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Agenda
Multicast forwarding
IGMPv1 vs IGMPv2 IGMP Snooping
Why Multicast?
Used when sending same data to multiple receivers Better bandwidth utilization
Multicast Vs Unicast
Pure Unicast: Send the same copy of data multiple times Web Technologies: Webcastingpush the same data to multiple destinations
Multicast Vs Unicast
Unicast
Host
Router
Host Router
Multicast Vs Unicast
The sender (source) sends one copy of a single packet addressed to a group of
receivers - multicast group
Multicast routers replicate and forward the packet to all the branches where
receivers (may) exist
Multicast advantages
Enhanced Efficiency: Controls network traffic and reduces server and CPU loads Optimized Performance: Eliminates traffic redundancy Distributed Applications: Makes multipoint applications possible
Example: Audio Streaming All clients listening to the same 8-Kbps audio
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Multicast advantages
Fewer resources required bandwidth and host processing power (at sender) Almost simultaneous delivery is assured (one packet is simultaneously
forwarded across the networks)
Foundation for a whole range of new applications not possible in the past
Multicast disadvantages
No Congestion Avoidance: Lack of TCP windowing and slow-start mechanisms can result in
Duplicates: Some multicast protocol mechanisms result in the occasional generation of duplicate
packets. Multicast applications should be designed to expect occasional duplicate packets.
Out of sequence delivery: Network topology changes affect the order of delivery the
application must properly address the issue.
Multicast applications
One-to-many: A single host sending to two or more (n) receivers Many-to-many: Any number of hosts sending to the same multicast
group hosts are also members of the group (sender = receiver)
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Sourc e
First-hop router
Last-hop router
Receiver segment
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Multicast Forwarding
Multicast Forwarding
Multicast routing works the opposite way of unicast routing Unicast routing is concerned with where the packet is going
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Multicast Forwarding
Dense Mode
Uses the push model Traffic Flooded throughout network Pruned back where it is unwanted Flood and prune behavior (typically every three minutes)
Sparse Mode
Uses the pull model Traffic sent only to where it is requested Explicit join behavior
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Dense Mode
Initial Flooding
Source
Multicast Packets
Receiver
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Dense Mode
Source
Receiver
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Dense Mode
Source
Multicast Packets
Receiver
Multicast Forwarding
Dense Mode
Uses the push model Traffic Flooded throughout network Pruned back where it is unwanted Flood and prune behavior (typically every three minutes)
Sparse Mode
Uses the pull model Traffic sent only to where it is requested Explicit join behavior
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Sparse Mode
Supports both source and shared trees Based on an explicit pull model Uses a rendezvous point (RP)
Senders and receivers meet each other Senders are registered with RP by their first-hop router Receivers are joined to the shared tree (rooted at the RP) by their local designated router
(DR)
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RP
Receiver
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Source
RP
Traffic Flow Shared Tree Source Tree (S, G) Register (S, G) Join
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(unicast) Receiver
Source
RP
Traffic Flow Shared Tree Source Tree (S, G) Register (S, G) Register-Stop
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(S, G) traffic begins arriving at the RP via the Source tree. RP sends a Register-Stop back to the first-hop router to stop the Register process.
IGMP
IGMP
Internet Group management protocol (IGMP), a multicasting protocol in the internet protocols family, is used by IP hosts to report their host group memberships to any immediately neighboring multicast routers. IGMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams, with an IP protocol number of 2. IGMP has versions IGMP v1, v2 and v3.
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IGMP v1
IGMPv1: Hosts can join multicast groups. There were no leave messages. Routers were using a time-out Based mechanism to discover the groups that are of no interest To the members.
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IGMP v2
IGMPv2: Leave messages were added to the protocol. Allow group membership termination to be quickly reported to The routing protocol, which is important for high-bandwidth Multicast groups and/or subnets with highly volatile group membership.
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IGMP v3
IGMPv3: Major revision of the protocol. It allows hosts to specify the list of hosts from which they want to Receive traffic from. Traffic from other hosts is blocked inside the Network. It also allows hosts to block inside the network packets That come from sources that sent unwanted traffic.
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IGMP Snooping
IGMP snooping is designed to prevent hosts on a local network from receiving traffic for a multicast group they have not explicitly joined. It provides switches with a mechanism to prune multicast traffic from links that do not contain a multicast listener (an IGMP client). A switch will, by default, flood multicast traffic to all the ports in a broadcast domain. Multicast can cause unnecessary load on host devices by requiring them to process packets they have not solicited. When purposefully exploited this is known as one variation of a denial of service attack.
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IGMP Snooping
IGMP snooping allows a switch to only forward multicast traffic to the links that have solicited them. Essentially, IGMP snooping is a layer 2 optimization for the layer 3 IGMP. IGMP snooping takes place internally on switches and is not a protocol feature. Snooping is therefore especially useful for bandwidth-intensive IP multicast applications such as IPTV.
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Thank You
Thank You