Hydraulics Lecture Material

1
HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS
Introduction Introduction
Basic Hydraulics Basic Hydraulics
Head Loss Head Loss
Pipelines Pipelines
Lateral Design Lateral Design
Mainline Design Mainline Design
Introduction Introduction
An understanding and use of An understanding and use of hydraulics hydraulics is is
absolutely essential for proper development absolutely essential for proper development
and operation of modern irrigation systems and operation of modern irrigation systems
Irrigation hydraulics involves the determination Irrigation hydraulics involves the determination
of the pressure distribution in the system, the of the pressure distribution in the system, the
selection of pipe sizes and fittings to convey selection of pipe sizes and fittings to convey
and regulate water delivery, and the and regulate water delivery, and the
determination of the power and energy determination of the power and energy
requirements to pressurize and lift water. requirements to pressurize and lift water.
Mistakes made in setting up an irrigation system Mistakes made in setting up an irrigation system
are often very expensive to correct, whereas the are often very expensive to correct, whereas the
cost of appropriate planning to avoid errors is cost of appropriate planning to avoid errors is
small. small.
2
3
One of the most important considerations in One of the most important considerations in
the hydraulics of irrigation systems is the the hydraulics of irrigation systems is the
amount of amount of energy energy that is available in the water that is available in the water
at any point within the system. With water at any point within the system. With water
flow, energy can be in the following forms: flow, energy can be in the following forms:
1. 1. Kinetic energy due to velocity Kinetic energy due to velocity
2. 2. Potential energy due to elevation Potential energy due to elevation
3. 3. Potential energy due to water Potential energy due to water
pressure. pressure.
In this class, the energy in water is expressed In this class, the energy in water is expressed
as energy per unit weight of water. Energy has as energy per unit weight of water. Energy has
the units of FL (force times length) and weight the units of FL (force times length) and weight
has the units of Force (F). has the units of Force (F). Thus, energy per Thus, energy per
unit weight has the units of FL / F or just the unit weight has the units of FL / F or just the
dimension of L (LENGTH). dimension of L (LENGTH).
Hence, the energy of water in an irrigation Hence, the energy of water in an irrigation
system includes velocity head, elevation head, system includes velocity head, elevation head,
and pressure head. and pressure head.
The The potential energy potential energy due to elevation is a due to elevation is a
result of the location of the water relative result of the location of the water relative
to an arbitrary reference plane. Water at a to an arbitrary reference plane. Water at a
higher elevation has more potential higher elevation has more potential
energy than water at a lower elevation. energy than water at a lower elevation.
The water has the ability to do work as it The water has the ability to do work as it
flows downhill, such as eroding the soil flows downhill, such as eroding the soil
surface, generating power, etc. The surface, generating power, etc. The
potential energy of the water decreases potential energy of the water decreases
as it flows downhill. The letter Z will be as it flows downhill. The letter Z will be
used to represent elevation head or used to represent elevation head or
called called gravitational head gravitational head. .
4
The potential energy due to the pressurization of The potential energy due to the pressurization of
water can be a very large component in an water can be a very large component in an
irrigation system. Pressure is the force per unit irrigation system. Pressure is the force per unit
area exerted on the walls of a container. The area exerted on the walls of a container. The
pressure may be expressed as: pressure may be expressed as:
P = P = h or h = P / h or h = P / Equation 2 Equation 2
where: where: P = pressure (lb per square inch) P = pressure (lb per square inch)
= weight of a unit volume of fluid = weight of a unit volume of fluid
(specific weight), lb per ft (specific weight), lb per ft
3 3
. .
In general, the maximum recommended average In general, the maximum recommended average
velocity in an enclosed pipeline is 5 ft/sec. velocity in an enclosed pipeline is 5 ft/sec.
When the velocity in a pipeline exceeds 5 ft/sec, When the velocity in a pipeline exceeds 5 ft/sec,
there is a potential to develop very high there is a potential to develop very high
pressure surges pressure surges which may damage pipelines. which may damage pipelines.
Pressure surges are due to flow being stopped Pressure surges are due to flow being stopped
suddenly while the upstream water has a large suddenly while the upstream water has a large
amount of amount of momentum momentum. When the flow is . When the flow is
stopped too quickly, the rapid change in stopped too quickly, the rapid change in
momentum results in impulsive force called momentum results in impulsive force called
water hammer water hammer. .
P = P = h or h = P / h or h = P / Eq Eq 2 2
where: where: P = pressure (lb per square P = pressure (lb per square
inch) inch)
= weight of a unit volume of = weight of a unit volume of
fluid (specific weight), lb fluid (specific weight), lb
per ft per ft
3 3
h = pressure head, ft. h = pressure head, ft.
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EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Two columns of water are filled to a height of 10 Two columns of water are filled to a height of 10
feet with water. One column has a cross feet with water. One column has a cross- -
sectional area of 1 in sectional area of 1 in
2 2
, the other 10 in , the other 10 in
2 2
. Find the . Find the
pressure at the bottom of each column. pressure at the bottom of each column.
Given: Given: h = 10 ft, and h = 10 ft, and
= 62.4 lb/ft = 62.4 lb/ft
3 3
Find: Find: Pressure, P Pressure, P
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
= 62.4 lb/ft = 62.4 lb/ft
3 3
Solution: Solution:
P = P = h or h = P / h or h = P / Equation 2 Equation 2
P = 62.4 lb/ft P = 62.4 lb/ft
3 3
(10 ft) (ft (10 ft) (ft
2 2
/ 144 in / 144 in
2 2
) = 4.33 lb/in ) = 4.33 lb/in
2 2
P = 4.33 psi P = 4.33 psi
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
= 62.4 lb/ft = 62.4 lb/ft
3 3
Solution: Solution:
P = 4.33 psi P = 4.33 psi
NOTE: THE PRESSURE IS NOTE: THE PRESSURE IS
INDEPENDENT OF THE SURFACE AREA INDEPENDENT OF THE SURFACE AREA
OF THE COLUMN. OF THE COLUMN.
The PRESSURE IS INDEPENDENT OF THE The PRESSURE IS INDEPENDENT OF THE
SURFACE AREA! SURFACE AREA!
In English units, it is convenient to express: In English units, it is convenient to express:
= 0.433 psi / ft = 0.433 psi / ft Equation 3 Equation 3
Or Or
1/ 1/ = 2.31 ft / psi = 2.31 ft / psi ONLY FOR ONLY FOR
WATER WATER
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Kinetic energy is the result of the movement of Kinetic energy is the result of the movement of
the fluid and the term the fluid and the term VELOCITY HEAD VELOCITY HEAD is given is given
by: by:
Velocity Head = V
2
/ (2g) Equation 1 Equation 1
where: where: V = average velocity at a point in a V = average velocity at a point in a
pipe or channel, ft/sec, pipe or channel, ft/sec,
g = gravitational constant, 32.2 g = gravitational constant, 32.2
ft/sec ft/sec
2 2
. .
The sum of the energy forms the total energy The sum of the energy forms the total energy
per unit weight called HYDRAULIC HEAD (H). It per unit weight called HYDRAULIC HEAD (H). It
is: is:
H = + elevation head + pressure head + velocity H = + elevation head + pressure head + velocity
head head
H = Z + h + H = Z + h + V V
2 2
/(2g) /(2g) Equation 4 Equation 4
Another important concept of water flow is Another important concept of water flow is
continuity continuity. In a hydraulic system, mass must . In a hydraulic system, mass must
be conserved. For incompressible fluid flow, be conserved. For incompressible fluid flow,
such as water, the continuity equation is such as water, the continuity equation is
expressed as: expressed as:
Q = V A Q = V A Equation 5 Equation 5
where: where: Q = volumetric flow rate or Q = volumetric flow rate or
discharge, discharge,
V = average flow velocity V = average flow velocity
A = cross A = cross- -sectional area of flow. sectional area of flow.
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EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
In the pipeline system shown on the next In the pipeline system shown on the next
page, find the hydraulic head at the inlet into page, find the hydraulic head at the inlet into
the 4 the 4- -inch diameter pipeline. inch diameter pipeline.
Given: Given: Z = 15 feet Z = 15 feet
P = 60 psi P = 60 psi
Q = 400 gpm Q = 400 gpm
d = 4 inch (internal diameter) d = 4 inch (internal diameter)
Find: Find: h, V = Q/A, Velocity Head, and h, V = Q/A, Velocity Head, and
Total Head Total Head
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EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
Solution: Solution:
h = 60 psi (2.31 ft/psi) = 139 feet h = 60 psi (2.31 ft/psi) = 139 feet
A = A = /4 (4 in) /4 (4 in)
2 2
= 12.57 in = 12.57 in
2 2
(ft (ft
2 2
/144 in /144 in
2 2
) = 0.087 ft ) = 0.087 ft
2 2
Q = 400 gpm/ (450 gpm/cfs) = 0.89 cfs (ft Q = 400 gpm/ (450 gpm/cfs) = 0.89 cfs (ft
3 3
/sec) /sec)
V = Q/A = 0.89 ft V = Q/A = 0.89 ft
3 3
/sec / 0.087 ft /sec / 0.087 ft
2 2
= 10.23 ft/sec = 10.23 ft/sec
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
Solution: Solution:
V = Q/A = 0.89 ft V = Q/A = 0.89 ft
3 3
/sec / 0.087 ft /sec / 0.087 ft
2 2
= 10.23 ft/sec = 10.23 ft/sec
Velocity Head = V Velocity Head = V
2 2
/2g = /2g =
(10.23 ft/sec) (10.23 ft/sec)
2 2
/ {2 (32.2 ft/sec / {2 (32.2 ft/sec
2 2
)} = 1.6 ft )} = 1.6 ft
Total Head (H) = 15 ft + 139 ft + 1.6 ft = 156 ft Total Head (H) = 15 ft + 139 ft + 1.6 ft = 156 ft
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
What is the velocity head at point 2 in What is the velocity head at point 2 in
EXAMPLE 2? EXAMPLE 2?
Given: Given: Q Q
2 2
= Q = Q
1 1
= 400 gpm = 400 gpm
d d
2 2
= 10 inch = 10 inch
Find: Find: A A
2 2
= = /4 d /4 d
2 2
2 2
Velocity, V Velocity, V
Velocity Head at point 2 Velocity Head at point 2
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
Solution: Solution:
A A
2 2
= = /4 (10 in) /4 (10 in)
2 2
= 78.5 in = 78.5 in
2 2
(ft (ft
2 2
/144 in /144 in
2 2
) = 0.526 ) = 0.526
ft ft
2 2
Q Q
2 2
= Q = Q
1 1
= 400 gpm/ (450 gpm/cfs) = 0.89 cfs = 400 gpm/ (450 gpm/cfs) = 0.89 cfs
(ft (ft
3 3
/sec) /sec)
V = Q/A = 0.89 ft V = Q/A = 0.89 ft
3 3
/sec / 0.526 ft /sec / 0.526 ft
2 2
= 1.69 ft/sec = 1.69 ft/sec
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EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
Solution: Solution:
V = Q/A = 0.89 ft V = Q/A = 0.89 ft
3 3
/sec / 0.526 ft /sec / 0.526 ft
2 2
= 1.69 ft/sec = 1.69 ft/sec
Velocity Head = V Velocity Head = V
2 2
/2g = /2g =
(1.69 ft/sec) (1.69 ft/sec)
2 2
/ {2 (32.2 ft/sec / {2 (32.2 ft/sec
2 2
)} = 0.04 ft )} = 0.04 ft
THUS, the velocity head in the 10 THUS, the velocity head in the 10- -inch pipe is inch pipe is
only 0.025 times the velocity head in the 4 only 0.025 times the velocity head in the 4- -inch inch
pipe. pipe.
An important law of fluid mechanics is An important law of fluid mechanics is
conservation of energy conservation of energy. Conservation of energy . Conservation of energy
for irrigation systems is described by the for irrigation systems is described by the
Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation, which is given by: , which is given by:
H H
2 2
= H = H
1 1
- - h h
L L
Equation 6 Equation 6
where: where: H H
1 1
= hydraulic head at point 1 in a = hydraulic head at point 1 in a
system system (upstream) (upstream)
H H
2 2
= hydraulic head at point 2 in a = hydraulic head at point 2 in a
system system (down stream) (down stream)
h h
L L
= head loss during flow from point 1 = head loss during flow from point 1
to point 2. to point 2.
The head loss from point 1 to point 2 is The head loss from point 1 to point 2 is
due to friction loss from the resistance due to friction loss from the resistance
to flow along a pipeline and to minor to flow along a pipeline and to minor
pressure losses of energy through pipe pressure losses of energy through pipe
fittings, etc. fittings, etc.
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Friction Loss in Pipes Friction Loss in Pipes
Darcy Darcy- -Weisbach Weisbach Formula Formula
). (L/T gravity of on accelerati the is
(L/T), pipe the in velocity fluid mean the is
(L) diameter pipe internal the is
(L), length pipe the is
less), (dimension number Reynolds and properties fluid
roughness, pipe of function a is which factor, friction Weisbach - Darcy the is
(L), loss friction the is
: where
2
2
2
g
V
D
L
f
h
g
V
D
L
f h
f
f
=
constant. conversion
where

2
: made be can ons substituti following the pipes, circular for Further,
2
5
2
2
2
=
= =
k
D
Q
L f k
g
V
D
L
f h
f
HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS
11
The friction factor is a function of Reynolds The friction factor is a function of Reynolds
Number and relative roughness of the pipe Number and relative roughness of the pipe
internal material. Generally, the solution of internal material. Generally, the solution of
this equation is often a trial and error as the this equation is often a trial and error as the
flow is not known and thus the Reynolds flow is not known and thus the Reynolds
number (and thus the friction factor) is not number (and thus the friction factor) is not
known. known.
Hazen Hazen- -Williams Formula Williams Formula
/T), (L velocity fluid mean the is
material. pipe of function a is which
factor friction Williams - Hazen the is
units, the handle factor to conversion a is
: where
2
852 . 1
852 . 1
167 . 1
V
D
L
C
K
h
C
V
D
L
K h
f
f
=
/T), (L rate flow the is
material. pipe of function a is which factor, friction Williams - Hazen the is
: where
: made be can tion simplifica following the conduits, circular for Further,
3
1
852 . 1
852 . 1
871 . 4 1
Q
D
L
C
k
h
C
Q
D
L
k h
f
f
=
Computing Friction Loss Computing Friction Loss
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ] Equation 8a Equation 8a
P P
f f
= 456 [Q/C] = 456 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ] Equation 8b Equation 8b
where: h where: h
f f
= friction loss, ft of head per 100 ft = friction loss, ft of head per 100 ft
of pipe of pipe
P P
f f
= friction loss, psi per 100 ft of pipe = friction loss, psi per 100 ft of pipe
Q = flow rate, gpm Q = flow rate, gpm
D = inside pipe diameter, inches D = inside pipe diameter, inches
C = roughness coefficient C = roughness coefficient
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Representative values of C for different pipe Representative values of C for different pipe
materials are given in materials are given in TABLE 1 TABLE 1. The value of C . The value of C
decreases as the roughness of the pipe wall decreases as the roughness of the pipe wall
decreases. Accordingly, of the materials listed decreases. Accordingly, of the materials listed
in in TABLE 1 TABLE 1, steel pipe is the roughest material (C , steel pipe is the roughest material (C
= 100) while PVC is the smoothest (C = 150). = 100) while PVC is the smoothest (C = 150).
Table 2 Table 2 illustrates the friction loss for PVC pipe illustrates the friction loss for PVC pipe
as a function of pipe size and flow rate. Note the as a function of pipe size and flow rate. Note the
friction losses in Table 2 are in ft per 100 ft and friction losses in Table 2 are in ft per 100 ft and
are for PVC pipe of an SDR of 21. are for PVC pipe of an SDR of 21.
TABLE 1. HAZEN TABLE 1. HAZEN- -WILLIAMS C VALUES WILLIAMS C VALUES
MATERIAL MATERIAL C C
Aluminum pipe with couplers Aluminum pipe with couplers 120 120
Aluminum pipe with gates Aluminum pipe with gates 110 110
Cement asbestos pipe Cement asbestos pipe 140 140
Galvanized steel pipe Galvanized steel pipe 140 140
Standard steel pipe Standard steel pipe 100 100
PVC Class 160 irrigation pipe PVC Class 160 irrigation pipe 150 150
PVC pipe with gates PVC pipe with gates 130 130
Table 2 Friction loss for IPS PVC pipe.
Q
(gal/min) 1-in 1
1
/4-in 1
1
/2-in 2-in 2
1
/2-in
- - - - - - - Friction head loss in ft/100 ft - - - - - - -
2
4
6
8
10
.15
.54
1.15
2.98
.04
.17
.37
.63
.95
.02
.09
.19
.32
.49
.03
.06
.11
.16
.01
.02
.04
.06
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.32
10.79
16.30
22.86
2.03
3.46
5.22
7.32
9.75
12.46
15.51
18.87
1.04
1.78
2.70
3.78
5.03
6.46
8.02
9.75
.35
.60
.91
1.27
1.70
2.18
2.71
3.30
.14
.23
.36
.50
.67
.86
1.07
1.30
Q
(gal/min) 4-in 5-in 6-in 8-in 10-in 12-in
- - - - - - - Friction headloss in ft/100 ft - - - - - - -
150
160
170
180
190
200
1.11
1.26
1.41
1.57
1.73
1.90
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
2.28
2.67
3.10
3.56
4.04
4.56
5.10
5.67
6.26
6.90
.81
.95
1.10
1.26
1.43
1.62
1.82
2.02
2.22
2.45
2.69
2.92
3.18
3.44
3.70
.34
.40
.46
.54
.61
.69
.77
.86
.95
1.04
1.14
1.25
1.35
1.46
1.58
1.89
2.22
2.58
2.96
3.36
3.78
4.24
4.71
5.21
5 73
.09
.10
.12
.14
.17
.19
.21
.24
.26
.28
.31
.34
.37
.41
.43
.52
.61
.71
.81
.93
1.04
1.17
1.30
1.44
1 58
.10
.10
.11
.12
.14
.15
.18
.21
.24
.28
.32
.36
.40
.44
.49
54
.060
.083
.096
.110
.125
.141
.158
.175
.194
.213
233
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Pipe Sizes Pipe Sizes
Both the internal and external pipe diameters Both the internal and external pipe diameters
are determined by the material used to are determined by the material used to
manufacture the pipe and the manufacture the pipe and the nominal nominal pipe pipe
diameter. These values are available in diameter. These values are available in
many different locations and standards. many different locations and standards.
Several are included here for reference. Several are included here for reference.
SHOW EXAMPLES OF PVC PIPE SHOW EXAMPLES OF PVC PIPE
Pipelines Pipelines
Discuss pipe sizes Discuss pipe sizes
PVC PVC ---- ---- OD controlled (fittings are external OD controlled (fittings are external
to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness reduces to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness reduces
pipe pipe ID. ID.
ALUMINUM ALUMINUM --- --- OD controlled (fittings are OD controlled (fittings are
external to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness external to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness
reduces pipe ID. reduces pipe ID.
BLACK POLY BLACK POLY --- --- ID controlled (fittings are ID controlled (fittings are
internal to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness internal to pipe). Thus, pipe thickness
does not impact pipe ID. does not impact pipe ID.
Aluminum Pipe Sizes Aluminum Pipe Sizes
NOTE: Aluminum Pipe with Couplers, C = 130 NOTE: Aluminum Pipe with Couplers, C = 130
9.818 9.818 10.00 10.00 10 10
7.856 7.856 8.00 8.00 8 8
6.872 6.872 7.00 7.00 7 7
5.884 5.884 6.00 6.00 6 6
4.896 4.896 5.00 5.00 5 5
3.906 3.906 4.00 4.00 4 4
2.914 2.914 3.00 3.00 3 3
1.902 1.902 2.00 2.00 2 2
PIPE I.D. (in) PIPE I.D. (in) PIPE O.D. (in) PIPE O.D. (in) NOMINAL PIPE SIZE NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
(in) (in)
14
22 50 ft head
43 93.5
25 30 40 50 81.0
30 40 50 63 64.0
40 50 63 80 51.0
31 40 50 63 80 100 41.0
40 50 63 80 100 125 32.5
50 64 80 100 125 160 26.0
64 80 100 125 160 200 21.0
63 80 100 125 160 200 250 15.0 17.0
160 200 250 315 11.5 13.5
100 125 160 9.0 11.0
125 160 200 7.0
160 200 250 5.3
psi psi Psi psi psi Psi psi I.D.
Based
Pipe
O.D.
Based
Pipe
PE 2305 PE 3406
PE 3306
PE 2306
PE 3408 PVC 2110 PVC 2112 PVC 2116 PVC 1120
PVC 1220
PVC 2120
SDR SDR
PVC Pipe Sizes PVC Pipe Sizes
Table 1. Pressure ratings (PR) for nonthreaded thermoplastic pipe.
5.840 5.90 6.000 PIP 6.140 156.00
5.761 6.065 5.845 5.993 6.115 6.301 6.417 IPS 6.625 168.28 6 150
4.813 5.047 4.909 5.033 5.135 5.291 5.389 IPS 5.563 141.30 5 125
3.932 3.972 4.004 PIP 4.134 105.00
3.826 4.026 3.970 4.072 4.154 4.280 4.36 IPS 4.500 114.30 4 100
3.364 3.548 3.530 3.62 3.692 3.804 IPS 4.000 101.60 3 90
2.900 3.068 3.088 3.166 3.230 3.330 IPS 3.500 88.90 3 80
2.323 2.469 2.537 2.601 2.655 IPS 2.875 73.02 2 65
1.939 2.067 2.095 2.149 2.193 IPS 2.375 60.32 2 50
1.500 1.610 1.676 1.720 1.754 IPS 1.900 48.26 1 40
1.218 1.380 1.464 1.502 1.532 IPS 1.660 42.16 1 32
0.957 1.049 1.161 1.189 1.212 IPS 1.315 33.40 1 25
0.742 0.834 0.926 0.930 IPS 1.050 26.67 20
0.546 0.622 IPS 0.840 21.34 15
0.423 0.493 IPS 0.675 17.14 3/8 10
0.302 0.364 IPS 0.540 13.72 8
0.215 0.279 IPS 0.405 10.29 1/8 4
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
in mm In mm
Schedule
80
Schedule
40
SDR 17 SDR 21 SDR 26 SDR 41 SDR 51 SDR 64 50 ft
head
Pipe
Class
Average
O.D.
Average
O.D.
Nominal
Pipe Size
Nominal
Pipe Size
31.764 32.572 33.230 34.244 IPS 36.000 914.40 36 900
26.47 27.144 27.692 28.536 IPS 30.000 762.00 30 750
25.803 26.589 26.857 PIP 27.953 710.00 27 700
22.895 23.593 23.831 24.271 PIP 24.803 629.99
21.176 21.714 22.154 22.830 23.058 23.486 IPS 24.000 609.60 24 600
20.351 20.971 21.183 21.575 PIP 22.047 559.99 21 550
17.648 18.096 18.462 19.024 19.200 19.564 IPS 20.000 508.00 20 500
17.263 17.789 17.969 18.310 PIP 18.701 475.00
15.882 16.286 16.616 17.122 17.280 17.606 IPS 18.000 457.20 18 450
14.118 14.476 14.770 15.220 IPS 16.000 406.40 16 400
13.844 14.124 14.554 14.700 14.972 15.000 PIP 15.300 388.62 15 380
12.354 12.668 12.924 13.318 IPS 14.000 355.60 14 350
11.642 11.760 11.978 12.000 PIP 12.240 311.00
11.938 11.250 11.538 11.770 12.128 IPS 12.750 323.85 12 300
9.720 9.800 9.982 10.000 PIP 10.200 259.00
10.02 9.486 9.728 9.924 10.226 IPS 10.750 273.05 10 250
7.762 7.840 7.986 8.000 PIP 8.160 207.00
7.981 7.609 7.805 7.961 8.205 IPS 8.625 219.08 8 200
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
Pipe
I.D.(in)
in mm In mm
Schedule
40
SDR 17 SDR 21 SDR 26 SDR 41 SDR 51 100 ft
head
50 ft
head
Pipe
Class
Average
O.D.
Average
O.D.
Nominal
Pipe Size
Nominal
Pipe Size
Table 3. Pipe dimensions for PE pipe, I.D. Controlled.
6.625 7.119 6.873 6.703 6.065 154.05 6 154
4.000 4.726 4.562 4.450 4.026 102.26 4 102
3.500 3.602 3.478 3.390 3.068 77.93 3 78
2.875 2.899 2.799 2.729 2.469 62.71 2 63
2.375 2.847 2.657 2.527 2.427 2.343 2.285 2.067 52.50 2 52
1.900 2.218 2.070 1.968 1.890 1.824 1.780 1.610 40.89 1 41
1.660 1.900 1.774 1.686 1.620 1.564 1.526 1.380 35.05 1 35
1.315 1.445 1.349 1.283 1.231 1.189 1.169 1.049 26.64 1 27
1.050 1.134 1.060 1.008 0.968 0.944 0.944 0.824 20.93 21
0.840 0.856 0.800 0.760 0.742 0.742 0.742 0.622 15.80 16
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
Pipe
O.D.(in)
in mm In mm
Schedule
40
SDR
5.3
SDR
7
SDR
9
SDR
11.5
SDR
15
SDR
19
Average
I.D.
Average
I.D.
Nominal
Pipe Size
Nominal
Pipe Size
15
Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation
H H
2 2
= H = H
1 1
- - h h
L L
h h
2 2
+ Z + Z
2 2
+ V + V
2 2
2 2
/2g = /2g = h h
1 1
+ Z + Z
1 1
+ V + V
1 1
2 2
/2g /2g - losses losses
Z Z
1 1
= 110 feet, Z = 110 feet, Z
2 2
= 100 feet = 100 feet
P P
1 1
= 50 psi, P = 50 psi, P
2 2
= ?? = ??
Pipe is 6 inch IPS PVC, SDR = 21 (200 psi) Pipe is 6 inch IPS PVC, SDR = 21 (200 psi)
Length is 1,000 feet Length is 1,000 feet
Z Z
1 1
= 110 feet, Z = 110 feet, Z
2 2
= 100 feet = 100 feet
P P
1 1
= 50 psi, P = 50 psi, P
2 2
= ??; h = ??; h
1 1
= 50 (2.31) = 115.5 feet = 50 (2.31) = 115.5 feet
In this case, V In this case, V
1 1
= V = V
2 2
, thus velocity heads cancel , thus velocity heads cancel
h h
2 2
+ 100 = h + 100 = h
1 1
+ 110 + 110 losses losses
h h
2 2
= 115.5 + 110 = 115.5 + 110 - - 100 100 - - losses losses
h h
2 2
= 115.5 + 10 = 115.5 + 10 losses losses
Q Q losses losses losses losses h h
2 2
P P
2 2
gpm gpm ft/100 ft ft/100 ft 1,000 ft 1,000 ft ft ft psi psi
600 600 2.22 2.22 22.2 22.2 103.3 103.3 44.7 44.7
300 300 0.61 0.61 6.10 6.10 119.4 119.4 51.7 51.7
EXAMPLE OF PIPE EXAMPLE OF PIPE
MATERIAL ON MATERIAL ON
FRICTION LOSS FRICTION LOSS
16
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ] Equation 8a Equation 8a
where: h where: h
f f
= friction loss, ft of head per 100 ft of = friction loss, ft of head per 100 ft of
pipe pipe
Q = flow rate, gpm Q = flow rate, gpm
D = inside pipe diameter, inches D = inside pipe diameter, inches
C = roughness coefficient, C = roughness coefficient,
Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
Size Size Material Material I.D. I.D. O.D. O.D. C C
1 in 1 in Sch 40 PVC Sch 40 PVC 1.049 1.049 1.315 1.315 150 150
1 in 1 in Sch 40 Steel Sch 40 Steel 1.049 1.049 1.315 1.315 100 100
in in Sch 40 PVC Sch 40 PVC 0.622 0.622 0.848 0.848 150 150
Q = 10 gpm Q = 10 gpm
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
inch SCH 40 PVC inch SCH 40 PVC
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 1054 [10/150] = 1054 [10/150]
1.852 1.852
[1/0.622 [1/0.622
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 70.5 ft/100ft = 70.5 ft/100ft
h h
f f
= 130.5 psi/100ft = 130.5 psi/100ft
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
1 inch SCH 40 PVC 1 inch SCH 40 PVC
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 1054 [10/150] = 1054 [10/150]
1.852 1.852
[1/1.049 [1/1.049
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 5.541 ft/100ft = 5.541 ft/100ft
h h
f f
= 2.4 psi/100ft = 2.4 psi/100ft
17
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
1 inch SCH 40 STEEL 1 inch SCH 40 STEEL
h h
f f
= 1054 [Q/C] = 1054 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 1054 [10/100] = 1054 [10/100]
1.852 1.852
[1/1.049 [1/1.049
4.866 4.866
] ]
h h
f f
= 11.74 ft/100ft = 11.74 ft/100ft
h h
f f
= 5.08 psi/100ft = 5.08 psi/100ft
COMPARISONS BETWEEN PIPES COMPARISONS BETWEEN PIPES
INCH PVC INCH PVC ---- ---- 30.5 PSI/100 FT 30.5 PSI/100 FT
1 INCH PVC 1 INCH PVC ------- ------- 2.4 PSI/100FT 2.4 PSI/100FT
1 INCH STEEL 1 INCH STEEL ------ ------ 5.08 PSI/100FT 5.08 PSI/100FT
STEEL HAS TWICE THE LOSS OF PVC STEEL HAS TWICE THE LOSS OF PVC
DOUBLE SIZE HAS APPROXIMATELY 1/6 DOUBLE SIZE HAS APPROXIMATELY 1/6
LOSS LOSS
Head Loss Head Loss
Minor or Fitting Losses Minor or Fitting Losses
Head losses also occur in the fittings used in Head losses also occur in the fittings used in
construction of a system. These head losses construction of a system. These head losses
are due to the friction in the fitting, plus losses are due to the friction in the fitting, plus losses
resulting from the turbulence and changes in resulting from the turbulence and changes in
the direction of flow. Head losses in fittings, the direction of flow. Head losses in fittings,
valves, etc., can be described by: valves, etc., can be described by:
Head Loss Head Loss
Head losses in fittings, valves, etc., can be Head losses in fittings, valves, etc., can be
described by: described by:
h h
m m
= K {V = K {V
2 2
/2g} /2g} Equation 9 Equation 9
where: where: h h
m m
= head loss in fitting, ft = head loss in fitting, ft
K = resistance coefficient for fitting, K = resistance coefficient for fitting,
V = velocity of flow, ft/sec V = velocity of flow, ft/sec
18
Head Loss Head Loss
Resistance coefficients for various types of Resistance coefficients for various types of
fittings and valves are given in fittings and valves are given in TABLE 4. TABLE 4.
Table 4 Resistance coefficient K for use determining head losses in fittings and valves.
Standard pipe
Nominal diameter
Fitting or valve
3 in
(76.2 mm)
4 in
(101.6 mm)
5 in
(127.0 mm)
6 in
(152.4 mm)
7 in
(177.8 mm)
8 in
(203.2 mm)
10 in
(254 mm)
Bends:
Return flanged
Return screwed
Elbows:
Regular flanged 90
Long radius flanged 90
Long radius flanged 45
Regular screwed 90
Long radius screwed 90
Regular screwed 45
Tees:
Flanged line flow
Flanged branch flow
Screwed line flow
Screwed branch flow
Valves:
Globe flanged
Globe screwed
Gate flanged
Gate screwed
0.33
.80
0.34
.25
.19
.80
.30
.30
.16
.73
.90
1.20
7.0
6.0
.21
14
0.30
.70
0.31
.22
.18
.70
.23
.28
.14
.68
.90
1.10
6.3
5.7
.16
12
0.29
0.30
.20
.18
.13
.65
6.0
.13
0.28
0.28
.18
.17
.12
.60
5.8
.11
0.27
0.27
.17
.17
.11
.58
5.7
.09
0.25
0.26
.15
.17
.10
.56
5.6
.075
0.24
0.25
.14
.16
.09
.52
5.5
.06
Head Loss Head Loss
VELOCITY HEAD (practical guide) VELOCITY HEAD (practical guide)
V V
2 2
/(2g) = 2.594 * 10 /(2g) = 2.594 * 10
- -3 3
(gpm (gpm
2 2
)/I.D. )/I.D.
4 4
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Q = 40 GPM, ID = 1.5 INCH Q = 40 GPM, ID = 1.5 INCH
V V
2 2
/(2g) = 2.594*10 /(2g) = 2.594*10
- -3 3
(40 (40
2 2
)/1.5 )/1.5
4 4
= 0.82 ft = 0.82 ft
Pipelines Pipelines
Irrigation pipelines are made of many Irrigation pipelines are made of many
materials. Currently, the most common materials. Currently, the most common
materials used for above ground sprinkler materials used for above ground sprinkler
systems and gated systems and gated- -pipe surface irrigation pipe surface irrigation
systems are aluminum and ultraviolet systems are aluminum and ultraviolet
radiation protected PVC (polyvinyl chloride radiation protected PVC (polyvinyl chloride
plastic). Center plastic). Center- -pivot and lateral systems pivot and lateral systems
commonly use galvanized steel as the commonly use galvanized steel as the
pipeline material. pipeline material.
19
Pipelines Pipelines
For pipelines that are buried below the For pipelines that are buried below the
ground, the most common material in ground, the most common material in
agricultural applications is PVC and in agricultural applications is PVC and in
landscape and turf application it is either landscape and turf application it is either
PVC or PE (polyethylene plastic). PE is also PVC or PE (polyethylene plastic). PE is also
commonly used for above commonly used for above- -ground micro ground micro- -
irrigation systems. irrigation systems.
Pipelines Pipelines
Sizing mainlines is usually based on a Sizing mainlines is usually based on a
maximum of 5 to 6 ft/sec average velocity. maximum of 5 to 6 ft/sec average velocity.
The typical flow ranges for aluminum pipe The typical flow ranges for aluminum pipe
and class 160 PVC pipe at various nominal and class 160 PVC pipe at various nominal
sizes and reasonable flow velocities are sizes and reasonable flow velocities are
shown below. shown below.
Pipeline flow rates. VELOCITY = 5 ft/sec Pipeline flow rates. VELOCITY = 5 ft/sec
Nominal Nominal Aluminum Aluminum Class 160 PVC Class 160 PVC
Size Size ID ID Q Q ID ID Q Q
in in in in gpm gpm in in gpm gpm
1 1 1.4 1.4 24 24 1.754 1.754 38 38
2 2 1.9 1.9 44 44 2.193 2.193 59 59
4 4 3.9 3.9 186 186 4.154 4.154 211 211
6 6 5.9 5.9 426 426 6.115 6.115 458 458
8 8 7.9 7.9 764 764 7.961 7.961 776 776
10 10 9.9 9.9 1199 1199 9.924 9.924 1205 1205
12 12 11/9 11/9 1733 1733 11.770 11.770 1695 1695
Table 8.2 Friction loss for I PS PVC pipe.
Q
( gal/min) 1-in 1
11
/44-in 1
11
/22-in 2-in 2
11
/22-in 3 -in 3
11
/22-in
- - - - - - - Friction head loss in ft/100 ft - - - - - - -
2
4
6
8
10
. 15
. 54
1.15
2.98
.04
.17
.37
.63
.95
.02
.09
.19
.32
.49
. 03
. 06
. 11
. 16
.01
.02
.04
.06
.01
.02 .01
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.32
10 .79
16 .30
22 .86
2.03
3.46
5.22
7.32
9.75
12. 46
15. 51
18. 87
1.04
1.78
2.70
3.78
5.03
6.46
8.02
9.75
. 35
. 60
. 91
1.27
1.70
2.18
2.71
3.30
.14
.23
.36
.50
.67
.86
1.07
1.30
.05
.09
.13
.19
.25
.32
.40
.49
.02
.04
.07
.10
.13
.17
.21
.25
20
VA = Vacuum, Air Vent Valve
C = Check Valve or Backflow Preventer
G = Shutoff Valve
PR = Pressure Relief
D = Automatic Drain Valve
The irrigation planner and designer is The irrigation planner and designer is
interested in two basic problems related to interested in two basic problems related to
pipeline hydraulics. The first is concerned pipeline hydraulics. The first is concerned
with the flow of water in pipes with multiple with the flow of water in pipes with multiple
outlets (sprinkler laterals or drip irrigation outlets (sprinkler laterals or drip irrigation
laterals) and flow of water in pipelines laterals) and flow of water in pipelines
without multiple outlets, such as main lines without multiple outlets, such as main lines
and sub and sub- -mains. mains.
A pipeline with outlets has a lower friction loss A pipeline with outlets has a lower friction loss
than a conveyance pipe because the velocity than a conveyance pipe because the velocity
decreases with distance along the pipe. To decreases with distance along the pipe. To
correct for the effect of outlets, a multiple correct for the effect of outlets, a multiple
outlet factor, F is used. The value of F is one, outlet factor, F is used. The value of F is one,
for pipelines without outlets. for pipelines without outlets.
ess). dimensionl ( exponent diameter pipe the is
and less), (dimension exponent, velocity the is
(L/T), velocity fluid mean the is
(L), diameter pipe internal the is
chosen, formula loss friction the and
: where
: following the as expressed be can pipes in loss friction the general, In
n
m
V
D
L
K
h
V
D
L
K h
f
m
n
f
=
21
m
n m
f
m
m
n
m
n
f
m
n
f
Q
D
L
k h Thus
D
Q
D
L
K
V
D
L
K h
D
Q
V
A
Q
V
V
D
L
K h
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
2
3
2
2
general, in
4
Thus,

4
or and
: made be can tion simplifica following the Further,
t
t
Assume the sprinkler spacings (S) are all equal Assume the sprinkler spacings (S) are all equal
and that the total number of sprinklers is N, the and that the total number of sprinklers is N, the
total flow into the lateral is Q and each sprinkler total flow into the lateral is Q and each sprinkler
flow (q) is equal to Q/N. Further, the sprinkler flow (q) is equal to Q/N. Further, the sprinkler
lateral length (L) is given as SN. The head loss in lateral length (L) is given as SN. The head loss in
section one of the above figure is calculated as: section one of the above figure is calculated as:
m
n m
f
q
D
S
k h
+
=
2
3 1
Likewise, the head loss in section two and the Likewise, the head loss in section two and the
next sections are calculated as: next sections are calculated as:
m
n m
f
q
D
S
k h
) 2 (
2
3 2
+
=
m
n m
f
q
D
S
k h
) 3 (
2
3 3
+
=
m
n m
fi
iq
D
S
k h
) (
2
3
+
=
The total head loss in the entire lateral in now the The total head loss in the entire lateral in now the
sum of the head loss from each section of the sum of the head loss from each section of the
lateral, or lateral, or

=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
N
i
m
n m
N
i
fi T
iq
D
S
k h h
1
2
3
1
) (
N L S / =

=
+
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
N
i
m
n m
N
i
m
n m
N
i
fi T
iq N L
D
k iq
D
N L
k h h
1
2
3
1
2 3
1
) ( / ) ( /
22
N Q q / =

=
+
=
+ |
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
i
m
m
m
n m
N
i
m
n m T
i
N
Q
N
L
D
k N iQ N L
D
k
h
1
2
3
1
2
3
) ( ) / ( /
=
+ +
=
N
i
m
m
m
n m
T
i
N
Q L
D
k
h
1
1 2
3
) (
NOW, finally recall that for the entire lateral, if it NOW, finally recall that for the entire lateral, if it
were a mainline, the friction loss is were a mainline, the friction loss is
m
n m
f
Q
D
L
k h
+
=
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 2
3
) (
1
) (
+
=
=
+
=
+ +

= = =
m
N
i
m
f
N
i
m
m f
N
i
m
m
m
n m T
N
i
h i
N
h i
N
Q L
D
k
h
Factor F. * line main a were lateral the if loss Head
outlets. multiple for account Factor to * line main a were lateral the if loss Head
=
=
T
T
h
h
2 1
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
Factor F
N
m
N m N
i
m
N
i
m
+ +
+
= =
+
=
If the first sprinkler outlet is located If the first sprinkler outlet is located
spacing from the inlet to the lateral, then the spacing from the inlet to the lateral, then the
factor F must be adjusted. These are given factor F must be adjusted. These are given
in the attached tables. in the attached tables.
23
For lateral pipelines with constant spaced For lateral pipelines with constant spaced
outlets and nearly the same discharge per outlets and nearly the same discharge per
outlet, use outlet, use TABLE 3. TABLE 3. With center With center- -pivots, the pivots, the
sprinkler discharge increases with distance sprinkler discharge increases with distance
from the pivot point. These factors are given from the pivot point. These factors are given
at the bottom. at the bottom.
Table 3 Multiple out let factors for laterals with equally
spread out lets of the same discharge. For center
pivots, see footnote
**
.
No. of
outlets F
No. of
out lets F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1. 0
0.634
0.528
0.480
0.451
0.433
0.419
0.410
0.402
0.396
0.392
0.388
0.384
0.381
0.379
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
50
100
More than
100
0. 377
0. 376
0. 373
0. 372
0. 370
0. 368
0. 366
0. 364
0. 363
0. 362
0. 359
0. 357
0. 355
0. 350
0. 345
* *
F = 0.54 for center pivots without end guns.
F = 0.56 for center pivots with end guns.
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Number of Sprinklers on the Lateral
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e

O
u
t
l
e
t

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
F
)
The sizing of sprinkler laterals is a fundamental The sizing of sprinkler laterals is a fundamental
consideration for sprinkler systems. The consideration for sprinkler systems. The
lateral must be large enough to carry the lateral must be large enough to carry the
needed flow rate so that the pressure loss needed flow rate so that the pressure loss
along the lateral is not excessive. along the lateral is not excessive.
A standard has been established by the A standard has been established by the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers for American Society of Agricultural Engineers for
maximum variations of discharge along a maximum variations of discharge along a
sprinkler lateral. sprinkler lateral.
24
To achieve an acceptable uniformity the To achieve an acceptable uniformity the
standard requires that the discharge variation standard requires that the discharge variation
from the sprinkler with the largest flow to the from the sprinkler with the largest flow to the
sprinkler with the smallest flow not exceed 10% sprinkler with the smallest flow not exceed 10%
of the average discharge. of the average discharge.
Since the discharge from a nozzle is related to Since the discharge from a nozzle is related to
the square root of the pressure, the 10% the square root of the pressure, the 10%
discharge variation is equivalent to a maximum discharge variation is equivalent to a maximum
permissible pressure variation of 20%. permissible pressure variation of 20%.
The variation of pressure along a lateral can be The variation of pressure along a lateral can be
due to elevation changes along the lateral and due to elevation changes along the lateral and
friction loss in the lateral and fittings. The friction loss in the lateral and fittings. The
pressure distribution along a lateral placed on pressure distribution along a lateral placed on
level ground is illustrated in Figure level ground is illustrated in Figure (NEXT). (NEXT).
The pressure at the inlet of the lateral is The pressure at the inlet of the lateral is
determined by the pressure available from the determined by the pressure available from the
mainline. The pressure loss in the first several mainline. The pressure loss in the first several
joints of the lateral is nearly the same as for a joints of the lateral is nearly the same as for a
mainline of the same diameter and pipe mainline of the same diameter and pipe
material. material.
However, as water is discharged from the However, as water is discharged from the
sprinklers on the lateral the flow rate sprinklers on the lateral the flow rate
decreases with distance along the lateral. decreases with distance along the lateral.
Ultimately, the only flow in the last joint of the Ultimately, the only flow in the last joint of the
lateral is that discharged from the last sprinkler lateral is that discharged from the last sprinkler
on the lateral. on the lateral.
Of course there is very little loss in the lateral Of course there is very little loss in the lateral
for such a small flow. The diagram in Figure for such a small flow. The diagram in Figure
(NEXT) (NEXT) shows that the friction loss for a lateral shows that the friction loss for a lateral
is about 35% of the loss encountered in a is about 35% of the loss encountered in a
mainline pipe of the same diameter when flow mainline pipe of the same diameter when flow
rate into the mainline and lateral are the same. rate into the mainline and lateral are the same.
25
The average pressure along the lateral on The average pressure along the lateral on
level ground occurs at a location about 1/4 to level ground occurs at a location about 1/4 to
1/3 of the way from the inlet of the lateral. 1/3 of the way from the inlet of the lateral.
Obviously since pressure varies along the Obviously since pressure varies along the
lateral the discharge also varies. lateral the discharge also varies.
Sprinkler systems are usually designed to Sprinkler systems are usually designed to
select the nozzle size for the average pressure select the nozzle size for the average pressure
along the lateral. Then the pressure at each along the lateral. Then the pressure at each
end of the lateral is computed. end of the lateral is computed.
The diagram in the pressure loss Figure The diagram in the pressure loss Figure
shows that the average pressure is closer to shows that the average pressure is closer to
the pressure at the distal end of the lateral the pressure at the distal end of the lateral
than to the pressure at the inlet of the lateral. than to the pressure at the inlet of the lateral.
For practical purposes the pressure at each For practical purposes the pressure at each
end of a lateral on level ground can be end of a lateral on level ground can be
computed by: computed by:
P P
i i
= P = P
a a
+ + P P
l l
P P
d d
= P = P
a a
P P
l l
26
P P
i i
= P = P
a a
+ + P P
l l
P P
d d
= P = P
a a
P P
l l
where: where: P P
i i
= pressure at the inlet into = pressure at the inlet into
the lateral (psi), the lateral (psi),
P P
a a
= average pressure along the = average pressure along the
lateral lateral (psi), (psi),
P P
d d
= pressure at the distal end of the = pressure at the distal end of the
lateral (psi), and lateral (psi), and
P P
l l
= pressure loss along the lateral = pressure loss along the lateral
(psi). (psi).
From a practical perspective, the maximum From a practical perspective, the maximum
acceptable pressure loss along a lateral acceptable pressure loss along a lateral
placed on level ground equals 23.4% of the placed on level ground equals 23.4% of the
average, or design, pressure of the lateral. In average, or design, pressure of the lateral. In
other words, other words,
Maximum P Maximum P
l l
< 0.234 P < 0.234 P
a a
When a lateral runs up or down hill, the change When a lateral runs up or down hill, the change
in elevation causes changes in pressure. An in elevation causes changes in pressure. An
elevation change of 10 feet is equal to a elevation change of 10 feet is equal to a
pressure change of 4.3 psi. pressure change of 4.3 psi.
Thus, when laterals run downhill there is less Thus, when laterals run downhill there is less
pressure variation from the inlet to the distal end pressure variation from the inlet to the distal end
than for laterals on level ground because the than for laterals on level ground because the
slope provides some pressure increase. When slope provides some pressure increase. When
laterals run uphill the pressure in the lateral laterals run uphill the pressure in the lateral
drops because of friction and because of the drops because of friction and because of the
change in elevation. change in elevation.
Lateral Design (EQUATION 7) Lateral Design (EQUATION 7)
P P P
E E
i a l
i d
= +

|
\
|
.
|
3
4
1
2 231 .
P P P
E E
d a l
i d
= +

|
\
|
.
|
1
4
1
2 231 .
where: Ei = the elevation of the inlet to the lateral (ft) and
Ed = the elevation of the distal end of the lateral (ft).
27
Example 4 Example 4
Given Given: : A sprinkler lateral was designed for A sprinkler lateral was designed for
an average pressure of 50 psi and sprinkler an average pressure of 50 psi and sprinkler
heads with one 5/32 inch nozzle in each heads with one 5/32 inch nozzle in each
sprinkler head. sprinkler head.
The sprinkler lateral is made of 4 inch diameter The sprinkler lateral is made of 4 inch diameter
aluminum pipe with joints 30 feet long. There is aluminum pipe with joints 30 feet long. There is
one sprinkler outlet at the end of each joint of one sprinkler outlet at the end of each joint of
pipe. The lateral is 1,320 feet long. pipe. The lateral is 1,320 feet long.
Example 4 Example 4
Find Find: : a) The pressure at the inlet and a) The pressure at the inlet and
distal ends of the lateral if the lateral is on level distal ends of the lateral if the lateral is on level
ground. b) The pressure at each end of the ground. b) The pressure at each end of the
lateral if the lateral runs down a uniform 2% lateral if the lateral runs down a uniform 2%
grade. c) The pressure at each end of the grade. c) The pressure at each end of the
lateral if the lateral runs up a uniform 2% grade. lateral if the lateral runs up a uniform 2% grade.
Which of these systems meet the ASAE criteria Which of these systems meet the ASAE criteria
for pressure variation in laterals for pressure variation in laterals
Example 4 Example 4
Solution Solution: : There are 44 sprinklers on the lateral There are 44 sprinklers on the lateral
(i.e., 1,320 feet with 30 feet between sprinklers). (i.e., 1,320 feet with 30 feet between sprinklers).
With 5/32 inch nozzles, the average flow is 5 With 5/32 inch nozzles, the average flow is 5
gpm per sprinkler and the total flow for the gpm per sprinkler and the total flow for the
lateral is 220 gpm (5 x 44 sprinklers). lateral is 220 gpm (5 x 44 sprinklers).
Aluminum pipe with couplers has a C value of Aluminum pipe with couplers has a C value of
120 in the Hazen 120 in the Hazen- -Williams equation so the Williams equation so the
friction loss for a mainline with a flow rate of 220 friction loss for a mainline with a flow rate of 220
gpm through a 4 inch aluminum pipe is given by: gpm through a 4 inch aluminum pipe is given by:
Example 4 Example 4
P P
m m
= 4.56 [Q/C] = 4.56 [Q/C]
1.852 1.852
[1/D [1/D
4.866 4.866
] ] Equation 8b
P P
m m
= 4.56 [220/120] = 4.56 [220/120]
1.852 1.852
[1/4.0 [1/4.0
4.866 4.866
] = 21.5 ] = 21.5
psi psi
where P where P
m m
= the pressure loss in a mainline of = the pressure loss in a mainline of
constant diameter and flow. constant diameter and flow.
28
Example 4 Example 4
The multiple outlet friction factor (F) for a The multiple outlet friction factor (F) for a
lateral with 44 sprinklers is about 0.36 so the lateral with 44 sprinklers is about 0.36 so the
friction loss for the lateral is: friction loss for the lateral is:
P P
l l
= F P = F P
m m
= 0.36 x 21.5 psi = 7.7 psi. = 0.36 x 21.5 psi = 7.7 psi.
Example 4 Example 4
The pressure at the inlet to the lateral for level The pressure at the inlet to the lateral for level
ground is: ground is:
P P
i i
= P = P
a a
+ 3/4 P + 3/4 P
l l
= 50 + 0.75 x 7.7 = 56 psi. = 50 + 0.75 x 7.7 = 56 psi.
The pressure at the distal end of the lateral for The pressure at the distal end of the lateral for
level ground is: level ground is:
P P
d d
= P = P
a a
- - 1/4 P 1/4 P
l l
= 50 = 50 - - 0.25 x 7.7 = 48 psi. 0.25 x 7.7 = 48 psi.
Example 4 Example 4
The pressure variation along the lateral is The pressure variation along the lateral is
7.7 psi compared to the average pressure of 7.7 psi compared to the average pressure of
50 psi. The variation is 15.4% of the average 50 psi. The variation is 15.4% of the average
pressure and is less than the maximum pressure and is less than the maximum
permissible pressure variation so the lateral permissible pressure variation so the lateral
meets the ASAE standard. meets the ASAE standard.
Example 4 Example 4
When the lateral runs down a 2% grade, the When the lateral runs down a 2% grade, the
elevation change along the lateral is: elevation change along the lateral is:
E E
i i
- - E E
d d
= 0.02 x 1320 ft = 26.4 ft. So the inlet is = 0.02 x 1320 ft = 26.4 ft. So the inlet is
about 26 feet above the distal end. about 26 feet above the distal end.
29
Example 4 Example 4
The pressures at the inlet and distal ends are The pressures at the inlet and distal ends are
then: then:
P P
i i
= P = P
a a
+ 3/4 P + 3/4 P
l l
- - 0.5 ( 0.5 (E E
i i
- - E E
d d
)/2.31P )/2.31P
i i
(Equation 7) (Equation 7)
= 50 + 0.75 X 7.7 = 50 + 0.75 X 7.7 - - 0.5 x 26.4/2.31 = 50.1 psi 0.5 x 26.4/2.31 = 50.1 psi
P P
d d
= P = P
a a
- - 1/4 P 1/4 P
l l
+ 0.5 ( + 0.5 (E E
i i
- - E E
d d
)/2.31 (Equation 7) )/2.31 (Equation 7)
= 50 = 50 - - 0.25 X 7.7 + 0.5 X 26.4/2.31 = 53.8 psi 0.25 X 7.7 + 0.5 X 26.4/2.31 = 53.8 psi
Here the pressure variation is only 3.7 psi, Here the pressure variation is only 3.7 psi,
well within the allowable variation. Note that well within the allowable variation. Note that
the highest pressure occurs at the distal end the highest pressure occurs at the distal end
of the lateral for this case. of the lateral for this case.
When the lateral runs uphill the elevation of When the lateral runs uphill the elevation of
the inlet is now below the distal end so the the inlet is now below the distal end so the
value of ( value of (E E
i i
- - E E
d d
) = ) = - -26.4 feet. Using this value 26.4 feet. Using this value
and the method in Part B the pressures at the and the method in Part B the pressures at the
ends of the lateral are: ends of the lateral are:
Example 11.4 Example 11.4
P P
i i
= 61.5 psi and P = 61.5 psi and P
d d
= 42.4 psi. = 42.4 psi.
Now the pressure variation is about 19 psi or Now the pressure variation is about 19 psi or
38% of the average pressure which is 38% of the average pressure which is
unacceptable according to the standard. unacceptable according to the standard.

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