx
=
}
2
0
2
2
( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }
( )
2 2 2
2
0 0
2
2
2 2
2 2
x x
xdx x dx x

| |

( ( | |
|
= + = +
` ( | (
|
\ . |
)
\ .
} }

2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
0
8 2 2 8 4 2

= + + = =
`
)

0
1
( ) cos
/ 2 / 2
n
n x
a f x dx

=
}
2
0
2
2
( ) cos ( ) cos
/ 2 / 2
n x n x
f x dx f x dx

| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
0
2
2
cos 2 ( ) cos 2 x nxdx x nxdx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
2 2
0
2
2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
( )
2 4 2 4
nx nx nx nx
x x
n n n n

( ( | | | |
= + +
`
| | ( (
\ . \ .

)

2 2 2 2
2 ( 1) 1 1 ( 1)
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
n n
n n n n
| | ( (
= + + +
|
( (
\ .
2
( 1) 1
n
n

=
3
2
0
1
( )sin
/ 2 / 2
n
n x
b f x dx

=
}
2
0
2
2
( ) sin ( ) sin
/ 2 / 2
n x n x
f x dx f x dx

| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
0
2
2
sin 2 ( ) sin 2 x nxdx x nxdx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }
2
2 2
0
2
2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
( )
2 4 2 4
nx nx nx nx
x x
n n n n

( | | | | (
= + +
`
| | ( (
\ . \ .

)

2
( 1) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1) 0
4 4
n n
n n

| | ( (
= + + + + +
|
( (
\ .
2
0 0
= =
0
1
( ) cos sin )
2 / 2 / 2
n n
n
a n x n x
f x a b

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
2
1
( 1) 1
cos 2 0
4
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

2
1
2 1 ( 1)
cos 2
4
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .

2 2 2
2 cos 2 cos6 cos10
.......
4 1 3 5
x x x
(
= + +
(

.

18. For a f unct ion ( ) f x def ined by ( ) , f x x x = < < . Obt ain a Fourier s serie s. Deduce t hat :
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 8
+ + + = .
Ans: | | ( ) , , f x x x = e
0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <

2 2 2
0 0 0
( ) 0
2 2 2
x
f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

0
0 2 2 2 2
2
0 0
( ) 0 0
2 2 2 2
x x
f x dx xdx xdx

| |
| | ( ( | |
| = + = + = + + =
| | ( (
|
\ . \ .
\ .
} } }

} }
=

0
) ( 2 ) ( dx x f dx x f

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
( ) 0
2 2
x
a f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

}
=

0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n
0
2
cos x nxdx
=
} 2
0
2 sin cos nx nx
x
n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .

2 2 2
2 cos 1 2 ( 1) 1
0 0
n
n
n n n

| | | |
= + =
| |
\ .
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
cos
2
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
4 cos3 cos5
cos ........
2 9 25
x x
x
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
-----------(1)
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
0 ........
2 1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
........
1 3 5 2
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
........
1 3 5 8
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

19. I f f (x) is an even and odd funct ion of x t hen f ind: ( )
a
a
f x dx
}
.
Ans: If f (x) i s an odd f unct i on of x t hen ( ) 0
a
a
f x dx
=
}
. If f (x) i s an even f unct i on of x t hen
0
( ) 2 ( )
a a
a
f x dx f x dx
=
} }

20. Prove t hat Fourier serie s f or t he f unct ion:
2
2
2
1
( 1) cos
( ) 4 ,
3
n
n
nx
f x x x
n
= = + < <

Hence show t hat :
(i)
2
2
1
6 n

(ii)
2
2
1
(2 1) 8 n
.
Ans: Her e
2
( ) f x x = i s an even f unct i on i n x < < .
So, 0
n
b = .
3 3 2
2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
( ) 0
3 3 3
x
a f x dx x dx

( | |
= = = = =
| (
\ .
} }

2
0 0
2 2
( ) cos cos
n
a f x nxdx x nxdx

= =
} }
2
2 3
0
2 sin cos sin
2 2
n
nx nx nx
a x x
n n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .

2 2
2 ( 1) ( 1)
0 0 2 0 0 0 4
n n
n
a
n n
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

Then ( )
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

2 2
2 2
1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( ) 4 cos 4 cos
3 3
n n
n n
f x nx nx
n n

= =
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

(1)
Put t i ng x = i n (1) w e get
2
2
2
1
( 1)
4 ( 1)
3
n
n
n
n

=
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
1
1 2
4
3
n
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
1
1
6
n
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .
------------------------(i )

Now put t i ng x = 0 i n (1) w e get
2
2
1
( 1)
0 4
3
n
n
n

=
| |
= +
|
\ .

1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1
( 1) ( 1)
4
3 12
n n
n n
n n

+ +
= =
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

1 2
2
1
( 1)
12
n
n
n
+
=
| |
=
|
\ .
-----------------------(i i )
By addi ng (i ) and (i i ) w e get
1 2 2
2 2
1 1
1 ( 1)
6 12
n
n n
n n

+
= =
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ .
\ .

2 2
2
1
1 3
2
(2 1) 12 4
n
n

=
= =
2
2
1
1
(2 1) 8
n
n
=
=
------------------(i i i )

21. Expand t he funct ion ( ) sin f x x x = as a Fourier ser ies in t he int erval x s s .
Ans: - Her e ( ) sin f x x x = i s an even f unct i on bet w een x s s
So, It s Four i er ser i es i s
0
0
( ) ( cos )
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

w her e
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx
=
}
0
2
sin x xdx
=
}
|
( )
( )
0
2 2
cos sin 0 0 0 2 x x x

= + = + + =
0
2
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx
=
}
0
2
sin cos x x nxdx
=
}

( )
0 0
1 1
.2cos .sin . sin( 1) sin( 1) x nx xdx x n x n x dx

= = +
} }

2 2
0
1 cos( 1) cos( 1) sin( 1) sin( 1)
( 1)
1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

1 1
2
1 ( 1) ( 1) 2
0 0 0 ( 1) ( 1)
1 1 1
n n
n
n
n n n
+
| | | |
= + + = =
| |
+
\ . \ .

For n = 1,
1
0 0
2 2
( ) cos sin cos
n
a a f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }

1
0 0
1 1 cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
2 4
x x
a x xdx x

( | |
= = +
|(
\ .
}
1
1 1
0 0 0
2 2
a

| |
= + + =
|
\ .

0
0
( ) ( cos )
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
0
1
2
( ) cos ( cos )
2
n
n
a
f x a x a nx
=
= + +

2
2
2 1 2
( ) cos ( 1) cos
2 2 1
n
n
f x x nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
1 2( 1)
( ) 1 cos cos
2 1
n
n
f x x nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
22. W hat are t he condit ions of f unct ion f (x) t hat can be develop as a Fourier serie s?
Ans: A f unct i on ( ) f x def ined in t he int erval [ , ] can be expr essed i n Four i er ser i es
0
1
1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n
f x a a nx b nx
=
= + +
w her e
0
, ,
n n
a a b ar e r eal coef f i ci ent s i f t he f ol l ow i ng
(i) Di r i chl et s condi t i on f or conver gence ar e sat i sf i ed i n t he i nt er val [ , ] .

(ii) ( ) f x and i t s i nt egr al ar e f i ni t e and si ngl e val ued.
(iii) ( ) f x has f i ni t e number of di scont i nui t i es.
( ) f x has f i ni t e number of maxi ma and mi ni ma.
23. Expand ( ) sin , 0 2 f x x x x = < < in a Fourier series.
Ans: ( ) sin , 0 2 f x x x x = < <
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx
=
}
2
0
1
sin x xdx
=
}
|
( )
( )
2
0
1 1
cos sin 2 0 0 0 2 x x x

= + = + + =
}
=

2
0
cos ) (
1
nxdx x f a
n
2
0
1
sin cos x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 cos( 1) cos( 1) sin( 1) sin( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2 0 0 0 ( 1)
2 1 1 1 1 1
n
n n n n n
| | | |
= + + = = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) cos sin cos
n
a a f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }

2
2
1
0 0
1 1 cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
2 2 2 4
x x
a x xdx x

( | |
= = +
|(
\ .
}
1
1 2 1
0 0 0
2 2 2
a

| |
= + + =
|
\ .

2
0
1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx
=
}
2
0
1
sin sin x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 sin( 1) sin( 1) cos( 1) cos( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1 1 1
0 0
2 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) n n n n
( | | | | | |
= + + +
( | | |
+ +
( \ . \ . \ .
0 ( 1) n = =
For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) sin sin sin
n
b b f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }

2 2
2
1
0 0
1 1
.2sin .(1 cos 2 )
2 2
b x xdx x x dx

= =
} }

2
2 2
1
0
0
1 1 sin 2 cos 2
.(1 cos 2 )
2 2 2 2 4
x x x
b x x dx x x

( | | | |
| |
= = +
( | | |
\ .
( \ . \ .
}

( )
2
1
1 4 1 1
2 2 0 0 0
2 2 4 4
b

( | | | |
= +
( | |
( \ . \ .
( )
2 2
1
1
4 2
2
b
= =

0
0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
0
1 1
2
( ) cos ( cos ) sin
2
n
n
a
f x a x a nx b x
=
= + + +

2
2
2 1 2 1
( ) cos cos sin
2 2 1 4
n
f x x nx x
n

=
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
1 2
( ) 1 sin cos cos
2 1
n
f x x x nx
n

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
.

25. I f
0 / 2
( )
/ 2
x x
f x
x x

< <
=

< <
t hen show t hat

2 2 2
2 cos 2 cos 6 cos10
( ) .......
4 1 3 5
x x x
f x

(
= + +
(

Ans:
0 / 2
( )
/ 2
x x
f x
x x

< <
=

< <

Her e per i od of t he f unct i on i s .
0
0
1
( )
/ 2
a f x dx
=
}
2
0
2
2
( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }
( )
2 2 2
2
0 0
2
2
2 2
2 2
x x
xdx x dx x

| |

( ( | |
|
= + = +
` ( | (
|
\ . |
)
\ .
} }
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
0
8 2 2 8 4 2

= + + = =
`
)

0
1
( ) cos
/ 2 / 2
n
n x
a f x dx

=
}

2
0
2
2
( ) cos ( ) cos
/ 2 / 2
n x n x
f x dx f x dx

| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
0
2
2
cos 2 ( ) cos 2 x nxdx x nxdx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }
2
2 2
0
2
2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
( )
2 4 2 4
nx nx nx nx
x x
n n n n

( ( | | | |
= + +
`
| | ( (
\ . \ .

)

2 2 2 2
2 ( 1) 1 1 ( 1)
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
n n
n n n n
| | ( (
= + + +
|
( (
\ .

2
( 1) 1
n
n

=
3
2
0
1
( )sin
/ 2 / 2
n
n x
b f x dx

=
}
2
0
2
2
( ) sin ( ) sin
/ 2 / 2
n x n x
f x dx f x dx

| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
0
2
2
sin 2 ( ) sin 2 x nxdx x nxdx
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
} }

2
2 2
0
2
2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
( )
2 4 2 4
nx nx nx nx
x x
n n n n

( | | | | (
= + +
`
| | ( (
\ . \ .

)

2
( 1) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1) 0
4 4
n n
n n

| | ( (
= + + + + +
|
( (
\ .
2
0 0
= =
0
1
( ) cos sin )
2 / 2 / 2
n n
n
a n x n x
f x a b

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
2
1
( 1) 1
cos 2 0
4
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

2
1
2 1 ( 1)
cos 2
4
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .
2 2 2
2 cos 2 cos6 cos10
.......
4 1 3 5
x x x
(
= + +
(

.

26. Are t he f ollow ing f unct ion odd, even or neit her odd nor even:
cos
, sin , sin ,
x
x
e nx x x
x
.
Ans: Odd f unct i ons ar e
cos
sin ,
x
nx
x
. Even f unct i ons i s sin x x . Nei t her odd nor even f unct i ons i s
x
e .

27. A sinusoidal volt age sin E wt is passed t hrough a half -w ave rect if ier w hich cl ips t he negat ive port ion of t he
w ave. Develop t he result ing periodic f unct ion.
0 0
2
( )
sin 0
2
T
t
U t
T
E wt t

< <
< <
and 2 / T w = , in a Fourier serie s.

Ans:

28. Find t he Fourier serie s f or ( ) f x in ( , ) , w here

0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x

+ < <
=

< <

Ans:
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx f x dx

= +
} } }

( ) ( )
0
0 2 2
0
0
( )
2 2
x x
f x dx x dx x dx x x

( ( | | | | | |

= + + = + +
` | ( ( | |
\ . \ . \ .
)
} } }

2 2
2 2 2
( ) 0 0 0 0
2 2
f x dx
| | | |

= + + + + =
` | |
\ . \ . )
}
------------(1)
( )
2 2 2
2
0 0
0
( )
2 2 2
x
f x dx x dx x

( | |
= = = =
( |
\ .
} }
-------------(2)
Fr om (1) and (2)
0
( ) 2 ( ) f x dx f x dx

=
} }
.
So, t he gi ven f unct i on i s even f unct i on.
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx
=
}
( )
2 2
2
0
0
2 2 2
0 0
2 2
x
x dx x

( | | | | | |

= = = + =
` | ( | |
\ . \ . \ . )
}

0
2
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx
=
}
( )
0
2
cos x nxdx
| |
=
|
\ .
}

( )
( )
2 2 2 2
0
2 1 ( 1)
2 sin cos 2 1 1
0 ( 1) 0
n
n
nx nx
x
n n n n n

( | | | |
= = + =
` ` | | (
\ . \ . )

)

( )
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
( )
2
1
2 1 ( 1)
cos
2
n
n
nx
n
=
| |

| = +
|
\ .

2 2 2
4 cos cos3 cos5
.......
2 1 3 5
x x x
(
= + + +
(

.

29. Expand as t he Fourier series of sine t erms:
1 1
4 2
3 1
4 2
0
( )
1
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <
.
Ans: Her e
1
0
2
( ) sin
1 1
n
n x
b f x dx
=
}

( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
3 1
4 4
0
2
sin sin
1
n
b x n xdx x n xdx
| |
| = +
|
\ .
} }

( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
3 1
4 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 cos sin cos sin
.
1
n
n x n x n x n x
b x x
n n n n

| |
( (
= + + |
( (
|

\ .

2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
cos sin cos cos sin
1 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
n
n n n n
b n
n n n n n n

| | ( (
= + +
|
( (
\ .

2 2
1 cos 2
2 sin
4 2
n
n n
b
n n

| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
1 ( 1) 4
sin
2 2
n
n
n
b
n n

=
So,
1 2 3 4 5 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1 4 1 4
, 0, , 0, , ........
3 3 5 5
b b b b b

= = = + = =
So,
2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1 4 1 4
( ) sin sin3 sin5 ........
3 3 5 5
f x x x x

| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

30. Prove t hat
2
2
2
1
cos
4 ( 1) ,
3
n
n
nx
x x
n
=
= + < <
, hence show t hat :

2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.......
1 2 3 4 12
+ + = .
Ans: Her e
2
( ) f x x = i s an even f unct i on i n x < < .
So, 0
n
b = .
3 3 2
2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
( ) 0
3 3 3
x
a f x dx x dx

( | |
= = = = =
| (
\ .
} }

2
0 0
2 2
( ) cos cos
n
a f x nxdx x nxdx

= =
} }

2
2 3
0
2 sin cos sin
2 2
n
nx nx nx
a x x
n n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .
2 2
2 ( 1) ( 1)
0 0 2 0 0 0 4
n n
n
a
n n
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

Then ( )
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
2 2
2 2
1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( ) 4 cos 4 cos
3 3
n n
n n
f x nx nx
n n

= =
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

.
Put t i ng 0 x = w e get
2
2
1
( 1)
0 4
3
n
n
n

=
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
1
( 1)
4
3
n
n
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .

2
2
1
( 1)
12
n
n
n
=
| |
=
|
\ .

2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.......
1 2 3 4 12
+ + = .

31. I f
0 1
( )
(2 ) 1 2
x x
f x
x x
s s
=

s s
. Show t hat in t he int erval (0, 2)

2 2 2
4 cos cos3 cos5
( ) ........
2 1 3 5
x x x
f x

(
= + + +
(

and deduce t hat
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 8
+ + + =
Ans:
0 1
( )
(2 ) 1 2
x x
f x
x x
s s
=

s s

Gi ven f unct i on i s of per i od 2 2 1 T l l = = = .
It s Four i er ser i es i s
0
1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n
a n x n x
f x a b
l l

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

w her e
2 2 2
0
0 0 0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
a f x dx f x dx f x dx
l
= = =
} } }

1 2 1 2
0
0 1 0 1
( ) ( ) (2 ) a f x dx f x dx xdx x dx = + = +
} } } }

1 2
2 2
0
0 1
2
2 2
x x
a x

( | |

= +
` | (
\ .

)
0
1 1
0 4 2 2
2 2
a

= + + =
`
)
--------(1)
2 2
0 0
1
( ) cos ( ) cos
n
n x
a f x dx f x n xdx
l l
= =
} }

1 2
0 1
cos (2 ) cos
n
a x n xdx x n xdx = +
} }
1 2
2 2 2 2
0 1
sin cos sin cos
(2 )
n
n x n x n x n x
a x x
n n n n

| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( 1) 1 1 ( 1)
0 0 0 0
n n
n
a
n n n n

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
{ }
2
2 ( 1) 1
n
n
a
n

= -------------(2)
2 2
0 0
1
( ) sin ( ) sin
n
n x
b f x dx f x n xdx
l l
= =
} }
1 2
0 1
sin (2 ) sin
n
b x n xdx x n xdx = +
} }

1 2
2 2 2 2
0 1
cos sin cos sin
(2 )
n
n x n x n x n x
b x x
n n n n

| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

( 1) ( 1)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n n
n
b
n n

| | | |
= + + + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
---------(3)
So, Four i er Ser i es i s
0
1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n
a n x n x
f x a b
l l

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

( )
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a n x
=
= +
{ }
2
1
( 1) 1
2
( ) cos
2
n
n
f x n x
n

=
| |

| = +
|
\ .

2 2 2
4 cos cos3 cos5
( ) .........
2 1 3 5
x x x
f x

| |
= + + +
|
\ .
.
Now , put t i ng 1 x = w e get
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
.........
2 1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

2 2 2
4 1 1 1
.........
2 1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 8
+ + + =

32. Find t he Fourier serie s expansion f or f (x), if :
0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <
.
Deduce t hat
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
.......
1 3 5 8
+ + + = .
Ans:
0
( )
0
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <

2 2 2
0 0 0
( ) 0
2 2 2
x
f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

0
0 2 2 2 2
2
0 0
( ) 0 0
2 2 2 2
x x
f x dx xdx xdx

| |
| | ( ( | |
| = + = + = + + =
| | ( (
|
\ . \ .
\ .
} } }

} }
=

0
) ( 2 ) ( dx x f dx x f
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
( ) 0
2 2
x
a f x dx xdx

| |
( | |
| = = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

}
=

0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n
0
2
cos x nxdx
=
} 2
0
2 sin cos nx nx
x
n n
( | |
= +
|(
\ .

2 2 2
2 cos 1 2 ( 1) 1
0 0
n
n
n n n

| | | |
= + =
| |
\ .
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
2
1
2 ( 1) 1
cos
2
n
n
nx
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

4 cos3 cos5
cos ........
2 9 25
x x
x
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
-------------(1)
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
0 ........
2 1 3 5
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
2 2 2
4 1 1 1
........
1 3 5 2
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
........
1 3 5 8
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

33. I f ( ) cos f x x = , expand ( ) f x as a Fourier serie s in t he int erval ( , ) .
Ans: The gi ven f unct i on ( ) cos f x x = i s an even f unct i on. So i t s Four i er ser i es i s gi ven by
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +

|
( )
( )
0
0
0 0
2 2 2 2
( ) cos sin 0 0 0 a f x dx xdx x

= = = = =
} }

}
=

0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n
0 0
2 1
cos cos cos( 1) cos( 1) x nxdx n x n xdx

= = + +
} }

0
1 sin( 1) sin( 1) 1
(0 0) 0 ( 1)
1 1
n x n x
n
n n

+ ( | |
= = = =
|(
+
\ .

For 1 n = ,
1
0
2
( ) cos a f x xdx
=
}
2
0 0
1 1
2cos (1 cos 2 ) xdx x dx

= = +
} }

( )
1
0
1 sin 2 1
0 0 0 1
2
x
a x

( | |
= = + =
|(
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx
=
= +
1
0 cos 0 0 0 ...... cos a x x = + + + + + = .
34. Find a Fourier serie s t o represent
2
x x f rom x = t o x = .
Ans: Her e
2
( ) f x x x =
3 2
2
0
2 1 1
( ) ( )
3 2
x x
a f x dx x x dx

( | |
= = + = +
( |
\ .
} }

3 3 2 2 3 2
0
1 1 2 2
3 3 2 2 3 3
a

| |
= + = =
|
\ .

1
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx

=
}
=
2
1
( ) cos x x nxdx

+
}

2
1
cos x nxdx

=
}
as cos x nx i s an odd f unct i on
2
2 3
1 sin 2 cos 2sin nx x nx nx
x
n n n

(
= +
(

1
2 2 2
1 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 4( 1)
0 0 0 0
n n n
n n n

+
(
= + + + =
(

1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx

=
}
2
1
( )sin x x nxdx

= +
}

1
sin x nxdx

=
}
as
2
sin x nx i s an odd f unct i on
2
1 cos sin nx nx
x
n n

( | |
= +
|(
\ .

1 ( 1) ( 1) 1 2 ( 1) 2( 1)
0 0
n n n n
n n n n

| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .

0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
2 1
2
1
4( 1) 2( 1)
cos sin
3
n n
n
nx nx
n n
+
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

2
2 2 2
cos cos 2 cos3 sin sin 2 sin3
4 ...... 2 ......
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
x x x x x x | | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
.

35. Expand ( ) sin f x x x = in t he int erval 0 2 x < < in a Fourier ser ies.
Ans:
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx
=
}
2
0
1
sin x xdx
=
}
|
( )
( )
2
0
1 1
cos sin 2 0 0 0 2 x x x

= + = + + =
}
=

2
0
cos ) (
1
nxdx x f a
n

2
0
1
sin cos x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 cos( 1) cos( 1) sin( 1) sin( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2 0 0 0 ( 1)
2 1 1 1 1 1
n
n n n n n
| | | |
= + + = = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) cos sin cos
n
a a f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }
2
2
1
0 0
1 1 cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
2 2 2 4
x x
a x xdx x

( | |
= = +
|(
\ .
}
1
1 2 1
0 0 0
2 2 2
a

| |
= + + =
|
\ .

2
0
1
( ) sin
n
b f x nxdx
=
}
2
0
1
sin sin x x nxdx
=
}

( )
2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2

= = +
} }

2
2 2
0
1 sin( 1) sin( 1) cos( 1) cos( 1)
( 1)
2 1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n x n x n x n x
x n
n n n n
( | | | | + + | |
= + =
( | | |
+ +
\ . ( \ . \ .

2
2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1 1 1
0 0
2 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) n n n n
( | | | | | |
= + + +
( | | |
+ +
( \ . \ . \ .
0 ( 1) n = =
For n = 1,
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) sin sin sin
n
b b f x xdx x x xdx

= = =
} }

2 2
2
1
0 0
1 1
.2sin .(1 cos 2 )
2 2
b x xdx x x dx

= =
} }

2
2 2
1
0
0
1 1 sin 2 cos 2
.(1 cos 2 )
2 2 2 2 4
x x x
b x x dx x x

( | | | |
| |
= = +
( | | |
\ .
( \ . \ .
}

( )
2
1
1 4 1 1
2 2 0 0 0
2 2 4 4
b

( | | | |
= +
( | |
( \ . \ .
( )
2 2
1
1
4 2
2
b
= =
0
0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
= + +
0
1 1
2
( ) cos ( cos ) sin
2
n
n
a
f x a x a nx b x
=
= + + +

2
2
2 1 2 1
( ) cos cos sin
2 2 1 4
n
f x x nx x
n

=
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

2
2
1 2
( ) 1 sin cos cos
2 1
n
f x x x nx
n

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
.
36. A periodic f unct ion of period 4 is def ined as: ( ) , 2 2 f x x x = < < . Find it s Fourier serie s expansion.
Ans: ( ) ( ) , 2, 2 f x x x = e
2 0
( )
0 2
x x
f x
x x
< <
=

< <

The gi ven f unct i on i s an even f unct i on. So i t s Four i er ser i es i s gi ven by
0
1
( ) cos
2 2
n
n
a n x
f x a

=
= +

2
2 2 2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2
( ) 0 2
2 2 2
x
a f x dx xdx
| |
( | |
| = = = = =
| (
|
\ .
\ .
} }

2
0
2
( ) cos
2 2
n
n x
a f x dx
=
}
2
0
cos
2
n x
x dx
=
}
2
2 2
0
sin 4cos
2 2
2
n x n x
x
n n

( | |
( |
= +
( |
( |
( \ .

2 2 2 2
( 1) 1 ( 1) 1
0 0 4 4
n n
n n
| |
= + =
|
\ .

0
1
( ) cos
2 2
n
n
a n x
f x a

=
= +
2 2
1
2 ( 1) 1
4 cos
2 2
n
n
n x
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 2 2 2
3 5
cos cos cos
8
2 2 2
1 ........
1 3 5
x x x
| |
|
= + + +
|
|
\ .
.
37. Obt ain t he f irst t hree coeff icient s in t he Fourier cosine series f or y, w here y is given in t he follow ing
t able:
: 0 1 2 3 4 5
: 4 8 15 7 6 2
x
y

Ans:
0
cos cos 2 cos3 cos cos 2 cos3
0 4 0 1 1 1 4 4 4
1 8 60 0.5 0.5 1 4 4 8
2 15 120 0.5 0.5 1 7.5 7.5 15
3 7 180 1 1 1 7 7 7
4 7 6 240 0.5 0.5 1 3 3 6
5 2 300 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 2
42 8.5 4.5 8
x y y y y
SUM SUM

= =

Her e
0
42
2 2 14
6
y
a
n
= = =
,
1
cos
8.5
2 2 2.8
6
y
a
n

= = =

2
cos 2
4.5
2 2 1.5
6
y
a
n

= = =
,
3
cos3
8
2 2 2.7
6
y
a
n
= = =

So, Fi r st t hr ee coef f i ci ent s ar e
0 1 2 3
14, 2.8, 1.5, 2.7 a a a a = = = = .
38. The t urning moment T on t he crank-shaf t of a st eam engine f or t he crank angle degree is given as:

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
0 2.7 5.2 7.0 8.1 8.3 7.9 6.8 5.5 4.1 2.6 1.2 0 T

Expand T in a series of sine up t o t he second harmonics.
Ans:

sin sin 2 sin sin 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 2.70 0.26 0.5 0.702 0.135
30 5.2 0.5 0.87 0.26 4.524
45 7.0 0.71 1 4.97 7.0
60 8.1 0.87 0.87 7.047 7.047
75 8.3 0.96 0.5 7.968 4.13
90 7.9 1 0 7.9 0
105 6.8 0.97 0.5 6.596 3.4
120 5.5 0.87 0.87 4.785 4.785
135 4.1 0
T T T

.71 1 2.911 4.1
150 2.6 0.5 0.87 1.3 2.262
165 1.2 0.26 0.5 0.312 0.6
180 0 0 0 0 0
59.4 44.751 7.689 SUM SUM

= =

Her e
1
2 sin
2 44.751 89.502
6.885
13 13 13
T
b

= = = =

2
2 sin 2
2 7.698 15.396
1.184
13 13 13
T
b

= = = =

So,
1 2
sin sin 2 ....... T b b = + +
6.885sin 1.184sin 2 ....... T = + + .

39. Obt ain t he const ant t erm and t he coeff icient s of f irst sine and cosine t erms in t he Fourier expansion of y as
given in t he f ollow ing t able:
: 0 1 2 3 4 5
: 9 18 24 28 26 20
x
y

Ans:
sin cos sin cos
0 9 0 0 1 0 9
3 1
1 18 60 9 3 9
2 2
3 1
2 24 120 12 3 12
2 2
3 28 180 0 1 0 28
3 1
4 26 240 13 3 13
2 2
3 1
5 20 300 10 3 10
2 2
125 2 3 25
x y y y
SUM SUM

= =

0
2
2 125
41.66
6 6
y
a

= = =
.

2 cos
2 ( 25)
8.33
6 6
n
y
a

= = =

2 sin
2 ( 2 3)
1.143
6 6
n
y
b

= = =

40. The t urning moment T is given f or a series of values of t he Crank angle
0
75 = .
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0 5224 8097 7850 5499 2626 0 T

Obt ain t he 1
st
f our t erms in a serie s of sines t o present T and calculat e T f or
0
75 = .
Ans:

41. The follow ing values of y give t he displacement in inches of a cert ain machine part for t he rot at ion x of t he
f lyw heel. Expand y in t he f orm of a fourier series:

: 0 / 6 2 / 3 3 / 6 4 / 4 5 / 6
: 0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7
x
y

.
Ans:

42. The f ollow ing t able gives t he variat ion of periodic current over a period:
(sec) : 0 / 6 / 3 / 2 2 / 3 5 / 6
( ) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 0.88 0.25 1.98
t T T T T T T
A amp

Show t hat t here is a direct current part of 0. 75 amp. i n t he variable current and obt ain t he amplit ude of t he
f irst harmonic.
Ans: Let t he Four i er ser i es t o r epr esent A i n (0, T) be

0
1
2 2
cos sin
2
n n
n
a t t
A a b
T T

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

0
1 1 2 2
2 2 4 4
cos sin cos sin .....
2
a t t t t
A a b a b
T T T T

= + + + + +
To eval uat e al l t he coef f i ci ent s, l et us f or m t he t abl e

2 2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin
0 0 1 0 1.98 1.98 0
/ 6 / 3 0.5 0.866 1.30 0.65 1.126
/ 3 2 / 3 0.5 0.866 1.05 0.525 0.909
/ 2 1 0.866 1.30 1.3 0
2 / 3 4 / 3 0.5 0.866 0.88 0.44 0.762
5 / 6 5 / 3 0.5 0.866 0.25 0.125 0.217
4.5 1
t t t t t
t A A A
T T T T T
T
T
T
T
T
Sum

= .12 3.014

Now ,
0
1 1
2 (4.5) 1.5
6 3
a A = = =

1
1 2 1
2 cos (1.12) 0.373
6 3
t
a A
T
= = =

1
1 2 1
2 sin (3.014) 1.005
6 3
t
b A
T
= = =

Thus t he di r ect cur r ent par t i n t he var i abl e cur r ent
0
1.5
0.75
2 2
a
= = =
Ampli t ude of t he f i r st har moni c
2 2 2 2
1 1
(0.373) (1.005) 1.072 a b = + = + = .

Unit -I I I (Complex Analysis)

1. Def ine analyt ic f unct ion.
Ans: A si ngl e val ued f unct i on f (z) w hi ch posses a uni que der i vat ive wi t h r espect t o z at al l poi nt s of a r egi on R i s
cal l ed as anal yt i c f unct i on of z i n t hat r egi on.
2. Find t he analyt ic f unct ion w hose real part is:
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
y x
.
Ans: Let
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
u
y x
=

Let ( ) f z u iv = +
'( )
u v u u
f z i i
x x x x
c c c c
= + =
c c c c
by usi ng Cauchy Ri emann equat i on.

2 2
(cosh 2 cos 2 ).2cos 2 sin 2 (2sin 2 ) sin 2 ( 2sinh 2 )
'( )
(cosh 2 cos 2 ) (cosh 2 cos 2 )
y x x x x x y
f z i
y x y x

=

2 2
2cos 2 cosh 2 2 2sin 2 .sinh 2
'( )
x y x y
f z i
y x y x
= +

By M i l ne-Thomson s met hod, , 0 x z y = = w e get

2
2cos 2 2
'( ) 0
(1 cos 2 )
z
f z i
z
= +

On i nt egr at i ng w e get

2
2
2 2
( ) cos
1 cos 2 2sin
f z dz ic dz ic ec zdz ic
z z

= + = + = +
} } }

( ) cot f z z ic = +
3. I f f (z) is a regular f unct ion of z, Prove t hat :
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 4 ( ) f z f z
x y
| | c c
' + =
|
c c
\ .
.
Ans: Let
2
2 2
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) f z u x y iv x y f z u x y v x y g x = + = + =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
g u v g u u v v
u v u v
x x x x x x x x

c c c c c c c c | | | |
= + = + + +
` | |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .

)

Si mil ar ly,
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
g u v g u u v v
u v u v
y y y y y y y y

| | | | c c c c c c c c
= + = + + +
` | |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .

)

2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
g g u u v v u u v v
u v
x y x y x y x y x y

| | | | | | | | c c c c c c c c c c | | | |
+ = + + + + + + +
` ` | | | | | |
c c c c c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . )
)

Si nce u, v sat i sf y Cauchy Ri emann equat i on and Lapl ace equat i on

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0, 0, ,
u u v v u v u v
x y x y x y y x
c c c c c c c c
+ = + = = =
c c c c c c c c

2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
g g u u u u
x y x y x x

| | c c c c c c | | | | | |
+ = + + +
` | | | |
c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ .
\ .

)

( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
4
u u
g
x y x y

| | | | c c c c | |
+ = +
` | | |
c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .

)

2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 4 '( ) f z f z
x y
| | c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
.
4. Evaluat e:
2
1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+
}
w here C is t he cir cle 1 z = .
Ans: Her e 1 1 z a z a = = .
Her e
2
( ) 1 f z z z = + i s anal yt i c w i t hi n and on t he ci r cl e C: 1 z =
So, By Cauchy i nt egr al f or mul a
2
1 ( )
1 1
C C
z z f z
dz dz
z z
+
=

} }

2
2
1
2 (1) 2 (1 1 1) 2 1
1
C
z z
dz i f i i
z

+
= = + =
}

2
1
2
1
C
z z
dz i
z

+
=
}
.
5. Det ermine t he analyt ic f unct ion w hose real part is:
3 2 2 2
3 3 3 1 x xy x y + + .
Ans: Let
3 2 2 2
3 3 3 1 u x xy x y = + +
Now ,
2 2
1 2
3 3 6 ( , ), 6 6 ( , )
u u
x y x x y xy y x y
x y

c c
= + = = =
c c
----(1)
2 2
2 2
6 6, 6 6
u u
x x
x y
c c
= + =
c c

2 2
2 2
6 6 6 6 0
u u
x x
x y
c c
+ = + =
c c
. So u sat i sf i es Lapl ace equat i on.
Now put t i ng x , 0 x z y = = i n (1) w e get
2
1 2
( , 0) 3 6 , ( , 0) 0 z z z z = + =
So by M ilne-Thompson s met hod w e have
( )
1 2
( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) f z z i z dz c = +
}

( )
2
( ) 3 6 f z z z dz c = + +
}

3 2 3 2
( ) 3 ( ) 3( ) f z z z c x iy x iy c = + + = + + + +

3 2 2 3 2 2
( ) 3 3 3 6 3 f z x i x y xy iy x i xy y c = + + + +

( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 3 3 6 f z x xy x y i x y y xy c = + + + + .
6. Evaluat e
2
3
sin
( / 6)
C
z
dz
z
}
w here C is t he cir cle 1 z = .
Ans: For
2
3
sin
( / 6)
C
z
dz
z
}
.
Let
2
( ) sin f z z = .
So f (z) i s anal yt i c i nsi de t he ci r cl e 1 z = and t he poi nt
6
a

= l i es i nside C.
By Cauchy s i nt egr al f or mul a ( )
( )
1
! ( )
2 ( )
n
n
C
n f z
f a dz
i z a
+
=
}

( )
2
3
2! sin
'' / 6
2 ( / 6)
C
z
f dz
i z
}
|
2
3 ( / 6)
sin
2cos 2
( / 6)
z
C
z
dz i z
z

=
=
}

2
3
sin 1
2
( / 6) 2
C
z
dz i i
z

= =
}
.

7. Evaluat e
2
2 2
( 1)( 4)
x dx
x x
+ +
}
.
Ans: Let us consi der
2
2 2
( )
( 1)( 4)
C C
z dz
f z dz
z z
=
+ +
} }

w her e C i s a cont our consi st i ng of t he semi ci r cl e
R
C of r adi us R t oget her w i t h t he par t of t he r eal axi s f r om -R t o R as
show n i n t he f i gur e.

It has f our si mpl e pol es 2 , , , 2 z i i i i = .But onl y , 2 z i i = l i es i nsi de C.
So,
2 2
2 2 2
Re ( ) ( )
( 1)( 4) ( )( 4)
z i z i z i
z z
s f z Lim z i Lim
z z z i z
= = =
= =
+ + + +

1
Re ( )
(2 )(3) 6
z i
i
s f z
i
=
= =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2
Re ( ) ( 2 )
( 1)( 4) ( 2 )( 1)
z i z i z i
z z
s f z Lim z i Lim
z z z i z
= = =
= =
+ + + +

2
4
Re ( )
(4 )( 3) 3
z i
i
s f z
i
=

= =

So, by Cauchy Resi due t heor em ( )
2
2 2
( ) 2 Sum of residues
( 1)( 4)
C C
z dz
f z dz i
z z
= =
+ +
} }

2
2 2
( ) 2
( 1)( 4) 6 3
C C
z dz i i
f z dz i
z z

| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
} }

2
2 2
2
( 1)( 4) 6 3
C
z dz i
i
z z
| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
}

And
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( 1)( 4)
R
R
C R C
z dz
f x dx f z dz
z z

= +
+ +
} } }

Let ( ) 0 R z f z = on
R
C

2
2 2
0
3 ( 1)( 4)
x dx
x x
= +
+ +
}

2
2 2
( 1)( 4) 3
x dx
x x
=
+ +
}

8. W hat is analyt ic funct ion?
Ans: A si ngl e val ued f unct i on f (z) w hi ch posses a uni que der i vat i ve wi t h r espect t o z at al l poi nt s of a r egi on R i s
9. Prove t hat t he funct ion ( ) f z def ined by
3 3 3 3
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) , 0
x y i x y
f z z
x y
+ +
= =
+
and (0) 0 f = is cont inuous
and t he Cauchy Riemann equat ion are sat isf ied at t he origin at t he origin, yet '(0) f does not exist .
Ans: Gi ven t hat
3 3 3 3
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
x y i x y
f z
x y
+ +
=
+
, 0 z =

3 3 2 3
2 2 2 2
,
x y x y
u v
x y x y
+
= =
+ +
w her e 0, 0 x y = =
When 0 z = u and v bot h ar e r at i onal f unct i ons of x and y, w i t h non zer o denomi nat or s. It f ol l ow s t hat u
and v t her ef or e ( ) f z ar e cont i nuous w hen 0 z = .
To t est cont i nui t y of u, v at 0 z = , w e have t o change u, v t o pol ar coor di nat es:

3 3 3 3
cos sin , cos sin u r r v r r = = +
As 0, 0 z r . Then i t i s evi dent t hat
0 0
0
r r
Limu Limv

= = .
So,
0 0
( ) ( ) 0
z r
Lim f z Lim f z

= = and al so gi ven t hat (0) 0 f = .
Hence ( ) f z i s cont i nuous at 0 z = . Ther ef or e, ( ) f z i s cont i nuous ever yw her e.
Now w e have t o show i t sat i sf i es Cauchy Ri emann equat i on at 0 z = .
( ) 0 f z =
(0, 0) (0, 0) 0 u iv + =
(0, 0) 0, (0, 0) 0 u v = =
At or i gi n
0 0
( , 0) (0, 0) 0
1
x x
u u x u x
Lim Lim
x x x

c
= = =
c

And
0 0
(0, ) (0, 0) 0
1
x x
u u y u y
Lim Lim
y y y

c
= = =
c

0 0
( , 0) (0, 0) 0
1
x x
v v x v x
Lim Lim
x x x

c
= = =
c

0 0
(0, ) (0, 0) 0
1
x x
v v y v y
Lim Lim
y y y

c
= = =
c

,
u v u v
x y y x
c c c c
= =
c c c c

So, ( ) f z sat i sf i es Cauchy Ri emann Equat i on at or i gi n.
10. I f ( ) f z is analyt ic w it hin and on a closed curve c and a is any point w it hin c, t hen prove t hat
1 ( )
( )
2
c
f z
f a dz
i z a
=
}
.

Ans: Let us consi der t he f unct i on
( ) f z
z a
i s anal yt i c at al l poi nt s w i t hi n C except at z a = . Wi t h t he poi nt a as
cent r e and r adi us r , dr aw a smal l ci r cl e
1
C l yi ng ent i r ely w it hi n C.
Now
( ) f z
z a
bei ng anal yt i c i n t he r egi on encl osed by C and
1
C , w e have by by Cauchy s t heor em,

1
( ) ( )
C C
f z f z
dz dz
z a z a
=

} }
1 1
( ) ( )
. ( )
i
i i
i
C C C
f z f a re
dz ire d i f a re d
z a re

+
= = +
} } }

In t he l i mi t i ng f or m, as t he ci r cl e
1
C shr i nks t o a poi nt a, t hat means as 0 r , t hen t he i nt egr al i s appr oaches
t o

1 1
( )
( ) . ( ) . ( ) 2 2 . ( )
C C C
f z
dz i f a d i f a d i f a i f a
z a
= = = =
} } }

1 ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i z a
=
}
.
11. Evaluat e int egral using Cauchy Residues t heorem:
2
3
2 5
c
z
dz
z z
+ +
}
w here c is t he cir cle:
(i) 1 z = .
Ans: The pol es of
2
3
2 5
z
z z
+ +
ar e given by
2
2 5 0 z z + + = .

2 4 20 2 4
1 2
2 2
i
z i

= = =
But bot h t he pol es 1 2 , 1 2 i i + l i e out si de t he ci r cl e 1 z = .
So, ( ) f z i s anal yt i c ever yw her e wi t hi n C.
So, by Cauchy s t heor em
2
3
0
2 5
c
z
dz
z z
=
+ +
}
.
(ii) 1 2 z i + = .
Ans: The pol es of
2
3
2 5
z
z z
+ +
ar e given by
2
2 5 0 z z + + = .

2 4 20 2 4
1 2
2 2
i
z i

= = =
But t he pol es 1 2i + l i es wi t hi n t he ci r cl e 1 2 z i + = .
So, Resi due of ( ) f z at 1 2 z i = + i s
1 2
( ( 1 2 )) ( )
z i
Lim z i f z
+
+

2
1 2
3
Residue ( ( 1 2 ))
2 5
z i
z
Lim z i
z z
+
= +
+ +

1 2 1 2
3 3
Residue
( ( 1 2 )) ( 1 2 )
z i z i
z z
Lim Lim
z i z i
+ +

= =
+ +

1 2 3 4 2 1
Residue
( 1 2 1 2 ) 4 2
i i
i
i i i
+ +
= = = +
+ + +

Then by Cauchy Resi due t heor em

2
3 1
2 .Residue( ( 1 2 )) 2 . 2
2 5 2
c
z
dz i f i i i i
z z

| |
= + = + =
|
+ +
\ .
}

2
3
( 2)
2 5
c
z
dz i
z z

=
+ +
}
(Ans)
12. W rit e only t he value of t he int egral
2
3 7 1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+ +
+
}
w here C is 1/ 2 z = .
Ans:
2
3 7 1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+ +
+
}

Her e 1 a = , w hi ch l i es out si de t he ci r cl e 1/ 2 z = .
So,
2
3 7 1
1
z z
z
+ +
+
i s anal yt i c ever yw here.
So, by Cauchy s Theor em
2
3 7 1
0
1
C
z z
dz
z
+ +
=
+
}

13. I f f (z) is an analyt ic f unct ion of z, show t hat :
2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( ) f z f z f z
x y
c c
' + =
` `
c c
)
)
.
Ans: Let ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = +

2 2
( ) ( , ) f z u v x y = + = ----------------------(1)

2 2
2 2
2
u v u v
u v u v
x x x x
x
u v
c c c c
+ +
c
c c c c
= =
c
+

Si mil ar ly,
2 2
2 2
2
u v u v
u v u v
y y y y
y
u v
c c c c
+ +
c c c c c
= =
c
+

Now ,
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) f z f z
x y x y
c c c c
+ = +
` ` ` `
c c c c
) )
) )

2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
u v
u v
u v
u v
y y
x x
f z f z
x y
c c
c c
+
+

c c c c
c c
+ = +
` ` ` `
c c
)
)

)
)

2 2 2
2
2
1
( ) ( )
u u u u
f z f z u v u v
x y x y y x
c c c c c c
+ = + +
` ` ` `
c c c c c c
)
) ) )

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
( ) ( )
2
u u u u
u v uv
x y x y
f z f z
x y
u u u u
v u uv
x y x y
(
| | c c c c | |
+ + (
| |
c c c c
\ . c c ( \ .
+ =
` `
(
c c
)
)
| | c c c c | |
(
+ +
| |
(
c c c c
\ .
\ .

( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
( ) ( )
u u
f z f z u v
x y u v x y
( | |
| | c c c c | |
( | + = + +
` ` | |
|
c c + c c
) \ . (
) \ .
\ .

2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
u u
f z f z
x y x y
| | c c c c | |
+ = +
` `
| |
c c c c
) \ .
) \ .

2
2 2 2
( ) ( )
u v
f z f z
x y x x
c c c c | | | |
+ = +
` `
| |
c c c c
) \ . \ .
)

2
2
2
( ) ( ) '( ) f z f z f z
x y
c c
+ =
` `
c c
)
)
.

14. Evaluat e:
2 1/ z
C
z e dz
}
w here C is t he circle
2 2
1 x y + = .
Ans:
2 1/ 2
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
1 .........
2 6 24
z
z e z
z z z z
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .

2 1/ 2
2
1 1 1
.........
2 6 24
z
z e z z
z z
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .

Her e coef f i ci ent of
1 1
6 z
=
So, r esi due of
2 1/ z
z e at 0 z = i s
1
6

So,
2 1/
1
2 2
6 3
z
C
i
z e dz i i

= = =
}
Residue .
15. To prove t hat :
2 2
2
0
, ( 0)
sin
1
a
d a
a
a
= >
+
+
}
.
Ans:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
sin 2 2sin 2 1 cos 2 (1 2 ) cos 2
ad ad ad ad
a a a a

= = =
+ + + +
} } } }

Let 2
2
dt
t d = =

2
2 2 2
0 0
sin (1 2 ) cos
ad dt
a
a a t

=
+ +
} }

Now let
it it
it
dz dz
z e dz ie dt dt dt
ie iz
= = = =

2
2 2
2
0 0
1
1 1 sin
(1 2 )
2
ad dz
a
a iz
a z
z

=
+ | |
+ +
|
\ .
} }

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0
2 1 1
2
sin (2 4 ) 1 (2 4 ) 1
ad a
dz ai dz
a i a z z a z z

= =
+ + + + + +
} } }

2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
1
2 2 ( )
sin (2 4 ) 1
ad
ai dz ai f z dz
a z a z

= =
+ + +
} } }
---------(1)
Her e pol es ar e
2 2
(2 4 ) 1 0 z a z + + =

2 2 2
2 2 2
(2 4 ) (2 4 ) 4
(1 2 ) (1 2 ) 1
2
a a
z a a
+ +
= = + +

2 2 4 2 2
(1 2 ) 4 4 (1 2 ) 2 1 z a a a a a a = + + = + +
Let
2 2 2 2
(1 2 ) 2 1 , (1 2 ) 2 1 a a a a a a = + + + = + +

Her e pol e
2 2
(1 2 ) 2 1 a a a = + + l i es i nsi de t he uni t ci r cl e.
So,
1 1
Re ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
z z z
s f z Lim z Lim
z z z

= = =
= =

2 2 2 2 2
1 1
Re ( )
(1 2 ) 2 1 (1 2 ) 2 1 4 1
z
s f z
a a a a a a a a
=
= =
+ + + + +

Now , equat ion (1) becomes
( )
2 2
0
2 2 Sum of residues
sin
ad
ai i
a
=
+
}

2 2
2
0
1
4
sin
4 1
ad
a
a
a a
| |
=
|
+
+
\ .
}

2 2
2
0
sin
1
ad
a
a
=
+
+
}
.

16. Def ine analyt ic f unct ion. W rit e necessary condit ion f or a f unct ion ( ) f z u iv = + t o be analyt ic in a region R.
Necessar y condi t i on f or a f unct i on ( ) f z u iv = + t o be anal yt i c i n a r egi on R ar e
(i )
u v
x y
c c
=
c c

(i i )
u v
y x
c c
=
c c

17. Det ermine t he analyt ic f unct ion: ( ) f z u iv = + if
cos sin
2(cos cosh )
y
x x e
u v
x y
+
=
.
Ans: Gi ven t hat ( ) . ( ) f z u iv i f z iu v = + =
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i f z u v i u v F z + = + + =
( ) F z U iV = +
Agai n gi ven t hat
cos sin
2(cos cosh )
y
x x e
U u v
x y
+
= =

Now ,
( )
1 2
(cos cosh )( sin cos ) cos sin ( sin )
( , )
2(cos cosh )
y
x y x x x x e x
U
x y
x x y

+ +
c
= =
c

Si mil ar ly,
( )
2 2
(cos cosh )( ) cos sin ( sinh )
( , )
2(cos cosh )
y y
x y e x x e y
U
x y
y x y

+
c
= =
c

Put t i ng , 0 x z y = =

( )
1 2
(cos 1)( sin cos ) cos sin 1 ( sin )
( , 0)
2(cos 1)
z z z z z z
z
z
+ +
=

2 2
1 2
sin cos cos sin cos sin cos sin sin
( , 0)
2(cos 1)
z z z z z z z z z
z
z
+ + + +
=

1 2
1 cos 1 1
( , 0)
2(cos 1) 2(1 cos ) 2(cos 1)
z
z
z z z

= = =

( )
2 2
(cos 1)(1) cos sin 1 (0) 1
( , 0)
2(cos 1) 2(cos 1)
z z z
z
z z
+
= =

By M i l ne s met hod
| |
1 2
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) i f z F z z i z dz + = =
}

1 1
(1 ) ( )
2(cos 1) 2(cos 1)
i f z i dz
z z
| |
+ =
|

\ .
}
(1 ) ( ) (1 )
2(1 cos )
dz
i f z i
z
+ = +
}

2 2 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
cot 1 1
( ) cos . cot
4sin 4 4
z
z z
z
dz
f z ec dz C C
= = = + = +
} }

1
2 2
( ) cot
z
f z C = + .
18. Evaluat e t he follow ing int egral:
2 2
, : 1.5
( 1)( 1)
C
dz
C z
z z
=
+
}
.
Ans:
2 2
, : 1.5
( 1)( 1)
C
dz
C z
z z
=
+
}

2
2
( ) 1 ( 1)( 1)
( )
1 1 ( 1)( 1)
C C
dz
f z dz z z
f z
z z z z
+ +
= =
+ +
} }

Her e 1 z = l i es i nsi de : 1.5 C z =

2 2
2 (1)
( 1)( 1)
C
dz
i f
z z
=
+
}

2 2
1 2
2
( 1)( 1) (1 1)(1 1) 4 2
C
dz i i
i
z z

= = =
+ + +
}
.
19. Apply calculus of residue t o evaluat e t he f ollow ing int egral:
6
0
1
dx
x
+
}
.
Ans:

Let
6
1
( )
1
f z
z
=
+

We consi der
6
1
1
C
dz
z +
}
w her e C i s t he cont our consi st i ng of t he semi ci r cl e
R
C od r adi us R t oget her
w i t h t he par t of r eal axi s f r om -R t o R.
Pol es ar e given by
6 6
1 0 1 z z + = =
6 (2 1)
cos(2 ) sin(2 )
n
z n i n e

+
= + + + =

(2 1)
6
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5
n i
z e n
+
= =
For
6
3 1
0,
2 2
i
n z e i
= = = +
For
2
1,
i
n z e i
= = =
For
5
6
3 1
2,
2 2
i
n z e i
= = = +
For
7
6
3 1
3,
2 2
i
n z e i
= = =
For
3
2
4,
i
n z e i
= = =
For
11
6
3 1
5,
2 2
i
n z e i
= = =
Onl y pol es
5
6 6 2
, ,
i i i
z e e e

= l i es i nsi de t he cont our .
6 6 6
5
5
6 6
6
6 5
1
Residue at lim lim lim
1 6 6 6
i i i
i i
i
z e z e z e
z e z e
z e
z z

| |

= = = = =
|
+
\ .

2 2 2
5
5
2 2
2
6 5
1
1 6 6 6
i i i
i i
i
z e z e z e
z e z e
z e
z z

| |
= = = = =
|
+
\ .

5 5 5
6 6 6
5 25
5 5
6 6
6
6 5
1
1 6 6 6
i i i
i i
i
z e z e z e
z e z e
z e
z z

| |

= = = = =
|
+
\ .

5 25 5
5 25 5
6 6 2
6 6 2
1
Sum of residues
6 6 6 6
i i i
i i i
e e e
e e e

| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .

1 3 3
Sum of residues 0
6 2 2 2 2 3
i i i
i
| |
= + + =
|
|
\ .

So,
6
1 2
2 Sum of residues 2
1 3 3 3
C
i i
dz i i
z

| | | |
= = =
| |
+
\ . \ .
}

6
2
1 3
dx
x
=
+
}

6 6
0
1 1 2
1 2 1 2 3 3
dx dx
x x

= = =
+ +
} }
.

20. Show t hat polar f orm of Cauchy-Riemann equat ions are:
1 1
,
u v v u
r r r r
c c c c
= =
c c c c
and deduce t hat
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
0
u u u
r r r r
c c c
+ + =
c c c
.
Ans: If ( , ) r be t he co-or di nat es of a poi nt w hose Car t esi an co-or di nat es ar e ( , ) x y w her e

i
z x iy re
= + =
( ) ( )
i
u iv f z f re
+ = =

Now , di f f er ent i at i ng par t i all y wi t h r espect t o , r w e get
'( ).
i i
u v
i f re e
r r

c c
+ =
c c
and '( ).
i i
u v
i f re ire

c c
+ =
c c

1 1
'( ). '( ).
i i i i
u v u v
i f re e f re e
r r ir r

c c c c
+ = + =
c c c c

1 1 u v u v
i
r r ir r
c c c c
+ = +
c c c c

1 1 u v v u
i i
r r r r
c c c c
+ =
c c c c

1 1
,
u v v u
r r r r
c c c c
= =
c c c c
.

1 u v
r r
c c
=
c c
--------------- (1)

1 v u
r r
c c
=
c c
-------------(2)
Di f f er ent i at i ng (1) w i t h r espect t o r w e get

2 2
2 2
1 1 u v v
r r r r
c c c
= +
c c c c
--------------- (3)
Di f f er ent i at i ng (2) w i t h r espect t o w e get

2 2
2
u v
r
r
c c
=
c c c
---------------------(4)
By usi ng (1), (2), (3) and (4) w e get

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u u u v v v v
r
r r r r r r r r r r r
| | c c c c c c c | |
+ + = + + +
| |
c c c c c c c c c
\ .
\ .

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 u u u v v v v
r r r r r r r r r r
c c c c c c c
+ + = + +
c c c c c c c c c

2 2
2 2 2
1 1
0
u u u
r r r r
c c c
+ + =
c c c
.

23. I f ( ) f z u iv = + is an analyt ic f unct ion of z, f ind ( ) f z if (cos sin )
x
u v e y y = .
Ans: ( ) f z u iv = + ( ) if z v iu = +
Now , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f z if z u v i u v + = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) i f z u v i u v U iV + = + + = + -----------(1)
Wher e ( ) ( ) , U u v V u v = = +

Now
1
(cos sin ) ( , )
x
U u v
e y y F x y
x x x
c c c
= = =
c c c
---------(2)

2
(cos sin ) ( , )
x
U u v
e y y F x y
y y y
c c c
= = + =
c c c

Put t i ng , 0 x z y = = i n (2) and (3) w e get

1 1
(1 0) ( , 0) ( , 0)
z z
e F z F z e = =

2 2
(1 0) ( , 0) ( , 0)
z z
e F z F z e + = =
So, By M i l ne-Thomson s M et hod
( ) | |
1 2
1 ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) i f z F z iF z dz c + = +
}

( ) 1 ( )
z z
i f z e ie dz c ( + = + +
}

( ) 1 ( ) (1 )
z
i f z e i c + = + +
( )
1
z
c
f z e
i
= +
+
.
24. Evaluat e:
2
1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+
}
w here C is t he circle:
(i) 1 z = .
Ans: Her e 1 1 z a z a = = .
Her e
2
( ) 1 f z z z = + i s anal yt i c w i t hi n and on t he ci r cl e C: 1 z =
2
1 ( )
1 1
C C
z z f z
dz dz
z z
+
=

} }

2
2
1
2 (1) 2 (1 1 1) 2 1
1
C
z z
dz i f i i
z

+
= = + =
}

2
1
2
1
C
z z
dz i
z

+
=
}
.
(ii) 1/ 2 z = .
Ans: Her e 1 1 z a z a = = .
Her e a l i es out si de t he ci r cl e 1/ 2 z = .So,
2
( ) 1 f z z z = + i s anal yt i c ever yw her e w i t hi n C: 1/ 2 z =
2
1
0
1
C
z z
dz
z
+
=
}
.
25. Apply t he calculus of residue, t o prove t hat :
2
0
cos 2
5 4cos 6
d
=
+
}
.
Ans: Her e C denot es t he uni t ci r cl e 1 z = .

2 2 2
0 0
cos 2
Real part of
5 4cos 5 4cos
i
e
d d

=
+ +
} }

Let
i i
dz
z e dz ie d izd d
iz

= = = =

2 2 2
0 0
cos 2
Real part of
1 5 4cos
5 2
z dz
d
iz
z
z

=
+ | |
+ +
|
\ .
} }

2 2 2
2
0 0
cos 2 1
Real part of
5 4cos 5 2 2
z
d dz
i z z

| |
=
|
+ + +
\ .
} }

2 2 2
2
5
2 0 0
cos 2 1
Real part of
5 4cos 2 1
z
d dz
i z z

| |
=
|
+ + +
\ .
} }

( )
2 2 2
1
2 0 0
cos 2 1
Real part of
5 4cos 2 ( 2)
z
d dz
i z z

| |
=
|
|
+ + +
\ .
} }

2 2
0 0
cos 2 1
Real part of ( )
5 4cos 2
d f z dz
i

| |
=
|
+
\ .
} }
w her e
( )
2
1
2
( )
( 2)
z
f z
z z
=
+ +

Now ( ) f z has si mpl e pol es at
1
2
2, z = , out of w hi ch onl y
1
2
z = l i es i nsi de C.
So,
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
1
4 1 1
2 6
3
2
Re ( ) lim( ) ( ) lim
2
z z z
z
s f z z f z
z
= = =
= + = = =
+

( )
2
0
cos 2 1
Real part of 2 Sum of residues
5 4cos 2
d i
i
| |
=
|
+
\ .
}

2
0
cos3 1
Real part of Real part of
5 4cos 6 6
d
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
}

2
0
cos3
5 4cos 6
d
}
.

26. Evaluat e
1
( )
C
z a dz
}
w here C is t he si mple closed curve and t he point z = a, is (i ) Out side C (i i) inside C.
Ans: (i)
1
( ) 0
C
z a dz
=
}
, i f z = a i s l i es out si de C.
(i i)
1
( ) 2
C
z a dz i
=
}
, i f z = a i s l i es i nsi de C.
27. Show t hat t he f unct ion ( ) f z xy = is not analyt ic at t he origin even t hrough C-R equat ions are
sat isf ied t hereat .
Ans:
28. Evaluat e by using Cauchy s I nt egral formula.
(i)
2
1
(2 1)
C
z
dz
z z
+
+
}
w here C is 1 z =
Ans:
(ii)
3
2
2 1
( )
C
z z
dz
z i
+
}
w here C is 2 z = .
Ans:

29. Evaluat e by using calculus of residue:
2
2 2
( 1)( 4)
x dx
x x
+ +
}

2
2 2
( )
( 1)( 4)
C C
z dz
f z dz
z z
=
+ +
} }

Wher e C i s a cont our consi st i ng of t he semi ci r cl e
R
C of r adi us R t oget her w i t h t he par t of t he r eal axi s
f r om -R t o R as show n i n t he f i gur e.

It has f our si mpl e pol es 2 , , , 2 z i i i i = .But onl y , 2 z i i = l i es i nsi de C.
So,
2 2
2 2 2
Re ( ) ( )
( 1)( 4) ( )( 4)
z i z i z i
z z
s f z Lim z i Lim
z z z i z
= = =
= =
+ + + +

1
Re ( )
(2 )(3) 6
z i
i
s f z
i
=
= =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2
Re ( ) ( 2 )
( 1)( 4) ( 2 )( 1)
z i z i z i
z z
s f z Lim z i Lim
z z z i z
= = =
= =
+ + + +

2
4
Re ( )
(4 )( 3) 3
z i
i
s f z
i
=

= =

So, by Cauchy Resi due t heor em ( )
2
2 2
( ) 2 Sum of residues
( 1)( 4)
C C
z dz
f z dz i
z z
= =
+ +
} }

2
2 2
( ) 2
( 1)( 4) 6 3
C C
z dz i i
f z dz i
z z

| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
} }

2
2 2
2
( 1)( 4) 6 3
C
z dz i
i
z z
| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
}

And
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( 1)( 4)
R
R
C R C
z dz
f x dx f z dz
z z

= +
+ +
} } }

Let ( ) 0 R z f z = on
R
C
2
2 2
0
3 ( 1)( 4)
x dx
x x
= +
+ +
}

2
2 2
( 1)( 4) 3
x dx
x x
=
+ +
}

30. W rit e t he Cauchy-Riemann equat ion of t he f unct ion ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = + .
Ans: Cauchy-Ri emann equat i on of t he f unct i on ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = +

(i )
u v
x y
c c
=
c c

(i i )
u v
y x
c c
=
c c

31. I f ( ) f z is analyt ic f unct ion of z, prove t hat
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 4 '( ) f z f z
x y
| | c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
.
Ans: Let
2
2 2
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) f z u x y iv x y f z u x y v x y g x = + = + =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
g u v g u u v v
u v u v
x x x x x x x x

c c c c c c c c | | | |
= + = + + +
` | |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .

)

Si mil ar ly,
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
g u v g u u v v
u v u v
y y y y y y y y

| | | | c c c c c c c c
= + = + + +
` | |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .

)

2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
g g u u v v u u v v
u v
x y x y x y x y x y

| | | | | | | | c c c c c c c c c c | | | |
+ = + + + + + + +
` ` | | | | | |
c c c c c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . )
)

Si nce u, v sat i sf y Cauchy Ri emann equat i on and Lapl ace equat i on

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0, 0, ,
u u v v u v u v
x y x y x y y x
c c c c c c c c
+ = + = = =
c c c c c c c c

2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
g g u u u u
x y x y x x

| | c c c c c c | | | | | |
+ = + + +
` | | | |
c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ .
\ .

)

( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
4
u u
g
x y x y

| | | | c c c c | |
+ = +
` | | |
c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .

)

2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 4 '( ) f z f z
x y
| | c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
.
7 2 z

34. St at e t he Cauchy s I nt egral f ormula.
Ans: If ( ) f z i s anal yt i c w i t hi n and on a cl osed cur ve c and a i s any poi nt w i t hi n c, t hen pr ove t hat
1 ( )
( )
2
c
f z
f a dz
i z a
=
}
.
35. Find all possible Laurent s serie s of t he f unct ion:
2
3
7 9 18
( )
9
z z
f z
z z
+
=
about it s singular point s.

Ans:
OR
I n a t w o dimensional f luid f low , t he st ream f unct ion is given below , f ind t he velocit y pot ent ial :

36. Evaluat e t he int egral:
2
2
0
, 0 1
1 2 sin
d
a
a a
< <
+
}
.
Ans: : Let C i s t he uni t ci r cl e 1 z =

i i
dz
z e dz ie d dz izd d
iz

= = = = ,
1
sin
2
z
z
i

=
( )
2
2 2 2
2
0
1 1 1 2 sin 1
1 2
2
C C
dz
d dz
iz
a a iz a z ia z
a z a
i z
= =
+ | | +
+
|
\ .
} } }

( )
2
2 2 2
0
1 2 sin ( )( 1) ( ) 1
C C
d dz dz
a a iz a iza i a z z a z
= =
+ + + +
} } }

Her e Pol es ar e ( )( 1) 0 ,
i
iz a iza z ia
a
+ + = =
But 1, 1
i
ia
a
< > as
2
1 p < .
So, z ia = l i es i nsi de t he uni t ci r cl e.
( )
Residue( ) ( ) ( )
( )( 1)
z ia z ia
z ia
z ai Lim z ia f z Lim
iz a iza

= = =
+ +

2
1 1
Residue( )
( 1) (1 )
z ia
z ai Lim
i iza i a
= == =
+

So, by Cauchy Resi due t heor em
2
2 2 2
0
1 2
2 (Re ) 2
1 2 sin (1 ) 1
d
i sidue i
a a i a a
= = =
+
}
.

38. Def ine analyt ic f unct ion and w rit e Cauchy-Riemann equat ions.
(i )
u v
x y
c c
=
c c
(i i )
u v
y x
c c
=
c c

These condi t i ons ar e know n as Cauchy Ri emann equat i ons.
39. I f ( ) f z u iv = + is analyt ic f unct ion of z, f ind f (z) if
2 2
( )( 4 ) u v x y x xy y = + + .
Ans:
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
( )( 4 ) 4 4 u v x y x xy y x x y xy x y xy y = + + = + +

3 2 2 3
3 3 u v x x y xy y = +
Now ,
2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
x x
c c
= +
c c
and
2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
y y
c c
=
c c

2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
x x
c c
= +
c c
and
2 2
3 6 3
v u
x xy y
x x
c c
=
c c

By sol vi ng t hese equat i ons w e get

2 2
1 2
6 ( , ), 3 3 ( , )
u v
xy x y x y x y
x x

c c
= = = + =
c c

Now ,
1 2
( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) f z z i z dz c = + +
}

2 3
( ) 0 ( 3 ) f z i z dz c iz c = + + = +
}

3
( ) f z c iz = .
41. Apply t he calculus of residues and prove t hat
2
2 2
0
2
, 0 1
1 2 sin 1
d
r
r r r
= < <
+
}
.
Ans: Let C i s t he uni t ci r cl e 1 z =

i i
dz
iz

= = = = ,
1
sin
2
z
z
i

=
( )
2
2 2 2
2
0
1 1 1 2 sin 1
1 2
2
C C
dz
d dz
iz
r r iz r z ir z
r z r
i z
= =
+ | | +
+
|
\ .
} } }

( )
2
2 2 2
0
1 2 sin ( )( 1) ( ) 1
C C
d dz dz
r r iz r izr i r z z r z
= =
+ + + +
} } }

i
iz r izr z ir
r
+ + = =
But 1, 1
i
ir
r
< > as
2
1 p < .
So, z ir = l i es i nsi de t he uni t ci r cl e.
( )
Residue( ) ( ) ( )
( )( 1)
z ir z ir
z ir
z ri Lim z ir f z Lim
iz r izr

= = =
+ +

2
1 1
Residue( )
( 1) (1 )
z ir
z ri Lim
i izr i r
= = =
+

2
2 2 2
0
1 2
2 (Re ) 2
1 2 sin (1 ) 1
d
i sidue i
r r i r r
= = =
+
}
.

42. W rit e about Cauchy-Riemann equat ions.

(i )
u v
x y
c c
=
c c
(i i )
u v
y x
c c
=
c c

These condi t i ons ar e know n as Cauchy Ri emann equat i ons.
43. I f
2 2
( )( 4 ) u v x y x xy y = + + and ( ) f z u iv = + is an analyt ic f unct ion of z x iy = + , f ind ( ) f z in t er ms of
z.
Ans:
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
( )( 4 ) 4 4 u v x y x xy y x x y xy x y xy y = + + = + +

3 2 2 3
3 3 u v x x y xy y = +
Now ,
2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
x x
c c
= +
c c
and
2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
y y
c c
=
c c

2 2
3 6 3
u v
x xy y
x x
c c
= +
c c
and
2 2
3 6 3
v u
x xy y
x x
c c
=
c c

By sol vi ng t hese equat i ons w e get
2 2
1 2
6 ( , ), 3 3 ( , )
u v
xy x y x y x y
x x

c c
= = = + =
c c

Now ,
1 2
( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) f z z i z dz c = + +
}

2 3
( ) 0 ( 3 ) f z i z dz c iz c = + + = +
}
3
( ) f z c iz = .
44. Expand
1
( )
( 1)( 2)
f z
z z
=

in t he region:
(i) 1 z < .
Ans: 1 z < and 1
2
z
<
1 1 1
( )
( 1)( 2) 2 1
f z
z z z z
= =

1 1
( )
1
1
2
f z
z
z
=

( )
2 3
2 3
( ) 1 ...... 1 .......
2 4 8
z z z
f z z z z
| |
= + + + + + + + +
|
\ .

2 3
3 7
( ) ..........
2 4 8
z z z
f z = + + + .
(ii) 1 2 z < < .
Ans:
1
1 2 1, 1
2
z
z
z
< < < <
1 1 1
( )
( 1)( 2) 2 1
f z
z z z z
= =

1 1 1 1
( )
1
2
1 1
2
f z
z
z
z
=

2 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ....... 1 ......
2 2 4 8
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .

2 3
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ....... ......
2 4 8 16
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
| |
= + +
| |
\ .
\ .

2 3
4 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ............. .......
2 4 8 16
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
= +
|
\ .

(iii) 2 z > .
Ans: 2 z >
1 2
1, 1
z z
< <
1 1 1
( )
( 1)( 2) 2 1
f z
z z z z
= =

1 1 1 1
( )
2 1
1 1
f z
z z
z z
=

2 3 2 3
1 2 4 8 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ....... 1 ...... f z
z z z z z z z z
| | | |
= + + + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

2 3 4 2 3 4
1 2 4 8 1 1 1 1
( ) ....... ...... f z
z z z z z z z z
| | | |
= + + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

2 3 4
1 3 7
( ) ......... f z
z z z
= + + + .
45. Prove t hat :
2
4 2
2 5
10 9 12
x x
dx
x x
+
=
+ +
}
.
2
4 2
2
( )
10 9
C C
z z
dz f z dz
z z
+
=
+ +
} }
, w her e C i s t he cont our consi st i ng of upper hal f of a l ar ge
ci r cl e z R = and r eal axi s f r om -R t o R.
By Resi due t heor em ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
R
R
C R C
f z dz f x dx f z dz R
+
= + =

} } }

Si nce
0
lim ( ) 0
z
zf z
= , i t f ol l ow s t hat lim ( ) 0
R
R
C
f z dz
=
}
.
So, put t i ng Re
i
z

=

2 2
4 2 2 2
2 2
( )
10 9 ( 9)( 1)
R R R
C C C
z z z z
f z dz dz dz
z z z z
+ +
= =
+ + + +
} } }

2 2 . .
.
2 2 . 2 2 .
0
2
( )
( 9)( 1)
R
i i
i
i i
C
R e Re
f z dz Rie d
R e R e

+
==
+ +
} }

2 2 . .
.
2 2 . 2 2 .
0
2
( )
( 9)( 1)
R
i i
i
i i
C
R e Re
f z dz Rie d
R e R e

+
=
+ +
} }

( )( )
2 2 . .
.
2 2 . 2 2 .
0
2
( )
9 1
R
i i
i
i i
C
R e Re
f z dz Rie d
R e R e

+ +
s

} }

( )( )
( )
( )( )
3 2
2
2 2 2 2
0
2
2
( ) 0
9 1 9 1
R
C
R R
R R
f z dz Rd as R
R R R R
+ +
+ +
s s

} }

So, ( ) 2 f x dx R
=

}

Pol es of f (z) ar e gi ven by
4 2
10 9 0 z z + + =
( )( )
2 2
9 1 0 , 3 z z z i i + + = =
But pol es , 3 z i i = l ies i nsi de C.
3
sum of residues at these poles im( ) ( ) im( 3 ) ( )
z i z i
L z i f z L z i f z

= +

2 2
2 2
3
2 2
im( ) im( 3 )
( )( )( 9) ( 3 )( 3 )( 1)
z i z i
z z z z
L z i L z i
z i z i z z i z i z

+ +
= +
+ + + +

2 2
2 2
3
2 2
im im
( )( 9) ( 3 )( 1)
z i z i
z z z z
L L
z i z z i z

+ +
= +
+ + + +

1 2 9 3 2
2 .( 1 9) 6 .( 9 1)
i i
i i
+ +
= +
+ +

1 2 9 3 2 3 3 7 3 10 5
16 48 48 48 24
i i i i
i i i i i
+ + + +
= = = =
So,
2
4 2
2
2 sum of residues
10 9
x x
dx i
x x

+
=
+ +
}

2
4 2
2 5 5
2 =
10 9 24 12
x x
dx i
x x i
+
=
+ +
}
.

46. St at e and prove Cauchy-Riemann equat ions.
Ans: Cauchy Riemann Equat ion: - The necessar y condi t i on f or a f unct i on ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = + t o be anal yt i c at
any poi nt z x iy = + of t he domai n D of f i s t hat f our der i vat i ves , , ,
x y x y
u u v v shoul d exi st and
,
x y y x
u v u v = = .
Proof : - Let ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = + be anal yt i c at poi nt z x iy = + of i t s domai n D,
Then
0
( ) ( )
'( )
z
f z z f z
f z Lim
z
A
+ A
=
A
exi st s and i s uni que as 0 z A al ong any pat h.
Al so w e have z x iy = + , so t hat z x i y A = A + A . As 0 z A 0, 0 x y A A .

| | | |
0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
'( )
x
y
u x x y y iv x x y y u x y iv x y
f z Lim
x i y
A
A
+ A + A + + A + A +
=
A + A

| | | |
0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
'( )
x
y
u x x y y u x y i v x x y y v x y
f z Lim
x i y
A
A
+ A + A + + A + A
=
A + A

0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
'( )
x
y
u x x y y u x y v x x y y v x y
f z Lim i
x i y x i y
A
A
| | + A + A + A + A
= +
|
A + A A + A
\ .
---------(1)
Let us t ake z A t o be r eal so t hat , 0 z x y A = A A = and 0 x A
So, f or m (1) w e have

0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
'( )
x
u x x y u x y v x x y v x y
f z Lim i
x x
A
+ A + A | |
= +
|
A A
\ .

'( )
x x
f z u iv = + ---------------- (2)
Let us t ake z A t o be i magi nar yl so t hat , 0 z i x x A = A A = and 0 y A

So, f or m (1) w e have

0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
'( )
y
u x y y u x y v x y y v x y
f z Lim i
i y i y
A
| | + A + A
= +
|
A A
\ .

'( )
y y
f z iu v = + ----------------(3)
Fr om (2) and (3)
x x y y
u iv iu v + = +
,
x y y x
u v u v = = .
47. Det ermine t he analyt ic f unct ion: ( ) f z u iv = + if
cos sin
2(cos cosh )
y
x x e
u v
x y
+
=
and ( / 2) 0 f = .
Ans: Gi ven t hat ( ) . ( ) f z u iv i f z iu v = + =
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i f z u v i u v F z + = + + =
( ) F z U iV = +
Agai n gi ven t hat
cos sin
2(cos cosh )
y
x x e
U u v
x y
+
= =

Now ,
( )
1 2
(cos cosh )( sin cos ) cos sin ( sin )
( , )
2(cos cosh )
y
x y x x x x e x
U
x y
x x y

+ +
c
= =
c

Si mil ar ly,
( )
2 2
(cos cosh )( ) cos sin ( sinh )
( , )
2(cos cosh )
y y
x y e x x e y
U
x y
y x y

+
c
= =
c

Put t i ng , 0 x z y = =

( )
1 2
(cos 1)( sin cos ) cos sin 1 ( sin )
( , 0)
2(cos 1)
z z z z z z
z
z
+ +
=

2 2
1 2
sin cos cos sin cos sin cos sin sin
( , 0)
2(cos 1)
z z z z z z z z z
z
z
+ + + +
=

1 2
1 cos 1 1
( , 0)
2(cos 1) 2(1 cos ) 2(cos 1)
z
z
z z z

= = =

( )
2 2
(cos 1)(1) cos sin 1 (0) 1
( , 0)
2(cos 1) 2(cos 1)
z z z
z
z z
+
= =

By M i l ne s met hod
| |
1 2
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0) i f z F z z i z dz + = =
}

1 1
(1 ) ( )
2(cos 1) 2(cos 1)
i f z i dz
z z
| |
+ =
|

\ .
}

(1 ) ( ) (1 )
2(1 cos )
dz
i f z i
z
+ = +
}

2 2 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
cot 1 1
( ) cos . cot
4sin 4 4
z
z z
z
dz
f z ec dz C C
= = = + = +
} }

1
2 2
( ) cot
z
f z C = +
Gi ven t hat ( / 2) 0 f =
1 1
2 2
0 C C = + =
So,
1 1
2 2 2
( ) cot
z
f z = + .

48. Use Cauchy s I nt egral f ormula t o calculat e:
2
3 7 1
, : 1/ 2
1
C
z z
dz C z
z
+ +
=
+
}
.
Ans:
2
3 7 1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+ +
+
}

Her e 1 a = , w hi ch l i es out si de t he ci r cl e 1/ 2 z = .
So,
2
3 7 1
1
z z
z
+ +
+
i s anal yt i c ever yw here.
So, by Cauchy s Int egr al f or mul a
2
3 7 1
0
1
C
z z
dz
z
+ +
=
+
}

49. Show t hat t he polar f orm of Cauchy-Riemann equat ion are

1 1
,
u v v u
r r r r
c c c c
= =
c c c c
and deduce t hat
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
0
u u u
r r r r
c c c
+ + =
c c c
.
Ans: If ( , ) r be t he co-or di nat es of a poi nt w hose Car t esi an co-or di nat es ar e ( , ) x y w her e

i
z x iy re
= + =
( ) ( )
i
u iv f z f re
+ = =
Now , di f f er ent i at i ng par t i all y wi t h r espect t o , r w e get
'( ).
i i
u v
i f re e
r r

c c
+ =
c c
and '( ).
i i
u v
i f re ire

c c
+ =
c c

1 1
'( ). '( ).
i i i i
u v u v
i f re e f re e
r r ir r

c c c c
+ = + =
c c c c

1 1 u v u v
i
r r ir r
c c c c
+ = +
c c c c

1 1 u v v u
i i
r r r r
c c c c
+ =
c c c c

1 1
,
u v v u
r r r r
c c c c
= =
c c c c
(Pr oved).

1 u v
r r
c c
=
c c
----------------(1)

1 v u
r r
c c
=
c c
-------------(2)
Di f f er ent i at i ng (1) w i t h r espect t o r w e get

2 2
2 2
1 1 u v v
r r r r
c c c
= +
c c c c
---------------(3)
Di f f er ent i at i ng (2) w i t h r espect t o w e get

2 2
2
u v
r
r
c c
=
c c c
---------------------(4)
By usi ng (1), (2), (3) and (4) w e get

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u u u v v v v
r
r r r r r r r r r r r
| | c c c c c c c | |
+ + = + + +
| |
c c c c c c c c c
\ .
\ .

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 u u u v v v v
r r r r r r r r r r
c c c c c c c
+ + = + +
c c c c c c c c c

50. Find t he analyt ic f unct ion, w hose real part is
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
y x
.
Ans: Let
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
u
y x
=

'( )
u v u u
f z i i
x x x x
c c c c
= + =
c c c c

2 2
'( )
y x x x x x y
f z i
y x y x

=

2 2
'( )
x y x y
f z i
y x y x
= +


2
2cos 2 2
'( ) 0
(1 cos 2 )
z
f z i
z
= +


2
2
2 2
( ) cos
1 cos 2 2sin
z z

= + = + = +
} } }

51. Evaluat e
2
0
cos
1
ax
dx
x
+
}
.
2
( )
1
iaz
C C
e
dz f z dz
z
=
+
} }

Wher e C i s t he semi ci r cl e
R
C of r adi us R t oget her w i t h t he par t of t he r eal axi s f r om R t o R.

Her e ( ) f z has si mpl e pol es , z i i = .
Wher e onl y z i = l ies i nsi de C.

2
Residue( ( )) ( )
1 2
iaz iaz a
z i
z i z i
e e e
f z Lim z i Lim
z z i i
=

= = =
+ +

2
2 Residue( ( )) 2
1 2
iaz a
a
z i
C
e e
dz i f z i e
z i

=
= = =
+
}

Also, ( ) ( ) ( )
R
R
C R C
f z dz f z dz f z dz
= +
} } }

Now , z R = on
R
C and
2 2
1 1 z R + >

Now ,
2 2
0
cos
Re
1 1
iaz
a
C
ax e
dx dz e
x z

| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
} }

52. Find t he analyt ic f unct ion, w hose real part is:
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
y x
.
Ans: Let
sin 2
cosh 2 cos 2
x
u
y x
=

'( )
u v u u
f z i i
x x x x
c c c c
= + =
c c c c

2 2
'( )
y x x x x x y
f z i
y x y x

=

2 2
'( )
x y x y
f z i
y x y x
= +


2
2cos 2 2
'( ) 0
(1 cos 2 )
z
f z i
z
= +


2
2
2 2
( ) cos
1 cos 2 2sin
z z

= + = + = +
} } }

53. Evaluat e using Cauchy s int egral f ormula

2
( 1)( 2)
z
C
e
dz
z z
}
w here C is t he circl e 3 z = .
Ans: Let
2
( )
z
f z e = i s anal yt i c w i t hi n t he ci r cl e 3 z = and i t s si ngul ar poi nt s ar e 1, 2 a = w hi ch ar e l i es i nsi de C

2
2
1 1
( 1)( 2) 2 1
z
z
C C
e
dz e dz
z z z z
| |
=
|

\ .
} }

2 2 2
( 1)( 2) 2 1
z z z
C C C
e e e
dz dz dz
z z z z
=

} } }

( )
2
4 2 4 2
2 2 2
( 1)( 2)
z
C
e
dz i e i e i e e
z z
= =

}
.
54. Evaluat e:
2
3
2 5
C
z
dz
z z
+ +
}
. W here C i s t he ci rcle:
(i) 1 z = .
Ans:
2
3
2 5
C
z
dz
z z
+ +
}

Her e
2
3
( )
2 5
z
f z
z z
=
+ +
.
It s pol es ar e
2
2 4 20
2 5 0 1 2
2
z z z i

+ + = = =
Bot h t he pol es 1 2 , 1 2 i i + l i es out si de t he ci r cl e 1 z =
So, by Cauchy s Theor em
2
3
0
2 5
C
z
dz
z z
=
+ +
}
.
(ii) 1 2 z i + = .
Ans:
2
3
2 5
C
z
dz
z z
+ +
}

Her e
2
3
( )
2 5
z
f z
z z
=
+ +
.
It s pol es ar e
2
2 4 20
2 5 0 1 2
2
z z z i

+ + = = =
Her e pol e 1 2 z i = l i es i nsi de C: 1 2 z i + = .
So
1 2 2
1 2 1 2
3 3
Residue( ) ( 1 2 )
2 5 1 2
z i
z i z i
z z
f Lim z i Lim
z z z i
=

= + + =
+ + +

1
2
1 2
1 1 2 3 4 2
Residue( )
1 2 1 2 4
z i
i i i
f
i i i i
=
+
= = =
+

So, ( )
1
2
2
1 3
2 Residue 2 2 2
2 5
C
i z
dz i i i i
z z i

+
= = = + = +
+ +
}
(Ans).

55. Evaluat e
2
1
1
C
z z
dz
z
+
}
, w here C is t he circle: 1/ 2 z = .
Ans: Her e 1 1 z a z a = = .
Her e a l i es out si de t he ci r cl e 1/ 2 z = .So,
2
( ) 1 f z z z = + i s anal yt i c ever yw her e w i t hi n C: 1/ 2 z =
2
1
0
1
C
z z
dz
z
+
=
}
.
56. Let ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = + be an analyt ic f unct ion. I f 3 2 u x xy = , t hen f ind v and express ( ) f z in t erms
of z.
Ans: ( ) f z u iv = +
'( ) (3 2 ) ( 2 ) (3 2 ) 2
u v u u
f z i i y i x y i x
x x x y
c c c c
= + = = = +
c c c c

By M i l ne s met hod w e can expr ess '( ) f z i n t er ms of z by put t i ng , 0 x z y = = .
'( ) 3 2 f z i z = +
2
( ) 3 f z z iz ic = + + .

2 2
( ) 3( ) ( 2 ) f z x iy i x y i xy ic = + + + +
2 2
( ) 3 3 2 f z x i y ix iy xy ic = + + +
( )
2 2
( ) 3 2 (3 ) f z x xy i y x y c u iv = + + + = +
2 2
3 v y x y c = + + .
57. Expand
1
( )
( 1)( 2)
f z
z z
=

in t he region:

(i) 1 2 z < < .
Ans:
1
1 2 1, 1
2
z
z
z
< < < <
1 1 1
( )
( 1)( 2) 2 1
f z
z z z z
= =

1 1 1 1
( )
1
2
1 1
2
f z
z
z
z
=

2 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ....... 1 ......
2 2 4 8
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .

2 3
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ....... ......
2 4 8 16
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
| |
= + +
| |
\ .
\ .

2 3
4 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ............. .......
2 4 8 16
z z z
f z
z z z z
| |
= +
|
\ .

(ii) 0 1 1 z < < .
Ans: 0 1 1 z < <
1 1 1
( )
( 1)( 2) 2 1
f z
z z z z
= =

1 1 1 1
( )
( 1) 1 1 1 1 ( 1)
f z
z z z z
= =

( )
1 2 3 4
( ) ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ........ f z z z z z z
= + + + + +
1 2 3 4
( ) ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ...... f z z z z z z
= .
58. Evaluat e:
2
2
0
, (0 1)
1 2 sin
d
p
p p
< <
+
}
.
Ans: Let C i s t he uni t ci r cl e 1 z =

i i
dz
iz

= = = = ,
1
sin
2
z
z
i

=
( )
2
2 2 2
2
0
1 1 1 2 sin 1
1 2
2
C C
dz
d dz
iz
p p iz p z ip z
p z p
i z
= =
+ | | +
+
|
\ .
} } }

( )
2
2 2 2
0
1 2 sin ( )( 1) ( ) 1
C C
d dz dz
p p iz p izp i p z z p z
= =
+ + + +
} } }

i
iz p izp z ip
p
+ + = =
But 1, 1
i
ip
p
< > as
2
1 p < .
So, z ip = l i es i nsi de t he uni t ci r cl e.
( )
Residue( ) ( ) ( )
( )( 1)
z ip z ip
z ip
z pi Lim z ip f z Lim
iz p izp

= = =
+ +

2
1 1
Residue( )
( 1) (1 )
z ip
z pi Lim
i izp i p
= == =
+

2
2 2 2
0
1 2
2 (Re ) 2
1 2 sin (1 ) 1
d
i sidue i
p p i p p
= = =
+
}
.

Series Solut ion and Special F unct ions

(a) Sol ve i n ser i es t he quest i on :
2
2
9 (1 ) 12 4 0
d y dy
x x y
dx dx
+ = .
Sol . Her e 0 x = i s a si ngul ar poi nt si nce coef f i ci ent of '' 0 y = at 0 x =

Subst i t ut i ng
1 2
0 1 2
.....
m m m
y a x a x a x
+ +
= + + +

1 2
0 1 2
( 1) ( 2) .....
m m m
dy
ma x m a x m a x
dx
+
= + + + + +

and
2
2 1
0 1 2 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) .....
m m m
d y
m m a x m ma x m m a x
dx

= + + + + + +
In t he gi ven equat i on, w e obt ai n

2 1 1 1
0 1 2 0 1 2
9 (1 )[ ( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) .....] 12[ ( 1) ( 2) ....]
m m m m m m
x x m m a x m ma x m m a x ma x m a x m a x
+
+ + + + + + + + + + +

1 2
0 1 2
4[ .......] 0
m m m
a x a x a x
+ +
+ + + + =
The l ow est pow er of x i s
1 m
x

.It s coef f i ci ent equat ed t o zer o gi ves

0
{9 ( 1) 12 } 0 a m m m = i .e. (3 7) 0 m m = as
0
0 a =

Thus t he r oot s of t he i ndi ci al equat i on ar e 0, 7 / 3 m = . i .e Root s ar e di st i nct and do not di f f er by
an i nt eger .
The coef f i ci ent of
m
x equat ed t o zer o gi ves

1 0
{9( 1) 12( 1)} {4 9 ( 1)} 0 a m m m a m m + + + =
i .e.
1 0
3 (3 4)( 1) (3 4)(3 1) 0 a m m a m m + + =
i .e.
1 0
3 ( 1) (3 1) a m a m + = +
si mil ar ly
2 1
3 ( 2) (3 4) a m a m + = +

3 2
3 ( 3) (5 7) a m a m + = + and so on .


1 0
3 1
3( 1)
m
a a
m
+
=
+
,
2 1
(3 4)
3( 2)
m
a a
m
+
=
+
0 2
(3 4)(3 1)
3 ( 2)( 1)
m m
a
m m
+ +
=
+ +

3 0 2
(3 7)(3 4)(3 1)
3 ( 3)( 2)( 1)
m m m
a a
m m m
+ + +
=
+ + +
et c.
When 0, m =
1 0
1
3
a a = ,
2 0
1.4
3.6
a a = ,
3 0
1.4.7
3.6.9
a a = et c.gi vi ng t he par t i cul ar sol ut i on

2 3
1 0
1 1.4 1.4.7
1 ......
3 3.6 3.6.9
y a x x x
(
= + + + +
(

When m=7/ 3 , t he par t i cul ar sol ut i on i s

7/3 2 3
2 0
8 8.11 8.11.14
1 ......
10 10.13 10.13.16
y a x x x x
(
= + + + +
(

Thus t he compl et e sol ut i on i s

1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +
i .e.
2 3
1
1 1.4 1.4.7
1 ......
3 3.6 3.6.9
y C x x x
(
= + + + +
(

7/3 2 3
2
8 8.11 8.11.14
1 ......
10 10.13 10.13.16
C x x x x
(
+ + + + +
(

Wher e
1 1 0
C c a = ,
2 2 0
C c a =

(b) St at e and pr ove or t hogonal i t y of Bessel s f unct i on.
Sol. See 20 07 (b)
(C) Expr ess (i )
4 3 2
( ) 3 5 12 f x x x x x = + + i n t er ms of Legendr e pol ynomi al.
Sol. Si nce
4 2
4
35 15 3
( )
8 4 8
P x x x = +

4 2
4
8 6 3
( )
35 7 35
x P x x = +

2 3 2
4
8 6 3
( ) ( ) 3 5 2
35 7 35
f x P x x x x x
(
= + + +
(

3 2
4
8 1 73
( ) 3 5
35 7 35
P x x x x = + +

3 2
3 2
2 3 2 1`
( ) ; ( )
5 5 3 3
x P x x x P x
(
= + = +
(


4 3 2
8 2 3 1 2 1 73
( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 5
35 5 5 7 3 3 35
P x P x x P x x
( (
= + + + +
( (

4 3 2
8 6 2 34 224
( ) ( ) ( )
35 5 21 5 105
P x P x P x x = + +
1 0
[ ( ),1 ( )] x P x P x = =

4 3 2 1 0
8 6 2 34 224
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
35 5 21 5 105
P x P x P x P x P x = + +

(i i ) Pr ove t hat :
1 1 1
( 1) ( ) (2 1) ( ) ( )
n n n
n P x n xP x nP x
+ +
+ = + .
Sol. See 200 7 Nov-Dec 1( c)

2007 Nov. - Dec.

(a) Fi nd
0 1
( ), ( ) J x J x
Sol . We know t hat t he most gener al f or m of t he second or der di f f er ent i al equat i on i s

2
2 2 2
2
( ) 0
d y dy
x x x n y
dx dx
+ + = (1)
Whi ch i s know n as Bessel s equat i on of or der n.

Subst i t ut i ng
1 2
0 1 2
......
m m m
y a x a x a x
+ +
= + + +
(1) t akes t he f or m

2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
0 1 2 0
( ) {( 1) } { [( 2) ] } ...... 0
m m m
a m n x a m n x a m n a x
+ +
+ + + + + + =
Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent of
m
x , w e obt ai n t he i ndi ci al equat i on
2 2
0 m n = (as
0
0 a = )
w her e m n = or n .

1 3 5 7
..... 0 a a a a = = = = =

and
0
2 2 2
( 2)
a
a
m n
=
+

2
4 2 2
( 4)
a
a
m n
=
+
et c.
These gi ve


2 4
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 .......
( 2) [( 2) ][( 4) ]
m
y a x x x
m n m n m n
| |
= +
|
+ + +
\ .

For m=n, w e get

2 4 6
1 0 2 3
1 1 1
1 .......
4( 1) 4 .2!( 1)( 2) 4 .3!( 1)( 2)( 3)
n
y a x x x x
n n n n n n

= + +
`
+ + + + + +
)
.....(3)

When n i s not i nt egr al or zer o, t he compl et e sol ut i on of (1) i s

1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +

If w e t ake
0
1/ 2 ( 1)
n
a n = I + .t hen t he sol ut i on gi ven by (2) is cal l ed t he Bessel f unct i on of t he f i r st
ki nd of or der n and i s denot ed by ( )
n
J x . Thus
2 4 6
1 1 1 1
( ) ...... ( 0)
2 ( 1) 1! ( 2) 2 2! ( 3) 2 3! ( 4) 2
n
n
x x x x
J x n
n n n n

| | | | | | | |
= + + >
`
| | | |
I + I + I + I +
\ . \ . \ . \ .

)

i .e.

2
0
1
( ) ( 1)
2 ! ( 1)
n r
r
n
r
x
J x
r n r
+
=
| |
=
|
I + +
\ .
.(4)

We have f r om (4)

2 4 6
0 2 2
1 1 1
( ) 1 .....
(1!) 2 (2!) 2 (3!) 2
x x x
J x
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

and

2 4 6
1
1 1 1
( ) 1 .....
2 1!2! 2 2!3! 2 3!4! 2
x x x x
J x
(
| | | | | |
= + +
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

(b) Sol ve i n ser i es t he equat i on:
2
2
0
d y dy
x y
dx dx
+ = .
Sol . Si nce x=0 i s a r egul ar si ngul ar poi nt of t he gi ven equat i on , l et i t s ser i es sol ut i on be

2
0 1 2
0
( .....)
m m k
k
k
y x a a x a x a x
+
=
= + + + =

Then
Depar t ment of Mat hemat i cs ( DI MAT)

1
0
( )
m k
k
k
dy
m k a x
dx
+
=
= +

And
2
2
2
0
( )( 1)
m k
k
k
d y
m k m k a x
dx
+
=
= + +

Subst i t ut i ng t he val ues of y ,
dy
dx
and
2
2
d y
dx
i n t he gi ven equat i on , w e get

2
0
( )( 1)
m k
k
k
x m k m k a x
+
=
+ +
+
1
0
( )
m k
k
k
m k a x
+
=
+
0
0
m k
k
k
a x
+
=
=

or
2 1 1
0 1 2 3
[ ( 1) ( 1) ( 2 )( 1) ( 3)( 2 ) . .. . .. ]
m m m m
x m m a x m m a x m m a x m m a x
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +

1 1 2
0 1 2 3
[ m a ( 1 ) a ( 2 ) a ( 3 ) . . . . . . ]
m m m m
x m x m x m a x
+ +
+ + + + + + + +

1 2 3
0 1 2 3
[ a a a . . . . . ] 0
m m m m
x x x a x
+ + +
+ + + =
1 m
x

. Equat i ng t o zer o t he co-ef f i ci ent of
1 m
x

, w e get

0 0
( 1) 0 m m a ma + =
or
2
0
0 m a =

2
0 m = , si nce
0
0 a =
w hi ch i s t he i ndi ci al equat i on.
I t s root s are 0, 0 m = w hi ch ar e equal .
Equat i ng t o zer o t he co-ef f i ci ent of
m
x , w e get

1 1 0
( 1) ( 1) 0 m m a m a a + + + =
Or
2
1 0
( 1) 0 m a a + =
or
0
1 2
( 1)
a
a
m
=
+

Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent of
1 m
x
+
, w e get

1 1 0
( 1) ( 1) 0 m m a m a a + + + =
or
2
1 0
( 1) 0 m a a + =
or
0
1 2
( 1)
a
a
m
=
+

1 m
x
+
, w e get

2 2 1
( 1)( 2) ( 2) 0 m m a m a a + + + + =
or
2
2 1
( 2) 0 m a a + =
or
1
2 2
( 2)
a
a
m
=
+
0
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
a
m m
=
+ +

2 m
x
+
, w e get

3 3 2
( 2)( 3) ( 3) 0 m m a m a a + + + + =
or
2
3 2
( 3) 0 m a a + =
or
2
3 2
( 3)
a
a
m
=
+
0
2 2 2
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
a
m m m
=
+ + +
and so on.
The sol ut i on i s gi ven by

2 3
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ...........
( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
m
x x x
y a x
m m m m m m
(
= + + + +
(
+ + + + + +

..(1)
Put t i ng m=0 i n (1) , t he f i r st sol ut i on i s

2 3
1 0 2 2 2 2 2
1 .........
1 .2 1 .2 .3
x x
y a x
| |
= + + + +
|
\ . ( ) ( )
2 3
0 2 2
1 .........
2! 3!
x x
a x
(
= + + + + (
(

To get t he second i ndependent sol ut i on , di f f er ent i at e (1) par t i al l y w .r .t . m.
2 3
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
log 1 ...........
( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
m
y x x x
a x x
m m m m m m m
( c
= + + + +
(
c + + + + + +


2 3
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
........
( 1) ( 1) ( 2) 1 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 1 2 3
m
x
a x x x
m m m m m m m m m m m
(

+ + + +
` `
(
+ + + + + + + + + + +
) )

The second sol ut i on i s
2
0 m
y
y
m
=
c | |
=
|
c
\ .

2 3
0 2 2
log 1 ......
(2!) (3!)
x x
a x x
(
= + + + +
(

2 3
0 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 ......
(2!) 2 (3!) 2 3
a x x x
(
| | | |
+ + + + + +
| | (
\ . \ .

2 3
1 0 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
log 2 1 1 ......
(2!) 2 (3!) 2 3
y x a x x x
(
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| | (
\ . \ .

Hence t he compl et e sol ut i on i s

1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
1 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
( log ) 1 ...... 2 1 1 .....
(2!) (3!) 2 2 3
2! 3!
x x
c a c a x x c a x x x
(
(
| | | |
= + + + + + + + + + + + (
| | (
\ . \ .
(

( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
( log ) 1 ...... 2 1 1 .....
(2!) (3!) 2 2 3
2! 3!
x x
y A B x x B x x x
(
(
| | | |
= + + + + + + + + + + + (
| | (
\ . \ .
(

w her e
1 0
c a A = ,
2 0
c a B =
or
Pr ove t hat
| |
1
2
1
0 1 2
0
( ) ( )
( )
n n
n
xJ x J x
J

+
=
=

=
}

Wher e , ar e t he r oot s of ( ) 0
n
J x = .
Sol. We know t hat t he sol ut i on of t he equat i on

2 2 2 2
'' ' ( ) 0 x u xu x n u + + = ..(1)
And
2 2 2 2
'' ' ( ) 0 x v xv x n v + + = (2)
Ar e ( )
n
u J x = and ( )
n
v J x = r espect i vel y.
M ul t i pl yi ng (1) by / v x and (2) by / u x and subt r act i ng, w e get

2 2
( '' '') ( ' ') ( ) 0 x u v uv u v uv xuv + + =
Or
2 2
{ ( ' ')} ( )
d
x u v uv xuv
dx
= .
Now i nt egr at i ng bot h si des f r om 0 t o 1 ,

| |
1
1
2 2
1
0
0
( ) ( ' ') ( ' ')
x
xuvdx x u v uv u v uv
=
= =
}
.(3)
Si nce ( )
n
u J x = ,

'
( )
' [ ( )] [ ( )]. ( )
( )
n n n
d d d x
u J x J x J x
dx d x dx
= = =
Si mil ar ly ( )
n
v J x = and
'
' ( )
n
v J x = . Subst i t ut i ng t hese val ues i n (3) , w e get
1 ' '
2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n n n
n n
J J J J x
xJ x J dx

}

If and ar e di st i nct r oot s of ( ) 0
n
J x = , t hen ( ) ( ) 0
n n
J J = = , and (4) r educe t o

1
0
( ) ( ) 0
n n
xJ x J x dx =
}
.(5)
Thi s i s know n as t he or t hogonal i t y r el at i on of Bessel f unct i ons.
When = , t he r i ght of (4) i s of 0/ 0 f r om. It s val ue can be f ound by consi der i ng s a r oot of
( ) 0
n
J x = and as a var i abl e appr oachi ng .Then (4) gi ves

1
0
( ) ( )
n
Lt xJ x J x dx

=
}
'
2 2
( ) ( )
n n
J J dx
Lt

or by L Hospi t al s r ul e ,

1 ' '
2
0
( ) ( )
( )
2
n n
n
J J
xJ x dx Lt

=
}
=
2
'
1
( )
2
n
J =
2
1
1
( )
2
n
J
+
= ..(6)

(c) Use Jacobi ser i es t o pr ove t hat :
| | | | | | | |
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3
( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ........ 1 J x J x J x J x + + + + = .
We know t hat
1
( 1/ )
2 3 1 2
2
0 1 2 3 1 2 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ........ ( ) ( ) ( ) ........
x t t
e J x tJ x t J x t J x t J x t J x t J x

= + + + + + + + +
Si nce ( ) ( 1) ( )
n
n n
J x J x
=

1
( 1/ )
2 2 3 3
2
0 1 2 3
( ) ( 1/ ) ( 1/ ) ( 1/ ) ........
x t t
e J x J t t J t t J t t
= + + + + + (i )
Now put cos sin t i = +
So t hat cos sin
p
t p i p = + and 1/ cos sin
p
t p i p =
gi vi ng 1/ 2cos
p p
t t p + = and 1/ 2 sin
p p
t t i p =
Subst i t ut i ng t hese i n (i ) , w e get

sin
2 4 1
2[ cos 2 cos 4 ......] 2 [ sin sin3 .....]
ix
o
e J J J i J J
= + + + + + + (i i )
Si nce
sin ix
e

cos( sin ) sin( sin ) x i x = + .
Equat i ng t he r eal and i magi nar y par t s i n (i i ) , w e get

0 2 4
cos( sin ) 2[ cos 2 cos 4 .....] x J J J = + + + (i ii )

1 3
sin( sin ) 2[ sin sin3 .....] x J J = + + ..(i v)
Squar i ng (i i i ) and (i v) and i nt egr at i ng w .r .t . f r om 0 t o and not hi ng t hat (m,n bei ng
i nt eger s ),

0
cos cos m n d

}
=
0
sin sin 0 m n d
=
}
, ( ) m n =
And
2 2
0 0
cos sin / 2 n d n d

= =
} }
, w e obt ai n

2 2 2 2
0 2 4
0
[ ( )] 4[ ( )] 4[ ( )] ........ cos ( sin )
2 2
J x J x J x x d

+ + + =
}

2 2
1 3
0
4[ ( )] 4[ ( )] ..... sin ( sin )
2 2
J x J x x d

+ + =
}

Addi ng
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3
0
[ 2 2 2 .......] J J J J d
+ + + + = =
}

Hence | | | | | | | |
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3
( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ........ 1 J x J x J x J x + + + + =

OR
Pr ove t hat :
1 1 1
(2 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( )
n n n
n xP x n P x nP x
+ +
+ = + + .
Sol : w e know t hat

2 1/ 2
0
(1 2 ) ( )
n
n
n
xt t P x t
=
+ =
..(i )
Di f f er ent i at i ng par t i al ly w .r .t , w e get

2 3/ 2 1
1
(1 2 ) ( 2 2 ) ( )
2
n
n
xt t x t nP x t

+ + =

or
2 1/ 2 2 1
( )(1 2 ) (1 2 ) ( )
n
n
x t xt t xt t nP x t

+ = +
or
2 1
( ) ( ) (1 2 ) ( )
n n
n n
x t P x t xt t nP x t

= +
Equat i ng coef f i ci ent s of
n
t f r om bot h si des , w e get

1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) 2 ( ) ( 1) ( )
n n n n n
xP x P x n P x nxP x n P x
+
= + +
Whence f ol l ow s t he r equi r ed r esul t .
2008 April-M ay
1. (a) Prove t hat :

'
( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
2
n
n
n n
P
+
=

Sol. Si nce ( )
n
P x i s a sol ut i on of t he Legendr e s equat i on

2
2
2
(1 ) 2 ( 1) 0
d y dy
x x n n y
dx dx
+ + =
So,
2 '' '
(1 ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( 1) ( ) 0
n n n
x P x xP x n n P x + + =
Put t i ng 1 x = and usi ng ( 1) ( 1)
n
n
P = i n equat i on (1) , w e get

'
2 ( 1) ( 1)( 1) 0
n
n
P n n + + = .

'
( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
2
n
n
n n
P
+
=

(b) Show t hat : | |
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n
x
J x J x J x
n
+
= +

Sol. Proof : The f i r st and second r ecur r ence r el at i ons f or Bessel s f unct i on ar e gi ven by

d
dx
[ x
n
[
n
( x) ] = x
n
[
n-1
( x) ...(1)
and

d
dx
[ x
-n
[
n
( x) ] = x
-n
[
n+1
( x) (2)
Ther ef or e,
x
n
[
n
i
( x) + n x
n-1
[
n
( x) = x
n
[
n-1
( x) (3)
and
x
-n
[
n
i
( x) n x
-n-1
[
n
( x) = x
-n
[
n+1
( x) (4)
Di vi di ng (3) and (4) by x
n
and x
-n
, w e have
[
n
i
( x) + n x
-1
[
n
( x) = [
n-1
( x) (5)
and
[
n
i
( x) n x
-1
[
n
( x) = [
n+1
( x) (6)
Fr om (5) (6) , w e have

2n
x
[
n
( x) = [ [
n-1
( x) + [
n+1
( x) ] .
I.e., [
n
( x) =
x
2n
[ [
n-1
( x) + [
n+1
( x) ]
(c) Find t he series solut ion of t he equat ion:
2
2
4 2 0
d y dy
x y
dx dx
+ + = .
Sol. Let t he given equat ion

4 '' 2 ' 0 xy y y + + = ..(1)
Rew r i t i ng t he gi ven equat i on (1) i n t he f ol l ow i ng f or m

1 2
'' ( ) ' ( ) 0 y Q x y Q x y + + =

0 x = i s si ngul ar poi nt

''
1 1
' 0
2 4
y y y
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
.(2)
Her e
1 1
( 0)
2 2
x
x
= ,
2
1
( 0) 0
4
x
x
=
When 0 x ar e bot h f i ni t e .

0 x i s r egul ar si ngul ar poi nt .
Let sol ut i on of equat i on (1) be

0
m
n
n
y a x
=
=
,
1
0
' ( )
m k
k
k
y m k a x
+
=
= +
,
2
0
'' ( )( 1)
m k
k
k
y m k m K a x
+
=
= + +

On subst i t ut e t he val ue of , ' y y and '' y i n equat i on (1)
4x
2
0
( )( 1)
m k
k
k
m k m K a x
+
=
+ +
+2
1
0
( )
m k
k
k
m k a x
+
=
+
+
0
m
n
n
a x
=0
Equat i ng t o zer o coef f i ci ent of l ow est pow er of x w e get

0 0
4 ( 1) 2 0 a m m a m + =

1
0 m = ,
2
1/ 2 m =
0
0 a = (w hi ch i s a i ndi ci al equat i on )

The r oot s ar e di st i nct and do not di f f er by i nt eger t hen t he sol ut i on of gi ven equat i on ar e .

1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
m m
y c y c y = +
Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent of var i ous pow er of
m
x .

1 1 0
4 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 0 a m m a m a + + + + =

1 0
2 (2 1)( 1) 0 a m m a + + + =

Recurrence relat ion is

1
2(2 1)( )
k
k
a
a
m k m k
=
+ + +

Put t ing k=1, 2, 3.

0
1
2(2 1)( 1)
a
a
m m
=
+ +

1
2
2(2 3)( 2)
a
a
m m
=
+ +
or
0
2
4(2 3)( 2)(2 1)( 1)
a
a
m m m m
=
+ + + +

.
.
.
. et c.
For 0 m =


0
1
2
a
a = ,
0
2
24
a
a = ,
0
3
720
a
a = & so on.
Hence on subst i t ut i ng t hese val ues i n
0
m
n
n
y a x
=
=

1 2
1 0 1 2 0
[ ......]
m m m
m
y a x a x a x
+ +
=
= + + +

2 3 0 0 0
1 0
.......
2 24 720
a a a
y a x x x = + +

2 3
1 0
1 ........
2! 4! 6!
x x x
y a
(
= + +
(

1 0
cos y a x =

For
1
2
m =

0
1
6
a
a = ,
0
2
120
a
a = ,
0
3
5040
a
a = .

2 3 0 0 0
2 0
......]
6 120 5040
a a a
y a x x x = + +

2 3
2 0
1 ........
3! 5! 7!
x x x
y a
(
= + +
(

.

2 0
sin y a x = .

(d) Prove t hat :
( )
1
2 ' '
1
1 ( ) ( )
m n
x P x P x dx

}
=
0
2 ( 1)
2 1
if m n
n n
if m n
n
=
+
=
+

Sol. I nt egrat ing by part s,

1
1
2 ' 2 '' '
1
1
(1 ) ( ) ( ) [(1 ) ( ) 2 ( )] ( )
m n m m n
x P x P x x P x xP x P x dx
=
}

1
2 '' '
1
0 [(1 ) ( ) 2 ( )} ( )]
m m n
x P x xP x P x dx
=
}
..(1)

Si nce ( )
m
P x bei ng a sol ut i on of Legendr e s equat i on

2
(1 ) '' 2 ' ( 1) 0 x y xy m m y + + = ,w e have

2 '' '
(1 ) 2 ( ) ( 1) ( )
m m m
x P xP x m m P x = + Subst i t ut i ng t hi s i n (i ) , w e get

( )
1 1
2 ' '
1 1
1 ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( )
m n m n
x P x P x dx m m P x P x dx

= +
} }

1
1
( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1).0 0
m n
m m P x P x dx m m
= + = + =
}
by or t hogonal i t y pr oper t y

( 1) 0
2
( 1)
2 1
m m m n
m m m n
n
+ =
+ =
+
(by or t hogonal pr oper t y )
2008 NOV-DEC
1. (a) Expl ai n Fr obeni us met hod f or ser i es sol ut i on.
Sol. M ost gener al f or m of second or der di f f er ent i al equat i on w i t h var i abl e coef f i ci ent
i s gi ven by

2
0 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
d y dy
P x P x P x y
dx dx
+ + = .(1)

0
( ) P x ,
1
( ) P x ,
2
( ) P x ar e pol ynomi al i n x i f
0
( ) 0 P x = f or x a = t hen x a = i s
cal l ed or di nar y poi nt ot her w i se si ngul ar poi nt .
In case of si ngul ar poi nt equat i on (1) can be w r i t t en as

2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) 0
d y dy
Q x Q x y
dx dx
+ + = w her e
1
1
0
( )
( )
( )
P x
Q x
P x
= ,
2
2
0
( )
( )
( )
P x
Q x
P x
=
A si ngul ar poi nt x a = i s cal l ed r egul ar si ngul ar poi nt i f
1
( ) ( ) x a Q x &

2
2
( ) ( ) x a Q x bot h ar e f i ni t e, w hen x a .
(b) Sol ve i n ser i es t he equat i on :
2
2
9 (1 ) 12 4 0
d y dy
x x y
dx dx
+ =
Sol. See 2007 April-M ay 1. (a).
(c) Pr ove t hat : | |
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n n
x
J x J x J x
+
= +
Sol. See 20 08 April- M ay.

(d) Pr ove t hat :
1
1
0
( ) ( )
2
2 1
m n
m n
P x P x dx
m n
n
=

=
+
}

Sol. See 200 9 Nov-Dec.
2009 April-M ay
(a). Wr i t e t he st at ement of or t hogonal i t y of Bessel s f unct i on.
Sol. If and ar e t he r oot s of ( ) 0
n
J x = , t hen

1
2
0
1
0
( ). ( )
1
( )
2
n n
n
when
xJ x J x dx
J when

+
=
=

=
}

(e) Sol ve t he di f f er ent i al equat i on: ( 1) '' (3 1) ' 0 x x y x y y + + = by pow er ser i es met hod.
Sol. Her e x=0 i s a si ngul ar poi nt , si nce coef f i ci ent of i s zer o at x=0

Subst i t ut i ng
1 2
0 1 2
.....
m m m
y a x a x a x
+ +
= + + +

dy
dx
=
1 2
0 1 2
( 1) ( 2) ......
m m m
ma x m a x m a x
+
+ + + + +

2
2
d y
dx
=
2 1
0 1 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) .....
m m m

+ + + + + +

In t he gi ven equat i on , w e obt ai n

2 1 1 1
0 1 2 0 1 2
(1 ) ( 1) ( 1) ma ( 2)( 1) ...... (1 3 )[ma ( 1) ( 2) ....]
m m m m m m
x x m m a x m x m m a x x x m a x m a x
+
( + + + + + + + + + + + +

1 2
0 1 2
[a ....] 0
m m m
x a x a x
+ +
+ + + = .
Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent s of t he l ow est pow er of x , w e get
0
[ ( 1) ] 0 a m m m = ,
0
( 0), a =

i .e.

( 2) 0 m m = i .e. m=0,2 i .e t he t w o r oot s ar e di st i nct and di f f er bu an i nt eger .

Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent s of successi ve pow er s of x , w e get

1 0
( 1) ( 1) m a m a = + ,
2 1
( 2) ma m a = + ,
3 2
( 1) ( 3) m a m a + = + and so on.

1 0
1
1
m
a a
m
+
=
,
( )
( )
2 0
1 ( 2)
1
m m
a a
m m
+ +
=
,

(b). Pr ove t hat :
' '''
3 0 0
( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 J x J x J x + + = .
Sol. We know t hat
'
0 1
( ) ( ) J x J x =
Di f f er ent i at i ng w .r .t . x , w e get

'' '
0 1 0 2
1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
2
J x J x J x J x = =
[ Fr om
'
1 1
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
J x J x J x
+
= , w i t h n=1 ]

Di f f er ent i at i ng agai n w .r .t . x , w e get

'' ' '
0 0 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
J x J x J x = +

'
0 1 3
1 1 1
( ) . [ ( ) ( )]
2 2 2
J x J x J x = +

[ Fr om
'
1 1
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
J x J x J x
+
= , w i t h 2 n = ]

' '
0 0 3
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 4
J x J x J x =
'
1 0
[ ( ) ( )] J x J x =

''' '
0 0 3
4 ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 0 J x J x J x + + = .

(d) Pr ove t hat :
2
1
( ) ( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n n
d
P x x
n dx
= .
Sol. To pr ove, l et y = (x
2
1)
n
.
Then y
1
=
d
dx
= 2nx (x
2
1)
n-1

i. e, (1 x
2
)y
1
+ 2nxy=0 .(1)
Di f f er ent i at i ng (1) w .r.t . x, (n+1) t i mes by Lei bni t z s t heor em
j(1 x
2
)y
n+2
+ ( n + 1) ( 2x) y
n+1
+
n( n+1)
2
( 2) y
n
[ + 2n [ xy
n+1
+ ( n + 1) y
n
] = 0
(1 x
2
)y
n+2
2xy
n+1
+ n( n + 1) y
n
=
w hi ch i s a Legendr e equat i on and cy
n
i s i t s sol ut i on. Al so it s f i ni t e ser i es sol ut i on i s P
n
( x) .
Ther ef or e, P
n
( x) = cy
n
= c
d
n
dx
n
(x
2
1)
n
.
To det er mi ne, t he const ant put x=1 i n t he above equat i on. Then
1 = c _
d
n
dx
n
[ ( x 1)
n
( x + 1)
n
] _
x=1

1 = c[ n! ( x + 1)
n
+ tcrms contoning ( x 1) onJ its powcrs]
x=1

1 = c n! 2
n
c =
1
n! 2
n

Ther ef or e, P
n
( x) =
1
2
n
n!

d
n
dx
n
(x
2
1)
n

2
1
( ) ( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n n
d
P x x
n dx
=

2009 NOV. -DEC.
(a) Wr i t e Rodr i gues f or mul a.
Sol. The r el at i on
2
1
( ) ( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n n
d
P x x
n dx
= i s know n as Rodr i gue s f or mul a.
(b) Obt ai n t he ser i es sol ut i on of t he equat i on:
2
2
(1 ) (1 3 ) 0
d y dy
x x x y
dx dx
+ = .
Sol : Her e 0 x = i s a si ngul ar poi nt , si nce coef f i ci ent of '' y i s zer o at 0 x = .

Subst i t ut i ng
1 2
0 1 2
.....
m m m
y a x a x a x
+ +
= + + + (i )

dy
dx
=
1 2
0 1 2
( 1) ( 2) ......
m m m
ma x m a x m a x
+
+ + + + +
and

2
2
d y
dx
=
2 1
0 1 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) .....
m m m

+ + + + + +
In t he gi ven equat i on, w e obt ai n

(1 ) x x
2
0
( 1) ( 1) max ( 2)( 1) ....
m
m m a x m m m ax
( + + + + + +

1
0 1 2
(1 3 ) ( 1) ( 2) .....
m m m
x ma x m a x m a x
( + + + + + +

2
0 1 2
.... 0
m m m
a x a x a x
+
( + + + =

Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent s of t he l ow est pow er of t he x , w e get
| |
0
( 1) 0, a m m m =
0
( 0) a = ,
i .e.
( 2) 0 m m = , i .e 0, 2 m = i .e
1 0
( 1) ( 1) m a m a = + t he t w o r oot s ar e di st i nct
and di f f er by an i nt eger .Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent s of successi ve pow er s of x ,

w e get

1 0
( 1) ( 1) m a m a = + ,
2 1
( 2) ma m a = + ,
3 2
( 1) ( 3) m a m a + = + and so on .
i .e

1 0
( 1)
( 1)
m
a a
m
+
=
,
2 0
( 1)( 2)
( 1)
m m
a a
m m
+ +
=
,
3 0
( 1)( 2)( 3)
( 1) ( 1)
m m m
a a
m m m
+ + +
=
+
et c.
Thus (i ) becomes

y =
0
m
a x
2 3
1 ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
1 ....
1 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
m m m m m m
x x x
m m m m m m
( + + + + + +
+ + + +
(
+

(i i )
Put t i ng 2 m = (gr eat er of t he t w o r oot s ) i n (i i ), t he f i r st sol ut i on i s

2 2 3
1 0
3.4 4.5
1 3 .....
2 2
y a x x x x
(
= + + + +
(

If w e put 0 m = i n (i i ), t he coef f i ci ent becomes i nf i ni t e.
To obvi at e t hi s di f f i cul t y, put
0 0
( 0) a b m = so t hat

2 3
0
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
.....
1 1 ( 1)( 1)
m
m m m m m m m m m
y b x m x x x
m m m m
( + + + + + +
= + + + +
(
+

2 3
0
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
log .....
1 1 ( 1)( 1)
m
y m m x m m m m m
b x x m x x
m m m m m
( c + + + + + +
= + + + +
(
c +

2 2 2
2 3
0 2 2 2
2 1 2 5 2 11
1 ..
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
m
m m m m m m
b x x x x
m m m
(
+ + + + +
(


2
0 m
y
y
m
=
c | |
=
|
c
\ .

2 3 4 2 3
0 0
log 1.2 2.3 3.4 .. 1 5 11 ... b x x x x b x x x ( ( = +

1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +

i .e,
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
1 0 0 2 0 2
1
1.2 2.3 3.4 ... log 1.2 2.3 3.4 .... 1 5 11 ....
2
y c a x x x b c x x x x b c x x x ( ( ( = + + + + + + + + + +

i .e.

2 3 4
1 2
( log )(1.2 2.3 3.4 ...) y c c x x x x = + + + +
2 3
2
( 1 5 11 ....) c x x x + + + + +

Wher e
1 1 0
1
2
C c a = ,
2 0 2
C b c =

(c) Pr ove t hat :
1
1
0
( ) ( )
2
2 1
m n
m n
P x P x dx
m n
n
=
+
}
.

Sol . We know t hat t he sol ut i on of

2 ''
(1 ) 2 ' ( 1) 0 x u xu m m u + + = ..(1)
and
2 ''
(1 ) 2 ' ( 1) 0 x v xv n n v + + = ..(2)

ar e ( )
m
P x and ( )
n
P x r espect i vel y.

M ul t i pl yi ng (1) by v and (2) by u and subt r act i ng , w e get

2
(1 )( '' '') 2 ( ' ') [ ( 1) ( 1)] 0 x u v uv x u v uv m m n n uv + + + =

or
{ }
2
(1 )( ' ') ( )( 1) 0
d
x u v uv m n m n uv
dx
+ + + =

Now i nt egr at i ng f r om -1 t o 1 , w e get

1
1
2
1
1
( )( 1) (1 )( ' ' ) 0 m n m n uv dx x uv u v
+ + = =
}

Hence

1
1
( ) ( ) 0 ( )
m n
P x P x dx m n
= =
}
.(3)
Thi s i s know n as t he or t hogonal i t y pr oper t y of Legendr e pol ynomi al s.

When m=n , w e have f r om Rodr i gues s f or mul a ,


1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
( !2 ) ( ) ( 1) . ( 1)
n n n n n
n
n P x dx D x D x dx

=
} }
[ Int egr at e by par t s]

1
1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
1
( 1) . ( 1) ( 1) . ( 1)
n n n n n n n n
D x D x D x D x dx
+
=
}

Si nce
1 2
( 1)
n n
D x
has
2
1 x as a f act or , t he f i r st t er m on t he r i ght vani shes f or 1 x = .

Thus

1 1
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1
( !2 ) ( ) ( 1) . ( 1)
n n n n n
n
n P x dx D x D x dx
+

=
} }

[ Int egr at e by par t s (n-1) t i mes]

1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
( 1) ( 1) .( 1) ( 1) (2 )!( 1)
n n n n n n
D x x dx n x dx

= =
} }

Si nce
1 2
( 1)
n
D x
has
2
1 x as a f act or , t he f i r st t er m on t he r i ght vani shes f or 1 x =
Thus

1 1
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1
( !2 ) ( ) ( 1) . ( 1)
n n n n n
n
n P x dx D x D x dx
+

=
} }

[ Int egr at e by par t s (n-1) t i mes]

1
2 2 2
1
( 1) ( 1) .( 1)
n n n n
D x x dx
=
}

1
2 2
1
( 1) (2 )!( 1) .( 1)
n n n
n x x dx
=
}

1
2
0
2(2 )! (1 )
n
n x dx =
}
[ Put sin x = ]

/ 2
2 1
0
2(2 )! cos
n
n d

+
=
}

2 (2 2).....4.2
2(2 )!
(2 1)(2 1)....2.1
n n
n
n n
=
+


2
2(2 )![2 (2 2)....4.2] / (2 1)! n n n n = +

2
2
(2 !)
2 1
n
n
n
=
+

Hence
1
2
1
( ) 2 / (2 1)
n
P x dx n
= +
}

(d) (i ) Pr ove t hat | |
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n
x
J x J x J x
n
+
= + .
Sol. We know t hat

2
0
1
( ) ( 1)
2 ! ( 1)
n r
r
n
r
x
J x
r n r
+
=
| |
=
|
I + +
\ .
(1)
M ul t i pl yi ng (1) by
n
x , w e have

2
0
( 1) ( / 2)
( )
! ( 1)
r n r
n
n
r
x
x J x
r n r
+
=
=
I + +

2( )
2
0
( 1)
2 ! ( 1)
r n r
n r
r
x
r n r
+
+
=
=
I + +

2 ( ) 1
2
0
( 1 ) 2 ( )
[ ( ) ]
2 ! ( 1 )
r n r
n
n n r
r
d n r x
x J x
d x r n r
+
+
=
+
=
I + +

(i i ) Pr ove t hat :
2 2 2 2
1 1
1
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
n n n n
d n n
J x J x J x J x
dx x x
+ +
+ (
( + =
(

.

Sol .
2 2 ' '
1 1 1
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
n n n n n n
d
J x J x J x J x J x J x
dx
+ + +
( + = +

.(1)

Now
'
1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n
J x J x J x
x
+
= .(2)
Al so
'
1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n
J x J x J x
x

= +

Repl aci ng n by (n+1) , w e have

'
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n
J x J x J x
x
+ +
+
= + (3)
Subst i t ut i ng t he val ues of
'
( )
n
J x and
'
1
( )
n
J x
+
f r om (2) and (3) i n (1), w e have

2 2
1
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
n n n
d
J x J x J x
dx
+
( + =

1 1 1
1
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n n
n n
J x J x J x J x J x
x x
+ + +
+ ( (
+ +
( (

2 2
1
1
2 ( ) ( )
n n
n n
J x J x
x x
+
+ (
=
(

2010 APRI L-M AY
1. (a) Gener at i ng f unct i on of ( )
n
P x i s
Sol .
1
2
2
0
(1 2 ) ( )
n
n
n
xt t t P x
=
+ =

(b) Sol ve t he f ol l ow i ng equat i on i n pow er ser i es:
2
2
(1 ) 2 0
d y dy
x x y
dx dx
+ + + =

Sol : Si nce 0 x = i s a r egul ar si ngul ar poi nt of t he gi ven equat i on, l et i t s ser i es
sol ut i on be

2
0 1 2
( ....)
m
y x a a x a x = + + +
0
m k
k
k
a x
+
=
=

Then
1
0
( )
m k
k
k
dy
m k a x
dx
+
=
= +
and
2
2
2
0
( )( 1)
m k
k
k
d y
m k m k a x
dx
+
=
= + +

dy
dx
and
2
2
d y
dx
i n t he gi ven equat i on, w e get
2 1 1
0 0 0
( )( 1) (1 ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0
m k m k m k
k k k
k k k
x m k m k a x x m k a x m k a x

+ + +
= = =
+ + + + + + + =

1 m
x

.Equat i ng t o zer o t he coef f i ci ent of
1 m
x

, w e get

0 0
( 1) 0 m m a a m + = or
2
0
0 m a = , si nce
0
0 a =
Whi ch i s t he i ndi ci al equat i on.

It s r oot s ar e m=0,0 w hi ch ar e equal .
Equat i ng t o zer o t he co-ef f i ci ent of , w e get
m
x , w e get

1 1
( 1)( ) ( 1) ( ) 2 0
k k k k
m k m k a m k a m k a a
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + =

1 2
( 2)
( 1)
k k
m k
a a
m k
+
+ +
=
+ +

1 0 2
( 2)
( 1)
m
a a
m
+
=
+
,
2 1 2
( 4)
( 3)
m
a a
m
+
=
+
0 2 2
( 2)( 4)
( 1) ( 3)
m m
a
m m
+ +
=
+ +
et c.
The sol ut i on i s gi ven by

2
0 2 2
( 2) ( 3)
1 .....
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)
m
m m
y a x x x
m m m
( + +
= + +
(
+ + +

Put t i ng m=0 i n (1) , t he f i r st sol ut i on i s

2 3
1 0
3 4
1 2 .....
2! 3!
y a x x x
| |
= + +
|
\ .

To get t he second i ndependent sol ut i on , di f f er ent i at e (1) par t i al l y w .r .t . m .

2
0 2 2
( 2) ( 3)
log 1 .....
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)
m
y m m
a x x x x
m m m m
( c + +
= + +
(
c + + +

2
0 3 2
( 3) 3 2 1 1
0 ......
( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) 3
m
m m
a x x x
m m m m m m
( + +
+ + + + +
` (
+ + + + + +
)

2
0 m
y
y
m
=
c | |
=
|
c
\ .

2 3 2
0 0
3 4 13
log 1 2 .... 3 ....
2! 3! 4
y a x x x x a x x
( (
= + + +
( (

2
1 1 1 0
13
log 3 .....
4
a y x a a x x
( | |
= +
| (
\ .


1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +

2 3
0
3 4
1 2 ....
2! 3!
y a x x x
(
= + +
(

2
1 1 0
13
log 3 .....
4
a y x a x x
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .
Ans.
(c) Pr ove t hat :
0
0
( )
ax
e j bx dx
}
=
2 2
1
a b +

Sol. See 2010 (b)
(d) Pr ove t hat :
1
1
( ) ( )
m n
P x P x dx
}
=
0
2
2 1
m n
m n
n
=
=
+

Sol. See 2009 NOV.-DEC. ( c)

2010 NOV. -DEC.
(a) Wr i t e Rodr i gue f or mul a f or Legendr e s pol ynomi al ( )
n
P x .
Sol. The r el at i on
2
1
( ) ( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n n
d
P x x
n dx
= i s know n as Rodr i gue s f or mul a .

(b) If and ar e zer os of ( )
n
J x ,i .e ( ) ( ) 0
n n
J J = = i f t hen pr ove t hat :

1
' 2
0
0
( ) ( )
1
[ ( )]
2
n n
n
if
xJ x J x dx
if J x

=

=
}

Sol. 2007 Nov. -Dec. (b)

(c) Sol ve i n ser ies t he l i near di f f er ent i al equat i on
2
2
4 2 0
d y dy
x y
dx dx
+ + = usi ng pow er ser ies
met hod.
Sol .
2008 April- M ay (c)

(d) By assumi ng t hat ( )
n
P x i s t he coef f i ci ent of
n
t i n t he expansi on of :

2 1/ 2
(1 2 ) xt t

+
In t he ascendi ng pow er s of t , f i nd t he val ues of
0
( ) P x ,
1
( ) P x ,
2
( ) P x and
4
( ) P x .
Sol. We know t hat

2
0
( ) (1 2 )
n
n
n
t P x xt t
=
= +
1/ 2
{1 (2 )} t x t

=

2 2 3 3 4 4
1 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
1 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) ......
2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8
t x t t x t t x t t x t = + + + +

2 2 3 3 4 2 4 5 2 5
1 1 1 1
1 (3 1) (5 3 ) (35 30 3) (63 70 15 ) ...
2 2 8 8
xt x t x x t x x t x x x t = + + + + + + + +
Compar i ng t er ms of equal pow er s of t on bot h si des of t he above equat i on, w e get
0
( ) 1 P x = ,
1
( ) P x x = ,
2
2
1
( ) (3 1)
2
P x x = ,
3
3
1
( ) (5 3 )
2
P x x x = ,
4 2
4
1
( ) (35 30 3)
8
P x x x = +
and
5 2
5
1
( ) (63 70 15 )
8
P x x x x = +

2011 April-M ay
( a) Wr i t e t he st at ement of or t hogonal i t y of Bessel s f unct i on.
Sol : If & ar e t he r oot s of ( ) 0
n
J x = , t hen

1
2
0
1
0
( ). ( )
1
( )
2
n n
n
when
xJ x J x dx
J when

+
=
=

=
}

( b) Sol ve t he di f f er ent i al equat i on :

2
2 2
2
2 (2 ) 0
d y dy
x x x y
dx dx
+ + = by ser i es met hod.
Sol . Si nce 0 x = i s a r egul ar si ngul ar poi nt of t he gi ven equat i on , l et i t s ser i es sol ut i on be

2
0 1 2
( .........)
m
y x a a x a x = + + +
0
m k
k
k
a x
+
=
=

Then

1
0
( )
m k
k
k
dy
m k a x
dx
+
=
= +

and


2
2
2
0
( )( 1)
m k
k
k
d y
m k m k a x
dx
+
=
= + +

dy
dx
and
2
2
d y
dx
i n t he gi ven equat i on , w e get

2 2 2 1
0 0 0
2 ( )( 1) (2 ) ( ) 0
m k m k m k
k k k
k k k
x m k m k a x x x m k a x a x

+ + +
= = =
+ + + + + =

m
x .Equat i ng t o zer o t he co-ef f i ci ent of
m
x , w e get

0 0 0
2 ( 1) 0 m m a ma a + = or
2
0
(2 3 1) 0 m m a + =
Or
(2 1)( 1) 0 m m = , si nce
0
0 a =
Whi ch i s t he i ndi ci al equat i on.
It s r oot s ar e m=1/ 2 , 1 w hi ch ar e di st i nct and not di f f er i ng by an i nt eger .

1 m
x
+
, w e get

1 0 1 1
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 0 m m a ma m a a + + + + = or
2
1 0
(2 ) 2 0 m m a ma + + =

1 0
(2 1) 2 0 m a a + + = , si nce 0 m =

1 0
2
2 1
a a
m
=
+

2 m
x
+
, w e get

2 1 2 2
2( 2)( 1) 2( 1) ( 2) 0 m m a m a m a a + + + + + + =

2
2 1
(2 5 3) 2( 1) 0 m m a m a + + + + =

2 1
(2 3) 2 0 m a a + + = , si nce 1 0 m+ =

Or

2 1
2
2 3
a a
m
=
+
0
4
(2 1)(2 3)
a
m m
=
+ +

3 m
x
+
, w e get


3 2 3
2( 3)( 2) 2( 2) ( 3) 0 m m a m a m a + + + + + =

2
3 2
(2 9 10) 2( 2) 0 m m a m a + + + + =

3 2
(2 5)( 2) 2( 2) 0 m m a m a + + + + =

3 2
(2 5) 2 0 m a a + + =

3 2
2
2 5
a a
m
=
+
0
8
(2 1)(2 3)(2 5)
a
m m m
=
+ + +
and so on .

When
1
2
m = ,
1 0
a a = ,
2 0
1
2
a a = ,
3 0
1
6
a a = et c.

The f i r st sol ut i on i s

1/ 2 2 3
1 0
1 1
1 ......
2 6
y a x x x x
| |
= +
|
\ .

When m=1 ,
1 0
2
3
a a = ,
2
2 0
2
3.5
a a = ,
3
3 0
2
3.5.7
a a = et c.

The second i ndependent sol ut i on i s

1 1 2 2
y c y c y = +

2 3
1/ 2 2 3 2 3
1 1 2 2 2
1 ..... 1 ....
2 6 3 3.5 3.5.7
Ax x x x Bx x x x
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .

Wher e
1 0
A c a = ,
2 0
B c a =
Ans.

( c) Pr ove t hat :
"
4 ( ) J x =
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
n n n
J x J x J x
+
+
Sol. We know t hat

{ }
'
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n
J x J x J x
+
= .(i )
Di f f er ent i at i ng bot h si des , w e get

{ }
''
1 1
1
( ) ' ( ) ' ( )
2
n n n
J x J x J x
+
= (i i )
Changi ng n t o n-1 i n (i ) ,w e obt ai n


{ }
'
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n
J x J x J x

= (i ii )
Changi ng n t o n+1 i n (i ) , w e have
{ }
'
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n n
J x J x J x
+
= ..(i v)
Subst i t ut i ng t he val ues of
'
1
( )
n
J x
and
'
1
( )
n
J x
+
f r om (i ii ) and (i v) i n (ii ) , w e get

| |
''
2 2
1
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
4
n n n n
J J x J x J x
+
= +

"
4 ( ) J x =
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
n n n
J x J x J x
+
+

(d). Pr ove t hat :

1
1
0
( ) ( )
2
2 1
m n
m n
P x P x dx
m n
n
=

=
+
}

Sol: SEE 20 09 NOV. -DEC. (C)
2011 NOV-DEC.
(a) Wr i t e t he Bessel s di f f er ent i al equat i on.
Sol. The di f f er ent i al equat i on
2
2 2 2
2
( ) 0
d y dy
x x x n y
dx dx
+ + = i s cal l ed Bessel s equat i on
of or der n .
(b) Pr ove t hat :
(i ) ( )
n
J x = | |
1 1
( ) ( )
2
n n
x
J x J x
n
+
+ and
Proof : The f i r st and second r ecur r ence r el at i ons f or Bessel s f unct i on ar e gi ven by

d
dx
[ x
n
[
n
( x) ] = x
n
[
n-1
( x) (1)
and

d
dx
[ x
-n
[
n
( x) ] = x
-n
[
n+1
( x) (2)
Ther ef or e,

x
n
[
n
i
( x) + n x
n-1
[
n
( x) = x
n
[
n-1
( x) (3)
and
x
-n
[
n
i
( x) n x
-n-1
[
n
( x) = x
-n
[
n+1
( x) (4)
Di vi di ng (3) and (4) by x
n
and x
-n
, w e have
[
n
i
( x) + n x
-1
[
n
( x) = [
n-1
( x) (5)
and
[
n
i
( x) n x
-1
[
n
( x) = [
n+1
( x) (6)
Fr om (5) (6) , w e have

2n
x
[
n
( x) = [ [
n-1
( x) + [
n+1
( x) ] .
I.e., [
n
( x) =
x
2n
[ [
n-1
( x) + [
n+1
( x) ] .

(c) Pr ove t hat : ( )
n
P x =
2
1
( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n
d
x
n dx
Hence deduce
0
( ) P x ,
1
( ) P x ,
2
( ) P x and
3
( ) P x .
Sol. See 200 9 April-M ay 1 ( e)
(d) Pr ove t hat :
1
2 ' '
1
(1 )
m n
x p p dx

}
=
0,
2 ( 1)
,
2 1
if m n
n n
if m n
n
=
+
=
+

Sol. 2009 Nov-Dec (c)

Par t i al Di ffer ent i al Equat i on

Par t i al d i f f er en t i al Eq u at i on

1. Form t he part ial dif f erent ial equat ion by eliminat ing t he arbit rary f unct iomn:
n
y
z x f
x
| |
=
|
\ .
.
Ans:
1 /
2
/
/
. .
......................... 1
. .
1
.............................................. 2
n
n n
n
n
y
z x f
x
diff above w r t x
z y y y
nx f x f
x x x x
diff above w r t y
z y
x f
y x x
z y
x x f
y x
| |
=
|
\ .
c | | | | | |
= +
| | |
c
\ . \ . \ .
c | | | |
=
| |
c
\ . \ .
c |
=

c
\
2
.............................................. 3
1, 2 & 3 form
n y
p z xq
x x
px nz yq
|

|
.
| |
= +
|
\ .
=

2. Solve:
2 2
( ) p x z z qy =
.
Ans:
Ans Gi ven equat i on can be w r i t t en as
2
...................1
z z
y z z x
y x
| | c c | |
=
| |
c c
\ .
\ .

, log
, log
z
let dX so that X x
x
z
let dY so that Y y
y
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
f r om equat i on 1 w e have
2
......2
z z
z z
Y X
c c | | | |
=
| |
c c
\ . \ .


Now put t i ng
( ) ( ),
. & .
z f x ay f u u X aY
z z u dz z z u dz
a
X u X du Y u Y du
= + = = +
c c c c c c
= = = =
c c c c c c

Hence equat i on 2 r educes t o
2 2
2 2 2
0
z z z z
a z z or a z z
u u u u
c c c c | | | | | |
= + =
| | |
c c c c
\ . \ . \ .

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
4 ( 1 1 4 )
2 2
2 1 1 4
z z z a z z a
u a a
z
a a du
z
c | |
= =
|
c
\ .
c | |
(
=
|

\ .

Int egr at i ng w e w i l l have
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1 1 4
2 l o g 1 1 4 ( l o g )
2 l o g 1 1 4 ( l o g )
2 l o g 1 1 4 ( l o g l o g l o g )
a
a
a
a z a u b
a z a X a Y b
a z a x a y b
z b x y
(

(

(
= +

(
= + +

(
= + +

=

3. Solve by met hod of separat ion of variable:
2
2
2 0
z z z
x x y
c c c
+ =
c c c
.
Ans:
2
2
'' ' '
'' ' '
2 0........................... 1
( ) ( ) .
2 0
( 2 )
c c c
+ =
c c c
= =
+ =
=
z z z
x x y
Letz F x G y F G
so equation becomes
F G F G FG
F F G FG

( ) ( )
2
. ( , , ) 0
=
c c
= =
c c
=
Q z z P
z z
where P andQ
X Y
i ef z P Q which is form

'' ' '
'' ' '
'' '
2
(1 1 ) (1 1 )
1 2
( 2 )
( 2 )
;
2 0,
2 0 1 1
..........................1
+ + +

= =

= =
+ =
+ = = +
= +
k k
F F G
k
F G
F F G
k k
F G
F F kF solving ausillary equation
m m k m k
solution are F C e C e

'
3
3
( 1 1 ) ( 1 1 )
1 2 3
l n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 2
{ } . . . .
k y
k k k y
s i m i l a r l y b y s o l v i n g
G
k
G
G
k y
C
G C e
F r o m a n d
z C e C e C e a n s
+ + +
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=
= +

4. Solve:
2 sin .cos 2 r s x y =
.
Ans:
2 /
2
.
( ( 2 ) ( 2 ))
( )
2
0, ( 1) 0
0,1
Ans
It is symbolic form is
Sin x y Sin x y
D D D z
and the auxillary is m m m m
By solving above m
+ +
=
= =
=

1 2
2 /
2 / 2 /
2 2
1 2
. ( ) ( )
1 ( ( 2 ) ( 2 ))
.
( ) 2
1 1 1
( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 ( ) ( )
1 1 1
( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 ( 1 ) ( 1 2) ( 1 ) ( 1 2)
1 ( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 1 3
. ( ) (
C F y y x
Sin x y Sin x y
P I
D D D
Sin x y Sin x y
D D D D D D
Sin x y Sin x y
Sin x y Sin x y
Ans y y x

= + +
+ +
=

+ +
`

)

+ +
`

)
+

`
)
= + +
( 2 ) ( 2 )
)
2 6
Sin x y Sin x y +
+
`
)


1 2 3
3 2 / 2
2 / 2
2 2
. ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )........................ 1
1
. 2 (3 2 )
4 4
1
2 (3 2 )
( 4 4 )
1
2 (3 2 )
( 3 ) 4( 3 2) 4( 2 )
1
2 (3 2 )
( 9 24 16)
1
2 (3 2 )
(3 2 )
2
C f y y x x y x
P I Sin x y
D D D DD
Sin x y
D D D D D
Sin x y
D
Sin x y
D
Sin x y
D
Cos x y
= + + + +
= +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1 2 3
2 (3 2 )
..................... 2
3 3
2 (3 2 )
. ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) .... .
3
Cos x y
Cos x y
complete sol y y x x y x Ans
+
=
+
= + + + + +

5. Solve:
2 2 2
( ) 2 2 x y z p xyq xz + =

Ans:
2 2 2
( ) 2 2
dx dy dz
x y z xy xz
= =

2 2
dy dz dy dz
xy xz y z
= =
on i nt egr at i on gi ves log log log = + =
y
y z a a
z

Usi ng mul t i pl i er s x, y and z w e have
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) 2 ( )
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
xdx ydy zdz dz xdx ydy zdz dz
x x y z xz x y z x

Whi ch on i nt egr at i on gi ves

2 2 2
2 2 2
log( ) log log
( )
................... .
x y z z b
x y z
b Ans
z
+ + = +
+ +
=

6. Derive a part ial dif f erent ial equat ion f rom
2 2 2
( , ) 0 F x y z x y z + + + + = .
Ans:
2 2 2
2 2 2
( , ) 0............................. 1
,
+ + + + =
= + + = + +
F x y z x y z
u x y z v x y z


( ) ( )
. .
0
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 & 2
1 1 2 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c c c c c c c c | | | |
+ + + =
| |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
c c c c c c | | | |
+ + + =
| |
c c c c c c
\ . \ .
c c
+ + + =
c c
D i f f w r t x w e g e t
F u u z F v v z
u x z x v x z x
F u u F v v
p p
u x z v x z
F r o m e q u a t i o n
F F
p x z p
u v
( ) ( )
. . . . . . . . . . 3
1 . .
0
1 1 2 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
& 3 & 4
1 2 2
0
1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
| | | | c c c c c c
+ + + =
| |
c c c c c c
\ . \ .
c c
+ + + =
c c
c c
c c
+ +
=
+ +
+ + +
s i m i l a r l y D i f f e q w r t y w e g e t
F u u F v v
q q
u y z v y z
F F
q x z q
u v
F F
f r o m e q
u v
p x z p
q y z p
y z q y p z p q x 2 2 2 0
( ) ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
=
+ =
z p x q z p q
y z p z x q x y A n s

7. Solve:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y z p y z x q z x y + =

Ans: I t is of t he f orm Pp +Qq =R
It s subsi di ar y equat i ons ar e

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
dx dy dz
x y z y z x z x y
= =

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y
+ +
= = =

. . 1

0
dx dy dz
x y z
+ + =

On Int egr at i ng above

log log log log log( ) log + + = = = x y z a xyz a xyz a
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
+ +
= = =

dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y


2 2 2
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
( ),
1 1 1
( , )
+ + =

+ + =
+ + =
= + +
+ +
dx dy dz
x y z
on Integrating above we will have
b
x y z
b
x y z
complex solution will be
xyz f or
x y z
f xyz
x y z

8. Solve:
3 3 3
3 2 2
4 4 2sin(3 2 )
z z z
x y
x x y x y
c c c
+ = +
c c c c c

Ans:
3 2 / 2
3 2 2
4 4 2 (3 2 )
4 4 0, ( 4 4) 0
0, 2, 2
D D D DD Sin x y
and the auxillary is m m m m m m
By solving above m
+ = +
+ = + =
=

1 2 3
3 2 / 2
2 / 2
. ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )........................ 1
1
. 2 (3 2 )
4 4
1
2 (3 2 )
( 4 4 )
= + + + +
= +
+
+
+
C f y y x x y x
P I Sin x y
D D D DD
Sin x y
D D D D D

2 2
1 2 3
1
2 (3 2 )
( 3 ) 4( 3 2) 4( 2 )
1
2 (3 2 )
( 9 24 16)
1
2 (3 2 )
(3 2 ) 2 (3 2 )
2 ..................... 2
3 3
2 (3 2 )
. ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) .... .
3

+
+
+
+
+
+ +
=
+
= + + + + +
Sin x y
D
Sin x y
D
Sin x y
D
Cos x y Cos x y
Cos x y
complete sol y y x x y x Ans

9. Solve:
( )( ) ( )( ) x y xr xs ys yt x y p q + = +
.
Ans:

ANS: - ) )( ( ) )( ( q p y x yt ys xs xr y x + = +
) ( ) ( q p
y x
y x
yt s y x xr
+
= + +
M onge s Eqn ar e:
0 ) (
2 2
= + + + ydx dydx y x xdy -----------------(1)
0 ) ( =
+
+ dydx q p
y x
y x
ydqdx xdpdy ---------------(2)
Fr om (1) w e get 0 ) )( ( = + + dy dx ydx xdy
0 , 0 ) ( 0 ) )( ( = + = = + dy dx xy d dy dx xy d
c y x c xy = + = ,
Taki ng xy = c
Eqn (2) 0 ) ( =
+
+ dydx q p
y x
y x
ydqdx xdpdy
Di vi dng by xdy or ydx w e get
0 ) ( =
q p
y x
dy dx
dq dp
0
) ( ) (
=
y x
y x d
q p
q p d

c y x q p ln ) ln( ) ln( =
) (xy F c
y x
q p
= =

) ( ) ( xy F y x q p = Whi ch i s Langr anges l i near eqn.
It s subsi di ar y eqn i s
R
dz
Q
dy
P
dx
= =

) ( ) ( 1 1 xy F y x
dz dy dx
= ---------------------------(3)
Fr om (3) a y x dy dx
dy dx
= + = +
= 0
1 1
---------------------(4)
Usi ng t hi s w e get f r om (3)

dx x a x ax F dz ) 2 )( (
2
=
) (
2
1
x ax F z = ----------------------(5)
Put t i ng ) ( ), (
2 2
y x F b y x a a F b + = + = =
So, Sol ut i on ) ( ) (
2 1
y x F xy F z + + = (ans).

10. Explain Lagranges linear equat ion.
Ans:
Ans: Lagranges linear equat ion: A l i near par t i al di f f er ent i al equat i on of f i r st or der i s know nas
Lagr ange s Li near equat i on w hi ch i s of t he f or m Pp +Qq = R , w her e P, Q, R ar e f unct i on of x, y, z.
and p=
z
x
c
c
, q=
z
y
c
c

11. Solve:
2 2 2
( ) 2 2 x y z p xyq xz + =

Ans:
2 2 2
( ) 2 2
dx dy dz
x y z xy xz
= =

2 2
dy dz dy dz
xy xz y z
= =
log log log y z a
y
a
z
= +
=

Usi ng mul t i pl i er s x, y and z w e have
2 2 2
( ) 2
xdx ydy zdz dz
x x y z xz
+ +
=
+ +

2 2 2
2 2 2
( )
xdx ydy zdz dz
x y z x
+ +
=
+ +


2 2 2
2 2 2
log( ) log log
( )
................... .
x y z z b
x y z
b Ans
z
+ + = +
+ +
=

12. Solve:
3 3
2 2
3 2
2 2 3
x
z z
e x y
x x y
c c
= +
c c c
.
Ans:
3 3
2 2
3 2
2 2 3
x
z z
e x y
x x y
c c
= +
c c c
3 2 2 2
2 ' 2 3
x
D D D e x y = +
It s auxi l i ar y equat i on i s
3 2
2 0 m m = 0, 0, 2 m = .
So,
1 2 3
. . ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) C F y x y y x = + +

( )
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2
1 1 1
. . 2 3 2 3
2 ' ( 2 ') ( 2 ')
x x
P I e x y e x y
D D D D D D D D D
= + = +

2
2
3
2 1
. . 3
'
4(2 0)
(1 2 )
x
e
P I x y
D
D
D
= +

( )
2 2
2
3 2
1 2 ' 4 '
. . 1 ........... 3
4
x
e D D
P I x y
D D D
(
= + + + +
(

2
2 2
3
1 1
. . 3 6 0 ) ...........
4
x
e
P I x y x
D D
(
= + + + + +
(

2
2 3
3
1
. . 3 2
4
x
e
P I x y x
D
( = + +

2 5 6 2 5 6
3 2
. .
4 3.4.5 4.5.6 4 20 60
x x
e x y x e x y x
P I
( (
= + + = + +
( (

So, Compl et e sol ut i on

2 5 6
1 2 3
. . . . ( ) ( ) ( 2 )
4 20 60
x
e x y x
z C F P I y x y y x
(
= + = + + + + +
(

( Ans) .
13. Solve:
2 2 2
2 2
6 cos(2 )
z z z
x y
x x y y
c c c
+ = +
c c c c
.
Ans:

2 2 2
2 2
6 cos(2 )
z z z
x y
x x y y
c c c
+ = +
c c c c

( )
2 2
' 6 ' cos(2 ) D DD D z x y + = +
It s Auxi l i ar y equat i on i s
2
6 0 3, 2 m m m + = =

1 2
. . ( 3 ) ( 2 ) C F f y x f y x = + + ---------(1)
Now ,
2 2
cos(2 ) cos(2 )
. .
' 6 ' ( 3 ')( 2 ')
x y x y
P I
D DD D D D D D
+ +
= =
+ +

| |
1
. . cos(2 3 ) 3 3
( 2 ')
P I x x a dx y x a y x a
D D
= + + = = +
}

1
. . cos(5 )
( 2 ')
P I x a dx
D D
= +
}

1 sin(5 ) 1 sin(2 )
. .
( 2 ') 5 ( 2 ') 5
x a x y
P I
D D D D
+ +
= =

| |
sin(2 2 )
. . 2 2
5
x b x
P I dx y x b y b x
+
= + = =
}

sin
. .
5
b
P I dx =
}

sin sin( 2 )
. .
5 5
b x y x
P I x
+
= = ----------(2)
Sol ut i on i s . . . . z C F P I = +

1 2
sin( 2 )
( 3 ) ( 2 )
5
x y x
z f y x f y x
+
= + + + (Ans).
14. Form t he part ial dif f erent ial equat ion f rom:
2 2
( ) z f x y = .
Ans:
2 2
( ) z f x y =
Dif f erent iat ing w . r. t x
/ 2 2
2 ( )............................1
z
xf x y
x
c
=
c

Dif f erent iat ing w . r. t y
/ 2 2
2 ( )............................2
z
yf x y
y
c
=
c


From 1 and 2 w e w ill have
/ 2 2
1
( )............................3
2
z
f x y
x x
c
=
c

&
/ 2 2
1
( )............................4
2
z
f x y
y y
c
=
c

Comparing 3 and 4 w e w ill have
1 1
2 2
0 .......
z z
x x y y
z z
y x or yp xq Ans
x y
c c
=
c c
c c
+ = +
c c

15. Solve:
( ) ( ) mz ny p nx lz q ly mz + =
.
Ans:

16. Solve:
2 2 2
2 2
6
z z z
x y
x x y y
c c c
+ = +
c c c c
.
Ans:

2 / 2
2
6
6 0, ( 3)( 2) 0
3, 2,
D D D D x y
and the auxillary is m m m m
By solving above m
+ = +
+ = + =
=


1 2
2 / / 2
/ / 2
2
2
/ / 2
1
2 2
/ / 2
2 2
2
3
2 2
. ( 3 ) ( 2 )........................ 1
1
. ( )
6
1
( )
(1 6 )
1
(1 6 ) ( )
1
(1 6 ) ( )
1 1
( 6 0)
1 1
( ) .........................
6
C f y x y x
P I x y
D D D D
x y
D D
D
D D
D D
x y
D D D
D D
x y
D D D
x y
D D
y
x y x y
D D

= + +
= +
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ = =
3
1 2
.....2
1 & 2
. ( 3 ) ( 2 ) .... .
6
from
y
complete sol y x y x Ans = + + +

17. Using met hod of separat ion of variable, solve: 2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
.
Ans:
2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
--- ---- --- ---( 1)
Let i t s sol ut i on i s ( ). ( ) u F x G t = t hen equat i on (1) becomes
'( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t = +
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t =
( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x F x G t F x G t =

'( ) ( ) '( )
2 ( ) ( )
F x F x G t
k
F x G t
= =

'( ) ( ) '( ) 1 '( )
2 1
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
F x F x F x F x
k k k
F x F x F x
= = + = +
( )
1
log ( ) 2 1 log F x k x C = + +

(2 1)
1
( )
k x
F x C e
+
= ---- ---- --- --- -( 2)

'( )
( )
G t
k
G t
=

2
log ( ) log G t kt C = +

2
( )
kt
G t C e =
So, Sol ut i on i s
(2 1)
1 2
( ). ( )
k x kt
u F x G t C e C e
+
= =

(2 1) k x kt
u Ce
+ +
= w her e
1 2
. C C C =
Gi ven t hat
3
( , 0) 6
x
u x e
=
3 (2 1)
6 6, 2
x k x
e Ce C k
+
= = =
So, sol ut i on i s
3 2
6
x t
u e

= (Ans).
18. For m a par t i al di f f er ent i al of |
.
|
\
|
+ + = y
x
f y z log
1
2
2
.
Ans: |
.
|
\
|
+ + = y
x
f y z log
1
2
2

/
2
1 1
2 log ............................1
z
f y
x x x
c | || |
= +
| |
c
\ .\ .

/
1 1
2 2 log ............................2
z
y f y
y x y
| | c | |
= + +
| |
c
\ .
\ .

2 /
1
2 log ............................3
z
x f y
x x
c | |
= +
|
c
\ .

&
/
1
2 2 log ...........................4
z
y y f y
y x
| | c | |
= +
| |
c
\ .
\ .


2
2 2
2
2 ( 2 ) 0....
z z
x y y
x y
z z
y y x or y q y x p Ans
y x
| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .

19. Sol ve:
2 2 3
( 2 ) ( )( 2 ) px z y z qy z y x =
.
Ans: -
2 2 3 2 3
.........1
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
dx dy dz
x z y y z y x z z y x
= =

By t aki ng 2
nd
and 3
r d
r at i o w e w i l l have
2 3 2 3
( 2 ) ( 2 )
dy dz
y z y x z z y x
dy dz
y z
=

=

log log log
.........................2
y z a
y
a
z
= +
=

By t aki ng 1
st
and 3
r d
r at i o f r om equat i on 1 w e w i l l have
( )
( )
2 2 3
2 2 2 2 3
2 2 2 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
( 2 ) ( 2 )
2
( 2 ) ( 2 )
(1 2 ) ( 2 )
(1 2 ) 2
2 ........................( ( 2 ) (1 2 ) ....
dx dz
x z y z z y x
from
dx dz
x z a z z z a z x
dx dz
x a z z a z x
z a z
dz
a z x
dx x
putting z a z u
du u du dz dz dz
x a z a z
dx x dx dx dx dx
=

=

=

=
=
= = = 3

Equat i on 3 i s l i near di f f er ent i al equat i on i n u

( )
2
1
log
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
.
.
1 1
. 2
( )
dx
pdx
x
x
du u
x
dx x
I F e e e
x
Sol
u x dx b
x x
u
x b
x
z a z
z y
x b x b
x x
z y
x b
x x
=
}
}
= = = =
= +
= +

= + + =
+ =
}

Hence gener al sol ut i on i s
2
2
, 0.........................
y z y
x Ans
z x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

20. Sol ve:
2 2
( 2 ) ( 1)
x
D DD D z y e ' ' =
.
Ans: -


21. Sol ve t he equat i on by t he met hod of separ at i on of var i abl e: 3 2 0, ( , 0) 4
x
u u
u x e
x y
c c
+ = =
c c
.
Ans: -
Let u = ( ) ( ) u F x G y =

The gi ven di f f er ent i al equat i on becomes
/ /
/ /
/ /
3 2 0
3 2
3 2
F G FG
F G FG
F G
k
F G
+ =
=
= =

By sol vi ng above separ at el y
/ /
3 2
&
F G
k k
F G
= =
Int egr at i ng separ at el y each w .r .t x and y r espect i vel y

/ /
1 2
1 2
1 2
3 2
1 2
3 2 3 2
1 2
3 2
&
ln ln & ln ln
3 2
ln ln & ln ln
3 2
ln & ln
3 2
&
( ). ( )
k k
x x
k k k k
x y x y
F G
k k
F G
k k
F x C G C
k k
F C x G C
F k G k
x x
C C
F C e G C e
u F x g y CC e Ce
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
= =
= + = +
= =
= =
= =
=
} }


By Usi ng i ni t i al condi t i on w e w i l l have

3 2 3 2
1 2
3
1 1
3
3 2
( ). ( )
4 ......................{ ( , 0) 4 }
4 & 1 3
3
....... 4
k k k k
x y x y
k
x
x x
x y
u F x g y CC e Ce
e Ce u x e
k
C k
Ans u e
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

| |

|
\ .
=
= =
= = =
=

22. The par t i cul ar i nt egr al of ) sin( ) ' (
2
y x z DD D + = + i s
2
2
2 2 ' 2 2
2
.
( ') sin( )
1
. sin( )
( ')
1
sin( ) ; ' &
( 1 1.1)
1
sin( )
2
Ans
D DD z x y
P I is x y
D DD
x y D m DD mn D n
x y
+ = +
= +
+
( + = = =

23. Sol ve
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
y x z q x z y p z y x = +
.
Ans. I t is of t he f orm Pp +Qq =R

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
dx dy dz
x y z y z x z x y
= =

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y
+ +
= = =

. . 1

0
dx dy dz
x y z
+ + =


log log log log
log( ) log
x y z a
xyz a
xyz a
+ + =
=
=

2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
+ +
= = =

dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y


2 2 2
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
( ),
1 1 1
( , )
+ + =

+ + =
+ + =
= + +
+ +
dx dy dz
x y z
b
x y z
b
x y z
xyz f or
x y z
f xyz
x y z

24. Sol ve
) 2 log( 16 4 4
2
2 2
2
2
y x
y
z
y x
z
x
z
+ =
c
c
+
c c
c
c
c
.

2 / /2
2
.
4 4 16log( 2 )
4 4 1 0, 1/ 2,1/ 2
Ans
D DD D x y
and the auxillary is m m m
+ = +
+ = =

1 2
1 1
. ( ) ( )........................ 1
2 2
C F f y x xf y x = + + +

| |
' 2
' '
'
/ 2
1 1 1
. 16log( 2 ) 4 16log( 2 )
1 1
(2 )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
4 log 2( ) .......... / 2
1
2
( )
2
c y x
P I x y x y
D D
D D D D
x
x c dx y c mx c x
D D
+

= + = +
`

)
(
= + = =
`
(
)
}

| | | |
/ 2
' '
/ 2
'
/ 2
2
1 1
4 log(2 ) 4 log( 2 )
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
1
4 log( 2( ) 4 log 2
1
2
( )
2
2 log( 2 )................................................................ 2
c y x
c y x
c y x
c x x y
D D D D
x
x x c dx c xdx
D D
x x y
+
+
+
= = +

(
(
= + =
`
(

)
= +
} }

From eq. 1 and 2

2
1 2
1 1
. ( ) ( ) 2 log( 2 )
2 2
C S z f y x xf y x x x y = = + + + + +

25. Sol ve t he f ol l ow i ng equat i on by met hod of separ at i on of var i abl e: 0
2 2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
u
y
x
u
x .
2 2
2 ' 2 '
' '
2 2
' '
2 2
.......
0.................. 1
. .
...1 0
,
Ans
u u
x y
x y
Let u F G where f is a function of x only and G is a function of y only
Eq becomes x F G y FG
F G
x y
F G
F G
So x y k
F G
c c
+ =
c c
=
+ =
=
= =

26. Form t he part ial dif f erent ial equat ion f rom z= y
2
+ 2f ( 1/ x +logy)
Ans.
Ans: |
.
|
\
|
+ + = y
x
f y z log
1
2
2

/
2
1 1
2 log ............................1
z
f y
x x x
c | || |
= +
| |
c
\ .\ .

/
1 1
2 2 log ............................2
z
y f y
y x y
| | c | |
= + +
| |
c
\ .
\ .

2 /
1
2 log ............................3
z
x f y
x x
c | |
= +
|
c
\ .

&
/
1
2 2 log ...........................4
z
y y f y
y x
| | c | |
= +
| |
c
\ .
\ .


2
2 2
2
2 ( 2 ) 0....
z z
x y y
x y
z z
y y x or y q y x p Ans
y x
| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .

27. Solve Lagranges equat ion
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y z p y x z q z x y + + =
28. Solve :

2 2 2
2 2
2 15 12
z z z
xy
x x y y
c c c
=
c c c c

-Given eqn in symbolic f orm is xy D D D D 12 15 2
2 2
= ' '
I t s auxiliary eqn is 3 , 5 0 15 2
2
= = m m m
So,
) 3 ( ) 5 ( . .
2 1
x y f x y f F C + + =

Now ,
xy
D D D D
xy
D D D D
I P 12
) 3 )( 5 (
1
12
15 2
1
. .
2 2
' + '
=
' '
=

}
+
' + '
= dx x c x F
D D D D
I P ) 3 , (
) 3 )( 5 (
1
. .
w here
x y c xy y x F 3 , 12 ) , ( = =

}
+
'
= dx x c x
D D
I P ) 3 ( 12
) 5 (
1
. .

( )
3 2 2
12 6
) 5 (
1
) 36 12 (
) 5 (
1
. . x c x
D D
dx x xc
D D
I P +
'
= +
'
=
}

( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
6 6
) 5 (
1
12 ) 3 ( 6
) 5 (
1
. . x y x
D D
x x y x
D D
I P
'
= +
'
=

}
= dx x c x F I P ) 5 , ( . .
w here x y c x y x y x F 5 , 6 6 ) , (
3 2
+ = =

} }
= = dx x c x dx x x c x I P ) 36 6 ( ) 6 ) 5 ( 6 ( . .
3 2 3 2

4 3 4 3 4 3
2 9 ) 5 ( 2 9 2 . . x y x x x y x x c x I P + = + = =

So, Solut ion
4 3
2 1
2 ) 3 ( ) 5 ( . . . . x y x x y f x y f I P F C z + + + + = + = ( Ans
29. Using met hod of separat ion of variable, solve: 2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
. W here u( x, 0) = 6 e
-3x

Ans:

2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
---- ---- --- --( 1)
Let it s solut ion is ( ). ( ) u F x G t = t hen equat ion ( 1) becomes

'( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t = +

'( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t =

( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x F x G t F x G t =

'( ) ( ) '( )
2 ( ) ( )
F x F x G t
k
F x G t
= =

'( ) ( ) '( ) 1 '( )
2 1
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
F x F x F x F x
k k k
F x F x F x
= = + = +

( )
1
log ( ) 2 1 log F x k x C = + +
(2 1)
1
( )
k x
F x C e
+
= ---- ---- --- --- -( 2)

'( )
( )
G t
k
G t
=
2
2
( )
kt
G t C e =
So, Solut ion is
(2 1)
1 2
( ). ( )
k x kt
u F x G t C e C e
+
= =

(2 1) k x kt
u Ce
+ +
=
w here
1 2
. C C C =
Given t hat
3
( , 0) 6
x
u x e
=

3 (2 1)
6 6, 2
x k x
e Ce C k
+
= = =

So, solut ion is
3 2
6
x t
u e

=
( Ans) .
30. For m t he par t i al di f f er ent i al equat i on f r om z= f (x + a t ) + g (x a t )
' '
' '
2
,, , ,
2
2
2 ,, 2 ,, 2 ,,
2
:
( ) ( )........................ 1
( ) ( )......................
.......... 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (
Ans
x f x at g x at
z
f x at g x at
x
z
af x at ag x at
t
z
f x at g x at
x
z
a f x at a g x at a f x
t
= + +
c
= + +

c
=
`
c

= +

c )
c
= + +
c
c
= + + = +
c
{ }
, ,
2 2
2
2 2
) ( )
................
at g x at
z z
a Ans
t x
+
c c
=
c c

31. Sol ve:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y z p y z x q z x y + =

Ans. I t is of t he f orm Pp +Qq =R

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
dx dy dz
x y z y z x z x y
= =

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y
+ +
= = =

. . 1

dx dy dz
x y z
+ +
=0
log log log log
log( ) log
x y z a
xyz a
xyz a
+ + =
=
=

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
( ),
1 1 1
( , )
dx dy dz
dx dy dz x y z
x y z y z x z x y
dx dy dz
x y z
b
x y z
b
x y z
xyz f or
x y z
f xyz
x y z
+ +
= = =

+ + =

+ + =
+ + =
= + +
+ +

32. Sol ve
) 2 log( 16 4 4
2
2 2
2
2
y x
y
z
y x
z
x
z
+ =
c
c
+
c c
c
c
c

2 / /2
2
.
4 4 16log( 2 )
4 4 1 0, 1/ 2,1/ 2
Ans
D DD D x y
and the auxillary is m m m
+ = +
+ = =

1 2
1 1
. ( ) ( )........................ 1
2 2
C F f y x xf y x = + + +


| | | |
/2
' '
1 1
4 log(2 ) 4 log( 2 )
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
+
= = +

c y x
c x x y
D D D D

| |
' 2
' '
'
/ 2
1 1 1
. 16log( 2 ) 4 16log( 2 )
1 1
(2 )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
4 log 2( ) .......... / 2
1
2
( )
2
c y x
P I x y x y
D D
D D D D
x
x c dx y c mx c x
D D
+

= + = +
`

)
(
= + = =
`
(
)
}

/2
'
/2
2
1
4 log( 2( ) 4 log 2
1
2
( )
2
2 log( 2 )................................................................ 2
+
+
(
(
= + =
`
(

)
= +
} }
c y x
c y x
x
x x c dx c xdx
D D
x x y

From eq. 1 and 2
2
1 2
1 1
. ( ) ( ) 2 log( 2 )
2 2
C S z f y x xf y x x x y = = + + + + +
33. Usi ng t he met hod of separ at i on of var i abl es sol ve : Sol ve 2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
w her e
3
( , 0) 6
x
u x e
= .
Ans: 2
u u
u
x t
c c
= +
c c
---- --- --- ---( 1)
Let i t s sol ut i on i s ( ). ( ) u F x G t = t hen equat i on (1) becomes
'( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t = + '( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t =
( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x F x G t F x G t =
'( ) ( ) '( )
2 ( ) ( )
F x F x G t
k
F x G t
= =

'( ) ( ) '( ) 1 '( )
2 1
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
F x F x F x F x
k k k
F x F x F x
= = + = +
( )
1
log ( ) 2 1 log F x k x C = + +

(2 1)
1
( )
k x
F x C e
+
= ---- ---- --- --- -( 2)

'( )
( )
G t
k
G t
=

2
2
( )
kt
G t C e =
So, Sol ut i on i s
(2 1)
1 2
( ). ( )
k x kt
u F x G t C e C e
+
= =

(2 1) k x kt
u Ce
+ +
= w her e
1 2
. C C C =
Gi ven t hat
3
( , 0) 6
x
u x e
=
3 (2 1)
6 6, 2
x k x
e Ce C k
+
= = =
So, sol ut i on i s
3 2
6
x t
u e

= (Ans).

' '
2 2
' '
2 2
' '
2 2
(
)
;
;
log log ; log log
k
k
y
x
k
k
y
x
F G
x y k
F G
F G
x k y k
F G
F k G k
F x G y
k k
F A G B
x y
F Ae G Be
So solution is u Ce
= =
= =
= =
= + = +
= =
=

1. Write about Laplaces equation in two and three dimensions.
Ans:
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

&
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
u u u
x y z

+ + =

2. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points 0 and x x l = = is initially at rest in
its equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating, by giving to each of its points a velocity
( ) x l x , find the displacement of the string at any distance x from one end at any
time t.
Ans Sol. The Vibration of the sting is given by

2 2
2
2 2
........................1
y y
C
t x

=

As the end Points if string are fixed, for all time,

(0, ) 0, ..........................2
( , ) 0...............................3
y t
y l t
=
=

and since the transverse velocity of any point of of the string is zero,

( ).........................................4
0
( , 0) 0.,...............................5
y
x l x
t
t
y x
| |
=
|
\
=
=

Now we have to solve Eq. Subject to the boundary condition and 3 and the initial
Conditions 4 and 5. Since the vibration of the string is Periodic, therefore, the
Solution 1 is of the form
1 2 3 4
( , ) ( ), ( )....................6 y x t C Cospx C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt = + +
By eqn.2

1 3 4
1
2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 4
(0, ) ( ) 0
0
( , ) ( )( )....................7
( , ) ( )( ).
0 ( )( ).
, , int
7
y t C C Coscpt C Sincpt
C
y x t C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt
y l t C Sinpl C Coscpt C Sincpt
C Sinpl C Coscpt C Sincpt
this gives
n
pl n p where n is an
l
eqn
= + =
=
= +
= +
= +
= =
2 3 4
( , ) ..........................8
reduces to
n x n ct n ct
y x t C Sin C Cos C Sin
l l l
| |
= +
|
\

2 3
3
1
5
( , 0) 0
0
. 8
( , ) .................9
n n
n
from
n x
y x C C Sin
l
C
hence eq reduces to
n x n ct n x n ct
y x t b Sin Sin b Sin Sin
l l l l
=
= =
=
= =

By eq (4) we will have
1
0
0
2 3
2
2 2 3 3
0
2 2
3 3 3 3
( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
2
( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2) ( )
4 4
(1 ) 1 ( 1)
n
n
t
l
n
l
n
y c n x
x l x nb Sin
t l l
c n x
nb x l x Sin dx
l l l
l n x l n x l n x
lx x Cos lx x Sin Cos
l n l n l n l
l l
Cosn
n n
b

=
=
| |
= =
|
\
=
| | | |
| |
+
| | |
\
\ \
( =

{ }
3 3
4 4 4 4
3
4 4 4
1
4 8
1 ( 1) ............. (2 1)
(2 1)
(5)
8 1 (2 1) (2 1)
( ) ( )....
(2 1) (2 1)
n
n
m
l l
taking n m
cn c m
Hencefrom wewillhave
l m x m ct
y Sin Sin Ans
c m m l l

=
( = = =

3. Solve
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

which satisfies the conditions
(0, ) ( , ) ( , 0) 0, ( , ) sin
n x
u y u l y u x u x a
l
= = = = .
Ans:
The temperature function u(x, t) satisfies the differential equation

The solution of the heat equation, we have

2 2
1 2 3
( ) .............................1
c p t
u c Cospx c Sinpx c e
= +
Since the ends x= 0 and the x=l are cooled to
0
0 C and keptat that tempreture
throughout, the boundary conditions are (0, ) ( , ) 0 u t u l t for all t = =
Also the
0
( , 0) u x u is the initial conditon = .. .1
Since

2 2
1 1
( , 0) 0, 1
0 0; 1
c p t
u x we have from
c e c from we will have
=
= =
From 1
2 2
2
( , ) ................................2
c p t
u x t c Sinpxe
=

Since u(l,t) =0 we have from 2

2 2
2
0
0
c p t
c Sinple
n
Sinpl pl n p
l
=
= = =
where n is integer

Solution 2 reduces to
2 2 2
2
2
1
( , ) .
n c t
l
n n
n
n x
u x t n Sin e on replacing c by b
l
=
=

The most general solution is obtained by adding all such solutions for the
n=1, 2, 3.
2
2
2
u u
c
t x

=

2 2 2
2
1
( , ) .
n c t
l
n
n
n x
u x t n Sin e
l
=
=

Since u(x,0)= u
0
, we have
0
1
n
n
n x
u b Sin
l
=
=

which is half range sine series for
0
u
0
1
0
0
0
0,
2
4
,
n
l
n
n x
u Sin
l
when n is even
n x
b u Sin dx
u
l l
when n is odd
n
=
=

= =
`

)

Hence the temperature function is
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
0
1, 3 , 5
( 2 1)
0
1, 3 , 5
4 1
( , ) .
4 1 ( 2 1)
. . .
2 1
n c t
l
n
n c t
l
n
u n x
u x t S i n e
n l
u n x
S i n e A n s
n l
=
=

4. A transmission line 1000 km long is initially under steady-state condition with
potential 1300 volts at the sending end (x = 0) and 1200 volts at the receiving end (x
= 1000). The terminal end of the line is suddenly grounded, but the potential at the
source is kept at 1300 volts. Assuming the inductance and leakance to be negligible,
find the potential E(x, t).
Ans:
Since the L and G are negligible, we use the telegraph equation
2 2
2 2
1
........................1
E E E E
RC or
x t t RC x

= =

Here
s
E is initial steady voltage satisfying
2
2
0
E
x

1300 1200
1300
1000
1300 0.1 ( , 0)................2
x
x E x
=
= =

/
s
E = steady voltage (after grounding the terminal end) when steady
conditions are ultimately reached=1300-1.3x

s
E =
/
s
E + ( , ), ( , )
t t
E x t where E x t is the transient part
2 2
2
1
=1300 1.3x+ b ...............3
n t
l RC
n
n
n x
Sin e
l

Where l=1000km.
Putting t = 0 in eq3we have
1
1
E(x,0)=1300 1.3x+ b
1300 0.1 1300 1.3x+ b ....( 2)
n
n
n
n
n x
Sin
l
n x
x Sin from
l

[ ]
{ }
1
0
2
0
1
1.2 b
2
b 1.2
cos( ) ( )
2.4 2.4
( ) 1( ) . cos
2.4 1000
( 1) ........................ 1000
n
n
l
n
l
n
n x
x Sin
l
n x
xSin dx
l l
n x n x
Sin
l
l l
x l n
n
l l n
n
l
l
l
n
=
+
=
=
(
(
(
=
(
| |
(
|
\
= =

Hence
2 2
2
1
1
2400 ( 1)
E(x,t)=1300 1.3x+ ............
n t
n
l RC
n
n x
Sin e Ans
n l

+
=

5. A string is stretched and fastened to two point l apart. Motion is started by
displacing the string in the form sin
x
y a
l
| |
=
|
\
from which it is released at time t =
0. Show that the displacement of any point at a distance x from one end at time t is
given by:
( , ) sin cos
x ct
y x t a
l l
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
.

Ans:Sol. The Vibration of the sting is given by
2 2
2
2 2
........................1
y y
C
t x

=


(0, ) 0, ..........................2
( , ) 0...............................3
y t
y l t
=
=

and since the transverse velocity of any point of of the string is
zero,
0
0.........................................4
( , 0) ( ),...............................5
t
y
t
x
y x aSin
l
=
| |
=
|
\
=

Now we have to solve Eq. subject to the boundary condition and 3
and the initial conditions 4 and 5. Since the vibration of the string is
Periodic, therefore, the solution 1 is of the form
1 2 3 4
( , ) ( ), ( )....................6 y x t C Cospx C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt = + +
By eqn.2
1 3 4
1
2 3 4
2 3 4
2 4 4
0
(0, ) ( ) 0
0
( , ) ( )( )....................7
( )( ( ) ( cos )
4
( )( ( )) 0, ( ( ))
t
C
y
C Sinpx C cpSincpt C cp cpt
t
from eqn gives
y
C Sinpx C cp whence C cp
t
=
= + =
=
= +
| |
= +
|
\
| |
= =
|
\
2
4
2 3
0
0, (7) ( , ) 0,
0
7
( , ) ........................8
If C will lead to the trival solution y x t
the only possibility is that C
thus eqn becomes
y x t C C SinpxCoscpt
=
= =
=
=

2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
3
( , ) 0.
, , int .
8
( , )
5
( , 0) ( ) ( ) 1
from eqn
y l t C C SinplCoscpt
n
l
eqn reduces to
n x n ct
y x t C C Sin Cos
l l
finally by condition
n x n x
y x C C aSin aSin which will satisfies by taking C C a and n
l l
Hence the requ

= =
= =
=
= = = =
( , )
ired solution is
x ct
y x t aSin Cos
l l

=

6. A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 ch has its ends kept at zero
temperature and the temperature initially is:
0 0 50
( , 0)
100 50 100
x
u x
x x

=

. Find the temperature ( , ) u x t at any time.

Ans:
Given u(x, ) = _
x, x 5
1 -x, 5 x 1

.(I)
At the ends x = and x = 1 are cooled at 0
0
C and kept at that
temperature throughout.
u(, t) = , u(1, t) = , v t . (II)
Let the solution of heat equation be
u(x, t) = (
1
s x +
2
sx )
3
e
-
2
2
t
.. (III)
On applying u(, t) = , we have
=
1
3
e
-
2
2
t
=>
1
= , since
3
=
Therefore from (III), we have
u(x, t) = (
2
sx )
3
e
-
2
2
t
.. (IV)
On applying u(1, t) = , we have

= (
2
s1 )
3
e
-
2
2
t
=> s1 = => =
a => =
a
1
, = 1, 2, 3..
Therefore from (IV), we have
u(x, t) =
2
3
s
a
1
e
-
2
a
2
t
(1)
2
.. (V)
The general solution is
u(x, t) = _
=1
s
a
1
e
-
2
a
2
t
(1)
2
.. (VI)
At t = , the form of equation (VI) is
u(x, ) = _
=1
s
a
1

where
=
2
1
] u(x, )
1
s
a
1
dx
=
1
5
_ x
5
s
a
1
dx + _ (1 -x)
1
5
s
a
1
dx
=
4
2
a
2
s
a
2
, where = 1, 2, 3, 4..
Put = 2, 4, , .., we have
=
Put = 1, 3, 5, .., we have
1
=
4
1
2
a
2
s
a
2
,
3
=
4
1
2
a
2
s
a
2
,
5
=
4
1
2
a
2
s
a
2
etc.
Therefore,
u(x, t) = _ (-1)
=1
4
(2+1)
2
a
2
s
(2+1)a
1
e
-
2
(2+1)
2
a
2
t
(1)
2

7. Neglecting R and G, find the e.m.f. ( , ) v x t in a line of length l , t seconds after the
ends were suddenly grounded, given that:
0 1 5
5
( , 0) , ( , 0) sin sin
x x
i x i v x e e
l l

= = + .
Ans:

Sol. Since R and G are negligible, we use the Radio equation
2 2
2 2
0
1 5
........................1
(0, ) 0, ( , ) 0..........................2
( , )
5
( , 0)
v v
LC
x t
v t v l t
Also the initial condition are i x o i
and
x x
v x e Sin e Sin
l l

=

= =
=
= +
''
''
2
2
'' 2
..................3
( ) ( )....................................4
1
"
"
0 " ( ) 0
Let v X x T t
gives
X T LCXT
X T
LC k
X T
k
X k X and T T
LC
=
=
= =
+ = + =

1 2 3 4
1
( )( )
0&
( )
0
( )
n n
n
n
n
Solving the eqn
k k
v C Coskx C Sinkx C Cos t C Sin t
LC LC
by boundary condition
n
C k
l
n x k k
v Sin a Cos t b Sin t
l l LC l LC
by condition iv we get b
n x k
v a Sin Cos t
l l LC
thus most general solution of i is
n x
v a Sin Co
l
= + +
= =
= +
=
=
=
1 n
k
s t
l LC

1 5
1
1 1 5 5
1 5
(3)
5
.
,
5
n
n
x x n x
e Sin e Sin a Sin
l l l
a e a e
Hence
x k x k
v e Sin Cos t e Sin Cos t
l l l LC l LC

=
+ =
= =
= +

8. Explain method of separation of variables.
Ans: Ans. In order to use the method of separation of variables we must be
working with a linear homogenous partial differential equations with linear
homogeneous boundary conditions. The method of separation of variables relies
upon the assumption that a function of the form
.u =F(x).G(y). and solving the above resulted equation
(a) Using the method of separation of variable, solve:
3
2 , ( , 0) 6
x
u u
u u x e
x t

= + =

.
Ans:
2
u u
u
x t

= +

------------- (1)
Let its solution is ( ). ( ) u F x G t = then equation (1) becomes
'( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t = +
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x G t F x G t F x G t =
( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) '( ) F x F x G t F x G t =

'( ) ( ) '( )
2 ( ) ( )
F x F x G t
k
F x G t
= =

'( ) ( ) '( ) 1 '( )
2 1
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
F x F x F x F x
k k k
F x F x F x
= = + = +
( )
1
log ( ) 2 1 log F x k x C = + +

(2 1)
1
( )
k x
F x C e
+
= --------------- (2)

'( )
( )
G t
k
G t
=

2

2
( )
kt
G t C e =
So, Solution is
(2 1)
1 2
( ). ( )
k x kt
u F x G t C e C e
+
= =
(2 1) k x kt
u Ce
+ +
= where
1 2
. C C C =
Given that
3
( , 0) 6
x
u x e
=
3 (2 1)
6 6, 2
x k x
e Ce C k
+
= = =
So, solution is
3 2
6
x t
u e

=
9. A string is stretched and fastened to two point l apart. Motion is started by
displacing the string in the form sin
x
y a
l
| |
=
|
\
from which it is released at time t =
0. Show that the displacement of any point at a distance x from one end at time t is
given by:
( , ) sin cos
x ct
y x t a
l l
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

Ans:
Sol. The Vibration of the sting is given by
2 2
2
2 2
........................1
y y
c
t x

=


(0, ) 0, ..........................2
( , ) 0...............................3
y t
y l t
=
=

0
0.........................................4
( , 0) ( ),...............................5
t
y
t
x
y x aSin
l
=
| |
=
|
\
=

Now we have to solve Eq.1 subject to the boundary condition 2 and 3 and
the initial conditions 4 and 5. Since the vibration of the string is Periodic,
therefore, the solution 1 is of the form
1 2 3 4
( , ) ( ) ( )....................6 y x t CCospx C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt = + +
By eqn.2
1 3 4
1
2 3 4
2 3 4
2 4 4
0
(0, ) ( ) 0
0
( , ) ( )( )....................7
( )( ( ) ( cos )
4
( )( ( )) 0, ( ( ))
t
C
y
C Sinpx C cpSincpt C cp cpt
t
from eqn gives
y
C Sinpx C cp whence C cp
t
=
= + =
=
= +
| |
= +
|
\
| |
= =
|
\
2
4
2 3
0
0, (7) ( , ) 0,
0
7
( , ) ........................8
If C will lead to the trival solution y x t
the only possibility is that C
thus eqn becomes
y x t C C SinpxCoscpt
=
= =
=
=

2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
3
( , ) 0.
, , int .
8
( , )
5
( , 0) ( ) ( ) 1
from eqn
y l t C C SinplCoscpt
n
l
eqn reduces to
n x n ct
y x t C C Sin Cos
l l
n x n x
y x C C aSin aSin which will satisfies by taking C C a and n
l l
Hence the requ

= =
= =
=
= = = =
( , )
ired solution is
x ct
y x t aSin Cos
l l

=

10. A tightly stretched of length l with fixed ends is initially in equilibrium position. It
is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity
3
0
sin / v x l . Find the displacement
( , ) y x t .
Ans:

Sol. The Vibration of the sting is given by
2 2
2
2 2
........................1
y y
c
t x

=


(0, ) 0, ..........................2
( , ) 0...............................3
y t
y l t
=
=

3
0
0
sin / .........................................4
t
y
v x l
t

=
| |
=
|
\

Now we have to solve Eq. 1subject to the boundary condition 2 and 3 and the
initial conditions 4 and . Since the vibration of the string is Periodic,
therefore, the solution 1 is of the form
1 2 3 4
( , ) ( ) ( ) y x t CCospx C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt = + +
1 3 4
(0, ) ( ) 0 y t C C Coscpt C Sincpt = + = by eq. 2
The above will be true if
1
C =0
2 3 4
2 3 4
( , ) ( )( )
( , ) ( )( ) 0
y l t C Sinpl C Coscpt C Sincpt for all t
= +
= + =

This gives , , int .
n
l
= =
2 3 4
( , ) ( )..........5
n x cn t cn t
y x t C Sin C Cos cpt C Sin
l l l

= +
2 3 4
2 4 4
0
. , . . 0
t
y n x cn cn t cn t
C Sin C Sin cpt C Cos
t l l l l
y n x cn
C Sin C i e C
t l l

=
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ \
\
| | | |
= =
| |
\
\

Thus eq. 5 becomes
2 3
( , )
n
n x cn t n x cn t
y x t C C Sin Cos b Sin Cos
l l l l

= =

Adding all the general solution of 1 is
1
( , ) .....6
n
n
n x cn t
y x t b Sin Cos
l l

=
=

From 3
3
0
1
0 1 2 3
3
2 3
.......
4
n
n
x n x
y Sin b Sin
l l
or
x x
Sin Sin
x x x
l l
y b Sin b Sin b Sin
l l l

=
=

= + + +
`

)

Comparing both sides
0 0
1 2 3 4 4
3
, 0, , .... 0
4 4
y y
b b b b b
= = = = = =
Hence 6 the desired result is

0 0
3 3 3
( , ) ...............
4 4
y y x cn t x c t
y x t Sin Cos Sin Cos Ans
l l l l

=
11. Write the equation one-dimensional heat flow.
Ans:
2
2
2
u u
c
t t

=

12. A tightly stretched unit square membrane starts vibrating from rest and its initial
displacement is .sin(2 ).sin( ) k x y . Show that the deflection any instant is
.sin(2 ).sin( ).cos( 5 ) k x y ct .
Ans. 1 ( , ) sin .sin 2 ..................1 Taking a b and f x y A x y = = =
We know the generalized Eulers formulae is given by
0 0
( , ) .........................2
a b
m x n y
f x y Sin Sin dydx
a b

Putting the value of eq.1 in the equation 2
( ) ( )
1 1
0 0
4 sin .sin 2 . A x y Sin m x Sin n y dydx

( )
1 1
0 0
4 sin . sin 2 ( ) 0, 0 A x Sin m x dx y Sin n y dy for m
| |
=
|
\

1 1
0 0
1
4 sin 2 ( ) , 1, sin ( ) 1/ 2
2
A y Sin n y dy for m x Sin x dx
(
| |
= =
( |
\

Q
i.e.
1
0
12
2 2
1 1
2 sin 2 ( ) , 2
1
2 ( ) 2
2
. 3
1 2 5
( cos sin )
( , , ) sin sin 2 cos( 5 )...
mn
mn mn
m n
A y Sin n y dy for n
A for n
A A also from
p
n x n y
Hence from u Sin Sin A pt B pt the required solution is
a b
u x y t A x y t Ans

= =

=
=
= + =
= +
=
Write wave equation.

Ans: -
2 2
2
2 2
y y
c
t x

=

13. A tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at 0 = x and l x = . At time 0 = t
the string is given a shape defined by ) ( ) ( x l x x F = , where is a constant and
then released. Find the displacement of any point x of the string at any time t > 0.
Ans: - Sol. The equation of Vibration of the sting is given by
2 2
2
2 2
........................1
y y
c
t x

=


(0, ) 0, ..........................2
( , ) 0...............................3
y t
y l t
=
=

0
0.........................................4
t
y
t
=
| |
=
|
\

Now we have to solve Eq. 1subject to the boundary condition 2 and 3
and the initial conditions 4 and . Since the vibration of the string is
Periodic, therefore, the solution 1 is of the form
1 2 3 4
( , ) ( ) ( ) y x t CCospx C Sinpx C Coscpt C Sincpt = + +
1 3 4
(0, ) ( ) 0 y t C C Coscpt C Sincpt = + = by eq. 2
The above will be true if
1
C =0
2 3 4
2 3 4
( , ) ( )( )
( , ) ( )( ) 0
y l t C Sinpl C Coscpt C Sincpt for all t
= +
= + =

This gives , , int .
n
l
= =
2 3 4
( , ) ( )..........5
n x cn t cn t
y x t C Sin C Cos cpt C Sin
l l l

= +
2 3 4
2 4 4
0
. , . . 0
t
y n x cn cn t cn t
C Sin C Sin cpt C Cos
t l l l l
y n x cn
C Sin C i e C
t l l

=
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ \
\
| | | |
= =
| |
\
\

Thus eq. 5 becomes
2 3
( , )
n
n x cn t n x cn t
y x t C C Sin Cos b Sin Cos
l l l l

= =
Adding all the general solution of 1 is
1
( , ) .....6
n
n
n x cn t
y x t b Sin Cos
l l

=
=

From 3
2
1
( ) ( , 0)
n
n
n x
lx x y x b Sin
l

=
= =

0
2 3
2
2 2 3 3
0
2 2
3 3 3 3
2
( ) ( )
2
( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2) ( )
4 4
(1 ) 1 ( 1)
l
n
l
n
n x
b x l x Sin dx
l l
l n x l n x l n x
lx x Cos lx x Sin Cos
l n l n l n l
l l
Cosn
n n

=
| | | |
| |
+
| | |
\
\ \
( =

Hence from equation 6
2
3 3
1
4 (1 ( 1) )
( , )
n
n
l n x cn t
y x t Sin Cos
n l l

=

=

2
3 3
1
8 1 (2 1) (2 1)
( , ) ... .
(2 1)
m
l m x c m t
y x t Sin Cos Ans
m l l

=

=

14. Find the deflection u(x, y, t) of the square membrane with a = b = 1 and c = 1 if the
initial velocity is zero and the initial deflection is y x A y x f 2 sin . sin ) , ( = .
0 0
( , ) .........................2
a b
m x n y
f x y Sin Sin dydx
a b

( ) ( )
1 1
0 0

( )
1 1
0 0
| |
=
|
\

1 1
0 0
1
4 sin 2 ( ) , 1, sin ( ) 1/ 2
2
(
| |
= =
( |
\

Q
i.e.

1
0
12
2 2
1 1
2 sin 2 ( ) , 2
1
2 ( ) 2
2
. 3
1 2 5
( cos sin )
( , , ) sin sin 2 cos( 5 )...
mn
mn mn
m n
A for n
A A also from
p
n x n y
a b
u x y t A x y t Ans

= =

=
=
= + =
= +
=

15. The telegraph equations for potential and current are

2 2
2 2
v u
Lc
x t

=

&
2 2
2 2
i i
Lc
x t

=

16. Solve the equation
2
2
x
u
t
u
with boundary conditions x n x u . sin 3 ) 0 , ( = ,

0 ) , 1 ( , 0 ) , 0 ( = = t u t u where 0 , 1 0 > < < t x .
Sol.
The solution of the equation
2
2
.......................1
u u
t x

=

2
2
2
1 2
1 1
2
( , ) ( ) .....................................2
0, (0, ) 0 . . 0
.2
( , ) ........................................................3
t
t
t
p
p
nd
p
u x t c Cospx c Sinpx e
when x u t c e i e c
eq becomes
u x t c Sinpxe
= +
= = = =
=

When x=1,
2
2
(1, ) 0 sin 0
. .
t
p
u t c Sinpxe or p
i e p n
= = =
=

2
( )
2
.3
( , ) sin
rd
n t
n n
eq reduces to
u x t b e n x where b c
= =

Thus the general solution of eq.1 is
2
( )
( , ) sin .........................4
n t
n
u x t b e n x
=

When t= 0 and

2
( )
1
3 sin (0, ) sin
3
n t
n
n
n
n x u t b e n x
comparing both sides b
=
= =
=

Hence from 4 the desired solution of eq. 4 is
2
( )
1
( , ) 3 sin ...............
n t
n
n
u x t b e n x Ans
=
=

17. Find the deflection ) , , ( t y x u .of the square membrane with 1 , 1 = = = c b a , if the
initial velocity is zero and the initial deflection is ) . sin( ) . sin( ) , ( y x A y x f = .
0 0
( , ) .........................2
a b
m x n y
f x y Sin Sin dydx
a b

( ) ( )
1 1
0 0

( )
1 1
0 0
| |
=
|
\

1 1
0 0
1
4 sin 2 ( ) , 1, sin ( ) 1/ 2
2
(
| |
= =
( |
\

Q
i.e.
1
0
12
2 2
2 sin 2 ( ) , 2
1
2 ( ) 2
2
. 3
1 2 5
mn
A for n
A A also from
p

=
=
= + =

1 1
( cos sin )
( , , ) sin sin2 cos( 5 )...
mn mn
m n
n x n y
a b
u x y t A x y t Ans

= =
= +
=

18. Solve initial value problem
2 1 2
( 1) 1 0, x y y + + + = y(0)=1
Ans.
The given differential equation is
2 1 2
( 1) 1 0, x y y + + + =

2 2
( 1) ( 1)
dy
x y
dx
+ = +
By separation variables
2 2
( 1) ( 1)
dy dx
y x
=
+ +

1 1
1 1
tan tan
tan tan
y x C
y x C

= +
+ =

1
tan
1
tan
1
x y
C
xy
x y
C
xy
+
=
+
=

By using the initial condition y(0)=1 we will have
1
1,
1 1
x y x
or y
xy x
+
= =
+

(a) A telephone line 3000km long has a resistance of 4 / km and a capacitance
of
7
5*10
farad/km. Initially both the ends are grounded. At time t= 0, a

constant e.m.f.E is applied to one end, while the other fend is left grounded.
Assuming the inductance and learence to be negligible, show that the steady
state current of the grouncded end at the end of 1 sec is 5.3%.
Ans.
Since the L and G are negligible, we use the telegraph equation
2
2
............................1
E E
RC
x t

=

Let

( ) ( ) v X x T t = be its solution so that
/ / /
, TX RCXT or =

/ / / /
2
X T
RC k
X T
= =

2
/ / 2 /
0. & 0...............2
k
X k X T T
RC
| |
+ = + =
|
\

Solving the above differential equation separately
2
2
/
1 2 3
/
1 2 3
( ),
. 1
( ) ........................3
k t RC
k t RC
X C Coskx C Sinkx T C e
from eq
v C Coskx C Sinkx C e
= + =
= +

At, t 0; v 0 at x 0 &v 0 at x = = = = =
l
1
1
3 1 2 3
3
0 0
1
0 ; 0 ( )
0 ( int)
.3
2 2 2
/
sin .......................4
n
C C CCoskl C Sinkl C
C C kl n n
putting these in eq and adding linear term we have
t n x
n RCt
v a x b e
l
=
= = +
= = =
= + +

The end conditions of the problem are
At, x 0; v 0 at v E at x = = = =
l
Then (4) becomes
1
2 2 2
/
sin
n
n
t
E n x
n RCt
v x b e
l l
= +

, 0 0, sin
n
Ex n x
Also v when t we get b
l l
| |
= = =
|
\

The expansion of
Ex
l
as a half range sine series in (0, ) l

( )
0
2
2 2
0
2
sin
2
cos
2 2
cos 1
l
n
l
n
Ex n x
b dx
l l l
Ex l n x E l n x
Sin
l l n l l n l
El E
n
l n n
=
( | | | || | | |

( | | | |
\ \ \
\
| |
=
|
\

Thus
1
2 2 2
2
/
sin ..........................5
n
t
E E n x
n RCt
v x e
l l
= +

Also when L = 0 ,
v
Ri
x

.
1
i e
v
i
R x

=

( )
1
2 2 2
/
2 2 2 2
/ 4 /
1sec
2
1
,
, 1 2 2 .... .....................6
n
n
t
n RCt
RCt RCt
E E
i x e
lR lR
when
E
t i e e
lR
Since
| |
= = +
|
\

( )
2
2
2 7 2
0.548
2
2
3.14
0.548
4 (5 10 )(3000)
0.578
RCl
RCl
e e
= =

= =

( )
( )
4 9
,
(6).
1 2(0.578) 2(0.578) 2(0.578) ......
1 1.156 0.223 0.014 ......
(0.053) 5.3%
E
t i
lR
from we have
E
i
lR
E
lR
i of i

= + +
= + +
= =

19. Write the equation of two dimensional heat flow.
Ans.
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

20. Find the vibration u(x, y, z ) of a rectangular membrane (0< x < a , 0 < y < b) is
fixed given that ist starts from rest and u(x , y, 0)= ( )( )
xy
h a x b x
SOL.
We k now that
1 1
( cos sin )
mn mn
m n
n x n y
u Sin Sin A pt B pt
a b

= =
= +

( ) ( )
2 2
/ / where p c m a n b = +
Since the membrane starts from rest 0, 0
u
when t
t
= =

1 1
( sin cos ) 0, 0
mn mn
m n
n x n y
Sin Sin A p pt pB pt when t
a b

= =
+ = =

This gives 0
mn
B =

1 1
( , , ) cos ...........................1
mn
m n
n x n y
u x y t A Sin Sin pt
a b

= =
=

Thus
1 1
( )( ) ( , , 0)
xy mn
m n
n x n y
h a x b x u x y A Sin Sin
a b

= =
= =

Where
0 0
2 2
( )( )
a b
mn xy
m x n y
A h a x b x Sin Sin dydx
a b a b

=

0 0
4
( ) ( )
a a
h m x n y
x a x Sin dx y b y Sin dy
ab a b

| | | |

` `
| |
\ \
) )

2
2 3
0
2
2
cos( ) ( ) cos( )
4
( ) ( 2 ) 2
cos( ) ( ) c
( ) ( 2 ) 2
a
m x m x m x
Sin
h
a a a
ax x a x
m
ab
m m
a
a a
n y n y
Sin
b b
by y b y
n
n
b
b

( | |
| |
( |
|

( |

` |
( |
| | | |
|
( |
| |
\
\ \ ) \

| |

|

` |
| |
|
|
\
\ )
3
0
os( )
b
n y
b
n
b
( | |
( |
( |
( |
| |
( |
|
\ \

3 3
3 3 3 3
4 2 2
(1 cos )(1 cos )
...1
h a b
m n
ab m n
from we get

=

( ) ( )
1 1
3 3
2 2
3 3 3 3
( , , ) cos
4 2 2
(1 cos )(1 cos ) & / /
mn
m n
mn
n x n y
u x y t A Sin Sin pt
a b
h a b
where A m n p c m a n b
ab m n

= =
=
= = +

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UNI T I ( Fourier Series)

2. Obt ain t he Fourier ser ies f or ( )

= in t he int erval 0 2 x < < .

as t he Fourier sine ser ies.

w hi ch i s uni f or ml y conver gent

conver ges, t hen t he t r i gonomet r i c ser i es

conver ges absol ut el y and

t hen show t hat

t hen show t hat

and 2 / T w = , in a Fourier serie s.

, hence show t hat :

. Show t hat in t he int erval (0, 2)

about it s singular point s.

The sol ut i on i s gi ven by

The second sol ut i on i s

The second i ndependent sol ut i on i s

. Find the temperature ( , ) u x t at any time.

Write wave equation.

with boundary conditions x n x u . sin 3 ) 0 , ( = ,

farad/km. Initially both the ends are grounded. At time t= 0, a

as a half range sine series in (0, ) l

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