MP Introduction 2010 Optimized

PDF Files of Macromolecular Physics
Produced by the Printing Department of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 2005 and
updated to searchable files in 2009. Written permission was granted on 2/10/1998 by the
publisher, Academic Press, Chestnut Hill, MA, a division of Harcourt Brace & Company.
This present file of 120 pages, named INTRODUCTION.pdf, is improved for

2010 with new computer searchable Author and Subject Indices. It contains an
introduction entitled Macromolecular Physics in 2005 by the Author with 23
References, followed for each of the three Volumes by their Tables of Contents,
List of Tables, Original Preface, and Acknowledgments, all as the new, computersearchable pfd-files. The Indices are repeated in the three book files, named
VOLUME-1.pdf, VOLUME-2.pdf, and VOLUME-3.pdf, which for the 2010
edition are also made computer-searchable.
With this arrangement, all table and index pages listed in the original book text
correspond to the page numbers of the pdf-files and permit easy search and access.
Note that all four pdf-files are also book-marked for easy access of their contents.
INTRODUCTION.pdf: Macromolecular Physics in 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
VOLUME-1.pdf: Crystal Structure, Morphology, Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
VOLUME-2.pdf: Crystal Nucleation, Growth, Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
52
54
56
58
59
73
VOLUME-3.pdf: Crystal Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Macromolecular Physics in 2005

This 2005 pdf re-issue of the three volumes of Macromolecular Physics marks
the 50th anniversary of my being introduced to Polymer Science. My thesis topic,
suggested by Professor Malcolm Dole of Northwestern University in Evanston IL
in 1955, was Thermodynamics of the Copolymer System Poly(ethylene Terephthalate Sebacate) [1], a topic which led to the observation and study of cold
crystallization (Chapter VI, pg. 181) [2]. It also sparked my life-long interest in
links between molecular motion and heat capacity [3] which culminated in the book
Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials [4].
The term macromolecule was coined in the 1920s [5] to delineate the then
newly discovered [6] long, flexible, linear molecules which represent the final of
the three classes of molecules possible (Chapter VIII, pg. 4). The first major
summary of the evolving macromolecular physics was the four-volume treatise
edited by Stuart [7]. The time period from 195080 showed exciting progress in
polymer physics. Especially the limited crystallinity of crystals (Chapter IV, Sect.
4.1), the chain-folding principle (Chapter III, pg. 193), and the observation that only
extended-chain crystals (Chapter III, Sect. 3.3.1) could represent the equilibrium
melting temperature (Chapter VIII, Sect. 8.2.3) led to new views of solid-state
physics. In fact, the knowledge of the small dimensions of the polymer crystals
made them the first extensively studied nanophases, a terminology which has now
gained major importance in cutting-edge research of hard- and soft-matter physics
[8]. On my first sabbatical leave in 1967/68 in the laboratory of Prof. Stuart in
Mainz, I was encouraged to produce a unified treatment of crystals of linear
macromolecules, to collect sufficient experimental evidence to depict the breadth
of the field, and to show the special features that arise from the long-chain nature
of linear macromolecules (see Preface to Vol. 1). The topic of this sabbatic was the
Crystallization During Polymerization (Chapter VI, Sect. 6.4) [9]. For the
crystallization of polymer molecules, it is of importance not only to understand the
local conformation around the rotatable bond, but also the macroconformation, as
discussed in Chapter III (pgs. 183185). This literature study of crystallization
during polymerization, indeed, provided proof that the chain-folding principle can
be bypassed as long as the random-coil conformation is avoided. On return to my
research group at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the idea of writing such a book
took hold, especially when we discovered that the crystal growth was not governed
only by the common crystal nucleation, but needed additional molecular nucleation
(Chapter V, Sect. 5.3) [10]. The next two sabbaticals were then used to collect the
material and write the three volumes of Macromolecular Physics. Besides uniting
the new concepts, listed above in italics, the collection of the supporting material
allowed the formulation of a much more concise description of the microscopic

defects in polymer crystals (Chapter IV, Sect. 4.3) and emphasized the importance
of irreversible melting (Chapter IX), not only for homopolymers, but also for the
various forms of copolymers (Chapter X). The usually applied equilibrium
formalisms supplied a basic limiting scenario [11], but did not give a quantitative
description. For such, the non-equilibrium processes must also be understood.
The original plan was to justify the title Macromolecular Physics by covering,
with the help of experts in related fields, the remaining major topics: the theory of
thermophysics, experimental methods of thermophysics, electric, magnetic, and
mechanical properties. Occasionally, a reference to such a non-existing part beyond
Chapter X points to these intentions. The planned Volume 4 was finally completed
in 1999, long after the original volumes were out-of-print [12]. The book on the
experimental methods took even longer and needed an update of Volume 3, so that
it became also a self-contained new book, published in 2005 [4].
Research, however, continues, and a series of 25-year-old books is often only
of historic value. The physics of macromolecules, however, had a surprising delay
of progress after a spirited discussion about chain-folding and chain-extension on
crystallization in 1978 [13]. There was one the key questions: Are there, or are
there not, regular chain folds? Nothing appears in the Macromolecular Physics
about this question, because the books were largely completed before this debate
erupted, and concentrated on the experimental evidence, treating all three macroconformations of interest, namely: folded chain, extended chain, and fringed
micellar (see Chapter III). Since research funding is based on peer review, with
success guaranteed only by unanimous agreement on excellence by all reviewers,
it was hard to find support for polymer crystallization and, at least in the US, this
research topic declined for many years, to be picked up only in the last decade with
a new generation of researchers and new research tools. It turned out, that
ultimately, the above question was a non-issue. With quantitative research, it was
found that not all polymers behave like polyethylene, and examples could be found
for most hypothetical situations. The progress, which slowly is accelerating again,
is documented in the proceedings of more recent discussion meetings [14,15].
When liquid crystalline polymers became a hot research topic [16], we turned
our research to such mesophases and discovered the importance of conformationally
disordered crystals (condis crystals) in polymers [17]. With the better understanding of the crystal phase, as described in Macromoleculea Physics, it was also of
interest to us to look for the interaction between crystal and amorphous phase, a
topic that was suggested by our earlier discovery of a rigid-amorphous phase [18]
(nanophase). The interaction between amorphous and crystal nanophases was much
better understood by applying temperature-modulated calorimetry, which allows
the direct study of reversible and irreversible changes. By now, one can characterize with this new tool the semicrystalline polymers as metastable, strongly coupled
nanophases, capable of locally reversible melting processes. The strong coupling
is produced by the macromolecules crossing the phase boundaries. A review of this
interesting topic is given in [19]. The subject of coupling seems quite general in
polymer science. It is possible to consider macromolecules not only in terms of the
whole molecule or its repeating units [11], but also by positional points of
decoupling which are forced by phase boundaries, the component boundaries in

sequences of copolymer repeating units, and even the separation of polymer
segments by entanglements [20]. Temporal decoupling is another topic of
importance. It may occur when two processes which normally occur simultaneously develop largely different time scales due to the polymeric nature of one or
both of the reactants. A typical example is seen in the melting of copolymers where
the melting and mixing processes in dissolution may decouple entropically. Two
other research directions of importance to the macromolecular crystals became
possible when I joined the researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The first
was the application of full-pattern (Rietvelt) analysis to semicrystalline polymer
fibers, which documented an oriented, non-crystalline phase of higher mobility by
NMR than in the crystal [21], the other involved a detailed molecular-mechanics
simulation of crystals which led to a clarification of the microscopic defect model
of crystals with flexible chains, which contrasts the defect structure in crystals of
rigid macromolecules [22].
With the updates of references [4,8,9,1522], the pdf edition of Macromolecular Physics is offered as a source of basic understanding of the semicrystalline state of flexible macromolecules and fills the need of easy access to early
references, which are frequently absent from more recent papers. In addition, in
reference [23], a detailed autobiography is offered, describing not only my life, but
also the various stages of my professional work consisting of teaching and research,
as well as the interplay with the all-important world of politics in the 20th century.
Bernhard Wunderlich, Prof. of Chem., em.,

The University of Tennessee in Knoxville, TN
and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
Acknowledgements
The basic knowledge displayed in Macromolecular Physics and its later
extensions as collected in the reviews of references [4,8,9,1722], has gone through
50 years of development. At the many stages of the book and the research
described in the reviews, the underlying work was carried out and the ideas were
shaped and improved by the 340 person-year effort of my 144 participating
students and postdoctoral research associates from 16 different countries. In
addition to this effort, the contributions of the numerous reviewers and colleagues
must be acknowledged who were generous with their criticisms and support. The
research from our ATHAS Laboratory described in the books and reviews was
generously supported over many years by the Polymers Program of the Materials
Division of the National Science Foundation, final Grant (200306) DMR-0312233.
Several of the instrument companies have helped by supplying information, and
also in the acquisitions of equipment. Since 1988 the ATHAS effort was also
supported by the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy,
under contract number DOE-AC05-00OR22725. Overall about 5M$ of external
support was raised during the 50 years of active research. For additional details see
also the Acknowledgments in reference [23] (pages XI, XII, and 7-5).
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
B. Wunderlich, Thermodynamics of the Copolymer System Poly(ethylene Terephthalate Sebacate), Thesis, Northwestern University,
Department of Chemistry, Evanston IL, (1957).
B. Wunderlich, Theory of Cold Crystallization of High Polymers. J.
Chem. Phys. 29, 13951404 (1958).
B. Wunderlich and H. Baur, Heat Capacities of Linear High Polymers
(transl. into Russian by Yu. Godovsky, Publishing House Mir, Moscow,
1972, 240 pp.) Fortschr. Hochpolymeren Forsch. (Adv. Polymer Sci.) 7,
151368 (1970).
B. Wunderlich, Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, 894 + xvi
pages, 947 figures. Springer, Berlin, 2005.
H. Staudinger and J. Fritschi, pg. 788 in the paper: ber die Hydrierung
des Kautschucks und ber seine Konstitution. Helv. Chim. Acta., 5,
785806 (1922).
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
H. Staudinger, Arbeitserinnerungen. Hthig Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961.

H. A. Stuart, Die Physik der Hochpolymeren, Vols. 14. Springer Verlag,
Berlin, 195256.
W. Chen and B. Wunderlich, Nanophase Separation of Small And Large
Molecules, invited feature article, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 200, 283311
(1999).
B. Wunderlich, Crystallization During Polymerization. Fortschr.
Hochpolymeren Forsch. (Adv. Polymer Sci.), 5, 568619 (1968).
B. Wunderlich and A. Mehta, Macromolecular Nucleation. J. Polymer
Sci., Polymer Phys. Ed., 12, 255263 (1974).
P. J. Floy, Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press,
Ithaca, NY, 1953.
H. Baur, Thermophysics of Polymers. I. Theory. Springer, Berlin, 1999.
Special issue of the Farad. Disc. Chem. Soc., 68 (1979).
M. Dosire, ed. Crystallization of Polymers. NATO ASI Series C,
Volume 405, Kluver, Dordrecht, 1993.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polymer Crystallization
in Mishima, Japan, June 912, 2002; also published in part in a special
issue of the J Macromolecular Science, B42 (2003).
M. Gordon, ed. Liquid Crystal Polymers, Vols. IIII. Springer, Berlin,
1983/84. (Adv. Polymer Sci., Vols. 5961).
B. Wunderlich, M. Mller, J. Grebowicz, and H. Baur, Conformational
Motion and Disorder in Low and High Molecular Mass Crystals.
Springer, Berlin, 1988. (Adv. Polymer Sci., Vol. 87).
H. Suzuki, J. Grebowicz, and B. Wunderlich, The Glass Transition of
Polyoxymethylene. British Polymer Journal, 17, 13 (1985).
B. Wunderlich, Reversible Crystallization and the Rigid Amorphous Phase
in Semicrystalline Macromolecules, Progress in Polymer Science, 28/3,
383450 (2003).
B. Wunderlich, Evidence for Coupling and Decoupling of Parts of
Macromolecules by Temperature-modulated Calorimetry, J. Polymer Sci.,
Part B: Polymer Phys., 42, 12751288 (2004).
Y. Fu, B. Annis, A. Boller, Y. Jin, and B. Wunderlich, Analysis of
Structure and Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers, J. Polymer
Sci., Part B: Polymer Physics, 32, 22892306 (1994).
B. G. Sumpter, D. W. Noid, G. L. Liang and B. Wunderlich, Atomistic
Dynamics of Macromolecular Crystals. Adv. Polymer Sci., 116, 2772
(1994). (Vol. on Atomistic Modeling of Physical Properties of Polymers editors: U. Suter and L. Monnerie).
B. Wunderlich, Autobiography of a Professor of Chemistry and Distinguished Scientist, (Experiences and Accomplishments in 20th Century
Germany and USA). 708 Pages and 690 Figures, to be published 2010,
Springer, Berlin, in print and as an electronic book.
Macromolecular
Physics
Bernhard Wunderlich
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York
VOLUME 1
Crystal Structure, Morphology, Defects
ACADEMIC
PRESS
New York and London
1973
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT 1973, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by

ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road. London NWI
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:
PRINTED IN mE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
72-82632
Contents
LIST OF TABLES
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
xi
xiii
Chapter I The Structure of Macromolecules

1.1 The Macromolecular Hypothesis
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
The Synthesis of Macromolecules

The Molecular Weight
The Molecular Conformation
Isomers and Copolymers
References
4
7
10
14
19
Chapter II The Microscopic Structure of Crystals

2.1 Discovery and Proof of the Lattice Theory
2.2 Motif and Repetition Scheme
2.2.1 Translation Lattices
2.2.2 Point Groups
2.2.3 Space Groups
2.2.4 Combination of Motif and Repetition Scheme
2.3 Structures of Minimum Free Energy
2.3.1 Atomic Radii
2.3.2 Close Packing of Spheres
2.3.3 Close Packing of Molecules
2.3.4 Rotational Isomers
2.3.5 Helices
2.3.6 Packing of Macromolecules
21
25
25
28
31
36
39
43
48
55
62
69
85
v
VI
2.4 Crystal Structures of Macromolecules

2.4.1 Cla~s 1 Polymers
2.4.2 Vinyl Polymers
2.4.3 Diene Polymers
2.4.4 Polyoxides
2.4.5 Polyesters
2.4.6 Polyamides
2.4.7 Other Polymers
2.4.8 Isomorphism
2.4.9 Other Regular Structures
References
Contents
95
96
100
111
117
125
131
140
147
161
167
Chapter III The Crystal Morphology

3.1 Crystal Morphology
3.1.1 History
3.1.2 Crystal Symmetry and Form
3.2 Macromolecular Crystals
3.2.1 Early Investigations
3.2.2 Chain Folding
3.3 Lamellar Crystals
3.3.1 Extended Chain Lamellae
3.3.2 Folded Chain Lamellae
3.3.3 Multilayer Crystals
3.4 Epitaxy
3.4.1 Epitaxy on Oriented Polymer Related Surfaces
3.4.2 Epitaxy on Nonpolymeric Crystals
3.4.3 Epitaxy on Other Surfaces
3.5 Twinned Crystals
3.6 Dendrites
3.6.1 Formation of Dendrites
3.6.2 Morphology of Dendrites
3.7 Spherulites
3.7.1 General Principles of Spherulite Crystallization
3.7.2 Optical Properties of Spherulites
3.7.3 Extended Chain Spherulites
3.7.4 Folded Chain Spherulites
3.8 Fibrous Crystals
3.8.1 Fibers Grown on Crystallization during Polymerization
3.8.2 Fibers Formed on Deformation
3.8.3 Fibers Formed on Fibrillation
3.8.4 Other Fibers and Needle-like Crystals
3.9 Isometric Crystals
References
178
178
180
183
185
193
217
217
232
259
266
267
275
280
283
295
299
304
313
322
325
329
333
339
341
348
357
359
361
366
Chapter IV The Defect Crystal

4.1 Macroscopic Recognition of Defects
4.1.1 Density
380
382
Contents
VB
4.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction

4.1.3 Calorimetric Methods
4.1.4 Etching Techniques
4.1.5 Infrared Absorption
4.1.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
4.1.7 Other Methods
4.2 Defect Concepts
4.2.1 Crystallinity
4.2.2 Paracrystallinity
4.2.3 The Kink Model
4.3 Microscopic Defects
4.3.1 Amorphous Defects
4.3.2 Surface Defects
4.3.3 Dislocations
4.3.4 Point Defects
4.4 Deformation of Polymer Crystals
4.4.1 Slip Planes
4.4.2 Kink-Bands
4.4.3 Drawing
4.4.4 Rolled Polyethylene
References
387
401
408
414
419
425
435
436
438
446
452
454
457
469
485
489
491
497
498
507
511
A UTHOR INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
523
536
List of Tables
Root mean square end-to-end distance of a 280 OOO-MW polyethylene molecule
I.
II.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
III.
Crystal systems and Bravais lattices

The 230 space groups
Radii in angstroms for different attractive forces
Distances to neighboring atoms in crystals
Molecular volumes
Space groups for closest and limitingly close packing
Some barriers to internal rotation
Parameters for Eqs. (20)-(22) for hydrocarbons
Crystal structures of class 1 polymers
Crystal structures of isotactic vinyl polymers with a 2*3/1
helix
Crystal structures of isotactic vinyl polymers with tetragonal
symmetry
Crystal structures of other vinyl and vinylidene polymers
Crystal structures of diene polymers
Crystal structures of polyoxides
Crystal structures of polyesters
Crystal structures of polyamides
Crystal structures of polycyc1oolefines
Crystal structures of other macromolecules
Crystals of linear inorganic macromolecules with two elements
Pairs of repeating units with phenylene groups which form
mixed crystals (probably isodimorphism)
Crystal structures of some globular macromolecules
Expressions for l/d;kl and morphological extinction rules
13
27
34
44
50
57
60
63
66
97
103
106
109
112
118
128
132
142
144
148
159
163
183
ix
List of Tables
2
3
4
5
6
IV.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Splitting of the bending mode in polyethylene and paraffin

mixed crystals with deutero compounds
Morphology and conditions of growth of some folded chain,
solution-grown macromolecular crystals
Epitaxy of macromolecules on nonpolymeric crystals
Spherulitically crystallized polymers of folded chain macroconformation
Crystal parameters of melt-crystallized polyethylene before and
after drawing
Density change at room temperature and enthalpy change at the
melting temperature T m on crystallization
Density of folded chain single crystals of polyethylene as determined by the flotation method using different solvents
Weight fractions crystallinity of polymers evaluated by the
method of Ruland
Proportionality factor K for crystallinity determinations using
Eq. (21)
Change in cellulose on reaction with ethanol in the presence of
H 2 S0 4
Changes of polyethylene on 24-hour HN0 3 etching
Absorption frequencies used for crystal1inity determination by
infrared methods
Magnetic nuclear properties
Crystal1inity of polyethylene as measured by nuclear magnetic
resonance
Size (in angstroms) of mosaic blocks in polyethylene crystals
grown from dilute solution
Paracrystalline defect parameters g ik of polyethylene crystals
grown from solution
Characterization of kinks with up to four gauche conformations
as proposed by Pechhold (1968)
Conformations of kinks in 2 * 2/1 and2 * 3/1 helices as proposed
by Blasenbrey and Pechhold (1970)
Results on drawing of folded chain single crystals on a substrate
Effect of 25 % macroscopic deformation on rolled polyethylene
samples A, B, and C
206
234
278
316
350
388
389
393
398
409
411
418
420
424
444
444
449
452
502
509
Preface
Crystals of linear macromolecules have begun to be understood only
recently. Their constituent class of molecules was discovered only in 1920,
and for many years the nebulous macromolecular crystals were designated
as "fringed micelles." During the early I 960's the actual birth of the field
of solid-state physical chemistry of macromolecules occurred with the observation and recognition of the overriding fact of chain folding on crystallization from the random state of flexible linear high polymers. The fringed
micelle was almost forgotten. Not much later, extended chain crystals were
discovered and shown to be the expected equilibrium crystals. Having studied
the limiting crystal types, it became obvious that the fringed micelle still
holds a central position in the description of crystals of linear macromolecules
(as is shown schematically in Fig. III.5). By now, however, a much more
precise picture has emerged. This book is a first attempt at a unified treatment
of crystals of linear macromolecules. It represents an effort to collect sufficient material to depict the breadth of the field and to show the special
features arising from the long-chain nature of linear macromolecules.
Frequent references should allow quick access to the original literature.
Rather than attempting to list all of the explosively increasing literature in
this field, the cited references were reread and critically selected to present a
typical and managable body of information. The important ideas were traced
back and documented to their origin. The literature was covered through
1971, so that this book can be looked upon as a progress report of the first
10-15 years of research on crystals of linear macromolecules. Sources to the
data used are listed in addition in the text in abbreviated form. Wherever
possible, tables were collected to present larger bodies of knowledge, as for
example crystal structures (Tables II.9 to 11.19), folded chain lamellar
crystals (Table II1.3), spherulites (Table III.5), and results on drawing single
crystals (Table IV.14). Almost all drawings were newly made to present a
uniform style and to permit in many cases the combination of data from
several sources.
xi
xii
Preface
It must be recognized that linear macromolecules can be found among

inorganic, organic, and biological materials. Our knowledge about the crystals
of synthetic organic macromolecules is by far larger than that of the other
types; still, in this book we attempt to unify the description of crystals of all
linear macromolecules. The study of inorganic macromolecules has broadened
the information on helices by pointing out the limits of the commonly accepted rules of Natta and Corradini (Sect. 2.3.5) and given an initial insight
into crystallization during polymerization (Sect. 3.9). The study of biological
macromolecules contributed much to advance conformational analysis of
ordered macromolecules by many studies of intramolecular potential energies
(Sect. 2.3.5) and represents the group of crystals with globular motifs (Table
IL21).
Since knowledge about crystals of linear macromolecules cuts across many
disciplines, this book attempts to serve not only the specialist. I have tried to
present sufficient introductory material to make the book readable to one not
expert in polymers (see Chapter I) as well as one with little prior knowledge
in crystallography (see Sect. 2.2), molecular structure (see Sect. 2.3), crystal
morphology (see Sect. 3.1), or recognition of polymer crystal defects (see
Sect. 4.1). A reader familiar with these topics may well want to skip some or
all of these sections. References in these sections are particularly restricted to
more comprehensive treatises of the subjects or those of interest to the material
of the body of the book. As a result, I hope the book will prove useful to a
wide audience.
Obviously in a book on crystals one has many references to questions
pertaining to crystallization and melting. To answer these adequately, Volume
2 is in the preparation stage entitled: "Crystallization and Melting of Linear
-Macromolecules," with the following subdivision: Chapter V: Nucleation,
Chapter VI: Crystallization, Chapter VII: Annealing, Chapter VIII: Equilibrium Melting, Chapter IX: Irreversible Melting, Chapter X: Copolymer
Melting. References to the pertinent chapters are made throughout the present
book. I hope that these will prove useful in the future and will not lead to too
much frustration during the time it takes to assemble the new book. Postponing the discussion of these points has enabled us to bring out the present
book considerably faster and has kept it to manageable size.
Acknowledgments
An undertaking of this size can never be the work of one person alone.
At this point I would like to thank the many colleges and students who have
supported this work by contributing discussions, preprints, and photographs.
The roots of this book go back to graduate lecture courses on the solid state
of linear macromolecules given at Cornell University (1962) and Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (1964, 1966, and 1970). The bulk of the material could
only be assembled by a generous suspension of teaching load during 1970/71
arranged with the strong support of Dr. W. H. Bauer, Dean of the School of
Science, and Dr. G. J. Janz, Chairman of the Department of Chemistry.
For the task of typing the manuscript and making the many revisions and
corrections, I would like to thank my secretary Mrs. Helen Carroll.
Financial support of travel connected with discussions on many topics of
importance for this book with colleagues in all parts of the world during 1970
and 1971 was provided by the Owens Illinois Company. Moq of the support
for research in my own laboratory which contributed to tht: ~uhJcct matter
came from the Office of Naval Research (1962-1971), the l"\atlonal Aeronautics and Space Administration (1963-1972), and the )\atlnna I Science
Foundation (1962-1966, 1968-1969).
Many of the illustrations of this book were possible only h~ the generous
contribution of original prints by the authors listed in the legenJ. In ;IJJition,
permission was generously granted by the following copyright llOlJcrs:
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt (Fig. 11.10).
American Chemical Society, Washington (Figs. 111.23, 111.97, and ]\,.I~l.
American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York (Fig. IV.24).
American Institute of Physics, New York (Figs. 111.46, IIl.51A, IIJ.i'I. 111.111. 111.129,
IV.20, IV.26, IV.56-58).
American Scientist, New Haven (Figs. III. 7 and IIJ.l33).
xiii
xiv
Acknowledgments
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (Figs. 111.66, III.74, III.77-7S, III.S0, III.S9-91, 111.93-95,
IV.22, IV.30-35, and IV.46).
General Electric Editorial Unit, Schenectady (Fig. IV.42).
Hiithig and Wepf Verlag, Basel (Figs. 111.27-29, III.35-36, 111.41, 111.49, 111.53, III.61,
Il1.63, 111.65, 111.75, 1.122-123, 1I1.12S, 111.134, 1I1.13S, IV.3S, and IV.63).
IPC Science and Techno logy Press Ltd., Guilford (Figs. Il1.42, 111.44, III.5S, 111.70,
and lII.140).
Instituto Geografico de Agnostini, Novara (Figs. IlI.S6 and lIUI5).
Scientific American, New York (Fig. IV.74).
Society of Polymer Science, Japan, Tokyo (Figs. III.33 and lII.43).
Dr. Dietrich Steinkopf Verlag (Figs. 11.65, II I. 20, 111.27, II1.30, 111.46, I1l.73, 111.76,
111.79, lII.l02-103, 111.131, 1I1.136-137, IV.9, IV.2S, IV.39, IV.69).
Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London (Figs. 111.54, II1.56-57, 111.59, IV.49, and IV.52).
Textile Research Inst., Princeton (Fig. IV.21).
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Natl. Bur. Stand., Washington (Figs. 1II.l 13-114).
Verlag Chemie, Weinheim (Fig. llI.l44).
Verlag der Zeitschrift fUr Naturforschung, Tiibingen (Fig. IlI.143).
Wiley and Sons Inc., New York (Figs. 111.9-10, IIl.14, 1l1.32, III. 37-40, I1l.51 B,
111.62, III.67, 111.69, I1I.S1-S2, III.S4, 111.96, IU.9S-99, I11.104-105, ILI.107-110,
111.116, lILlIS, III.120, 111.124, II1.130, IV.4, IV.19, IV.37, IV.45, IV.62, IV.70).
Author Index of Volume I

Numbers in italics refer to the pages on which the complete references are listed.
A
Abe, A., 78, 170
Abe, K., 482, 518
Abitz, W., 186, 371, 381, 437, 515
Agar, A. W., 285, 366, 475, 478, 480, 511
Aggarwal, S. L. 318, 384
Agboatwalla, M. C., 410, 417, 517
Aizlewood, J. M., 103, 104, 176
Alcock, T. C., 188, 334, 368
Alexander, L. E., 39, 167, 173, 390, 391,
394, 395, 511
Allegra, G., 81,108,109, 110, 149, 167, 174
Allen, B. J., 319, 366, 368
Alper, E. R., 237
Alpert, N. L., 422, 511
Amano, T. 271, 272, 358, 366
Amelincks, S., 482, 516
Anderson, F. R., 193, 195, 196, 199, 217,
229, 367, 370, 414, 515
Anderson, J. H., 419, 421, 422, 518
Andrews, E. H., 274
Andries, J. C., 239, 279
Anoshina, N. P., 339, 377
Arakawa, T., 193, 197, 203, 217, 352, 367,
370, 378, 456, 511
Arimoto, H., 132, 140, 167
Arledter, A. F., 340
Arlie, J. P., 199, 200, 367
Arlman, J. J., 395, 396, 511
Arnott, S., 84, 132, 136, 168
Asado, T., 433, 518
Asai, T., 430, 518
Askadskii, A. A., 56, 88, 175
Atkinson, C. M. L., 406, 511
Azroff, L. V., 464, 511
B
Baer, E., 276, 277, 279, 280, 368, 373, 374,
514
Bagchi, S. N., 440, 516
Bailey, G. W., 413, 511
Bair, H. E., 194
Baker, C. H., 153, 154, 168
Balt-Calleja, F. J., 199, 506, 511
Bamford, C. H., 84, 168
Ban, T., 497, 498, 517
Bank, M. I., 206, 207, 213, 367, 418, 511
Barker, T. V., 266, 367
Barlow, M., 119, 123, 168
Barlow, W., 41, 42,168
Barnes, W. J., 237, 475, 511
Barrall, E. M., II, 427, 511
Barrett, C. S., 497, 511
Barriault, R. J., 281, 367
Bartell, L. S., 66, 168
Bassett, D. C., 185, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201,
225, 232, 234, 235, 237, 244, 251,
252, 253, 255, 262, 351, 367, 376,
475, 478, 481, 482, 511
Bassett, G. A., 203, 237, 244, 265, 374, 457,
458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 477, 511,
512
Bassi, I. W., 77, 87, 96, 101, 103, 107, 108,
113, 116, 119, 123, 141, 142, 144,
145, 149, 168, 173, 174
Bates, T. W., 69, 70, 168
Battista, O. A., 188, 344, 345, 367, 408,
410, 512
Baudisch, J., 408, 409, 512
Baughman, R. H., 359, 367
Baur, H., 403, 404, 453, 522

Beaman, R. G., 152, 153, 169
Beckett, D. R., 103, 104, 176
Bednowitz, A. L., 273, 368
Bekkedahl, N., 384
Belavtseva, E. M., 238
Benedetti, E., 109, 110, 167
Berestneva, Z. Ya., 165, 171, 351, 374
Bergmann, K., 421,423,424,425, 512
Bernauer, F., 315, 367
Bessonov, M. I., 386, 512
Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., 129, 246
Binsbergen, F. L., 337, 367, 427, 512
Bird, R. B., 41,171
Birshtein, T. M., 68, 78, 81, 168
Bittiger, H., 242, 243
Bixler, H. J., 430, 517
Blackadder, D. A., 194, 210, 253, 357, 367,
387, 512
Blais, P., 345, 346, 347, 367
Blasenbrey, S., 93, 94, 167, 174, 176, 447,
450, 451, 452, 512, 518, 520, 522
Blout, E. R., 160, 170
Blundell, D. J., 205, 210, 233, 287, 289,
290, 291, 292, 295, 368, 378, 457,
458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 512
Bodily, D. M., 153, 154, 168, 203, 368
Bodor, G., 273, 368, 398
Bollman, W., 381
Bonart, R., 129, 131, 168, 442, 490, 497,
506, 512
Bondi, A., 45, 51, 100, 168, 426, 512
Booij, H. C., 271, 273, 352, 353, 354, 375
Boon, J., 119, 125,168
Bopp, R. C., 197, 198, 229, 370, 413, 522
Borisova, N. P., 78, 81, 168
Bort, D. N., 341, 372
Bovey, F. A., 419, 420, 512
Branson, H. R., 84, 174
Brant, D. A., 83, 168
Bravais, A., 27, 168
Brenschede, W., 320, 321
Brody, H., 504, 519
Brown, A., 317
Brown, A. J., 342, 368

Brown, F. R., III, 160, 170
Brown, L., 84, 168
Bruns, W., 13, 19
Bryant, W. M. D., 188, 327, 334, 368
Buchanan, D. R., 399, 400, 401, 481, 512
Buchdahl, R., 498, 512
Buckingham, A. D., 45, 168
Buckley, A. E., 308, 368
Buerger, M. J., 25, 168
Bunn, C. W., 37, 68, 70, 75, 91,109,113,
127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 169, 176,
188, 192, 193, 217, 316, 334, 368
Burbank, R. D., 285, 288, 368
Burckhardt, J. J., 25, 169
Burke, J. G., 22, 169
Buthenuth, G., 341, 368
C
Cahn, R. W., 285, 368
Campos-Lopez, E., 165, 167, 173
Cannon, C. G., 338, 368
Canterford, J. H., 148
Cantow, H.-J., 97
Caporiccio, G., 108, 149, 174
Carazzolo, G., 117, 118, 128. 144, 169
Carr, S. H., 276, 277, 279. 280, 368, 373
Carrano, M. J., 416, 512
Carter, D. R., 474, 519
Caspar, D. L. G., 164, 169, 172
Cerra, P., 351, 368, 512
Cesari, M., 119
Challa, G., 397,512
Chan, K. S., 106
Chanzy, H. D., 347, 368
Chargaff, E., 161
Chatani, Y, 118, 119,1 20, 121, 122, 126,
127, 128, 131, 144, 146, 154, 160,
169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 364, 377
Chiang, R., 235
Chioccola, G., 101, 103, 168
Chu, W., 429, 521
Author Index of Volume I Page 2
Chujo, K., 126, 128, 169

Clark, E. S., 97, 98, 169, 281, 282. 368, 504,
514
Clark, G. L., 398
Clark, R. J., 317
Clough, S., 428, 512
Cobbold, A. J., 192, 193, 210, 217, 234,
316, 368, 375, 410, 412, 518
Cochran, W., 72, 169
Coiro, V. M., 133
Cole, E. A., 154, 169
Coleman, J. E., 319, 366, 368
Colvin, J. R., 342, 344, 368
Comer, J. J., 361, 374
Connor, T. M., 210, 368
Coppick, S., 408, 512
Corbridge, D. E. C., 75, 169
Corey, R. B., 84, 174, 400, 512
Cormier, C. M., 194, 379, 406, 522
Corneliussen, R., 369, 504, 519
Corradini, P., 71, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 87,
101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113,
116, 117, 119, 123, 137, 148, 149,
151, 157, 158, 160, 169, 173
Cottrell, A. H., 490, 493, 512
Coughlin, M. C., 331, 332, 333, 369, 468,
512
Cramer, F. B., 152, 153, 169
Crank, J., 430
Crick, F. H. C., 72, 132;135, 136, 164, 169,
172, 175, 176
Crippen, G. M., 94, 136, 173
Cruikshank, D. W. J., 75, 169
Cruz, M. M., 408, 410, 512
Crystal, R. G., 236, 337, 338, 498, 504, 513
Curtic, C. F., 41, 171
D
Dahl, L. F., 148
Dall Asta, G., 77, 79, 80, 103, 160, 174
Dalton, J., 23, 169
Dammont, F. R., 232, 244, 255, 367
Darwin, C. G., 381, 513
Daubeny, R. de P., 129

Davidovits, J., 198, 199, 373
Davidson, J. N., 161
Davidson, T., 197, 203, 369, 379, 456, 513
Davis, G. T., 210, 369
Dawson, I. M., 285, 369, 473, 513
Day, A., 347, 368
Debye, P., 438, 513
Dechant, J., 408, 409, 512
Deer, W. A., 361, 369
Dehlinger, U., 381, 513
de Jong, W. F., 181, 369
DeLange, B. G. M., 337, 367
de Michele, V., 21
Dennis, D. T., 342, 368
Dribr, M., 21
De Santis, P., 111, 169
Desper, C. R., 391, 513
Desreux, V., 4, 17
Dewaelheyns, A., 391,520
Dickerson, R. E., 161, 162, 172
Dietl, J. J., 414, 513
Dismore, P. F., 271, 369
Dlugosz, J., 166, 169
Dole, M., 403, 405, 513, 522
Donnay, J. D. H., 61, 169, 315, 323, 375
Doremus, R. H., 190
Dover, S. D., 132, 136, 168
Dows, D. A., 414, 513
Doyle, B. B., 160, 170
Dreyfuss, P., 241
E
Early, R., 384
Eby, R. K., 210, 369, 456, 457, 513
Edgar, O. B., 151, 170
Edsall, J. T., 82, 170
Eichhoff, U., 421, 425, 513
Einstein, F. W. B., 148
Eisenberg, A., 5, 20
Elder, M., 148
Ellar, D., 345, 369
Elliott, A., 84, 132, 136, 168
Ellis, J. W., 415, 514

Emirova, I. V., 341, 369
Entelis, S. G., 122, 176
Epelbaum, I. V., 283, 374
Eppe, R., 320, 323, 369
Erkebaeva, E. B., 321
Erlich, V. L., 358, 369
Ermakov, Yu. I., 341, 369
Erpenbeck, J. J., 12, 20
Evans, R. D., 152, 159, 177
Evans, W. C., 414, 521
F
Faddeev, D. K., 33, 170
Fagherazzi, G., 96, 141, 142, 174
Falkai, B. v., 319
Farrow, G., 398, 413, 513
Fasman, G. D., 161, 170, 176
Fatou, J. G., 196, 198, 200, 229, 374
Fava, R. A., 185, 369
Federov, E. S., 25, 170
Ferraro, C. F., 408, 410, 512
Ferry, J. D., 432, 513
Ficker, H. K., 456, 521
Fiedel, J., 381
Field, J. E., 395, 513
Fischer, E. W., 165, 170, 190, 191, 192, 194,
195, 196, 197, 201, 211, 215, 271,
272, 275, 279, 280, 302,303, 320,
323, 334, 358, 366, 369, 370, 376,
398, 400, 401, 402, 425, 465, 475,
480, 513, 519
Fisher, D., 113, 115, 170
Fitchmun, D. R., 282, 370
Fitton, B., 217, 370
Flory, P. J., 2, 4, 10, 19, 68, 74, 75, 78, 82,
83, 111, 125, 131, 141, 168, 170,
175, 205, 370, 432, 514
Foley, R. L., 504, 519
Frank, F. C., 205, 234, 235, 251, 252, 253,
255, 285, 293, 324, 356, 366, 367,
370, 381, 475, 487, 480, 493, 495,
511, 514
Frank, W., 167, 170

Fredericks, R. J., 132, 158, 174
Fredrich, W., 24, 170
Frenkel, J., 381, 514
Friedel, J., 493, 495, 514
Fritschi, J., 20
Frosch, C. J., 127, 170
Fugio, R., 317
Fujii, K., 109
Fujishige, S., 321
Fukui, Y., 433, 518
Fuller, C. S., 127, 130, 131, 153, 170
Fuller, W., 164, 170
Fulqui, M. T., 148
Furukawa, J., 119
G
Gabler, R., 307, 370
Gallagher, P. K., 432, 520
Gallegos, E. J., 427, 511
Ganis, P., 77, 82, 105, 107, 108, 144, 145,
160, 168, 169, 173
Garber, C. A., 237, 245, 250, 350, 370, 503,
504, 514
Garner, E. V., 133, 134
Geil, P. H., 167, 177, 185, 193, 195, 196,
215, 217, 234, 235, 237, 238, 241,
245, 249, 250, 251, 255, 258, 261,
262, 263, 271, 293, 295, 296, 301,
304, 310, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319,
320, 336, 337, 350, 351, 362, 370,
373, 375, 376, 497, 502, 503, 514,
518
Geller, S., 97, 98, 99, 172
Georgiadis, T., 275, 370
Gerngross, O.,187, 371, 381, 437, 515
Gezovich, D., 507, 519
Giglio, E., 111, 144, 169
Gimblett, R. G. R., 4, 19
Gisolf, J. H., 452, 514
Glatt, L., 415, 514
Glazunov, P. Ya., 275, 378
Glenz, W. 349, 350, 370, 437, 514
Goddar, H., 167, 170, 21 1, 370, 401, 402,

513
Golemba, F. J., 103, 105, 170
Goodfield,J., 2, 20
Gopalan, M., 196, 198, 200, 229, 374
Goppel, J. M., 395, 514
Gould, R. F., 2
Graham, T., 2, 19
Graham, W. A. G., 4, 20
Grell, M., 398
Griffiths, C. H., 217, 370
Griffiths, E., 414, 521
Gronholz, L. F., 281, 367
Groth, P., 22, 170
Gruner, C. L., 197, 198, 229, 343, 370
Gtter, E., 430, 515
Guillet, J. E., 103 105, 170, 347, 370, 430,
514
Guth, E., 422, 518
Guttman, J. Y., 347, 370
H
Haas, K., 293, 370
Haberkorn, H., 437, 516
Hachiboshi, M., 239
Hdicke, E., 364, 366, 371
Hgele, P. C, 66, 170,447, 514
Halek, G., 103, 105, 174
Hall, M. B., 415, 518
Haller, M. N., 243
Hamada, F., 209, 210, 371, 387, 389, 405,
514
Hamilton, L. D., 164, 170, 172, 173
Hanby, W. E., 84, 168
Hannon, M. J., 417, 517
Hansen, D., 318, 334, 337, 430, 431, 504,
513, 522
Hara, T., 97, 295, 377
Harris, P. H., 339, 368
Harrison, I. R., 432, 514
Hartman, P., 182, 183, 371
Hasegawa, M., 321, 358, 359, 371, 375
Hashimoto, T., 429, 514
Hay, R. J., 22, 170, 179, 180, 371
Havsteen, B. H., 85, 170

Hawkins, W. L., 410, 514
Hay, I. L., 215, 295, 371, 504, 505, 507, 514
Hayashi, S., 209, 210, 235, 371, 387, 389,
405, 514
Heber, I., 318
Hellmuth, E., 407, 515
Hendus, H., 165, 171, 196, 395, 396, 398,
405, 406, 415, 416, 417, 515
Hengstenberg, J., 120, 171, 186, 341, 377,
399, 515
Hermans, P. H., 397, 512, 515
Herring, C, 182, 371
Herrmann, K., 187, 371,381, 437, 515
Herzberg, G., 40, 171, 414, 515
Herzog, R. O., 135, 171
Hess, K., 187, 371, 400, 430, 515
Hessel, J. F. C, 30, 171, 180, 371
Higginbotham, H. K., 66, 168
HilI, R., 151, 170
Hill, T. L., 435
Himmelfarb, D., 340
Hinrichs, W., 281, 372
Hinrichsen, G., 194, 235, 271, 272, 358, 366
Hirai, N., 243
Hirschfelder, J. O., 41, 45, 171, 174
Hirth, J. P., 380, 381, 515
Hobbs, S. Y., 129, 238, 246
Hock, C W., 411, 515
Hhne, G., 445, 515
Hoffman, J. D., 201, 216, 371, 374
Hoffman, M., 165, 171
Holden, G., 164, 173
Holdsworth, P. J., 202, 371, 455, 504, 515
Holland, V. F., 194, 234, 235, 241, 295, 302,
317, 371, 414, 476, 480, 481, 482,
484, 486, 515, 516
Holmes, D. K., 68, 132, 154, 169
Holze, W., 398
Homs, G. A., 507, 519
Hooke, R., 23, 171
Hooper, C W., 164, 172
Horio, M., 275, 371
Horoyd, L. V., 422, 518
Hosemann, R., 438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444,

445, 446, 516, 521, 522
Howard, G. J., 153, 171
Howie, R. A., 361, 369
Howsmon, J. A., 408, 512
Huggins, M. L., 4, 17, 117, 171, 216, 371
Hughes, R. E., 74, 171
Hugo, J. A., 471, 519
Hummel, D. O., 414
Huseby, T. W., 194
Husemann, E., 242, 243
Hutchison, J. D., 234, 504, 519
Huygens, C, 23, 171
I
Iguchi, M., 359, 362, 371
Iitaka, Y., 132, 137, 176
Illers, K. H., 165, 171, 186, 195, 210, 255,
371, 405, 406, 411, 415, 437, 447,
515, 516
Imada, K., 121, 171
Inamura, M., 275, 377
Ingram, P., 185, 347, 349, 371, 372, 376,
506, 516
Ingram, V. M., 6, 19
Ingwall, R. T., 94, 136, 173
Ishibashi, M., 159
Ishihara, H., 365, 372, 379
Ishikawa, M., 319
Iwamoto, R., 365, 372, 379
Iwayanagi, S., 112
J
Jaccodine, R., 189, 372
Jackson, W.O., 340
Jaffe, M., 186, 265, 427, 516
James, E. A., 194, 298, 299, 304, 309, 379
Jancke, W., 135, 171
Jenckel, E., 281, 321, 372, 398
Johannsen, A., 315, 372

Johner, H., 186, 341, 377
Jones, A. V., 415, 521
Just, K. H., 74, 75, 76, 171
Joynson, C. W., 498, 520
Juijn, J. A., 452, 514
K
Kmpf, G., 165, 171, 319
Kagan, D. F., 413, 516
Kaiser, J., 364, 366, 371
Kaji, K., 119
Kakida, H., 118, 120, 175
Kalashnikova, V. G., 165, 171
Kallo, A., 398
Kanamoto, T., 238, 239
Kanetsuna, H., 362, 371
Kantor, S. W., 341, 372
Kargin, V. A., 165, 171, 236, 283, 317, 341,
351, 372, 374, 413, 517
Karplus, M., 64, 175
Kashdan, W. H., 208, 379, 386, 522
Kashuba, K. L., 94, 136, 173
Katada, A., 433, 517
Kausch, H. H., 499, 516
Kavesh, S., 97
Kawai, T., 194, 196, 201, 214, 253, 362,
371, 372, 387, 507, 514, 516
Kay, H. F., 208, 214, 372
Kaye, W., 189, 375
Keijzers, A. E. M., 429, 516
Keith, H. D., 235, 239, 240, 253, 257, 258,
299, 302, 303, 307, 316, 319, 323, 324, 329,
334, 335, 336, 339, 372, 375, 465, 466, 493,
494, 497, 516
Keller, A., 165, 166, 169, 172, 185, 188,
189, 190, 194, 199, 202, 203, 205,
206, 208, 210, 212, 213, 215, 233,
234, 237, 241, 242, 244, 247, 248,
249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257,
258, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 271,
274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 285, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295,
315, 317, 318, 320, 323, 324, 334,
335, 338, 346, 348, 349, 351, 355,

356, 366, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 378, 379, 387, 411,
412, 413, 432, 455, 457, 458, 459,
460, 461, 462, 464, 465, 475, 478,
480, 489, 493, 504, 505, 507, 509,
511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 519,
520, 521
Kendrew, J. C., 82, 161, 170, 172
Kenney, J. F., 235
Kenyon, A. S., 316
Kepler, J., 22, 172
Kern, C. W., 64, 175
Kern, W., 198, 199, 373
Kestner, N. R., 41, 173
Khoury, F., 285, 310, 312, 313, 336, 373
Kiel, A. M., 271, 273, 351, 352, 353, 354,
375, 376
Kiessig, H., 400, 515
Kihara, T., 50, 172
Kiho, H., 293, 295, 349, 370, 373, 376, 502,
506, 516
Kilb, R. W., 317
Kilian, H. G., 398
Kinloch, D. R., 481, 520
Kinoshita, Y., 133, 134, 138, 139, 172
Kiss, K., 279, 280, 373
Kitaigorodskii, A. I., 45, 56, 59, 60, 61, 88,
91, 92, 98, 164, 165, 171, 172, 175,
253, 373
Kitamaru, R., 210, 373
Klein, E., 321
Klement, J. J., 235, 503
Kloos, F., 465, 513
Klug, A., 72, 164, 169, 172
Klug, H. P., 218, 361, 374
Knipping, P., 24, 170
Knutton, S., 152, 171
Koba, S., 50, 172
Kobayashi, E., 352, 373
Kobayashi, K., 192, 275, 279, 310, 374
Kobayashi, M., 143, 175
Kobayashi, S., 118, 119, 122, 172
Koenig, J. L., 410, 417, 517
Kohlrausch, K. W. F., 68, 172

Komoto, H., 133
Konstantinopolskaya, M. B., 351, 374
Kortleve, G., 153, 154, 172, 401, 521
Koster, G. F., 33, 172
Koutsky, J. A., 279, 374
Kovacs, A. J., 203, 233, 237, 244, 257, 259,
265, 288, 292, 293, 294, 368, 374,
378, 461, 517
Kovalenko, V. I., 339, 377
Kovalev, O. V., 33, 172
Kratky, O., 187, 374
Krauch, C H., 364, 366, 371
Kretschmer, R., 167, 175
Krimm, S., 206, 207, 213, 367, 395, 399,
414, 418, 511, 517
Krger, F. A., 485, 517
Krmer, H., 165, 171
Kryszewski, M., 276, 279, 374
Kubo, S., 247, 281, 282, 374
Kubota, K., 413, 517
Kurokawa, M., 497, 498, 517
Kusherev, M. Ya., 122, 176
Kusumoto, N., 318
L
Labaw, L. W., 24
Lambert, S. L., 167, 172
Lando, T. B., 109
Langridge, R., 164, 172
Laue, M., 24, 170
Lauer, J. L., 74, 171
Lauritzen, J. I., Jr., 216, 374
Lebedev, V. B., 398
Lee, C. L., 243, 474, 519
Leeper, H. M., 188, 377
Legrand, C, 144
Lemm, K., 440, 442, 516
Lenz, R. W., 5, 19
Leuchs, O., I, 19
Levine, M., 159
Lewell, P. A., 210, 367, 387, 521
Lewis, D., 295, 374
Lewis, P. R., 165, 172

Li, C. H., 495, 497, 521
Li, Li-Sheng, 413, 517
Lieser, G., 246, 311, 465, 513
Lind, M. D., 97, 98, 99, 172
Lindenmeyer, P. H., 194, 216, 251, 302,
371, 374, 482, 484, 486, 493, 494,
515, 516, 517, 518
Liquori, A. M., 82, 109, 111, 169, 170
Livingston, H. K., 147, 172
Loening, K. L., 4
Lonsdale, K., 24
Lorentz, H. A., 426
Lorenz, L., 426
Lorenz, R., 302, 303, 369, 398, 475, 480,
513
Lorenzi, G. P., 160, 170
Lutan, N., 94, 136, 173
Lothe, J., 380, 381, 515
Lotz, B., 203, 237, 244, 265, 292, 293, 294,
374
Lowe, J. P., 62, 63, 64, 172
Lowry, G. G., 12, 20
Luft, N. W., 65, 74, 172
Lundgren, D. G., 237, 345, 379
Luongo, J. P., 432, 520
Luzzati, V., 164, 172
M
Macchi, E. M., 273, 341, 374
McClellan, A. L., 41, 174
McCullough, R. L., 71, 93, 173, 399, 485,
517
McGuire, R. F., 94, 136, 173
Machi, S., 341, 378
Machin, M. J., 271, 274, 351, 373, 379
McIntyre, D., 165, 167, 173
McIntyre, J. E., 340
Mackie, J. S., 413, 517
McMahon, P. E., 93, 173, 485, 517
Maddams, W. F., 295, 374
Maeda, H., 214, 242, 372
Maeda, T., 93, 174
Magill, J. H., 243, 318, 320, 321, 329, 337,

339, 374, 427, 517
Magr, E. P., 119, 125, 168
Mahl, H., 430, 515
Makalov, L. I., 339, 377
Malinskii, Yu, M., 283, 374
Mammi, M., 117, 118, 144, 169, 398
Manabe, S., 433, 517
Mandelkern, L., 153, 154, 168, 196, 198,
200, 210, 229, 373, 374, 417, 518
Manley, R. St. J., 242, 243, 275, 345, 346,
347, 348, 352, 375, 367, 370, 375,
378, 410,517
Marchessault, R. H., 237, 243, 345, 347,
368, 369, 410, 428, 520
Margenau, H., 41, 173
Mark, H., 3, 4, 17, 20, 399, 515
Mark, J. E., 78, 170
Marker, L., 384
Martin, G. M., 210, 369, 385
Martinez, E., 361, 374
Martuscelli, E., 212, 213, 241, 242, 247,373
Marvin, D. A., 164, 172, 173
Maser, M., 218, 361, 374
Mason, C W., 361, 376
Mason, E. A., 40, 45, 173
Masson, E, 164, 172
Masui, R., 489, 517
Mathis, A., 464, 521
Matreyek, W., 410, 432, 514, 517
Matsui, M., 489, 517
Matsumoto, T., 214, 372
Matsuo, T., 433, 434, 521
Matsuoka, S., 197, 374
Mazzanti, G., 77, 79, 80, 119, 123, 160, 173,
174
Mehta, A., 308, 379
Meinel, G., 210, 376, 437, 500, 510, 517,
519
Melillo, L., 192, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,
227, 231,260, 267, 269,2 70, 316,
330, 331, 332, 342, 375, 376, 379,
465, 467, 495,496, 497, 522
Mencik, M., 104, 173
Menter, J. W., 477, 512

Metanomski, W., 4
Metzger, H., 22, 173
Mez, E. C, 364, 366, 371
Michaels, A. S., 430, 517
Mie, G., 186, 341, 377
Mikhailov, N. V., 275, 378
Miller, M. L., 236
Miller, R. L., 95, 135, 147, 173, 234, 295,
371, 389, 398, 399, 400, 416, 481,
512, 517, 518
Miller, W. G., 83, 168
Miller, W. H., 27, 173
Mininni, R. M., 363
Minsker, K. S., 341, 372
Mitsuhashi, S., 237, 251, 252, 253, 262,
264, 318, 367, 375
Miyagi, A., 210, 212, 257, 375, 410, 518
Miyakawa, T., 121, 171
Miyamoto, Y, 217, 225, 233, 375
Miyazawa, T., 74, 84, 85, 173
Mizushima, S., 74, 175
Mnyukh, Yu. V, 238
Moacanin, J., 164, 173
Mochel, W. E., 415, 518
Momany, F. A., 94, 136, 173
Monfils, A., 40, 171
Morawetz, H., 273, 374, 375
Morehead, F. A., 408, 512
Morero, D., 148, 149, 151, 157, 158, 173
Mori, K., 143, 175
Morosoff, N. C, 273, 341, 374, 437, 514
Morrow, D. R., 234, 251, 210, 351, 368,
377, 502
Morse, H. W., 315, 323, 375
Moyer, J. D., 430, 518
Mrowca, B. A., 422, 518
Mller, F H., 358, 375
Mller-Buschbaum, B., 279, 280, 375
Murahashi, S., 121, 154, 160, 169, 171, 364,
377
Murtazina, I. O., 339, 377
Muus, L. T., 97, 98, 169
N
Nabarro, F. R. N., 380, 518
Nagai, E., 241
Nakafuku, C, 217, 225, 233, 375
Nakagawa, H., 214, 372
Nakajima, A., 209, 210, 235, 371, 387, 389,
514
Nakanishi, H., 358, 359, 371, 375
Nakano, N., 359, 375
Nardi, V., 398
Natta, G., 4, 17, 71, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82,
87, 96, 101, 103, 108, 109, 112, 113,
116, 117, 119, 123, 137, 141, 142,
148, 149, 151, 157, 158, 160, 173,
174, 417, 518
Naumann, A. W., 419, 520
Nawotki, K., 421, 423, 424, 425, 512
Nmethy, G., 82, 170
Neurath, H., 161, 162
Nevyantsev, I. A., 341, 369
Newman, B. A., 208, 214, 372
Newman, R., 422, 518
Newman, S., 282, 370
Nicolaieff, A., 164, 172
Niegisch, W. D., 242, 251, 345, 375
Nielsen, L. E., 433, 518
Niggli, P., 25, 174, 180, 181, 375
Niinomi, M., 482, 518
Nishijima, Y., 429, 430, 518
Nishimura, Y., 160, 169
Noether, H. D., 88, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108,
174, 504, 519
Nowacki, W., 61, 169
Nyburg, S. C., 103, 105, 170
O
Ochs, R. J., 430, 518
OConnor, A., 194, 285, 293, 349, 370, 373,
493, 514
Odajima, A., 93, 174
Ogata, N., 275, 377
Ogawa, M. 241
Ohlberg, S., 395, 511

Okada, T., 417, 518
Okamura, K., 128, 237, 345, 369
Okamura, S .. 352, 373
kita, Y., 126, 127, 128, 169
Okuda, K., 109, 157, 174, 236
OLeary, K., 215, 351, 375,497, 518
Onogi, S., 433, 518
Onogi, Y., 430, 518
OReilly, D. E., 419, 421, 422, 518
Orowan, E., 381, 497, 518
Orth, H., 235
Oster, G., 382
Osthoff, R. C., 341, 372
Ota, T., 134
Overberger, C. G., 103, 105, 174
P
Padden, F. J., Jr., 239, 240, 241, 285, 299,
323, 324, 329, 334, 336, 339, 372,
373, 375, 432, 465, 466, 516, 520
Page, D. H., 352, 378
Palihov, N. A., 339, 377
Palmer, R. P., 192, 193, 210,2 17, 234, 316,
334, 368, 375, 410, 412, 518
Pan-Tun, L., 318
Park, G. S., 430
Park, I. K., 504, 519
Pashley, D. W., 266, 375, 477, 512
Pasquon, I., 77, 79, 80, 160, 174
Passaglia, E., 385, 493, 494, 497, 516
Patel, D. W., 233, 375
Patel, R. D., 233, 375
Pauling, L., 41, 46, 47, 51, 54, 74, 84, 174
Payue, N., 382
Pearce, E. M., 158, 174
Pechhold, W., 66, 167, 170, 174, 447, 449,
450, 451, 452, 512, 514, 518, 520
Peck, V., 189, 375
Pedemonte, E., 165, 166, 169, 172
Pedone, C., 109, 110, 167
Pelzbauer, Z., 320, 375
Pennings, A. J., 271, 273, 351, 352, 353,
354, 375, 376
Peraldo, M., 81, 174

Perego, G., 113, 116, 119, 174
Peterlin, A., 195, 210, 215, 293, 295, 349,
350, 369, 370, 372, 373, 376, 400,
437, 499, 500, 501, 506, 511, 514,
516, 517, 519
Petersen, D. R., 144, 243, 474, 519
Petersen, H., 50
Peterson, J. M., 481, 493, 495, 519
Petraccone, V., 108, 169
Philipp, B., 408, 409, 512
Phillips, D. C., 161, 172
Phillips, F. C., 25, 174, 181, 376
Phillips, V. A., 471, 519
Pichlmayr, H., 187, 371
Pieper, W., 199
Piesczek, W., 425, 519
Pimentel, G. C., 41, 174
Pitzer, R. M., 64, 174, 175
Point, J. J., 507, 519
Poland, D., 153, 154, 177, 454, 522
Polanyi, M., 381, 519
Pope, D. P., 507, 509, 516
Popoff, B., 323, 336, 376
Popov, A. A., 122, 176
Popova, L. A., 413, 516
Porejko, S., 320
Porod, G., 187, 349, 374, 376, 400, 519
Post, B., 273, 368
Powell, W. H., 4
Prandtl, L., 381, 519
Predecki, P., 485, 487, 488, 489, 493, 494,
519
Preedy, J. E., 295, 374
Preston, D., 398
Price, C., 165, 172
Price, F. P., 194, 216, 237, 317, 321, 376,
475, 511
Price J. M., 196, 198, 200, 229, 374
Priest, D. J., 212, 213, 373, 412, 489, 516,
519
Prime, R. B., 200, 224, 228, 230, 376
Prince, F. R., 158, 174
Prins, J. A., 50, 438, 522
Prins, W., 429, 516

Pritchard, R., 504, 519
Ptitsyn, O. B., 68, 168
Puderbach, H., 196, 197, 369
Roe, R. J., 194, 430, 520

Rom de lIsle, J. B. L., 179, 376
Ropte, E., 165, 171
Rossiter, B. W., 401
Rubin, I. D., 151, 175
Rudin, A., 413, 517
Ruland, W., 91, 175, 390, 391, 392, 393,
394, 397, 398, 437, 520
Rundsack, F. L., 340
Ruscher, C, 408, 409, 512
Rybnik , F., 317
Q
Quynn, R. G., 504, 519
R
Raatz, F., 181, 376
Rafikov, S. R., 275, 378
Ramachandran, G. N., 82, 85, 135, 170, 174
Ramakrishnan, C, 135, 174
Rnby, B. G., 187, 376
Rassmussen, O., 358
Ratner, I. D., 341, 369
Rauterkus, K. J., 198, 199, 373
Ravens, D. A. S., 413, 513
Read, W. T., Jr., 495, 514
Rebenfeld, L., 340
Reding, F. P., 154; 176, 317, 413, 519
Rees, D. V., 185, 197, 198, 200, 201, 225,
376
Reese, W., 403, 521
Reinhold C, 195, 215, 376, 400, 519
Rellensmann, W., 319
Reneker, D. H., 248, 255, 261, 301, 304,
308, 310, 370, 376, 447, 495, 519
Rhodes, F. H., 361, 376
Rhodes, M. B., 316, 428, 429, 512, 519, 521
Ribi, E. D., 187, 376
Rice, R. V., 218, 361, 374
Rice, W. E., 40, 45, 173, 174
Rich, A., 132, 135, 136, 169, 175
Richards, R. B., 274, 376, 415, 519
Richardson, G. C, 234, 251, 310, 377
Richardson, M. J., 406, 511
Ripamonti, A., 111, 169
Riveros, J. M., 125, 175
Roberts, B. W., 190
Roberts, T. L., 253, 367
Robertson, R. E., 498, 519, 520
S
Sadler, D. M., 483, 520
Safford, G. J., 419, 520
Saito, Y, 365, 372
Sakakihara, H., 144
Sakaoku, K., 310, 374, 504, 519
Sakoda, A., 433, 517
Sakurada, I., 119
Salovey, R., 232, 244, 255, 367
Saotome, K., 133
Saratovkin, D. D., 299, 300, 301, 376
Sarko, A., 410, 520
Sasisekharan, V., 82, 84, 135, 174
Sato, H., 317
Sato, T., 433, 518
Sauer, J. A., 234, 251, 310, 351, 368, 377
Saunders, F. L., 316
Sauter, E., 187, 377
Sawada, S., 257, 258, 334, 335, 373
Saylor, C P., 317
Schatzki, T. F., 447, 520
Schaufele, R. F., 419, 520
Scheraga, H. A., 82, 94, 136, 170, 173
Scherr, H., 447, 451, 520
Scherrer, P., 399, 520
Schimmel, G., 351, 377
Schindler, A., 347, 372
Schlegel, A. A., 93, 173, 485, 517
Schleinitz, H. M., 194, 357, 367
Schlesinger, W., 188, 377
Schlier, C, 45, 175
Schmidt, G. F., 196, 198,199, 201, 211, 369,

370, 373, 401, 402, 513
SchnelI, G., 395, 396, 398, 416, 515
Schnefeld, A., 222, 377, 445
Schoenflies, A, 25, 175
Scholl, F., 414
Schomaker, V., 47, 175
Schonhorn, H., 281, 282, 377, 432, 520
Schoon, T. G. F., 167, 175
Schottky, W., 381, 520
Schrcke, H., 21
Schuhmann, H., 398
Schultz, J. M., 97, 481, 520
Schultz, G. V., 6, 20
Schulze, A. J., 75, 76, 171
Schuur, G., 317
Seeber, L. A., 24, 175
Seeds, W. E., 164, 172
Seeger, A, 381
Seifert, H., 279
Seitz, F., 381, 520
Sella, C, 285, 377
Semlyen, J. A, 74, 75, 175
Seto, T., 97, 295, 377, 498, 520
Shablyagin, M. V., 275, 378
Sharples, A., 185, 377
Shida, M., 456, 521
Shimanouchi, T., 74, 175
Shiozaki, S., 214, 372
Shore, V. C, 161, 172
Shtarkman, B. P., 341, 372
Shu, S.-W., 194, 298, 299, 304, 309, 379
Sianesi, D., 108, 148, 149, 151, 157, 158,
173, 174
Sieminsky, M. A., 504, 519
Signer, R., 186, 341, 352, 362, 373, 377
Sisson, W. A., 512
Skoulios, A. E., 199, 200, 367, 464, 521
Slichter, W. P., 133, 419, 425, 521
Slonimskii, G. L., 56, 88, 165, 171, 175
Smekal, A., 380, 521
Smirnova, V. E., 386, 512
Smith, H., 317
Snyder, G., 379
Sobering, S. E., 504, 519

Sobue, H., 319
Sonada, C, 319
Sonoda, S., 214, 372
Sovers, O. J., 64, 175
Speerschneider, C J., 495, 497, 521
Spegt, P. A., 199, 200, 367
Spencer, L. J., 178, 377
Spencer, M., 164, 173
Spit, B. J., 414, 461, 521
Stafford, J. W., 10, 20
Starkweather, H. W., Jr., 281, 368
Statton, W. O., 196, 271, 369, 390, 485, 487,
488, 489, 493, 494, 504, 519, 521
Staudinger, H., 1, 3, 20, 185, 186, 341, 362,
377
Stein, A. N., 430, 514
Stein, R. S., 316, 391, 428, 429, 504, 512,
513, 514, 519, 521, 522
Steiner, K., 318
Stellman, J. M., 237, 432, 521
Steno, N., 178, 377
Stephenson, C E., 382
Stevenson, D. P., 47, 175
Stewart, J. M., 17, 20
Stock mayer, W. H., 70, 168
Stokton, F. D., 433, 518
Stone, F. G. A., 4, 20
Stone, I. C, 456, 521
Storks, K. H., 187, 377
Strandberg, B. E., 161, 172
Straumanis, M., 97
Stuart, H. A., 4, 20, 39, 45, 167, 170, 175,
185, 320, 323, 369, 377, 417, 522
Sturtevant, J. M., 401
Suehiro, K., 114, 125, 128, 169, 175
Sullivan, P., 263, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309,
327, 328, 360, 361, 379
Sumida, T., 209, 210, 371, 387, 389, 405,
514
Sutherland, G. B. B. M., 415, 521
Sutton, W. R., 361, 376
Suzuki, F., 358, 359, 371
Suzuki, Y, 358, 359, 371
Swan, P. R., 154, 175

Sweeny, W., 153, 175
Symons, N. K. T., 234, 316
Szwarc, M., 9, 20
T
Tadokoro, H., 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,
126, 127, 128, 131, 143, 144, 146,
169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 364, 365,
372, 377, 379
Tajima, Y., 498, 520
Takahashi, Y., 118, 120, 143, 144, 146, 175
Takahashi, T., 275, 279, 374, 377
Takayanagi, M., 114, 175, 237, 318, 433,
434, 482, 517, 518, 521
Takeda, Y., 132, 137, 176
Takemura, T., 217, 225, 233, 375
Takizawa, T., 154, 160, 169
Tanaka, K., 97, 295, 377
Tanford, C, 163, 176
Taniyama, S., 143, 175
Taschek, R., 415, 522
Taylor, G. I., 381, 521
Taylor, G. R., 395, 511
Taylor, W. C, 382
Teege, E., 281, 372
Teichmann, O., 167, 175
Teitelbaum, B. Ya., 339, 377
Temine, S. C, 159
Temussi, P. A., 144, 145, 168
Terford, H. C, 398
Terrisse, J., 464, 521
Tertsch, H., 181, 376
Thomas, J. M., 414, 521
Till, P. H., Jr., 189, 299, 377
Timasheff, S. N., 161, 176
Titova, N. M., 283, 374
Tobin, M. C, 416, 521
Tobolsky, A. V., 5, 20, 395, 399, 517
Tokareva, L. G., 275, 378
Torti, E., 108, 149, 174
Toulmin, S., 2, 20
Toyota, N., 341, 378
Tranter, T. C, 152, 159, 176

Traub, W., 160, 170
Trillat, J.-J., 285, 377
Trivedi, R., 482, 516
Trotter, I. F., 84, 168
Tschoegl, N. W., 164, 173
Tsetlin, B. L., 275, 378
Tsuboi, K., 235
Tsuboi, M., 132, 137, 176
Tsujimoto, I., 275, 377
Tsuruta, T., 107
Tsvankin, D. Ya., 401, 521
Tucker, J. E., 403, 521
Tuijnman, C A. F., 153, 154, 172
Tuinstra, F., 279
Tung, L. H., 382
Turley, J. W., 395
Turnbull, D., 190
Turner-Jones, A., 96, 103, 104, 106, 127,
131, 155, 156, 176
Tuttle, R. W., 94, 136, 173
U
Uchida, T., 117, 118, 176
Udagawa, Y., 212, 213, 373, 411, 412, 464,
517, 521
Ueda, A. S., 128, 131, 176
Utsunomiya, H., 235
Utting, B. D., 45, 168
V
Vadimsky, R. G., 465, 466, 516
Vainshtein, B. K., 39, 135, 161, 176
Vainshtein, E. F., 122, 176
Valle, G., 144
Vallee, B. L., 319, 366, 368
Valvassori, A., 77, 79, 80, 160, 174
van Aartsen, J. J., 429, 516
van Bueren, H. G., 381
Vand, V., 72, 169, 473,513
van der Heijde, H. B., 352
van der Mark, J. M. A. A., 271, 273,352,
353, 354, 375, 376
van Nghi, D., 408, 409, 512

van Vleck, J. H., 421, 521
Vanderkooi, G., 94, 136, 173
Vanzo, E., 165, 176
Vasilerskaya, L. P., 318
Vieth, W. R., 430, 517
Vlasov, A. V., 275, 378
Vogel, W., 439, 443, 444, 521, 522
Vogelsong, D. C, 133
Volkenstein, M. V., 11, 20, 64, 68, 176
Vonk, C. G., 153, 154, 172, 401, 521
W
Wada, Y., 489, 517
Wagner, C, 381, 520
Wagner, H. L., 504, 519
Wahlstrom, E. E., 325, 426, 522
Wall, F. T., 12, 20
Walter, E. R., 154, 176, 413, 519
Walter, N. M., 336, 372
Walton, A. G., 239, 279, 280, 373, 374
Ward, I. M., 205, 206, 352, 356, 378, 413,
455, 513, 515
Waring, J. R. S., 188, 317, 318, 323, 373
Warren, C. H., 315, 375
Watkins, N. C., 318, 334, 430, 431, 522
Watson, H. C., 161, 172
Watson, J. D., 164, 176
Watterson, J. G., 10, 20
Weeks, J. J., 201, 371, 378
Wegner, G., 362, 364, 365, 366, 371, 378
Weidinger, A., 397, 512, 515
Weiss, C. S., 180, 378
Weissberger, A., 382, 401
Wells, A. F., 61, 148, 176
Wheeler, E. J., 295, 374
Whitby, G. S., 3, 20
Whitney, W., 504, 519
Wiegel, E., 321
Wikjord, A. G., 348, 352, 357, 378
Wiley, R. E., 382
Wilke, W., 349, 350, 370, 443, 444, 445,
515, 516, 522
Wilkins, M. H. F., 164, 170, 172, 173

Willems, I., 275, 279, 378
Willems, J., 267, 275, 279, 280, 370, 378
Williams, D., 415, 522
Williams, D. E., 93, 176
Williams, J. O., 414, 521
Williams, T., 205, 206, 352, 356, 378, 455,
515
Willmouth, F. M., 165, 172, 346, 348, 352,
355, 356, 373, 378
Wilson, A. J. C., 399, 522
Wilson, E. B., Jr., 64, 125, 175, 176
Wilson, F. C., 456, 513
Wilson, H. R., 135, 161, 164, 170, 172, 176
Winslow, F. H., 410, 432, 514, 517
Witenhafer, D. L., 417, 517
Wittman, J. C., 288, 292, 378
Wittmann, H. G., 19
Wittmann-Liebold, B., 19
Wobser, G., 93, 94, 176, 447, 522
Woerner, S., 447, 518
Wonacott, A. J., 84, 132, 136, 168
Woodward, A. E., 234, 237, 432, 502, 521
Wulff, G., 182, 378
Wunderlich, B., 150, 153, 154; 168, 176,
177, 185, 186, 187, 192, 193, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203,
208, 209, 210, 212, 217, 218, 219,
220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 246, 247, 257, 260,
261, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 270,
281, 282, 297, 298, 299, 304, 305,
307, 308, 309, 311, 315, 316, 327,
328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 342, 343,
352, 357, 360, 361, 363, 367, 368,
369, 370, 371, 374, 375, 376, 378,
379, 386, 387, 389, 401, 403, 404,
405, 406, 407, 410, 413, 427, 453,
454, 456, 457, 468, 473, 495, 496,
497, 511 ,512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
518, 522
Wyckoff, H. W., 172, 336, 372
Wyckoff, R. W., G., 24, 148, 400, 512
Yamadera, R., 319

Yamamoto, M., 382
Yamashita, T., 318
Yamashita, Y., 127, 128, 169, 239, 243
Yang, R., 316, 504, 522
Yeh, G. S. Y., 167, 172, 177, 279
Yokoyama, M., 365, 379
Yoshihara, T., 364, 377
Yoshioka, N., 317
Young, J. D., 17, 20
Yu, A. J., 152, 159, 177
Yundt, A. P., 188, 379
Zachmann, H. G. 417, 421, 425, 513, 522

Zahn, H., 199
Zambelli, A., 77, 79, 80, 160, 174
Zaukelies, D. A., 495, 497, 498, 512, 522
Zbinden, R., 414, 522
Zerbi, G., 417, 518
Zernike, F., 438, 522
Zhubanov, B. A., 321
Zimmerman, J., 153, 175
Zugenmaier, R., 97
Zussman, J., 361, 369
Subject Index of Volume I

The index is organized according to macromolecules and subject matter. References to mainly
tabulated data are printed in italics. Subjects with more than three to four entries show bold face
numbers if more extensive discussion of the topic is given at this page rather than at the others.
Frequently used terms are listed only under the page numbers where definitions can be found.
For copolymers, check for both repeating units since only one order of co-monomers is listed.
For block and alternating copolymers (block and alt, respectively) check also copolymer (co).
A
Acetobacter xylinum; 342344
Adamantane, structure and unit cell of; 52
Addition reaction; 5
Albumin, serum, crystal structure of; 163
Amber; 1
Amino acid sequence; 18
Amorphous, see also Amorphous defect; 17,
165, 167, 385, 386, 388, 389, 396, 397,
401, 403, 435438, 445447, 464, 497
Amylose alcohol complexes, folded chain
crystals of; 242
Amylose iodine complexes, folded chain
crystals of; 242
Annealing; 195, 196, 198, 222, 271, 400,
433, 443445, 480, 500, 507
Arsenate; 147
Asphalt; 2
Axialite, see Multilayer crystal
B
Bacillus megaterium KM; 345 Backbone
structure; 19
Barium poly-L-glutamate, spherulite of; 319
Beer-Lambert law; 416
Birefringence; 188, 218, 325329, 344,
426428
Bond deformation; 66
Bond length, see Atomic radius
Bonding; 4142
covalent; 47, 55, 56
hydrogen; 45, 66, 135
ionic; 46
metallic; 45
van der Waals; 45, 55, 56
Bravais lattice; 27, 30
Bravais-Friedel law; 182, 183
Burgers dislocation, see Screw dislocation
Burgers circuit; 470
Burgers vector; 470472
Butane, rotational isomer of; 67
C
Calcite; 23
Calorimetry; 401407
Carboxypeptidase; 366
spherulite of; 319, 340
Cellulase; 414
Cellulose; 1, 7
crystal size; 399
crystal structure of; 144, 145
crystallinity of; 397, 398, 409, 410, 436
etching of; 187, 188, 344, 345, 408, 409,
410, 414
fibrous crystals of; 342, 343
folded chain crystal of; 242
infrared absorption of; 418
nitrate; 2
Cellulose
staining; 430
triacetate; 2, 233
tribenzoate; 282
tricarbanilate, folded chain crystal of;
242
Chain, defect or disorder; 447452, 453,
454, 485, 497
end; 213, 216, 453454, 457, 463,
485489
folding; 184, 187, 189, 193217, 254,
417, 457
folding principle; 193
Chain extension process; 193, 204, 217, 447
Chain torsion; 452, 454, 485
Chemical reactivity; 380381, 426, 430
Chloroprene, see trans-1,4-poly(2chlorobutadiene)
Chrysotile; 218, 226, 361
Cilia; 213, 214, 460, 464
Close packing; 4142, 68
Collagen; 136, 408
Colloids; 2, 3
Conformer, see Rotational isomer
Copolyamide; 151153, 158, 159
Copolyaminoacid, see also Polypeptide and
Protein; 160, 161
Copolycarbonates; 151
Copolyester; 153, 158, 159
Copolymer; 1419, 202, 453, 504
alternating; 16, 160
block; 16, 149, 164166, 202, 204
of polystyrene and polybutadiene;
164167
block, of polystyrene and
polyisoprene; 164, 165
graft; 19, 149
of hexamethylene adipamide and
hexamethylene terephthalamide;
151, 152
of isobutene and tetrafluoroethylene; 16
of styrene and methyl methacrylate; 16
of tetrafluoroethylene and
hexafluoropropylene; 456
Copolymer
of vinylidene chloride and vinyl
chloride; 157
of vinyl fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene;
157
of vinyl fluoride and vinylidene fluoride;
151
random; 16, 17,149, 150, 202, 436
triblock; 161, 164167, 214, 361
two-block, of poly(ethylene oxide) and
polystyrene; 203, 265,457
with 1-butene; 154, 155
with ethylene; 153154, 160, 202, 430,
455456
with 4-methyl-1-pentene; 156157
with styrene; 157158
Cotton; 2
Crystal; 178
branching of; 259261, 267, 282,
301303, 305, 322324, 330, 336
class; 180, 181
description; 95, 97, 103, 106107, 109,
112113, 118119,128129,
132134, 142, 144, 148, 163
equilibrium form; 182
extended chain; 184185, 192193,
217231, 329333, 358, 381
fibrous; 339361
folded-chain; 184, 187217, 232266,
295321, 333339
fringed micelle; 184185, 187, 208, 216,
349, 381, 437, 465
fully extended chain; 185, 199, 357
isometric; 361366
multilayer; 258266, 262265
semicrystalline; 381, 386, 403, 438
size; 349350, 398400, 443, 444, 445
system; 27, 181
Crystallinity, volume fraction of; 385, 386,
416
weight fraction of; 17, 149158, 203,
208, 281282, 342, 385386,
390398, 401, 403406, 409413,
415419, 423425, 427, 433,
435438, 457
Subject Index of Volume I, Page 2
Crystallization
during polymerization; 217, 272, 275,
340348, 357, 358, 362366
methods; 233, 234243
under pressure; 193, 197, 203, 218231
of oriented melts; 271, 274
Crystalloids; 2
Cubic close pack; 49, 5154
D
Dislocation
sessile; 494
vector; 259, 470472
Disorder function; 390392
Double repulsion; 53
Draw ratio; 500, 501, 507
Drawing; 350, 358, 442, 499507
Dyeing, see Staining
E
Defect
amorphous; 454457
electronic; 453
concept; 435452
microscopic; 452489
of the first kind; 439, 453
of the second kind; 392, 440
one-dimensional, see Dislocation
three-dimensional, see Defect,
amorphous
two-dimensional, see Surface defect
zero-dimensional, see Point defect
Deformation; 250, 293, 295296, 340,
348357, 380381, 386, 489511
Dehydrohalogenation; 432
Dendrite; 261, 295313, 322324, 340
Density, see also Crystal description; 208,
210212, 380387, 388389,
436438
gradient; 210, 382, 383
Deuteroparaffins; 206207
Deuteropolyethylene; 149, 205207, 214,
465
Diamond; 21
Dichroism; 364, 365
Diffusion; 426, 430
Diisotactic macromolecules; 17, 124
Dilatometer; 382, 384
Dislocation; 381, 454, 469485
climb; 492, 493, 494
glide; 492, 497
glissile; 494
line; 470472
network; 467, 482486
Edge dislocation; 467, 469473, 480,

487489, 492494
Elastomers; 1
Electrolytic conductivity; 380, 381
Electronegativity; 47
End-to-end distance; 11, 13, 14, 165
Enzyme etching; 414
Epitaxy; 259, 278, 266283, 308, 312313,
351
Etching; 187188, 205, 210213, 227230,
255258, 344345, 348, 355357,
408414, 431, 455, 456
Ethane, rotational potential; 62, 63, 65, 66
Excluded volume; 11
F
Fiber; 2, 164, 313, 322, 324, 339361, 503
commercial; 340
extended chain; 186, 332, 358359
formation on drawing; 222229,
250251, 348351, 489, 499507
Fiberglass; 1
Fibrillation; 340, 357359
Fibroin, spherulite of; 319
Flax; 2
Flotation; 210
Fluorescence; 426, 429, 430
Fluorite; 285286
Fold, buried; 212213, 454, 463
domain, see Sectorization
length, see Lamellar thickness
loose; 213214, 460, 463464
surface; 204215
Fractionation on crystallization, see

Rejection
Frank-Read source of dislocation; 495
G
Gel permeation; 205, 356
Germanium, edge dislocation in; 469, 471
Germanate; 147
Glass; 2, 161, 165, 184, 274, 281282, 381,
403
Glide plane, see Slip plane
crystal symmetry operation; 33
Globule; 347
Gold decoration; 288, 457462
Goniometer; 22, 179
Grain boundaries; 218, 454, 457, 464466
Granular structure; 167
Group theory; 25
Growth spiral, see also Screw dislocation;
261263, 266, 301302, 457458,
473475
Gutta percha, see trans-l,4-poly(2methylbutadiene)
Gypsum; 285,286
H
Habit; 181
Hair; 2, 35
Halogenation; 431, 432
Heat capacity; 62, 401406, 436, 453
Heat of fusion; 208, 380381, 388389,
401406, 436, 438, 451
Hedgehog dendrite; 308, 309, 322
Hedrite, see Multilayer crystal
Helical group; 72
Helix; 6985
-; 8385, 137138, 161162
conformation, nomenclature; 79
double stranded; 164
generation of; 80
kink in; 452
parameters; 74
triple stranded; 136
Hexagonal close pack within crystals; 49,

5154, 165
Heisenberg uncertainty principle; 422
Hydrogen
bond; 45, 66, 135
electron distribution; 43
interaction energy; 40
nuclear magnetic properties; 420
radius
covalent; 44, 45
ionic; 44
van der Waals; 44, 45, 91
I
Indicatrix; 325329, 339
Infrared
analysis; 62, 205207, 214, 414418,
436, 465
dichroism; 415, 426
Inorganic polymer; 381
isometric crystal of; 362
Insulin, zinc salt, crystal structure of; 163
Interaction potential; 40, 50, 64-68, 9394,
206, 451
Interstitial motifs; 381, 453, 485
Inversion center, 28
Isodimorphism; 150, 153
Isomer; 1419
cis and trans; 15, 17
conformational, see also Rotational
isomer or kink within a chain;
447452
positional; 14
steric; 16, 17, 76, 80, 116
structural; 14, 15
Isomorphism; 22, 147161, 266
of the chain; 148, 149
of the repeating unit; 108, 148150
Isotactic macromolecule; 1516
J
Jog within a chain; 450452, 454, 485, 495
K
Kink bands; 465467, 490, 495, 497498
Kink model; 436, 446452, 453, 454, 456,
485
L
-Lactoglobulin, crystal structure of; 162,
163
Lamellar crystal; 217266
thickening of; 195, 201202, 204, 217,
330331, 495
thickness of; 194202, 204, 211213,
225, 228, 267, 280, 349350,
400401, 444445
twisting of; 334336, 481
Lattice; 2528, 439440
distortion; 399400, 443, 445, 481
general position on a; 36
helical; 7173
special position on a; 36, 59
theory; 2124
Lennard-Jones potential; 50, 65
Light scattering; 426, 428, 429
Linear imperfections, see Dislocations
Living polymers; 6, 8, 9
Loop, loose, see Loose folds
Lysozyme, crystal structure of; 163
M
Macroconformation; 184, 340
Macromolecular hypothesis; 14
Macromolecule, configuration; 15
conformation; 10
definition and types; 1
nomenclature; 4, 5, 17
solution of; 13
synthesis of; 4
Maltese cross; 313, 328, 329
Matrix reaction; 7
Mechanical properties; 426, 432434
Melting data; 388, 389
Melting temperature; 388, 389, 407, 451
Micro-shish-kebob; 356
Microwave spectroscopy; 62
Miller index; 2728, 179
Mirror plane; 29
Mixed crystal; 147, 207
Modulus; 380, 432434, 438
Moir pattern; 475480, 481482, 493
Molecular volume; 55, 56, 57
Molecular weight, distribution; 710, 205,
356
number average; 7
polydispersity; 10
mass average; 8
z and (z + 1) averages; 8
Morphology, history of; 178180
extinction rules of; 183
macromolecular crystals, history of;
185193
Mosaic; 349, 350, 381, 443445,454
Motif; 25
Multiplicity; 36
Muscle; 135
Myoglobin; 161162, 163
crystal structure of; 163
N
Natta, principles for helices by; 71, 75
Nearest-neighbor distance; 50
Neck formation; 499500, 503
Neoprene, see 1,4-poly(2-chlorobutadiene),
trans
Nerve; 135
Neutron scattering; 418419, 426
Nodular structures; 167
Nuclear magnetic resonance; 419425, 430,
433, 436
Nucleic acid; 1, 7, 17, 161, 164
Nylon; 1, 3, 6, 80, 153, 199, 394, 400, 427
crystal strucutre of; 131140, 132134,
160, 251
dislocation glide in; 495, 497
etching of; 408, 410, 413
folded chain crystal of; 189, 241
Nylon
kink bands in; 498
melting data of; 389
spherutite of; 190, 319321, 337339
synthesis of; 6
Nylon 2, see Polyglycine and Polypeptide
Nylon 4, crystal structure of; 132, 138
Nylon 6; 3, 437
crystallinity of; 392, 393
dendrite of; 310311
drawn; 503
epitaxy; 273, 275, 278, 280
etching; 413414
fibrous crystal of; 341
spherulite of; 320, 323, 341
staining; 430
twin crystal; 310, 340
Nylon 7, crystallinity of; 393
epitaxy; 278, 280
Nylon 8; 437
epitaxy of; 278, 280
spherulite of; 320
spherulite of; 320
Nylon 2.10, spherulite of; 320, 337338
Nylon 5.5, spherulite of; 321
Nylon 6.6; 437
crystal structure of; 133, 134, 138, 139
epitaxy of; 275, 278, 280281
etching; 414
infrared absorption of; 417, 418
Nylon 6.6, melting data of; 389

point defects; 485489
X-ray diffraction; 390
Nylon 6.10, crystal structure of; 134, 138
Nylon 6.12, folded chain crystal of; 241
Nylon 7.7, conformation; 81
spherulite of; 321
Nylon 10.6, spherulite of; 320, 337338
Nylon 10.10, spherulite of; 320, 337, 338
O
Oligomer; 6
Oxidation, see Etching
P
Packing, averages of macromolecules; 88
close, of cylinders; 48, 86
of globular proteins; 164
of helices; 8688
of macromolecules; 8595
of molecules; 5561
of spheres; 4854
density; 49
limitingly close; 5960
of lamellae; 231
Paracrystal, one-dimensional, 400, 437, 439,
506
three-dimensional; 435, 438446
two-dimensional; 440, 441, 442
Paraffin; 206, 208, 215, 253, 274275, 285,
361, 405, 406, 411, 418, 458, 460,
473, 474
Penton, see Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane]

Phenolics; 1, 2
Phonon; 453
Phosphate, see Polyphosphate
Plane group permitting close packing; 5860
Plastics industry; 2
Pleated sheet; 8485, 84
Pleionomer; 6, 364
Point defect; 453456, 485489, 495
Point group; 2831, 180
stereographic projection; 3031
Poisson distribution; 9
Polarity; 59
Polyacetaldehyde, crystal structure of; 119,
123
Polyacetone, crystal structure of; 119, 123
Poly(O-acetyl hydroxyl-L-proline), epitaxy;
278, 280
Polyacetylene; 141
Poly(acrylic acid), folded chain crystal of;
236
Polyacrylonitrile; 202, 233
drawn; 503
epitaxy; 278, 280
folded chain crystals of; 235
spherulite of; 317
Poly-L-alanine; 94
crystal structure of; 132, 136, 137
-helix of; 8285, 136, 138
pleated sheet structure; 8285, 136, 13
rotational potential of; 83
Polyallene, crystal structure of; 143, 144
Polyamide, see Nylon
Poly(6-amino-3-methylcaproic acid)D(),
Polyanhydrides; 3
Poly- -D(1 4)anhydroxylose, folded chain
crystal of; 243
Poly( -benzyl-L-aspartate); 94
Poly( -benzyl-L-glutamate), epitaxy; 278,
280
Polybutadiene; isomer of; 14, 15

1,2-Polybutadiene, isotactic, crystal
structure of; 111, 112
syndisotactic, crystal structure of; 112,
114
1,4-Polybutadiene, helix structures of; 114
1,4-Polybutadiene, cis, crystal structure of;
112, 116, 117
trans, crystal structure of; 112, 115, 143
surface structure; 432
Poly-1-butene; 233, 295
crystal structure of; 102, 103, 104, 106
drawn; 502
fibrous crystals of; 346
grain boundary; 465
spherulite of; 316
Poly(2-butene oxide), cis; 124
trans, crystal structure of; 119, 123, 124
Polybutyraldehyde, crystal structure of; 119,
123
Polycaprolactam, see Nylon 6
Poly- -caprolactone; 275
Polycarbonate; 126, 129, 131, 151, 167, 319
Poly- (p-chlorobenzyl)-L-aspartate, crystal
1,4-Poly(2-chlorobutadiene), trans; crystal
structure of; 113
Poly(chloromethylethylene oxide); crystal
Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane]; 202
epitaxy; 278
spherulite of; 318
Polychloroprene, see 1,4-Poly(2-chlorobutadiene), trans
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, crystallinity of;

398
extended chain crystals of; 202, 217, 225
spherulite of; 317
Polycrystal; 180
Poly(trans-cyclodecene), III and IV, crystal
Poly(trans-cyclododecene), III and IV,
Poly(trans-cycloheptene), I, crystal structure
of; 142, 143
Poly(3-cyclohexyl-1-propene), crystal
Poly(trans-cyclooctene), III and IV, crystal
Polycycloolefin; 153
crystal structures of; 141, 142, 143
Poly(trans-cyclopentene), I, crystal structure
of; 142
Poly(3-cyclopentyl-1-propene), crystal
structure of; 106
Poly(trans-cyclotetradecene); 143
Poly(decamethylene esters), folded chain
crystal of; 238, 239
Polydiene, crystal structures of; 111117,
112113
folded chain crystals of; 237
1,2-Poly(4,4-dimethylbutadiene), crystal
Poly(dimethylene oxide), see Poly(ethylene
oxide)
Poly(dimethylene sulfide), crystal structure
of; 144, 146
Poly(dimethyl ketene), crystal structure of;
144, 145
Poly( 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene), crystal
structure of; 106
Poly( , '-dimethylpropiolactone), crystal

Polydioxolan, spherulite of; 317
Poly(dipropylsiloxane), crystal structure of;
144, 147
growth spirals of; 473, 474
Poly(2,5-distyrylpyrazine), fibrous crystals
of; 359
spherulite of; 321
Polyester; 3, 80, 125, 153
crystal structure of; 125131, 128129,
160
etching; 410
Polyester
melting data of; 388, 389
spherulite of; 318319
Polyethylene
conformation; 12, 13
crystal, branching of; 260, 267, 329331
deformation of; 293, 296, 349
pyramidal shape of; 251253, 267
reentrant face of; 261
size of; 349, 350, 399, 444, 445
swelling of; 464
crystallinity of; 211, 392398, 403406,
411412, 415418, 423424, 433,
436
dendrites of; 189, 295298, 302309,
327328, 335
density of; 208210, 388, 389, 396, 411,
436437
diffusion in; 430
dislocation in; 475, 494
dislocation network of; 482484
drawn; 442, 497, 499, 502
epitaxy of; 260, 267282
etching of; 205, 210213, 230, 255258,
334335, 348, 355356, 408,
411413, 411, 455
Polyethylene, extended chain crystals of;

193 199, 202, 217231, 329330,
445, 465, 467, 495496
fibrous crystals of; 221, 227, 228, 340,
345346, 351357, 360361
fold conformation of; 253255
folded chain crystals of; 189192,
194217, 229, 233, 234, 248249,
251258
grain boundary in; 465466
growth spiral of; 262264, 266,
457458, 473, 475
halogenation of; 432
heat capacity of; 403, 404, 406, 436
heat of fusion of; 388, 404406, 411,
436
helix structure; 69
infrared analysis of; 415417, 418, 465
kink bands in; 465467
kink in the chain of; 445, 447448, 449,
450451
lattice energy calculation of; 9395, 284
light scattering of; 428, 429
mechanical properties of; 433, 434
melting temperature of; 388, 407
monoclinic close pack, calculated; 90,
92, 493494
chain packing of; 8894, 283284, 292,
306
Moir pattern of; 476, 493
nuclear magnetic properties of; 420423,
433
orthorhombic close pack, calculated; 90,
92, 94
orthorhombic crystal structure of;
3739, 93, 96, 97, 122, 283
paracrystalline structure of; 443, 444,
445
ripple-decoration of crystal surfaces;
224, 267269, 495, 496
rolled; 507511
self-seeding of crystalization; 233, 280,
288
shish-kebob structure of; 224, 227,
270274, 346348, 351357
Polyethylene, small angle X-ray scattering

of; 401, 402
spherulite; 188192, 258, 307, 315, 316,
329331, 333335
deformation of; 504505
stacking fault of; 470
staining of; 430
synthesis of; 5, 272, 345348
thickness of lamellar crystals of;
194198, 201, 211, 213, 228
tie-molecules of; 465466
triclinic close pack, calculated; 89, 91,
94
triclinic crystal structure of (also called
monoclinic polyethylene II); 96, 97,
98, 122, 143, 208, 295
twin crystal of; 283295, 306, 497
Poly(ethylene adipate)
Poly(ethylene azeIate), spherulite of; 339
Poly(ethylene isophthalate), spherulite of;
319
Poly(ethylene oxalate), crystal structure of;
128
Poly(ethylene oxide)
epitaxy of; 278
folded chain crystal of; 203204, 237,
244, 255256, 258259, 265
grain boundary swelling of; 464
growth spiral of; 475
hedrite of; 263, 265
isometric crystals of; 364, 365
lamellar crystal thickness of; 199200,
202, 213
self-decoration of; 461, 463
self-seeding of; 233
spherulite of; 317
twin crystals of; 292, 293, 294
Poly(ethylene sebacate); 202, 275

spherulite of; 318
Poly(ethylene suberate)
Poly(ethylene succinate); 131
spherulite of; 318
Poly(ethylene terephthalate); 167, 202
crystallinity of; 398
dislocation glide in; 495
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
etching of; 210, 212, 255, 257, 408, 410,
413414
infrared analysis of; 417, 418
nuclear magnetic properties of; 421, 425
spherulite of; 318
staining of; 430, 431
Poly(ethyl silyl ethylene), crystal structure
of; 101, 103
Poly-o-fluorostyrene, crystal structure of;
101102, 103, 105, 151
Polyformaldehyde, see Polyoxymethylene
Poly(L-glutamic acid); 233
folded chain crystal of the polymer and
its salts; 240
Polyglycine, crystal structure of; 132,
135136
Polyglycolide, crystal structure of; 126127,
128
Polyglycols; 3
1,4-Poly(1,3-heptadiene), trans, isotactic,
1,4- Poly(1,3-hexadiene), trans, isotactic,
Poly [2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(phenylurethane)] isometric crystal of; 364, 365,

366
Poly[2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(p-tolylsulfonate)], isometric crystal of; 362,
364
Poly(hexamethylene oxide), crystal structure
of; 118, 122
Poly(hexamethylene sebacate), folded chain
crystal of; 238
Poly(hexamethylene terephthalate),
spherulite of; 319
Poly( -hydroxybutyrate), see Poly(3hydroxybutyric acid)
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid); 199
Poly- -hydroxydecanoate; 127
Poly(isobutene oxide), folded chain crystal
of; 237
Polyisobutylene, crystal structure of; 109,
110111
Poly(isobutylene oxide), crystal structure of;
119, 124
spherulite of; 318
Polyisoprene, see 1,4- Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
Poly(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenylene
carbonate), crystal structure of; 129
spherulite of; 319
PoIy-L-lysine, folded chain crystal of; 241
Poly(malonic anhydride); 3
Polymerization, degree of; 5
1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene), cis, 13, 15,
274, 436
crystal, size of; 399
helix structure of; 81, 82
infrared analysis of; 415, 418
nuclear magnetic properties of; 422
spherulite of; 317
1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene), trans; 15, 274,

282
folded chain crystals of; 187, 189,
274
infrared absorption; 418
spherulite of; 317
Poly(3-methyl-1-butene), crystal structure
of; 108
elastic; 504
helix structure of; 80
Poly(4,4'-methylenediphenylene carbonate),
spherulite of; 319
Poly(methylene oxide), see Polyoxymethylene
Poly(methylene selenide), crystal structure
of; 144, 145
Poly(methylene sulfide), crystal structure of;
144, 145
Poly( -methyl-L-glutamate), spherulite of;
319, 340
Poly(4-methyl-1-hexene), helix structure of;
80
Poly(methyl methacrylate); 167
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene); 202, 255
drawn; 502
Moir pattern of; 481
Poly-m-methylstyrene, crystal structure of;
107
Poly-o-methylstyrene, crystal structure of;
105, 107
Poly(octamethylene oxide), crystal structure
of; 119, 122
Polyolefin, see Vinyl polymer
Polyoxacyclobutane, see Poly(trimethylene
oxide)
Polyoxides; 153
crystal structures of; 117125, 118119,
160
folded chain crystals of; 237, 244245
545
spherulite of; 317318
Polyoxyethylene, see Poly(ethylene oxide)
Polyoxymethylene; 3, 117, 202, 255, 381
crystal, fibrous; 250, 272
structure of; 117, 118, 120, 145146
dendrite of; 308310
drawn; 503
Polyoxymethylene
epitaxy; 271, 275, 277, 278, 280, 282
etching of; 413
extended chain crystals of; 186, 334,
340, 358,427
Polyoxymethylene
fibrous crystal of; 250251, 341, 350,
352, 358, 427
folded chain crystals of; 215, 237, 244,
250251, 258, 265
growth spiral of; 475
helix structure; 74, 117
isometric crystals of; 362
kink in; 452
Moir pattern of; 475, 477478,
481482
row-nucleated; 504
self-seeding; 233
spherulite of; 317, 332, 334, 340
Polymorphism; 22
Polypeptides, see also Proteins; 139, 160
helix structure; 8085, 135
Poly(4-phenyl-1-butene), crystal structure
of; 103, 105
Poly(p-phenylene adipamide), spherulite of;
321
Poly(p-phenylene oxide), crystal structure
of; 119, 124
Poly(p-phenylene sebacamide), spherulite
of; 321
Polyphosphate; 147
helix structure; 7476
isometric crystals of; 362, 363
Poly(phosphonitrile chloride), crystal
Poly-L-proline, crystal structure of; 132, 136
Polypropionaldehyde, isotactic, crystal
Polypropylene; 202, 233, 251
Polypropylene, atactic; 16, 17
isotactic; 16, 17
crystallinity of; 392, 393, 397, 398
dendrite of; 310, 312, 313, 336
diffusion in; 430
drawn; 499, 502
Polypropylene, isotactic
elastic; 504
epitaxy of; 278, 282, 312, 336337
etching; 411, 413414
light scattering of; 429
spherulite of; 316, 336337, 431
staining of; 431
X-ray diffraction of; 390391, 395
syndiotactic; 16, 17
crystal structure of; 109, 110111,
121
Poly(propylene oxide), crystal structure of;
119, 123, 146147
epitaxy; 278
spherulite of; 318
Poly(propylene sulfide), crystal structure of;
144, 146147
Polyps; 347
Poly[1,4 bis( -pyridy1-{2}-vinyl) benzene],

Polystyrene; 3, 167
crystal, size of; 399400
structure of; 103, 105, 151
epitaxy; 278, 282
etching of; 414
isomers of; 14
lattice distortion; 481
spherulite of; 316
staining; 431
Polytetrafluoroethylene, crystal structure of;
97, 98
epitaxy; 266267, 270, 281
extended chain crystals; 192193, 217,
222, 495
fibrous crystal of; 341342, 351
helix structure of; 6970, 7273
kink bands in; 497
Polytetrahydrofuran, see
Poly(tetramethylene oxide)
Poly(tetramethylene oxide); 56, 202
Poly[(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene) siloxane],
spherulite of; 321
Poly(4,4'-thiodiphenylene carbonate),
spherulite of; 319
Poly(trimethylene glutaric acid), spherulite
of; 318
Poly(trimethylene oxide); 87
Poly-L-tyrosine, folded chain crystal of; 240
Polyurea; 135
Polyurethane; 135, 198199, 213
epitaxy of; 278
spherulite of; 321
Poly(vinyl alcohol); 151
staining of; 430
Poly(vinyl tert-butyl ether), crystal structure
of; 107
Poly(vinyl butyl ether), crystal structure of;
103
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole), extended chain
crystals of; 498
kink bands in; 498
Poly(vinyl chloride); 3
kink in; 452
spherulite of; 317
Poly(vinylcycloheptane), crystal structure
of; 107
Poly(vinyl cyclohexane), crystal structure
of; 107
folded chain crystal of: 234
Poly(vinyl cyclopentane), crystal structure
of; 107
Poly(vinyl cyclopropane), crystal structure
of; 103, 105, 106
Poly(vinyl fluoride); 149, 151
Poly(vinylidene chloride), crystal structure

of; 108, 109
dehydrohalogenation; 432
Poly(vinylidene fluoride); 149
Poly(vinyl methyl ether), crystal structure
of; 103
Poly(vinyl methyl ketone), crystal structure
of; 107
spherulite of; 317
Poly(1-vinyl naphthalene), crystal structure
of; 107
Poly-p-xylylene, folded chain crystal of;
242, 247
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide), crystal
Protease; 414
Protein; 1,7,17, 319, 366
fibrous; 85, 135
globular; 85, 161164, 163, 186, 366
-helix of; 8385
pleated sheet of; 8285, 137, 161
tobacco mosaic virus; 18
Pycnometer; 210, 382, 384385
R
Radius, atomic; 43, 44, 4547
Raman spectroscopy; 62, 68, 418 , 426
Random coil; 14, 62, 447
Random walk; 1011
Rational indices, law of; 179180
Refractive index; 380381,426, 438
Refractivity; 426
Rejection on crystallization; 204, 216, 303,
430
Reorganization on melting; 407
Repeating unit; 5
Resins; 12
Ribonuclease; 7
Ripple decoration; 224, 260, 267269
RNA; 164
Rotation axis, definition; 28

Rotation, hindered; 11, 61, 6268, 70, 77,
83, 117, 125
Rotational isomer, see also Rotation,
hindered; 1113, 6268, 447448
Row nucleus; 274, 351, 504
Rubber elasticity; 433
Rubber, natural see 1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene), cis
S
Screw axis; 33, 72
Screw dislocation; 259, 267, 381, 469473,
481482, 485, 487489, 492, 495
Sectorization; 233, 249, 481
Selenium, crystal structure of; 97, 100
extended chain crystals of; 217, 223,
331, 333
grain boundaries; 464, 466, 468
kink bands in; 498
Self-seeding; 233, 280
Sericin, spherulite of; 319
Shear; 490
Shish-kebob structure; 224, 227, 263,
270273, 346348, 351357
Siamese twin; 292, 295
Silicate; 147, 361, 408
Silk; 12, 135, 137, 160
Single crystal; 180
Skeletalization; 299302, 310, 324
Slip; 131, 251, 349, 490497, 501, 507, 510
Sodium chloride; 42, 53, 274279, 457
Solid core approximation; 41
Steric hindrance; 62, 64
Stirrer-crystallization, see Shish-kebob
structure
Space group; 25, 32
example; 37, 38
permitting close packing; 60
table of; 34, 35
Spherulite; 187188, 282, 307, 313339,

316321, 340, 366, 428429
deformation; 504, 505
extended chain; 329333, 340
folded chain; 333339
ringed; 315, 329, 334335, 337, 481
Stacking fault; 454, 457, 467468, 470
Staggered bond rule; 70, 71, 75
Staining; 349, 426, 430431
Starch, spherulite of; 321
Staurolite; 285, 286
Step reaction; 5, 6
Strain hardening; 501, 506
Stress-strain behavior; 500501, 511
Striations of extended chain crystals; 192,
218, 222
Structure insensitive properties; 380382,
435, 437
Structure sensitive properties; 380382, 425
Subgrain boundary; 457, 466468
Sulfur, crystal structure of; 97, 9899
synthesis of; 4
Superheating on melting; 407
Surface area, specific; 387
Surface decoration, see Gold decoration and
Ripple decoration
Surface defect; 208214, 454, 457469
Surface free energy; 182, 457
Switchboard model; 205, 208
Symmetry operation; 25
symbols of; 38
Syndiotactic macromolecules; 16
T
Taylor-Orowan dislocation, see Edge
dislocation
Taylor vortex; 352
Tellurium, helix structure of; 74
-Temperature; 14
Textiles; 1
Tie-molecules; 208, 214, 263, 464466,
504509
Topaz close pack; 51

Topotactic polymerization; 362
Tracht; 179, 181
Transcrystallization; 281, 282
Transition due to torsional oscillation; 98,
115
Trimethylcellulose; 188
Tritium; 430
Twin crystal; 180, 248, 283295, 306, 310,
339340. 358, 454, 501
U
Virus; 18, 161, 186, 366

tobacco mosaic; 164
tobacco necrosis, crystal structure of; 24,
163, 164
tomato bushy stunt, crystal structure of;
163
W
Wavellite; 314, 315
Wool; 2
Wulff construction; 182
Wurtzite structure; 54
Unit cell; 2627, 27
V
Vacancy; 381, 446, 453, 485, 493
Valence angle deformation; 66
Vinyl polymers, crystal descriptions of; 96,
97, 98, 100102, 103, 104105,
106107, 108, 109, 110-111
etching of; 410
folded chain crystals of; 232233,
234236
helix structure of; 76-81, 101
kinks in; 452
packing of helices of; 87, 101
spherulites of; 316317
X-ray diffraction; 211, 387401, 436437,

440, 443, 464
low angle; 195, 400402, 438, 455, 510
Y
Yield; 499
Z
Ziegler process; 272, 345348
Zinc blende; 54
Macromolecular
Physics
Bernhard Wunderlich
Troy, New York
VOLUME 2
Crystal Nucleation, Growth, Annealing
ACADEMIC PRESS
New York. San Francisco
London
1976


24/28 Oval Road. London NW1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Wunderlich, Bernhard, (date)
Macromolecular physics.
Includes bibliographies.
CONTENTS: v. 1.
Crystal structure, morphology,
defects.--v. 2.
Crystal nucleation, growth, annealling.
1.
Macromolecules.
2.
Crystals.
I.
Title.
QD381.W86
548
72-82632
ISBN 0-12-765602-2 (v. 2)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
vii
LIST OF TABLES
PREFACE
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
xi
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
xii
Chapter V The Nucleation Step

5.1
Primary Nucleation of Crystals

5.1.1 Nucleation Theory Concept
5.1.2 Homogeneous Nucleation
5.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation
5.1.4 Self-Nucleation
5.1.5 General Conclusions about Primary Nucleation
5.2 Secondary and Tertiary Nucleation on Crystal Surfaces
5.2.1 Nucleation Control of Crystal Growth
5.2.2 Secondary and Tertiary Nucleation Concepts
5.2.3 General Conclusions about Secondary and Tertiary Nucleation
5.3 Molecular Nucleation
5.3.1 Some Qualitative Experimental Evidence for Molecular Nucleation
5.3.2 Segregation on Crystallization from Solution
5.3.3 Segregation on Crystallization from the Melt
5.3.4 Concepts of Molecular Nucleation
5.3.5 General Conclusions about Molecular Nucleation
References
7
16
35
52
70
72
72
79
87
88
89
91
94
98
104
105
Chapter VI The Growth of Crystals

6.1
General Description of Crystal Growth

6.1.1 History
6.1.2 Linear Growth
115
115
119
vi
Contents
6.1.3 Overall Crystallization

6.1.4 Crystal Growth and Chain Folding
6.1.5 Molecular Weight and Structure Dependence of Crystal Growth
6.1.6 Secondary Crystallization and Crystal Perfection
6.1.7 Crystal Growth without Chain Folding
6.1.8 Crystallization during Polymerization
6.2 Solution Crystallization of Macromolecules
6.2.1 Normal Crystal Growth
6.2.2 Effect of Stirring
6.2.3 Effect of Pressure
6.3 Melt Crystallization of Macromolecules
6.3.1 Normal Growth
6.3.2 Effect of Deformation
6.3.3 Effect of Pressure
6.3.4 Effect of Copolymerization
6.4 Crystallization during Polymerization
6.4.1 Gaseous Monomer Crystallization
6.4.2 Liquid or Dissolved Monomer Crystallization
6.4.3 Solid Monomer Crystallization
References
132
147
160
168
178
189
197
198
207
210
212
212
247
252
259
271
272
282
313
328
Chapter VII The Annealing of Crystals

7.1
General Description of Annealing

7.1.1 Definitions and Processes of Annealing
7.1.2 Changes in Crystal Shape
7.1.3 Changes in Macroconformation
7.1.4 Changes in Defect Concentration
7.1.5 Polymorphic Changes
7.1.6 Relief of Internal Stresses
7.1.7 Transport of Matter
7.1.8 Recrystallization
7.1.9 General Summary of Annealing Processes
7.2 Crystals from Solution
7.2.1 Dry Crystal Annealing
7.2.2 Annealing of Crystals in Contact with the Solvent
7.2.3 Shish-Kebob Annealing
7.3 Crystals from the Melt
7.3.1 Annealing of Normal Crystals
7.3.2 Annealing of Deformed Materials
7.3.3 Annealing under Elevated Pressure
7.3.4 Annealing with Changes in the Backbone
References
348
348
350
354
357
360
362
365
368
370
373
375
389
391
393
393
401
418
425
429
AUTHOR INDEX
437
SUBJECT INDEX
450
List of Tables
13
Critical equilibrium nucleus dimensions
24
Critical temperature of solidification in droplet experiments
Crystallization temperatures of seeded polypropylene
46
55
Maximum temperatures for self-nucleation
Average molecular weights of polyethylene left dissolved after
crystallization from xylene
93
6 Critical molecular weights of polyethylene left molten after
crystallization from the melt
96
7 Equilibrium critical molecular weight of polyethylene melts as
a function of temperature
101
V.
1
2
3
4
5
VI.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
A vrami parameters for a two-stage crystallization

Exponents of time in the A vrami equation
Maximum crystal growth rates of macromolecules
Critical temperatures eC) in crystallization of poly(ethylene
oxide)
Conditions when the initial metastable crystal perfection is
reached
Ceiling temperatures of crystalline macromolecules
Crystallization of poly[3, 3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclo butane]
Crystallization of macromolecular melts
Crystallization parameters of isotactic polypropylene
Linear crystallization rate of polypropylene of varying tacticity
Crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Avrami exponents (n) of nylon 6
Values of the Avrami exponent n for different elongation ratios
rx of cis-1,4-poly(2-methylbutadiene)
145
147
163
168
174
194
202
216
236
239
243
245
252
vii
viii
List of Tables
14 Thermodynamic data per mole of monomer

15 Reactivity of diynes of structure R1-C==C-C==C- R2
VII.
274
326
1 Temperature of initial thickening on annealing of single crystals 378

383
396
4 Annealing behavior of some drawn macromolecular samples 412
420
5 Annealing of polyethylene at 5.1 kb pressure
2 Annealing behavior of some folded chain single crystals
3 Annealing behavior of some melt crystallized samples
Preface
This volume is the continuation of the discussion of crystals of linear

macromolecules. It deals with the transformation of matter into the crystalline
state. Volume 1 dealt with" Crystal Structure, Morphology, Defects," a subject area that was beginning to be understood by 1971, the closing date for
literature treated in Volume 1. At the time of this writing, little additional
work except for more examples could be added in this area, a sign of the
maturity of our knowledge about crystalline macromolecules. When the
material for the present volume was assembled, making use of the literature
up to mid-1974, a different picture arose. "Crystal Nucleation, Growth, and
Annealing" are subjects that are still, in many cases, in flux. The classical treatments of crystallization as found for example in Stuart's "Die
Physik der Hochpolymeren " or Mandelkern's "Crystallization of Polymers"
do present a firm base for the discussion, but, in the light of the research of
the last ten years, are inadequate to describe the known phenomena.
This book is a first attempt at a unified treatment of the processes involved
in crystallization of linear macromolecules. It represents an effort to collect
sufficient material to show that crystallization of macromolecules cannot be
treated as a simple extension of small-molecule crystallization. The long-chain
nature leads to a special nucleation process, molecular nucleation, not found
in small-molecule crystals. Another new aspect is the possibility of crystallization during polymerization, which leads to a series of previously unknown
effects of nucleation, crystallization, and annealing. Both topics are treated
for the first time in a comprehensive fashion (Sections 5.3, 5.1.2, 6.4, and
7.3.4).
The documentation is done, as in the first volume, by frequent references
to the original literature and other sections of the two volumes. For the more
rapidly developing areas an attempt was made to cover all present literature.
Well-established areas were documented with a critically selected series of
ix
Preface
references. An attempt was made to trace the basic ideas to their origin.
Whenever possible, tables or footnotes are used to present larger bodies of
information or larger numbers of references in abbreviated form. In particular,
crystallization of many macromolecular melts are collected in Table VI.8,
and annealing data are presented in Tables VII.2-VII.4. Almost all drawings
were newly made to present a uniform style and to permit, in many cases,
the combination of data from several sources.
Since the subject of crystals of macromolecules cuts across many disciplines, several introductory sections were included in Volume 1 (Polymer
Science, Chapter I; Crystallography, Section 2.2; Molecular Structure,
Section 2.3; Crystal Morphology, Section 3.1 ; Crystal Defects, Section 4.1).
The present book builds on the material of Volume 1. Each chapter consists
of a general section describing history ~nd theory of the subject, followed by
specific examples.
Volumes 1 and 2 parallel the graduate lecture courses at Rensselaer, and
have also been presented as audio courses.t
Volume 2 concludes the description of crystals and their formation.
Because of time and space limitations, it was not possible to include (as
promised in the preface of Volume 1) the subject of melting; this will be
treated in detail in Volume 3, subtitled" Thermal Properties." Volume 3 will
also deal with heat capacities, thermal conductivity, and related topics. An
early extensive summary of this topic was presented in a review [Adv. Polymer
Sci. 7, 151-368 (1970)], and a third audio coursei treats some basic material
of this topic.
The author hopes that still more volumes will be forthcoming to allow
for a truly comprehensive treatment of the subject.
t Crystals of Linear Macromolecules, Rensselaer Audio Course 72.668 and

Crystallization of Linear Macromolecules, Rensselaer Audio Course 72.669; Division of
Continuing Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12181.
t Thermal Analysis of Linear Macromolecules, Rensselaer Audio Course 72.666;
Division of Continuing Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12181.
Acknowledgements
As in the first volume, I should like to thank colleagues and students who
have supported this work by contributing discussions, preprints, and photographs. The basis of Volume 2 was a lecture course of the same title given to
students at Rensselaer in 1972. The bulk of the material was assembled during
a sabbatic leave in 1973-1974. Initial testing was possible in a second lecture
course in 1974. Many of the illustrations in this book were possible only by
the contribution of original prints by the authors listed in the legends. In
addition, permission for reproduction was generously granted by the following
copyright holders:
American Chemical Society, Washington (Figs. VI.26 and VI.73c).
American Institute of Physics, New York (Figs. VI.29, VI.30, VI.86, and VI.87A,B).
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (Figs. V.26, V.34, V.38, VI.24a,b, VI.25, VI. 34, VI.35,
VI.36, VI.37, VI.83, and VI.84).
Hiithig and Wepf Verlag, Heidelberg (Figs. VI.62, VII.12, and VII.22).
North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam (Figs. V.19 and VI.2).
Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (Fig. VI.38).
Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt (Figs. VI.27, VI.46, VI.80 A and B).
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (Figs. V.18, V.23, V.25, V.48, V.49, VI.70, VI.71, VI.72,
VI.73a,b, VI.74a-c, VI.75, VI.76, VI.79, VI.81, VI.82, VII.6, VII.7, VII.8, VII.13, VII.14,
VII.21, VII.26, VII.27, and VII.28).
xi
Author Index of Volume II

A
Abe, K., 358
Abitz, W., 17, 108
Abkin, A. D., 313
Adler, G., 313, 314, 315, 319, 328, 332
Agnew, N. H., 313
Akaishi, T., 303, 338
Alfonso, G. C, 39, 52, 58, 105, 113
Allegra, G., 28, 112
Allen, G., 91, 105
Allen, P. W., 229
Allou, A. L., Jr., 394, 433
Aloiso, C J., 425, 435
Amano, T., 170, 341
Amrhein, E. M., 3, 105
Ander, P., 313, 314, 340
Anderson, F. R., 8, 9, 94, 105, 108
Andrews, E. H., 66, 67, 89, 106, 219, 241,
247, 249, 257, 328, 342
Anokhin, V. V., 241
Arai, H., 283, 328
Arakawa, T., 94, 101, 104, 106, 108, 257,
346, 378, 390, 393, 435
Asaubekov, M. A., 205, 213, 214, 328
Asbach, G. I., 99, 106
Asmussen, F., 257, 328
Avrami, M., 132, 146, 328
Azcue, J. M., 207
B
Baccaredda, M., 295, 328
Baer, E., 24, 25, 26, 27, 42, 44, 45, 58, 59,
107, 110, 113, 236, 257, 336
Baeyer, A., 325, 328
Bair, H. E., 383

Bakeyev, N. F., 423, 435
Ballantine, D. S., 313, 314, 340
Ballard, D. G. H., 3, 106
Balt-Calleja, F. J., 375, 382, 385, 402, 411,
412,429
Balwit, J. S., 318, 339
Bamford, CA., 192, 328
Bank, M. I., 94, 106, 367, 429
Banks, W., 53, 106, 171, 214, 234, 239, 328
Baranov, V. G., 19, 106, 243, 328
Bares, V., 358, 429
Barnes, W. J., 75, 106, 121, 239, 328
Barrales-Rienda, J. M., 233, 332
Barskii, Yu, P., 214
Bassett, D. C, 253, 255, 256, 319, 328, 342,
375, 382, 389,4 19, 423, 424, 429,
430, 434
Baughman, R. H., 194, 195, 196, 327, 328,
329
Baumber, M. W., 296, 297, 299, 339
Baumgrtner, A., 185, 342
Baur, H., 144, 197, 262, 263, 264, 266, 329
Bawn, C E. H., 284, 284, 329
Beck, H. N., 46, 106
Becker, R., 122, 329
Beech, D. R., 203, 240, 329
Bekkedahl, N., 214, 329
Belavtseva, Ye. M., 386
Bell, J. B., 398
Belov, G. P., 423, 435
Belyi, V. A., 51, 112
Benoit, H., 3, 106
Bensasson, R., 314, 343
Bentley, W. A., 117, 329
Berens, A. R., 318, 338

Beresford, D. R., 402, 430
Berghmans, H., 51, 108
Berlin, A. A., 274, 329
Bevan, H., 402,430
Binsbergen, F. L., 14, 15, 27, 36, 37, 38, 44,
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 81, 87, 106, 137,
138, 139, 329
Bittiger, H., 22, 106
Blackadder, D. A., 380, 390, 391, 394,430
Blais, J. J. B. P., 396, 397, 400, 430
Blasenbrey, S., 2, 111,112
Block, S., 256, 328
Blundell, D. J., 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 107, 199,
200, 329
Boder, G., 315, 334
Boehkle, K., 211, 280, 281, 321, 336, 345
Bogdanova, K. A., 297
Bohlmann, F., 325, 329
Bonart, R., 402, 430
Bonjour, E., 293, 331
Booij, H. C., 70, 111
Boon, J., 55, 61, 62, 107, 162, 163, 207, 329
Boor, J., Jr., 361, 430
Booth, A., 142, 143, 171, 225, 234,329, 334
Booth, C., 91, 105, 107, 203, 221, 240, 329
Bopp, R. C., 280, 235, 424, 435, 419, 420,
421, 425, 431
Borri, C., 227
Bort, D. N., 292, 329, 336
Bourland, L., 201, 331
Boyer, R. F., 362, 430
Boyles, J. G., 275, 276, 330
Bradley, R. S., 129
Brandrup, J., 194, 330
Brasch, J. W., 253, 255, 336
Brenschede, W., 119, 330
Briegleb, G., 304, 330
Brown, J. F., Jr., 316, 317, 330
Brown, M. E., 313
Brown, N., 31, 32, 107, 294, 295, 330
Brown, R. G., 418, 430
Bruk, M. A., 313
Brumberger, H., 371, 434
Buchanan, D. R., 416

Buchdahl, R., 214
Buckser, S., 214
Buls, V. W., 287, 330
Bunn, C. W., 94, 107
Burfield, D. R., 292, 344
Burke, J. G., 116, 330
Burmester, A. F., 354, 386, 387, 389, 430
Burnett, B. B., 77, 244, 330
Burns, J. R., 24, 27, 107
Burton, R. L., 241
Burton, W. K., 122, 123, 125, 127, 330
Busfield, W. K., 312, 333
Butlerov, A. M., 294
Butta, E., 295, 328
C
Cabrera, N., 122, 123, 125, 127, 330
a kovi , H., 357, 366, 367, 403, 404, 405,
406, 408, 409, 430
Callis, C. F., 31, 113
Calvert, P. D., 180, 330
Cantow, M. J. R., 91, 109
Carazzolo, G., 318, 319, 330, 340
Carder, D. R., 423, 424, 429, 430
Carion, F. E., 279
Carr, S. H., 42, 58, 59, 107
Carrano, A., 390, 432
Carslaw, H. S., 131, 330
Cecchorulli, G., 228
Cemel, A., 315, 330
Challa, G., 55, 61, 62, 107, 162, 163,205,
329, 335
Chanzy, H. D., 292, 293, 330, 331, 340
Chapiro, A., 313
Charlesby, A., 192, 313, 331
Chatani, Y., 317, 318, 321, 331
Chernov, A. A., 73, 107
Chiu, J., 236
Christiansen, A. W., 257, 336
Cobbold, A. J., 94, 107
Cobbs, W. H., Jr., 241
Collier, J. R., 222
Author Index of Volume II, Page 2
Colson, J. P., 319, 321, 323, 331, 352, 353,

354, 397, 434
Cooper, M., 201, 331
Cormia, R. L., 23, 24, 27, 107, 113
Cormier, C. M., 55, 76, 77, 78, 101, 104,
107, 113, 114, 172, 173, 174, 175,
176, 346, 392, 435
Corneliussen, R., 407, 434
Corradini, P., 28, 112
Correri, G., 236
Cossee, P., 288
Cotton, J. P., 3, 106
Coughlin, M. C., 304, 307, 331
Cowell, G. W., 284
Crabtree, J. R., 292, 331
Credali, L., 318, 343
Crystal, R. G., 216, 258, 344, 426, 430
Cser, F., 315, 316, 334
D
Davidson, T., 77, 78, 114, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 346, 418, 430
Davies, A. G., 284
Davis, G. T., 375, 430
Dawkins, J. V., 351, 430
Day, A., 293, 330
DeCandia, F., 245, 331
DeChecchi, C., 318, 343
Decker, D., 3, 106
Dehlinger, U., 360, 431
DeLange, B. G. M., 48, 49, 50, 106, 138,
139, 329
Dent Glasser, L. S., 192, 331
Dettenmaier, M., 3, 107
Devoy, C., 37, 107, 165, 201, 331
DiCyan, A. B., 378, 390, 393, 435
Dienes, G. J., 313, 314, 340
DiMarzio, E. A., 153, 158, 159, 165, 201,
339, 343
Dimonie, M., 312, 331
Dismore, P. F., 416, 431
Dobos, J., 313
Dodgson, D. V., 240, 329

Dole, M., 22, 107, 181, 331
Doll, W. W., 258, 331
Donald, H. J., 236
Drffurt, H., 168, 331
Dring, W., 122, 329
Dreyfuss, P., 150, 354, 355, 386, 389, 430,
431
Driemeyer, M., 400, 431
Drury, T., 129
Dumbleton, J., 415, 416
Duval, X., 313, 339
E
Early, R. M., 235, 340
Eastmond, G. C., 192, 313, 319, 328, 331
Eby, R. K., 266, 343, 352, 353, 354, 375,
397, 418, 430, 434
Eckart, R., 42. 110
Egorova, Yu, V., 40, 41,114
Ehinger, H., 273, 331
Era, V., 214
Ergoz, E., 214, 215, 232, 233, 332
Errede, L. A., 278, 311, 332
Evanc, M. A., 282, 342
Evans, U. R., 132, 332
Evko, E. I.,40, 41, 114
Ewers, W. M., 182, 183, 184, 332
Eyring, H., 7, 11, 108, 171, 335
F
Fankuchen, I., 302, 340
Farnoux, B., 3, 106
Fatou, J. G., 214, 215, 232, 233, 332, 394,
433
Faucitano, A., 314, 332
Fernandez-Bermudez, S., 219
Ferry, J. D., 9, 113, 362, 431
Fielding-Russell, G. S., 241
Fisa, B., 292, 340
Fischer E. W., 3, 107, 179, 194, 195, 219,

313, 332, 336, 368, 371, 381, 382,
385, 393, 394, 402, 403, 404, 405,
406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 419,
423, 431
Fischmeister, H., 367, 431
Fisher, J. C., 8, 11, 113
Fitchmun, D. R., 45, 107
Flood, J., 378, 390, 393, 435
Flory, P. J., 2, 17, 19, 91, 107, 179, 198,
212, 226, 239, 259, 261, 265, 332,
340, 343
Folt, V. L., 318, 338
Forsman, W. C., 43, 109
Fort, T., Jr., 315, 330, 342
Fowkes, F. M., 38, 107
Frank, F. C., 18, 28, 67, 68, 73, 85, 108,
127, 150, 151, 153, 157, 213, 330,
332, 384
Frayer, P., 318, 338
Fredericks, R. J., 282, 342
Frenkel, J., 122, 125, 332
Frenkel, S. Ya., 19, 106
Friedel, J., 362, 431
Frisch, H. L., 65, 108
Frischkorn, H., 3, 105
Fritzsche, C., 385
Frolen, L. J., 24, 25, 26, 53, 84, 108, 109,
118, 148, 151, 213, 234, 235, 335
Frolova, A. A., 66, 108
Fuhrmann, J., 400, 431
Fujie, A., 303, 332
Fujimoto, S., 316, 332
Fujisaki, H., 273, 332
Fujita, Y., 314, 344
Funt, J., 429, 433
Furukawa, J., 294, 295, 332
Furuta, N., 273, 332
G
Gabant, J. A., 287, 289, 343
Galeski, A., 220
Gandica, A., 162, 332, 339
Garbar, N. M., 240, 333

Garber, C. A., 380, 385, 431
Gav t, I., 312, 331
Geil, P. H., 56, 94, 108, 186, 187, 188, 189,
190, 250, 332, 337, 346, 354, 368,
371, 374, 376, 379, 380, 381, 382,
385, 386, 387, 389, 393, 395, 396,
411, 415, 430, 431, 433, 434
Gent, A. N., 168, 219, 250, 251, 332, 333
Gerasimov, G. N., 313
Georgiadis, T., 283, 333
Gerngross, O., 17, 108
Gibbs, J. W., 4, 5, 7, 108, 116, 333
Gieniewski, C., 376, 377, 378, 379, 419, 434
Gilbert, M., 224, 225
Girolamo, M., 150, 366
Giusti, P., 295, 328
Glasser, F. P., 192, 331
Glasstone, S., 7, 11, 108
Gleiter, H., 3, 112
Glck, M., 363, 435
Go, S., 427, 428, 432
Goddar, H., 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407,
408, 409, 410, 411, 431
Godovskii, Yu. K., 44, 48, 112, 163, 214,
238, 240, 333
Gogolewski, S., 245, 257, 270, 333, 345
Gogos, C. C., 247, 346
Goldfarb, L., 220
Gler, V., 135, 333
Gonthier, A., 166, 167, 168, 177, 178, 240,
241, 338
Gopalan, M., 394, 433
Gordon, M., 171, 214, 234, 328, 333
Gorham, W. F., 278, 333
Gornick F., 24, 25, 84, 85, 86, 108, 266,
267, 333
Graff, R. J. L., 291, 293, 333
Greear, G. R., 44
Gregorian, R. S., 311, 332
Grewer, Th., 363, 431
Griffith, J. H., 235, 333
Grimsby, F. N., 292, 331
Grimvall, G., 367, 431
Groeninckx, G., 51, 108

Grubb, W. T., 318, 339
Gruner, C. L., 419, 420, 521, 425, 431
Grunze, H., 30, 113
Gruver, J. T., 252, 338
Guillet, J. E., 289, 292, 333
Gumargaliyeva, K. Z., 386
Guttman, J. Y., 289, 292, 333
H
Haas, T. W., 247, 333
Ham, G. E., 302, 333
Hammel, J. J., 63, 108
Hara, K., 418, 433
Hardin, I. R., 250, 334
Hardy, Gy., 313, 315, 316, 334
Harget, P. J., 257, 344
Harland, W. G., 394, 431
Harrison, I. R., 282, 346
Hartley, F. D., 53, 55, 108, 168, 242, 243,
334
Hartman, P., 129, 334
Hartmann, G., 363, 435
Harvey, E. D., 270, 333
Hasegawa, M., 257, 258, 324, 333, 341
Hasegawa, R., 424, 431
Hashimoto, T., 253, 255, 334, 418, 431
Hatakeyama, T., 253, 255, 334, 418, 431
Hatano, M., 222
Hauber, M. E. T., 2, 111
Hawkins, S. W., 53, 91, 108
Hawkins, W. L., 425, 435
Hay, J. N., 142, 143, 171, 217, 225, 234,
239, 329, 334
Hayashi, K., 295, 318, 321, 331, 334, 341,
346
Hayashi, S., 382, 433
Heber, I., 214
Helfand, E., 266, 334
Hellmuth, E., 190, 346
Helms, J. B., 205, 335
Henderson, J. F., 219
Hengstenberg, J., 190, 344
Hermann, K., 17, 108
Herring, C, 5, 108
Herz, J. E., 313
Hess, K., 401, 402, 431, 432
Heyer, H., 128, 335
Heyez, S., 236
Heyns, H., 236
Higashimura, T., 316, 318, 337, 340, 341
Higgins, J. S., 3, 106
Higgins, T. L., 287, 330
Hikasa, J., 418, 433
Hikosaka, M., 396
Hill, M. J., 68, 69, 108
Hillier, I. H., 144, 145, 171, 214, 239, 240,
329, 333, 335
Hillig, W. B., 159, 335
Hine, J., 194, 335
Hinrichsen, G., 399, 404, 409, 414, 416, 431
Hirai, N., 171, 335, 355, 356, 418, 432, 433
Hirami, M., 399, 416
Hirth, J. P., 128, 335
Hobbs, S. Y, 45, 109
Hoeve, C A. J., 43, 109
Hoffman, J. D., 12, 22, 26, 53, 55, 84, 85,
86, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110, 118,
148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 159, 165,
213, 218, 234, 235, 335, 338
Hoffman, R. F., 43, 109
Holdsworth, P. J., 351, 430
Holland, V. F., 53, 109, 120, 121, 164, 166,
198, 214, 335, 339, 358, 360, 375,
389, 432
Holm, M. J., 324
Hosemann, R., 357, 366, 367, 402, 403, 404,
405, 406, 408, 409, 429, 430, 433
Hoshino, S., 144, 236, 237, 238, 335
Hosoi, M., 99, 110
Hoyt, J. M., 311, 332
Hsu, T. S., 253, 255, 336
Huber, A., 137, 335
Huckshold, K. A., 94, 109
Huggins, M. L., 19, 109
Humphreys, W. J., 117, 329
Husemann, E., 22, 106
Hybart, F. J., 224, 225, 270, 334, 335
Hyon, S.-H., 258, 337
I
Iguchi, M., 144, 253, 255, 282, 285, 297,
299, 301, 302, 311, 312, 324, 334,
335, 338
Ikeda, M., 241
Ikushima, K., 236
Illers, K.-H., 362, 364, 405, 432
Imada, K., 375, 381, 432
Immergut, E. H., 194, 330
Imoto, M., 284
Inhoffen, E., 325, 329
Inoue, M., 44, 109, 220, 222
Iohara, K., 375, 381, 432
Ishibashi, T., 245, 335
Ishida, K., 324, 334
Ishigure, K., 314, 344
Ishikawa, K., 252, 341, 406, 416, 434
Ito, A., 318, 346
Itoga, M., 416
Iwai, T., 318, 346
Iwakura, Y., 324
Iwamoto, R., 280, 335, 361, 432
Iwanami, T., 214, 236
Izard, E. F., 241
J
Jaacks, V., 275, 296, 297, 321, 335, 336,
337
Jackson, F., 253, 255, 336
Jackson, J. B., 265, 269, 336, 343
Jackson, J. F., 258, 340, 377, 378, 433
Jackson, K. A., 25, 109
Jaeger, J. C., 131, 330
Jaffe, M., 190, 273, 336, 346
Jain, N. L., 213, 214, 239, 335, 340
Jakabhazy, S. Z., 315, 336
Jannink, G., 3, 106
Jastrzebski, Z. D., 349, 432
Jenckel, E., 118, 257, 336
Johner, H., 190, 344
Johnsen, U., 42, 48, 55, 109, 202, 203, 236,
268, 269, 336
Johnson, J. F., 91, 109

Johnson, W. A., 132, 336
Jones, D. H., 150, 336
Jones, M. N., 91, 105
Joppien, G. R., 42, 109
K
Kabanov, V. A., 314, 314, 336
Kahle, B., 228
Kaischew, R., 14, 112
Kaiser, J., 194, 195, 336, 337
Kajikawa, N., 374, 375, 379, 433
Ka1l, A., 315, 334
Kambara, S., 222
Kamide, K., 99, 110
Kaneda, H., 253, 255, 334
Kanetsuna, H., 253, 255, 282, 297, 299, 301,
302, 334, 335, 338, 418, 431
Kapur, S., 401, 432
Kardos, J. L., 94, 109, 257, 336
Kargin, V. A., 2, 3, 44, 52, 66, 108, 109,
111, 205, 213, 214, 292, 313, 314,
328, 329, 336, 424, 435
Katayama, K., 170, 341
Katchalski, E., 302, 336
Katz, T., 216
Kawai, N., 394, 424, 431, 432
Kawai, T., 92, 99, 110, 282, 297, 299, 301,
303, 304, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338
Keggenhoff, B., 318, 336
Keii, T., 282, 337
Keith, H. D., 169, 170, 207, 214, 235, 238,
239, 337, 341
Keller, A., 42, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 68,
69, 92, 107, 108, 110, 120, 150, 191,
199, 200, 201, 242, 248, 329, 336,
337, 339, 351, 354, 355, 371, 375,
382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 402, 429,
430, 431, 432, 435
Kenarov, A. V., 243, 328
Keniry, J. S., 394, 430
Kercha, Yu. Yu., 231
Kern, W., 206, 275, 296, 297, 321, 335, 336,
337
Khadr, M. M., 394, 431

Kiel, A. M., 208, 210, 342
Kiessig, H., 401, 402, 431, 432
Kiji, J., 337
Kilb, R. W., 121,342
Kilian, H. G., 99, 106, 110, 266, 337
Killmann, E., 42, 110
Kim, H.-G., 213, 266, 337, 340
Kim, K. Y., 304, 338
Kirsch, G., 252, 339
Kirste, R. G., 3, 110
Kitahama, K., 321, 331
Kitaigorodskii, A. I., 2, 109
Kitamaru, R., 258, 337
Kitanishi, Y., 318, 341
Klement, J. J., 250, 337
Kobayashi, E., 318, 337, 341
Kabayashi, K., 249,337
Kobayashi, M., 257, 258, 334, 424, 431
Koenig, J. L., 380, 385, 390, 398, 400, 416,
432
Kohlschtter, H. W., 192, 318, 337
Kojima, M., 165, 339, 383
Kolb, H. J., 241
Kolmogoroff, A. N., 132, 337
Komaki, A., 319, 337
Komoto, T., 301, 303, 304, 332, 335, 336,
337, 338
Konigsveld, R., 91, 92, 93, 103, 110
Konrad, G., 243, 338
Konstantinopolskaja, M. B., 423, 424, 435
Kooistra, M., 313, 344
Korobko, A. P., 424, 435
Kortleve, G., 291, 293, 333
Kosmyinin, B. P., 413
Kossel, W., 7, 14, 110, 122, 338
Koszterszitz, Gy., 316, 334
Koutsky, J. A., 24, 25, 26, 27, 44, 45, 110
Kovacs, A. J., 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 66,
107, 110, 112, 113, 134, 166, 167,
168, 177, 178, 204, 214, 218, 234,
240, 241, 302, 338, 342, 345
Kovacs, E., 302, 338
Kovacs, G., 338
Kovcs, G., 316, 334

Kozlov, P. V., 66, 108
Kozlowski, W., 245, 338
Krl ek, J., 299, 300, 346
Krasnikova, N. P., 205, 213, 214, 328
Kraus, G., 252, 338
Krimm, S., 94, 106, 318, 338, 367, 402
Kriyama, I., 283, 328
Kruse, W. A., 3, 110
Kryukov, A. V., 423, 424, 435
Kubb, S., 278, 280, 338, 361
Kuczynski, G. C., 367, 432
Kurbanova, I. I.,44, 52, 109
Kusomoto, N., 223
Kyotani, M., 253, 255, 334
L
Lacmann, R., 37, 110
Lageveen, R., 208, 342
Lahti, L. E., 205, 343
Laidler, K. J., 7, 11, 108
Lamand, A., 293, 330
Lambert, S. L., 207, 218, 250, 346
Lamm, O., 31, 111
Lanceley, H. A., 41, 53, 110, 205, 338
Landel, R. F., 9, 113
Lando, J. B., 258, 315, 318, 330, 331, 338,
342
Landsberg, L., 325, 328
Last, A. G. M., 44, 110
Latham, A. J., 150, 336
Laudise, R. A., 73, 110
Lauritzen, J. I., Jr., 26, 53, 84, 109, 110,
118, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 213, 234, 235, 266,
334, 335, 338, 339
Lawton, E. J., 318, 339
Ledbetter, H. D., 46, 106
Ledwith, A., 284, 284, 329
Lee, T. D., 123, 124, 339
443
Leese, L., 296, 297, 299, 339
Leghissa, S., 319, 330
Lehmann, J., 42, 55, 109, 202, 203, 336

Lengyel, M., 315, 334
Lenz, R. W., 34, 110, 427, 428, 429, 432,
433
Lester, G. R., 242, 337
Letort, M., 313, 339
Leugering, H. J., 252, 339
Leuteritz, R., 363, 435
Lvy, D., 55, 59, 60, 113, 204, 234, 240,
302, 338, 345
LewelI, P. A., 380, 430
Li, H.-M., 94, 109, 162, 165, 339
Liberti, F., 190, 300, 339, 346
Lieser, G., 3, 107, 297, 298, 340, 361, 433
Lim, D., 276, 341
Limbert, F. J., 236
Lindegren, C. R., 230
Lindenmeyer, P. H., 2, 53, 104, 109, 110,
111, 120, 121, 164, 166, 198, 214,
335, 339
Lipatov, Yu. S., 163, 342
Liska, E., 2, 111, 185, 342
Loboda- a kovi , J., 403, 405, 406, 408,
409, 412, 433
Loeb, W. E., 279
Longman, G. W., 269, 336
Lontz, J. F., 349, 433
Lord, F. W., 53, 55, 108, 168, 242, 243, 334
Lorenz, R., 179, 332
Lovering, E. G., 165, 166, 220, 339
Luch, D., 250, 339
Luetzel, W. G., 121, 328
Lukyanovich, V. M., 40, 41, 114
M
Macchi, E. M., 276, 277, 339
Machin, M. J., 392, 435
Mackley, M. R., 68, 108, 248, 339
Maeda, Y., 253, 255, 334
Magat, M., 192, 339
Magill, J. H., 53, 55, 77, 111, 150, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 213, 229, 230,
231, 236, 287, 332, 339, 399, 417
Majer, J. M., 169, 170, 235, 339

Malinskii, Yu, M., 236
Malmgreen, H., 31, 111
Mammi, M., 318, 319, 330, 340
Mandelkern, L., 17, 37, 107, 111, 118, 165,
201, 206, 212, 214, 215, 226, 231,
232, 233, 239, 250, 251, 257, 266,
267, 268, 331, 332, 333, 337, 340,
368, 377, 378, 394, 433
Manescalchi, F., 228, 229
Manley, R. St. J., 201, 283, 331, 333, 392,
396, 397, 400, 430, 433
Manson, J. A., 55, 110, 204, 302, 338
Marchessault, R. H., 292, 293, 330, 331, 340
Marchetti, A., 383
Marder, M., 75, 113
Mark, H., 302, 340
Marker, L., 235, 340
Markova, G. S., 3, 111
Martin, E., 429, 433
Martin, G. M., 257, 340, 375, 430
Martuscelli, E., 383, 387
Mateva, R., 297, 298, 340
Matreyek, W., 425, 435
Matsuda, T., 316, 340
Matsumoto, T., 319, 337
Matsuoka, S., 214, 425, 435
Matthies, P., 284, 329
Maxwell, B., 247, 333
Maxwell, I. C, 362
Mayhan, K. G., 241
McAndrew, F. B., 296, 342
McCrackin, F. L., 353, 434
McDevit, W. F., 77, 244, 330
McEwen, I. J., 312, 330
McGarvey, B., 315, 341
McHugh, A. J., 210, 340, 395, 433
McIntyre, A. D., 226
McKenzie, I. D., 292, 344
McLaren, J. V., 53, 111, 229
Mehl, R. T., 132, 336
Mehta, A., 27, 39, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103,
111, 114, 157, 253, 340
Mehta, R. E., 398
Meinecke, E., 144, 236, 237, 238, 335

Meinel, G., 92, 111, 390, 404, 405, 434
Meleskaya, T. K., 44, 109
Melillo, L., 75, 77, 78, 111, 114, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 211, 253, 256, 276,
280, 281, 340, 345, 346, 369, 371,
435
Mesrobian, R. B., 313, 314, 340
Michaels, A. S., 7, 111
Mihajlov, M., 220
Miki, T., 297
Mie, G., 190, 344
Miller, E., 302, 340
Miller, P., 258, 340
Miller, R. L., 360, 432
Minoshima, Y., 304, 338
Minsker, K. S., 292, 329, 336
Misra, A., 241
Mitchell, J. C, 66, 111, 361, 430
Mitsuhashi, S., 253, 255, 334
Mitsuhata, T., 355, 356, 432
Mitsuisha, Y., 241
Miyagi, A., 398, 426, 428, 433
Miyake, Y., 321, 331
Miyamoto, Y., 257, 340
Miyasaka, K., 252, 341, 406, 416, 434
Monroe, G. C, Jr., 44
Morawetz, H., 2, 111,192, 276, 302, 315,
336, 338, 339, 340, 341
Morgan, L. B., 53, 55, 108, 141, 142, 143,
242, 243, 334, 237, 341
Mori, N., 200, 201, 203, 343
Morosoff, N., 276, 315, 336, 339, 341, 412
Morrow, D. R., 384
Mortillaro, L., 318, 343
Moyer, J. D., 94, 111
Mucha, M., 283, 285, 287, 341
Mller, F. H., 99, 106, 220
Mullins, W. W., 152, 341
Muoz-Escalona, A., 319, 324, 341
Murphy, W. M., 55, 109
N
Nachtrab, G., 268, 269, 336, 341
Nadkarni, V. M., 318, 341
Nagai, H., 374, 375, 379, 433
Nagasawa, T., 210, 249, 337, 341
Nagatoshi, F., 374, 382, 435
Nakafuku, C, 256, 257, 340, 346
Nakamura, K., 170, 341
Nakanishi, F., 324, 334
Nakanishi, H., 324, 334, 341
Nakatani, S., 317, 331
Nakaya, T., 284
Nakajima, A., 382, 433
Nanbu, K., 317, 343
Natta, G., 91, 111
Nauta, H., 319, 345
Nedkov, E., 220
Newman, S., 45, 107, 144, 236, 237, 238,
335
Newton, Sir Isaac, 116, 341
Niegisch, W. D., 278, 333, 361, 433
Niinomi, M., 358, 360, 375, 433
Nishii, M., 321, 331
Nishimura, H., 382, 433
Nitta, I., 315, 343
Nummelin, A. J., 292, 331
Nyitrai, K., 315, 316, 334
O
Ober, R., 3, 106
Ochi, H., 318, 334
Ochs, R. J., 94, 111
OConnor, A., 371, 402, 432
Oda, T., 404, 433
ODonnell, J. H., 315, 341
Ogata, N., 43, 113
Ohata, K., 429, 433
Ohnishi, S. I., 315, 343
Ohno, T., 321, 331
Okamura, S., 295, 313, 316, 318, 321, 331,
334, 337, 340, 341, 346
Okazaki, H., 43, 113
Okladnov, N. A., 292, 329

OLeary, K., 411, 433
Oleinik, E. F., 274, 329
Olf, H. G., 404, 434
Olivero, L., 39, 52, 105, 113
Onsager, L., 123, 341
Oono, R., 252, 341
Oshima, K., 314, 344
Osugi, J., 313, 418, 433
Oswald, J. H., 282, 346
Ovchinnikov, Yu. K., 3, 111
Overbergh, N., 51, 108
Owen, P. J., 219, 247, 249, 328
Oya, M., 303, 304, 332, 338
Ozawa, T., 241
P
Packter, A., 52, 111
Padden, F. J., Jr., 207, 214, 235, 238, 239,
337, 341
Palmer, R. P., 94, 107
Papissov, I. M., 314
Park, J. B., 363, 433
Parker, R. L., 117, 124, 127, 128, 131, 341
Parrini, P., 236
Passaglia, E., 26, 53,84, 109,118,148, 151,
153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 213,
266, 335, 339
Patel, R. D., 217
Pechhold, W., 2, 3, 111, 112, 185, 342
Pedemonte, E., 39, 52, 58, 105, 113, 120,
199, 200, 201, 337
Pegoraro, M., 91, 111
Pelzbauer, Z., 220, 392, 433
Pennings, A. J., 70, 92, 93, 103, 110, 111,
208, 209, 210, 257, 333, 342
Pepper, B., 270, 335
Peraldo, M., 91, 111
Perdok, W. G., 129, 334
Perret, R., 271, 342
Peterlin, A., 92, 111, 169, 171, 182, 183,
184, 332, 342, 353, 356, 390, 394,
395, 402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 411,
412, 429, 433, 434
Petermann, J., 3, 112

Peters, R. H., 394, 431
Peterson, J. M., 104, 111
Petraccone, V., 28, 112
Petropoulos, J. M., 315, 328
Phillips, P. J., 257, 342
Pickles, C. J., 240, 329
Picot, C., 3, 106
Piermarini, G. J., 256, 328
Piesczek, W., 402,405, 408,409, 431
Pijpers, M. F. J., 208, 209, 342
Pillai, P. S., 241
Poisson, S. D., 132, 342
Poland, D., 302, 342
Pollack, S. S., 150, 287, 339, 399, 417
Pollin, J., 313, 339
Porter, R. S., 91, 109, 258, 340, 344
Post, B., 315, 341
Pound, G. M., 128, 335
Powers, J., 137, 138, 144, 217, 236, 237,
238, 335, 344
Price, C., 91, 107
Price, F. P., 7, 22, 23, 24, 56, 75, 80, 83, 84,
106, 107, 112,118, 121, 139, 140,
141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151, 153,
155, 214, 218, 328, 342
Price, J. M., 394, 433
Price, M. B., 296, 342
Priest, D. J., 354, 432
Prigogine, I., 19, 112
Prime, R. B., 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100,
103, 112
Privalko, V. P., 163, 342
Przygocki, W., 150, 241
Puderbach, H., 419, 423, 431
Puterman, M., 315, 342
Q
Quinn, F. A., Jr., 212, 239, 340
R
Rabesiaka, J., 53, 66, 112, 134, 342
Rahl, F. J., 282, 342

Rnby, B. G., 235, 333, 371, 434
Rankin, J., 190, 346
Rapoport, N. Ya., 44, 52, 109
Reams, W., 314, 328
Rees, D. V., 253, 342, 419, 434
Rehage, G., 400, 431
Reich, L., 33, 112
Reimschuessel, A. C., 282, 342
Rellensmann, W., 227
Remi, R., 222
Reneker, D. H., 319, 321, 323, 331, 354,
434
Revol, J. F., 293, 330
Reynolds, G. F., 272, 343
Richards, R. B., 53, 91, 108, 112, 179, 180,
343
Richardson, M. J., 265, 343, 394, 430
Robertson, R. E., 3, 112
Robeson, L. M., 207, 343
Robinet, J. B., 116, 343
Rodchenko, D. A., 51, 112
Rodriguez, L. A. M., 287, 289, 343
Roe, R.-J., 171, 214, 328, 376, 377, 378,
379, 419, 434
Roeckl, E., 169, 171, 342
Rogers, C. E., 401, 432
Rohleder, J., 140, 168, 231, 343
Ross, G. S., 24, 25, 26, 53, 84, 108, 109,
118, 148, 151, 213, 234, 235, 335
Russo, M., 318, 343
Rybnikar, F., 42, 113, 214, 218, 220, 343
S
Saccone, A., 58, 105
Sachs, Frh. v., 135, 333
Sachs, G., 135, 333
Sadler, D. M., 57, 59, 92, 93, 99, 103, 110,
112
Saegusa, T., 294, 295, 332
St. Pierre, L. E., 52, 114
Sakaoku, K., 408, 434
Sakurada, I., 317, 343
Sakurai, K., 406, 416, 434

Salovey, R., 383
Sanchez, I. C., 118, 148, 158, 159, 165, 201,
266, 343, 352, 353, 354, 397, 434
Sasada, Y., 324, 341
Sastry, K. S., 217
Sawaoka, A., 424, 431
Schelten, J., 3, 106, 110
Scheraga, H. A., 302, 342
Scherr, H., 2, 112
Schick, M. J., 43, 112
Schindler, A., 33, 112
Schleinitz, H. M., 390, 391, 430
Schmidt, G. F., 371, 381, 382, 393, 394,
402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 431
Schonhorn, H., 45, 46, 51, 112
Schreiber, H. P., 390, 434
Schuler, A. N., 429, 433
Schulken, R. M., Jr., 44
Schultz, J. M., 65, 66, 112, 170, 210, 318,
340, 341, 343, 379, 395, 433, 434
Schulz, R. C., 337
Schwinon, W., 257, 328
Scott, R. D., 170, 343
ebenda, J., 246, 270, 299, 300, 345, 346
Seher, A., 325, 343
Sela, M., 302, 336
Selikhova, V. I.,423, 424, 435
Sella, C., 314, 343
Seto, T., 200, 201, 203, 343, 396
Shah, J. K., 205, 343
Shaposhinkova, T. K., 44, 109
Sharif, K. A., 52, 111
Sharma, R. K., 377, 378, 433
Sharples, A., 23, 41, 53, 106, 110, 112, 171,
205, 214, 226, 234, 239, 328, 338
Shimomura, Y, 210, 341
Shioji, Y, 31 5, 343
Shipman, J. J., 318, 338
Shtarkman, B. P., 292, 329, 336
Siegmann, A., 257, 344, 415
Sifleet, W. L., 222
Signer, R.,.190, 344
Simek, I., 220
Singh, A., 219, 247, 249, 328

Sketchley, J. M., 292, 331
SkouIious, A., 222, 271, 342
Slonimskii, G. L., 2, 44, 48, 109, 112, 240,
333
Slovokhotova, N. A., 423, 435
Slyterman, L. A. Ae., 313, 344
Smets, G., 51, 108
Smith, H., 91, 108
Smith-Johannsen, R., 281, 344
Snyder, G., 77, 78, 114, 172, 173, 174, 175,
176, 346
Sogolova, T. I., 44, 52, 109
Sokolski (Sokolskii), V. A., 423, 424, 435
Southern, J. H., 258, 344
Spegt, P., 397, 401, 434
Sperati, C. A., 34, 112
Spilgies, G., 48, 109, 236
Sprenger, L., 318, 337
Spruiell, J. E., 415
Stafford, J. W., 214
Stannett, V., 313, 318, 338
Starkweather, H. W., Jr., 34, 112
Statton, W.O., 371, 374, 379, 380, 381, 389,
402, 415, 416, 431, 434
Staudinger, H., 190, 344
Stefan, J., 130, 344
Stein, R. S., 137, 138, 144, 236, 237, 238,
241, 335, 344, 404, 433
Steiner, K., 223
Stejny, J., 308, 309, 310, 311, 344
Steno, N., 116, 344
Stranski, I. N., 14, 112, 122, 344
Straumanis, M., 128, 273, 344
Strickland-Constable, R. F., 73, 113
Stuart, H. A., 2, 113, 140, 168, 169, 170,
171, 179, 231, 235, 236, 242, 343,
344, 345, 347, 349,3 68, 398, 434
Sukhov, F. F., 423, 435
Sullivan, P., 39, 40, 114, 378, 390, 393, 435
447
Suzuki, Y, 324, 334
Sweeting, O. J., 235, 340
Swinton, F. L., 226, 239
Szwarc, M., 278, 302, 332, 344
T
Tabata, Y, 192, 314, 344
Tabb, D. L., 380, 400, 432
Tadokoro, H., 257, 258, 317, 318, 321, 331,
334, 424, 431
Taglialatela, A., 245, 331
Tait, P. J. T., 292, 344
Takahashi, T., 43, 113
Takayanagi, M., 77, 223, 224, 358, 360,
374, 375, 381, 382, 432, 433, 435
Takayanagi, T., 220
Takeda, K., 318, 341
Takemura, T., 256, 257, 340, 346
Tammann, G., 5, 113, 122, 344
Tamura, Y, 355, 432
Tanabe, Y, 257, 258, 334, 424, 431
Tani, Y., 245, 335
Tatsumi, T., 384
Taubmann, A. B., 40,41, 114
Tautz, H., 363, 435
Taylor, H. F. W., 192, 331
Terifonov, V. A., 424, 435
Thilo, E., 30, 31, 113
Thomas, J. M., 194, 345, 361, 435
Thornton, J. M., 142, 342
Tickner, A. W., 273, 332
Tilley, G. P., 235, 340
Tobin, M. C., 134, 140, 345
Tobolsky, A. V., 304, 332
Toby, S., 275, 276, 330
Tomikawa, K., 318, 341
Tomka, J., 246, 270, 345
Tosi, M., 28, 85, 108, 150, 151, 153, 157,
332
Toy, M. S., 276, 345
Treiber, G., 211, 250, 281, 345
Treolar, L. R. G., 250, 345
Trillat, J. J., 314, 343
Tsuboi, K., 384
Tsujimoto, I.,43, 113
Tung, L. H., 214

Turnbull, D., 8, 11, 23, 24, 27, 38, 52, 63,
107, 113
Turner, B., 255, 256, 328
Turska, E., 227, 241, 245, 270, 333, 345
Turturro, A., 39, 52, 105, 113
U
berreiter, K., 17, 113, 223, 257, 328
Uchida, T., 321, 331
Uhlmann, D. R., 180, 330, 363, 433
V
Vadimsky, R. G., 376, 377, 378, 379, 419,
434
Valenti, B., 58, 105
Valle, G., 318, 330, 340
Valley, D. J., 279
van Antwerpen, F., 166, 242, 345
van der Heijde, H. B., 319, 345
van der Mark, J. M. A. A., 70, 111, 208,
210, 342
van Kasteren, P. H. G., 319, 345
van Krevelen, D. W., 55, 61, 62, 107, 162,
163, 242, 329, 345
van Looy, H. M., 287, 289, 343
van Wazer, J. R., 31, 113
Vaughan, D. J., 44
Veenendaal, H. J., 313, 344
Venlinen, H., 214
Vidotto, G., 55, 59, 60, 113, 234, 240, 345
Vittoria, V., 245, 331, 387
Voigt-Martin, I., 3, 107, 319, 321, 323, 345
Volfson, S. A., 274; 329
Volkov, T. I., 243, 328
Volmer, M., 7, 75, 113, 122, 345
von Falkai, B., 53, 113, 227, 235, 236, 345
Vonk, C. G., 291, 293, 333
V onnegut, B., 23, 113
W
Wada, T., 283, 328
Wales, M., 44
Walker, J. F., 294, 345
Walton, A. G., 24, 25, 26, 27, 44, 45, 110
Weeks, J. J., 12, 22, 26, 53, 55, 84, 109, 118,
148, 151, 165, 213, 218, 335
Weeks, N., 258, 344
Wegner, G., 194, 195, 297, 298, 318, 319
324, 325, 326, 327, 336, 337, 340,
341, 345
Weir, C. E., 258, 346
Weitz, A., 211, 274, 280, 281, 345, 346,
363, 364, 365, 435
Wellinghoff, S., 42, 113
Wells, A. F., 117, 346
Wendorff, J. H., 3, 107
Wereta, A., Jr., 247, 346
Wessling, R. A., 282, 346
Westmore, J. B., 273, 332
White, D. M., 316, 317, 330, 346
Wichterle, O., 246, 299, 300, 345, 346
Wignall, G. D., 3, 106
Wijga, P. O. W., 44
Wilke, W., 402, 403, 408, 429, 433
Wilkes, G. L., 258, 344
Williams, J. L., 404
Williams, J. O., 194, 345, 361,435
Williams, M. L., 9, 113
Willmouth, F. M., 56, 57, 110, 191, 337
Wilski, H., 363, 431
Winkler, A., 31, 113
Winslow, F. H., 425, 435
Winter, U., 417
Witenhafer, D. E., 385, 398
Wlochowicz, A., 150
Wolpert, S. M., 274, 346
Woodward, A. E., 383
Wristers, J., 291, 294, 346
Wunderlich, B., 17, 27, 30, 34, 39, 40, 55,

75, 76, 77, 78, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104,
106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 157, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
181, 182, 190, 192, 211, 253, 256,
257, 266, 272, 273, 274, 276, 280,
281, 283, 285, 287, 292, 300, 304,
307, 331, 335, 336, 338, 339,340,
341, 345, 346, 358, 361, 363, 364,
365, 369, 371, 378, 390,392, 393,
398, 418, 419, 420, 421, 424, 425,
426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433,
435
Wyman, D. P., 287, 339
Y
Yakhnin, E. D., 40,41, 114
Yamaoka, H., 295, 346
Yamashita, T., 224
Yamashita, Y., 355, 356, 432
Yamauchi, T., 321, 331
Yamazawa, Y., 318, 346
Yang, C. N., 123, 124, 339

Yasuniva, M., 256, 257, 346
Yee, K. C, 327; 329
Yeh, G. S. Y., 2, 114, 186, 187, 188, 189,
207, 218, 250, 334, 339, 346
Yenikolopyan, N. S., 274, 329
Yim, A., 52, 114
Yurugi, T., 324, 334
Z
Zachmann, H. G., 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 48, 64,
101, 109, 114, 118, 120, 169, 170,
171, 182, 183, 184, 242, 243, 268,
269, 332, 336, 338, 341, 347, 368,
398, 435
Zahn, H., 417
Zettlemoyer, A. C, 7, 114
Ziabicki, A., 250, 347
Zienty, F. M., 324
Zubov, K. P., 314,`336 `
Zubov, Yu. A., 423, 424, 435
Zurabyan, R. S., 19, 106
Zwijnenburg, A., 208, 342
Subject Index of Volume II

The index is organized according to macromolecules and subject matter. Subjects with several
entries show boldface page numbers to indicate more extensive discussion. Frequently used
terms are listed only under the page numbers where definitions can be found. For copolymers
check for both repeating units since only one order of co-monomers is listed. For block and
alternating copolymers (block and alt, respectively) check also copolymer (co).
A
Adatom; 125
Adsorption, macromolecule; 42, 43
Annealing; 348429
backbone change on; 425429
chemical reaction on; 367
copolymer sequence change on;
427429
definition; 348350
deformed materials; 401418
density change on; 410411
etching on; 426
fold connection on; 426
fold-length change
increase on; 172, 381
irreversible; 375
reversible; 411, 418
hole formation on; 376
isomerization by; 428
melt grown crystal; 393429
molecular weight change on; 31,
425427
multilayer crystal; 380
nucleation control; 355, 356
pressure; 379, 418425
process of; 370373
shish-kebob crystal; 391, 392
single molecule crystal; 58, 379
solution grown crystal; 371392
solvent effect on; 389391
temperature regions of; 374375,
375382, 388389, 393, 403405
Archimedes spiral; 127

Avrami equation, 48, 132125
branching crystals; 142144
complications; 139146
correlation between parameters; 138,
146, 247
crystal perfection, 146
deformation, change on; 252
exponents; 147
fibrillar growth; 141
lamellar crystallization; 142
partial crystallization, effect of; 137
three-dimensional; 135
transport control, effect of; 141
two-dimensional; 133
two stage crystallization; 144146
volume change, effect of; 139141
B
Bravais-Friedel law; 128
Bundle model; 2
C
Ceiling temperature; 193, 274
Chain
end; 156, 179, 181, 354, 402
effect on segregation; 104 extended; 351
extension under pressure; 253
folding; 2228, 8387, 147160, see
also Fold length
folding principle; 22, 197, 350
Chemicrystallization; 425, 426

Clathrate polymerization; 316318
Cobweb texture; 292, 293
Cold crystallization; 22, 181, 266, 267
Copolymer crystallization; 259271
block; 271
random; 260-267
Crystal
as-polymerized; 189
branching; 142
defect; 350
drawn, model; 402, 403
growth; 115197
art of; 117
new phase; 360
truncated; 138
impingement; 350
liquid, polymerization; 314
nascent; 189
perfection; 146, 168178, 211, 237, 238,
349
picture frame; 379, 388, 390
pyramidal; 379
screw dislocation, governed; 7375, 127,
128
shape
change; 350354
equilibrium; 351,411
single molecule; 22, 57, 60, 379
surface energetics; 14, 123128
surface roughness; 124, 155157
Crystallization
and polymerization
separate; 33, 79, 190, 192
simultaneous; 29, 32, 33, 190, 273,
277, 280, 281, 294, 295, 312
successive; 33, 190, 191, 273, 277,
280, 283, 286, 295, 300, 312
concentration dependence; 197203
copolymer; 259271
cross-linked molecules; 248, 250
deformation, effect on; 247252
diffusion control; 130, 131
during polymerization; 16, 17, 2935,
43, 74, 79, 189198, 270327
Crystallization
fluctuation theory; 150155
folded chain; 147160
free growth approximation; 135
fringed micellar; 178186
gaseous monomer; 272281
history of; 115118
limiting cases; 131
liquid monomer; 282313
measured by light depolarization; 137
melt; 212271
melt-solution comparison; 213, 214
mixing effect; 144
molecular weight dependence; 160162,
164168, 233, 243, 244
morphology, influence on; 117
nucleation controlled; 7578, 121, 122,
127, 132, 158, 179
overall; 132147
pressure and orientation effect; 258
pressure effect; 210212, 251259
rate, constancy; 120
fold-length dependence; 166, 167
linear; 7278, 119133, 157
concentration dependence; 200
maximum; 162, 163, 248
regime I; 159, 203, 234
regime II, 159, 161, 165, 234
secondary; 144146, 168178, 237, 238,
349
diffusion controlled; 170
sequence; 175
sheaf-like; 245
size dependence; 158
solid monomer; 313327
solution; 197212
concentrated; 206, 207
macromolecular; 207
steps; 122
stirring effect; 70, 93, 207210
surface kinetics governed; 122129
tacticity influence; 238
thermodynamics; 4
three-dimensional; 135
transport controlled; 130, 131
Subject Index of Volume II, Page 2
Crystallization
two-dimensional; 133
two stage; 144146, 255
viscosity effect; 205
volume change, effect on; 139141
without chain folding; 178189
D
Defect
concentration change; 357360
nonequilibrium; 357
paracrystalline; 357
Deformation, effect on crystallization;
247252
Dendrite, dissolution; 390
Density, change on annealing; 406411
Diffusion, free enthalpy of activation; 9
drawn sample; 404
sliding; 356
surface; 122, 125
Disentanglement; 3
Dislocation; 358, 359, 362
climb; 355
density; 358
fold; 355
fractional; 97
Diyne reactivity; 326
Drawn polymer, X-ray diffraction; 405411
E
Edge dislocation; 358, 359
Energy, free (Gibbs free energy), see Free
enthalpy
Entanglement; 170, 180, 181
Enthalpy, free; see Free enthalpy
Entropy, conformational; 1921
restriction; 20, 21
transport; 163
Epitaxy; 38,4244,48, 58, 59, 92, 277
Ester interchange on copolymer annealing;
427
Etching; 426
Evaporation; 122, 123
F
Faces, vicinal; 128
Fibrillation; 361, 402
Flow
extensional; 67, 208, 248
turbulent; 70
Flux equation; 85, 153, 157
Fold-length
average; 86, 149, 154
change, reversible; 411
with temperature; 83, 148155,
354356, 381, 406
decrease; 351, 370, 375, 411
distribution; 83, 152
doubling; 354, 355, 388
extension, chemical; 298, 299, 305, 354,
367, 426, 429
high supercooling; 86, 87, 148151, 155
increase; 171, 176,351,355
drawn sample; 406
kinetics; 382
stepwise; 388
Free energy (Gibbs); see Free enthalpy
Free enthalpy
activation for diffusion; 810
critical; 8, 1115
crystallization; 4, 5, 12, 261
heterogeneous nucleation; 36, 37
homogeneous nucleation; 815, 19, 27,
32
molecular nucleation; 101, 102
nucleation; 5, 6
secondary nucleation; 7981, 84, 87,
102
tertiary nucleation; 81
Fringed micelle; 17
annealing; 354
size restriction; 16, 17
surface free energy; 19
G
Glass transition; 363
Globular texture; 290293
Globule; 314
Grain boundary; 362
Growth spiral, effect on crystal growth; 205
H
Hardening; 349
Hauptkristallisation; 169
Heat
conduction; 130
flow; 130
Hole formation on annealing; 376, 377, 379,
380, 388, 395
I
Ice
crystal; 117
crystallization; 130, 131
Induction time; 65, 71, 139
Interpenetration of macromolecules; 2, 3
Ising model; 123
Isomorphism; 259, 266
J
Jets, opposing; 67, 248
K
M
Macroconformation, amorphous; 2, 3, 185,
186
changes in, 354357
Macromolecule, adsorption 42, 43
Markov chain; 152
Mass transport through the crystal; 356
Matrix polymerization; 314
Matter transport; 365367
Meander model; 185
Melt, macromolecular; 2, 3, 185, 186
Memory effect; 66
Micelle, fringed, see Fringed micelle
polymerization; 314
Moir pattern; 358, 359, 362
Molding, injection; 131
Molecular ray method of polymerization;
314
Molecular weight
critical; 96, 97, 100
crystal growth dependence on; 160162,
164168
Monolayer polymerization; 314, 315
Morphology
determined by crystal growth; 117, 128
determined by nucleation; 33, 35
equilibrium; 11, 1415
Mosaic size change; 366
N
Kossel crystal; 14
L
Lattice
gas; 123, 124
model; 19
Ledge growth; 124127
Leuchs anhydride; 299, 302
Light, polarized for measurement of
crystallization; 137
Liquid crystal polymerization; 314
Loop; 156, 170, 180184, 402
surface free energy of; 28
Nachkristallisation; 169
Nascent crystal; 189
NMR; 405409
Nodular melt structure; 185, 186
Nucleation; 1105
athermal; 70
cavities for; 38, 52, 6364
computer simulation; 15, 87
control
annealing; 355, 356
crystal growth; 7279
copolymer, rate of; 266
crystal size dependence; 158, 159
Nucleation, droplet experiment; 2326, 44

epitaxy; 38, 4244, 48, 58, 59
four temperature regions of; 23
glasses; 63
heterogeneous; 6, 3552, 71
irregular surfaces; 37
limit of; 23
melt; 4352
theory; 3639
heterogeneous solution; 3943
homogeneous; 5, 1635
influence on morphology; 33, 35
limitations; 1315
lines; 66
molecular; 7, 76, 79, 88105, 201
concept of; 98104
effect of the substrate on; 105
effect on chain folding; 150
qualitative evidence; 8991
multiple; 159
of new phases; 360
oligomer; 276
orientation-caused; see Self-nucleation
primary 172; 88
rate; 811, 25, 26, 75, 76
rate; 8
secondary; 6, 7288
computer simulation; 87
concept; 7987
experimental evidence; 7679
fictitious; 81
on large substrates; 103, 104
rate; 75, 76
tertiary; 6, 72, 79, 81, 84, 87
concept; 81
theory; 716
chain-folded growth; 148150
thermal; 70
Nucleus
chain folded; 17, 2228, 33, 71, 82, 88
of growing molecule; 17, 3335
critical; 5
critical dimensions; 79
fringed micellar; 1722, 29, 32, 33, 62,
71, 81, 82, 88
Nucleus
heterogeneous
number; 48, 5963
removal; 41, 42, 62, 63
molecular; 88, 89, 98104
multiple; 157
oligomer; 17, 2933, 71, 297, 303, 319
one molecule; 22, 57
secondary; 82
size
annealing; 356
critical; 11, 12
size and shape
molecular; 101, 102
primary 1116, 28, 31, 3537,
5658, 62, 64, 71
secondary; 7987
stable; 5
subcritical; 5, 6366, 80
supercritical; 5
Nylon 2, crystallization from the monomer;
303
303
301
Nylon 5.6, melt crystallization; 229
Nylon 6
annealing; 386, 388
of drawn material; 416
of melt grown crystal; 399
crystallization
from gaseous monomer; 276, 277
from liquid caprolactam; 299, 300
drawn, annealing; 401
heterogeneous nucleation; 44
high pressure cystallization; 257
homogeneous nucleation; 24
linear crystal growth rate; 77
melt crystallization; 228, 244246
reversible long period change; 411
self-nucleation; 53, 55
Nylon 6-co-6.6, crystallization; 270
Nylon 6-co-piperazine adipate,
Nylon 6-co-piperazine terephthalate,

Nylon 6.6
annealing; 386, 388
of drawn material; 416
of melt grown crystals; 399
fold length invariance; 150
maximum crystal growth rate; 163
melt crystallization; 229, 230
self-nucleation; 53
Nylon 6.10
annealing; 386, 388
melt crystallization; 230
Nylon 6.12, annealing; 386, 388
Nylon 8, melt crystallization; 228
Nylon 9.6, melt crystallization, 230
Nylon 11
Nylon 11-co-6, crystallization; 270
Nylon 12, melt crystallization; 229
O
Occlusion; 43, 285, 312
Oligomer concentration; 29
Order, before crystallization; 116, 185187
Ostwald ripening; 367, 391
Ostwalds law of successive states; 360
P
Packing density; 163
Panpsychism; 116
Penton, see Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxyacyclobutane]
Perdeuteropolyethylene; 367
Photopolymerization; 324
Poisson distribution; 132
Poissons raindrop problem; 132, 133
Polyacenaphthylene, topotactic
polymerization; 316
Polyacetaldehyde, solid state

polymerization; 313
Polyacrylamide, solid state polymerization;
314
Poly(acrylic acid), topotactic control of
polymerization; 315
Polyacrylonitrile
annealing of drawn material; 414
solid state polymerization; 314
Polyalanine, crystallization from the
Leuchs anhydride; 301303
Polyamide
annealing by chemical reaction; 367
crystallization from liquid monomer;
299304
fold opening; 426
heterogeneous nucleation from solution;
40, 41
Polyarsenate, oligomer nucleation; 31
Poly-p-benzamidostyrene, solid-state
polymerization; 315, 316
trans-l,4-Polybutadiene
annealing; 384, 385, 388
clathrate polymerization; 318
deformation; 66
isomerization by annealing; 429
Poly-1-butene, isotactic
annealing; 383, 388
crystal forms of; 60, 61, 360, 361
crystallization from the monomer; 293
kinetics; 59, 60
polymorphic changes; 360, 361
Poly- -caprolactone
crystallization from poly(vinyl chloride);
207
Poly- -caprolactone/poly(ethylene
oxide)/poly- -caprolactone,
Polycarbonate, crystallization on
Polychloral, ceiling temperature; 194

trans-l,4-Poly(2-chlorobutadiene)
crystallization on deformation; 251
Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxyacyclobutane], (Penton)
annealing; 385, 386, 388, 398, 401
concentration dependence of crystal
growth; 202, 203
crystal growth rate; 202
self-nucleation; 55
solution crystalIization; 202, 203
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
crystalIization under pressure; 253, 257
maximum crystal growth rate; 162, 163
primary nucleation; 22, 23
self-nucleation; 55
thickening after crystallization; 357
Poly(trans-cyclododecane)
annealing; 387
crystallization, deformation, 252
Poly(1,4-cyc1ohexylenedimethylene
terephthalate), annealing with cis-trans
isomerism; 427
Poly(decamethylene adipate)
concentrated solution crystallization;
206
Poly(decamethylene sebacate)
Poly(decamethylene terephthalate)
melt crystallization: 266
self-nucleation; 53
solution crystallization; 205
Poly(2,3-dichlorobutadiene), clathrate
polymerization; 317
Poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene), clathrate
polymerization; 317
Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide),
Poly(2,5-distyrylpyrazine), topotactic
Polydimethylsiloxane, heterogeneous
nucleation; 52
Polydiyne, topotactic crystallization;
324327
Polyepichlorohydrin, crystallization from
the liquid monomer; 312
Poly(1,4-epoxyclohexane), crystallization
during polymerization; 308, 319, 311
Polyester
adsorption; 42
annealing; 386
by chemical reaction; 367
fold opening; 426
Polyethylene
annealing, 351371
drawn samples, 403412, 423
high-temperature; 378
intermediate temperature; 377379
low temperature; 376, 377
melt grown crystals; 368, 372, 373,
393396
pressure; 418424
shish-kebob; 391, 392
solution grown crystals; 368, 369,
371383, 388
solvent contact; 389391
unit cell change on; 375, 380, 381
chemicrystallization; 425, 426
compressibility; 418
crystal growth
molecular weight dependence;
164166
concentration dependence; 200, 201
linear; 77, 120, 121, 199
maximum; 162, 163
crystal perfection; 168, 172176
crystal size increase; 119
crystallization
from concentrated solution; 206
from diazomethane; 283287
from ethylene; 283, 288293
Polyethylene
crystallization
from the melt; 213216, 232235
kinetics of; 59
regimes; 234
secondary; 169171
shear; 68
solution; 198202
under pressure; 211
stirred solution; 208210
thickening after; 357
two stage; 234
under pressure; 253256
defects in; 357
deformation; 66
density, change on annealing; 404
in drawn samples; 406409
dissolution; 389, 400
epitaxy; 58, 93
equilibrium segregation; 99
extended chain crystal; 7678, 89,
9496, 369, 370, 372, 373, 423
fold extension; 367
fold length; 77
decrease; 375
on crystallizationwith
deformation; 249
increase; 381, 382, 406
free enthalpy of fusion; 12
heterogeneous nucleation
from solution; 39
from the melt; 4447, 52
high pressure phase; 256
hole formation; 374, 376, 377, 378
from solution; 27
meander model; 185, 186
melting temperature; 89, 90
change with pressure; 418
molecular weight segregation; 8998
monoclinic; 358, 361, 423
mosaic increase; 366
neutron scattering of amorphous; 3
nucleation
droplet experiment; 23, 24, 44
Polyethylene
nucleation
epitaxy; 42
molecular; 201
secondary; 76-79
nucleus size, molecular; 102
polymorphic change; 361
pressure and orientation effects; 258
on recrystallization; 368, 369, 382,
390, 391, 421,422
screw dislocation; 75
segregation of branched; 91
shish-kebob; 208
stress relief; 375
surface free energy, 25, 28, 45, 46, 200,
235
surface melting; 394
surface roughness; 155157
Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate),
adsorption of; 42
annealing; 385, 388
melt grown crystals, 397, 398, 401
copolymer, block, self-nucleation; 55
crystal growth
fold-length dependence; 167
molecular weight dependence;
166167
rate; 121
linear; 167
crystal perfection; 177, 178, 241
crystallizati on
concentrated solution; 206
melt; 213, 221, 239241
solution; 203, 204
nucleation, homogeneous; 24
screw dislocation; 74, 75
segregation; 91
self-nucleation; 53, 55, 5961
terrace; 74
Poly(ethylene oxide-co-styrene),
Poly(ethylene sebacate)
viscosity effect on crystallization; 205
Poly(ethylene succinate), melt
Poly( ethylene terephthalate)
annealing
chemical reaction; 426428
drawn material; 415
melt grown crystals; 398
crystal growth
242, 243
rate; 242, 243
linear; 77
maximum; 163
crystal perfection; 168
crystallization
glassy state; 186189
high temperature; 257
melt; 224, 241244
secondary; 169, 171
deformation; 66
fold length change, reversible; 411, 418
fold length invariance; 150
glass transition; 364
nodular structure; 186, 187
Poly( ethy lene terephthalate-co-azelate),
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-methyl
succinate), change of sequence length on
annealing; 247, 428
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-sebacate)
crystallization; 136, 269, 230
Polyfluoral, crystallization during
polymerization; 312
Polygermanate, oligomer nucleation; 31
Polyglycine, solid state polymerization; 313
Poly(hexadiyne), homogeneous conversion;
195
Poly[2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(phenylurethane)], topotactic polymerization;

321, 327
Poly [2,4-hexadiyne-1,6- bis(stearylurethane)], topotactic polymerization;
327
Poly[2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(p-tolylsulfonate)] topotactic polymerization;
327
Poly(2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol), topotactic
polymerization; 327
Poly(hexamethylene adipate), melt
Poly(hexamethylene succinate, high
pressure cyrstallization; 257
Poly(hexamethylene terephthalate), melt
Poly( -hydroxyundecanoic acid), drawn,
annealing; 401
Polyisoprene; see 1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
Poly(4,4'
-isopropylidenediphenylene
carbonate)
crystal growth rate, maximum; 163
crystallization, melt; 227
Polymerization
thiourea; 316318
urea; 316318
solid state, see Crystallization, solid
monomer
cis-1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
crystal growth rate, linear; 249
crystallization
deformation; 247252
high pressure; 257
melt; 214, 219
secondary; 168
deformation; 66
trans-1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
crystal growth, molecular weight
dependence; 166
crystallization
melt; 219
Poly(4-methyl-1-butene), crystallization
from the monomer; 293
Poly(methyl-2-cyanoacrylate), amorphous;
281
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
atactic, neutron scattering; 3
isotactic, crystallization on deformation;
250
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), isotactic
annealing; 384, 388
pressure; 425
crystallization, high pressure; 258
nucleation, heterogeneous; 47
Polymorphic change; 360, 361, 388
Polyolefin
crystallization during polymerization;
282293
Polyoxymethylene
annealing; 385,388
drawn material; 415
fold expansion, 297299, 429
pressure; 424
ceiling temperature; 194, 274
crystal
extended chain; 298
fibrous; 319
crystallization
gaseous formaldehyde; 273276
liquid monomer; 294299
melt; 220
trioxane in solution; 297299
fold-length change, reversible; 411
nucleation
epitaxy; 42, 43
homogeneous; 24
oligomer; 30,31, 43, 297
screw dislocation; 75
topotaxy; 318323
Poly(pentamethylene terephthalate), melt
Polyphosphate, oligomer nucleation; 30
Polypivalolactone, melt crystallization; 227
annealing; 383, 388
drawn material; 412, 413
annealing
low temperature; 401
melt grown crystals; 396, 401
pressure; 424
crystal branching; 75
crystal growth rate; 236
linear; 77
maximum; 163
crystallization
deformation; 252
high pressure; 257
melt; 213, 217, 235239
out of propylene; 287293
rate, tacticity effect; 238
solution; 205
nucleation
heterogeneous; 4451
homogeneous; 24
segregation; 9193
self-nucleation; 53
Polypropylene, syndiotactic
annealing pressure; 425
Poly(propylene oxide)
crystal growth rate, linear; 77
glass tansition; 364
polymerization, solid state; 314
segregation of different stereo isomers ;
91
Poly(N,N'
-sebacoylpiperazine), melt
crystallization, 231
Polysilicate, oligomer nucleation; 31
Polystyrene, atactic
neutron scattering; 3
Polystyrene, isotatic
crystal growth rate linear; 77
maximum; 162, 163
crystallization
from atactic polystyrene; 207
deformation; 250
melt; 217
solution; 205
Polystyrene, isotatic
deformation; 66
fold-length invariance; 150
nucleation
heterogeneous; 47, 52
homogeneous; 24
shish-kebob annealing; 392
Polytetrafluoroethylene
ceiling temperature; 194
crystal
branching; 75
extended chain; 94
crystallization
during polymerization; 34
from gaseous tetrafluoroethylene;
276
from liquid monomer; 282
high pressure; 258
melt; 216
during polymerization; 34
recrystallization; 368
segregation; 94
thickening; 357
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), annealing, 397
Polytetrahydrofuran, crystallization during
polymerization; 308, 309
Poly(tetramethylene isoterephthalate), melt
Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), melt
Poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane)
annealing
drawn material; 417
melt grown cystal; 399
crystal growth
162, 164166
rate
linear; 77
maximum; 162, 163
fold-length invariance; 150
Polytriyene; 327
Polyurea, fold opening; 426
Polyurethane
annealing, drawn material; 417
fold opening; 426
secondary crystallization; 168
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
annealing, 384, 388
Poly(vinyl chloride), syndiotactic
clathrate polymerization; 317
Poly(vinyl stearate), solid state
polymerization; 315
Poly(vinylidene chloride), crystallization
from monomer; 282283
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
annealing
drawn material; 413
pressure; 425
Poly-p-xylylene
crystallization
from gaseous monomer; 278281
from liquid monomer; 311
polymorphic changes; 361
Pore volume; 367
Principle of least motion; 194
R
Radiation initiation; 313
Random coil; 2, 3, 66, 67, 198
Random walk; 125
Reaction
addition; 34
insertion; 33
step; 29, 32
Recrystallization; 349, 362, 368, 369, 403
from solution; 390, 391
Rejection; see Segregation
Relaxation of semicrystalline sample; 364
Reorganization; 171
Rubber, natural; see cis-1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene),
S
Screw dislocation, critical radius of
curvature; 75
Sectorization; 158
Segregation; 89105
annealing caused; 394
chemical structure caused; 91, 204, 205
on crystallization; 169
melt; 9498
solution; 9194
equilibrium; 99
liquid-liquid separation; 91
Selenium
annealing; 426
by chemical reaction; 367
ceiling temperature; 194
crystal, extended chain; 304
crystal tracht; 128
crystallization
melt; 216, 304308
vapor; 272274
equilibrium, ring-chain; 304
fold opening; 426
Self-nucleation; 6, 5270, 72, 349
above the melting temperature; , 6366
at low temperature; 6163
from the melt; 5961
molecular weight dependence; 56, 59
several molecules; 58
solution; 5359
through orientation; 63, 6670
Self-nucleus, size; 56, 6466
Self-seeding; see Self-nucleation
Shish-kebob; 6670, 191, 208, 249
annealing; 391, 392
Shrinkage of drawn fiber; 411
Silicon disulfide, fibrous crystals; 129
Sintering; 349, 350, 354, 367, 388
Site symmetry; 196
Solid state polymerization; see also
Crystallization, solid monomer
heterogeneous; 194196
homogeneous; 194195
Stefan problem; 130, 131
Stirring, effect on crystallization; 207210

Stress
interlamellar; 389
internal; 362
relief; 349, 361, 362365, 375, 404, 426
Structure, amorphous; see Melt,
macromolecular
Sulfur trioxide, ceiling temperature; 194
Supercooling; 4
Surface
definition; 4
fold; 350
free energy; 4, 3638
from droplet experiment; 25, 45
effective, 154
fringed micelle, 1921
of loops, 38
molecular weight dependence; 165
temperature dependence; 149
values of; 21, 2428, 45, 46, 51, 83,
200, 203, 235
melting; 394
roughness; 124, 155157
Switchboard model; 179
T
Taylor vortex, 70, 208
Tellurium, crystal tracht; 128
Temperature, critical (lattice gas); 123
Tempering; 349
Terrace; 74
Texture; 288
Tie molecule; 156, 179, 183,403
Topochemical reaction; 31, 192, 313, 327,
361
Topotactic reaction; 192, 313, 315318,
324, 327
Tracht; 128
Transamidation; 426
Transcrystallization; 131
Transesterification; 426
Transmission coefficient; 9
Transport processes, effect on the Avrami
equation; 141
Troutons rule; 123, 125

Twin, multiple; 360
WLF equation; 9, 162

Wormlike texture; 291293
V
Vinyl polymer, crystal nucleation; 32
Viscoelasticity; 362
Volterra integral equation; 134
Z
Ziegler catalyst; 287
Ziegler-Natta catalyst; 32, 33, 283
Zone polymerization and crystallization;
300
Macromolecular
Physics
Bernhard Wunderlich
Troy, New York
VOLUME 3
Crystal Melting
ACADEMIC PRESS
1980
New York
London
Toronto
Sydney
San Francisco


24/28 Oval Road, London NWt
7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Wunderlich, Bernhard, Date
Macromolecular physics.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
CONTENTS: v. 1. Crystal structure, morphology,
defects.--v. 2. Crystal nucleation, growth, annealing.-v. 3. Crystal melting.
1. Macromolecules. 2. Crystals. 1. Title.
QD381.W86
547.7
72-82632
ISBN 0-12-765603-0 (v. 3)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
80 81 82 83
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
LIST OF TABLES
vii
PREFACE
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xi
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 AND 2
Chapter VIII
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
xiii
Equilibrium Melting
Characterization of Matter through Its Equilibrium Melting Behavior

8.1.1 Equilibrium Melting of Linear Macromolecules
8.1.2 Equilibrium Melting to Characterize Matter
The Equilibrium Melting Process
8.2.1 General Statements about Melting
8.2.2 The Melting Process
8.2.3 The Equilibrium Melting Process of Flexible Linear
Macromolecules
Extrapolation to Equilibrium
8.3.1 Volume and Heat Capacity Changes on Melting
8.3.2 Melting Temperatures
8.3.3 Heats of Fusion
Experimental Data
8.4.1 Polyethylene
8.4.2 Polypropylene
8.4.3 Polyoxymethylene
8.4.4 Poly(ethylene oxide)
8.4.5 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
8.4.6 Nylon 6
8.4.7 General Conclusions
Changes in the Equilibrium Melting Temperature
8.5.1 Molecular Weight Effects
8.5.2 Pressure Effects
1
2
4
5
6
12
14
23
23
24
39
45
46
61
64
66
67
70
71
79
79
91
vi
Contents
8.5.3 Deformation Effects
8.5.4 Diluent Effects
References
96
103
115
Chapter IX Irreversible Melting

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Observation of Irreversible Melting

9.1.1 Recognition of Irreversible Melting
9.1.2 Early Observation and Interpretation of Irreversible Melting
Experimental Methods
9.2.1 Time-Dependent Melting
9.2.2 Cross Linking
9.2.3 Chemical Reaction and Etching
Experimental Data
9.3.1 Melting of Crystals Grown from Solution
9.3.2 Melting of Crystals Grown from the Melt
9.3.3 Melting of Deformed Crystals
Superheating
9.4.1 Equilibrium Crystals
9.4.2 Nonequilibrium Crystals
Changes in the Temperature of Melting
Surface Melting
Single-Phase Systems
References
128
129
134
138
138
142
144
146
147
162
191
214
215
222
224
234
236
240
Chapter X Copolymer and Isomer Melting

10.1
10.2
10.3
Structure and Macroconformation

10.1.1 Chemical Structure
10.1.2 Physical Structure
Equilibrium Melting
10.2.1 Phase Diagrams
10.2.2 Experimental Approximations
Nonequilibrium Melting
10.3.1 Random Copolymers
10.3.2 Regular Copolymers
10.3.3 Block Copolymers
10.3.4 Side Chain Crystallization
References
254
255
261
264
265
270
275
275
309
317
325
331
AUTHOR INDEX
341
SUBJECT INDEX
l354
List of Tables
VIII.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
IX.
2
3
Melting temperatures and entropies of fusion of crystals

of spherical motifs
of nonspherical motifs
of linear hydrocarbons
Melting temperatures of paraffins Cx H2x+2 and polyethylene
Heats of fusion of solution grown polyethylene
Melting data of linear macromolecules
Conformational entropies of polyethylene calculated for
the isolated chain using various approximations
Summary of equilibrium melting data
Calculated conformational entropies of fusion
Measured values for the change in melting temperature
with pressure
Eutectic temperatures and compositions of poly(ethylene
adipate )-diluent systems
Eutectic temperatures and compositions of polyester-dioxane systems
Equilibrium dissolution temperatures of polyethylene
for various solvents
Free enthalpy of fusion of metastable polyethylene single crystals
Melting temperatures of poly(ethylene oxides) of different molecular weights and number of folds
Melting data of carefully melt crystallized polyethylene
of various molecular weights
Vll
9
11
11
27
41
48
59
72
75
95
113
113
114
151
160
165
viii
X.
List of Tables
4 Melting temperatures and crystal sizes of drawn polyethylene after irradiation to avoid crystal perfection
5 Thermal and structural data of drawn polypropylene
6 Changes in crystal lamellar thickness and interlamellar
separation of polyethylene crystallized from the melt at
110C
1 Typical monomer reactivity ratios
2 Copolymer data of equilibrium crystals of trioxane and
cyclic ethers
3 Properties of differently crystallized chlorinated polyethylene
4 Melting temperatures and crystallinities of mixtures of
amorphous and isotactic polypropylene
5 Melting temperatures of homopolymers and copolymers
near the minimum melting concentration of terephthalic
and sebacic acid with linear diols of varying chain length
6 Melting temperatures of homologous series of aliphatic
polyamides and polyesters
7 Melting temperatures of terephthalate macromolecules
with linear diols of varying chain length
8 Structural and melting characteristics of AxBy
poly(ethylene oxide-black-propylene oxide) copolymers
9 Structural and melting characteristics of ByAxBy
poly(ethylene oxide-black-propylene oxide) copolymers
10 Melting temperatures of isotactic poly(1-alkenes)
195
205
237
260
274
283
293
302
314
316
320
321
326
Preface
This third volume completes the first part of the project' 'Macromolecular Physics." The first volume dealt with the description of macromolecular crystals; the second volume dealt with crystal growth; and the
third volume summarizes our knowledge of the melting of linear, flexible
macromolecules. The discussion in the three volumes goes from reasonably well-established topics, such as the structure, morphology, and defects in crystals, to topics still in flux, such as crystal nucleation, detailed
growth mechanisms, and annealing processes, to arrive at the present
topics of equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and copolymer melting. Our knowledge is quite limited on many aspects of these latter topics.
For the second part of the project it is planned to discuss topics such
as thermodynamics and heat capacities (with H. Baur and A. Mehta) and
mechanical properties. Topics such as optical properties and electrical
properties are planned in a parallel multivolume treatise edited by R. S.
Stein. t
One of the main conclusions reached in writing this part of "Macromolecular Physics" is that equilibrium melting of flexible, linear macromolecules discussed in Chapter VIII is of great general interest (Sect. 8.1)
and that the melting parameters can give insight into the nature of molecules and phase structure (Sect. 8.4.7). Only a relatively small group of
macromolecules, however, has been analyzed in sufficient detail (see
Table VIII.6). The unique properties of flexible, linear macromolecules
became apparent in the treatment of changes in the equilibrium melting
temperature (Sect. 8.5). Most of the experimental work deals with irreversible melting, described in Chapter IX. New experimental methods
t R. S. Stein (ed.), "Polymer Physics." Vol. 2 (1977); other volumes in preparation.
Academic Press, New York.
IX
Preface
that fix metastable structures long enough for analysis are reviewed for
the first time in Sect. 9.2. The present uncertainty about many aspects
of melting and melting temperatures rests with our ignorance about internal parameters determining the irreversible processes. Much of the
confusion in the field comes from treating results from irreversible melting
experiments as equilibrium data. An effort is made to sort experiments
by careful examination of condition. The copolymer melting discussion
in Chapter X reveals that here the difficulties are compounded, and practically none of the developed copolymer melting theories can be applied
to the experimental data. The wide variety of data collected in this chapter
should help dispel some common misconceptions about the melting of
copolymers. The major effect in copolymer melting turns out to be most
often a crystal size restriction, and much less frequently a mixing effect.
Eutectic phase diagrams that are usually used in the description of copolymers are found to be less frequently appropriate than assumed. Partial
solubility, comonomer concentration enrichment at interfaces, and varying limiting crystal sizes are often neglected variables. Mixed crystal systems are easier to treat, but to date only one reasonably complete phase
diagram has been published (Fig. X.19). Finally, the multidimensional
nature of copolymer melting is revealed in the discussion of regular copolymers, block copolymers, and side chain copolymers.
The documentation was done, as in the earlier volumes, by a broad
search of the literature, assisted for this volume by a computer search of
Chemical Abstracts on melting of macromolecules (and polymers), to the
end of 1978. Still, many key references were found by checking cross
references and by checking journals at random. Thus, the quoted references, although not all-inclusive, should represent a typical cross section.
As was true for the first two volumes, Volume 3 represents an attempt
to reach a new level of summary of "Macromolecular Physics," on the
basis of which further progress can be achieved.
Acknowledgments
My thanks go to the colleagues and students who have contributed

by discussion, preprints, and reading of earlier versions of the various
chapters. Especial recognition must be given to my secretary, Ms.
McGraw, who typed, retyped, and changed the many versions of the more
controversial topics of this book.
Inclusion of several of the illustrations was made possible only by the
contribution of original prints by the authors listed in the legends. In
addition, permission for reproduction was generously granted by the following copyright holders:
American Chemical Society, Washington (Figs. IX. 13 and IX.14).
American Institute of Physics, New York (Figs. VIII. 1, VIII.2, and IX.39).
Associated Book Publishers Ltd, London (Figs. VIII.31, IX.41, and IX.50).
IPC Business Press Ltd, (Figs. VIII.32, VII!.33, and IX.47).
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (Fig. VIII.I0.
Springer Verlag, Berlin (Fig. IX.53).
Dr. Dietrich Steinkopf Verlag, Darmstadt (Fig. IX.46).
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York (Figs. VIII. 13, VIII.34, IX.3, IX.5, IX.6, IX.12, IX.36,
IX.38a, b, c, d, IX.40, IX.42, IX.48, IX.51, IX.52, and X.7a, b).
xi
Author Index of Volume III

A
Abbaschian, G. J., 22, 115, 123
Abu-Isa, I., 50
Adam, G. A., 55
Ahr, D. L., 115, 127, 234, 251
Ainslie, N. G., 214
Alcock, T. C, 135, 241
Alfonso, G. C., 182, 241, 261, 287, 331
Alfrey, T., 99, 115, 327, 328, 333
Allegra, G., 66, 107, 115, 123, 294, 336
Allen, E. T., 12, 118, 214
Allou, A. L., Jr., 150, 247
Amano, T., 65, 115
Anderson, T., 91, 92, 125
Andrews, E. H., 51,99, 115
Arai, N., 144, 145, 209, 240
Arakawa, T., 16, 31, 32, 44, 115, 116, 127,
135, 137, 144, 145, 186, 209, 235,
238, 240, 252, 272, 273, 331
Arlie, J. P., 66, 116
Armeniades, C. D., 95
Armitage, D., 136, 240
Artymyshyn, B., 329, 330, 334
Arvin, J. A., 134, 241
Asai, K., 94, 127
Asbach, G. I.,70, 116, 225, 240
Ashman, P. C., 319, 320, 321, 322, 331
Askadskii, A. A., 36, 37, 116
Asmussen, F., 233, 234, 245
Atkinson, C M. L., 40, 41,43, 44, 116, 150,
151, 152, 153, 166, 199, 240
Atkinson, E. B., 115, 116
Aubin, M., 248
Aubrey, D. W., 327, 328, 331
Austin, J. B., 26
B
Baer, E., 93, 95, 168, 178, 245, 318, 334
Bair, H. E., 41, 142, 143, 144, 149, 153,
154, 199, 240, 244
Baker, C H., 270, 271
Bakeyev, N. F., 195, 196, 249
Ballard, D. G. H., 225, 249
Balta, Y. I., 101, 121
Balta-Calleja, F. J., 70, 116, 276, 277, 278,
279, 279, 280, 281, 331, 335
Baltenas, R. A., 93
Bamford, C. H., 257, 331
Baranov, V. G., 235, 243
Bares, V., 16, 43, 116
Barham, P., 192, 193, 198, 240
Barnatt, A., 327, 328, 331
Barnes, W. J., 66, 116
Bartenev, G. M., 173, 174, 240
Barth, T. F. W., 214
Bassett, D. C., 92, 93, 94, 116, 142, 249
Bassi, I. W., 107, 123, 294, 336
Bastien, I. J., 279
Baumgrtner, A., 69, 116
Baur, H., 44, 45, 58, 61, 127, 236, 252, 267,
268, 272, 331, 332
Beaman, R. G., 306
Beech, D. R., 159,240
Beecroft, R. I, 2, 116
Bekkedahl, N., 33, 103, 116, 127, 134, 135,
240,252
Bell, J. P., 169, 171, 181, 181, 189, 208,
208, 209, 209, 241
Belov, G. P., 195, 196, 249
Bene, N. P., 14, 121, 214
Berghmans, H., 106, 110, 116, 119, 169,

171, 229, 230, 241, 243, 248
Bermudez, S. F., 51
Bhateja, S. K., 91, 117
Bianchi, E., 233, 241, 251
Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., 43, 44, 54, 117, 185,
244
Black, J., 2, 117
Black, W. B., 193, 241
Blackadder, D. A., 114
B1asenbrey, S., 16, 69, 116, 123, 237, 241
Blum, K., 264, 325, 326, 338
Blundell, D. J., 203, 241
Bodily, D., 272, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285,
332
Bohlin, L., 96, 117
Bohn, C. R., 238, 241
Bollinger, J. C. L., 261, 332
Boon, J.,169, 241
Boor, J., Jr., 190, 241
Booth, C., 66, 119, 159, 180, 240, 241, 319,
320, 321, 322, 331, 332
Bopp; R. C., 190, 245
Borokhonovskii, V. A., 235, 243
Borri, C., 54, 54, 75, 117, 184, 241, 242
Boyd, R. H., 60, 66, 125
Boyle, F. P., 23, 117
Bowman, I. J. W., 52
Braun, W., 67, 117
Braver, G. M., 327
Bridgman, P. W., 91, 117
Broadhurst, M. G., 26, 29,43, 44, 117
Brown, C. J., 68, 118
Brown, D. S., 236, 243
Brown, D. W., 311, 332
Brown, R. G., 31, 32, 117
Brckner, S., 184, 241
Bryant, W. M. D., 278, 332
Buckley, C. P., 26, 66, 67, 81, 117, 159,
160, 241
Buckley, G. D., 277, 278, 332
Bueche, A. M., 42, 117
Bunn, C. W., 37, 68, 72, 117, 118, 135, 241
C
a kovi , H., 279, 332
Calderon, N., 296, 332
Callaghan, L., 137, 241
Calligaris, M., 66, 115
Calzolari, G., 54, 75, 117, 184, 242
Capizzi, A., 173, 243, 296, 333
Caporiccio, G., 107, 123, 259, 294, 336, 337
Carbonaro, A., 295, 336
Carbonnel, L., 111, 113, 117, 119
Carothers, W. H., 134, 241
Carrano, A. J., 114, 121
Carriere, F., 186
Carter, D. R., 1I5, 127, 178, 234, 251
Casey, K., 134, 243, 279
Catlin, W. E., 304, 332
Cavallo, P., 288, 289, 332
Ceccorulli, G., 56, 188, 241
Celotti, G., 168, 253
Challa, G., 105, 124, 145, 154, 155, 169,
170, 241, 246
Chandler, L. A., 175, 241
Chandrasekaran, S., 287, 337
Chapman, R. N., 311, 332
Charlesby, A., 137, 241
Chatani, Y., 310, 311, 332
Chiang, R., 42, 117
Chichakli, 85, 117
Christiansen, A. W., 168, 245
Chua, J. O., 167, 246
Ciampelli, F., 261, 338
Ciana, A., 56, 75, 122
Ciceri, L., 56, 75, 122
Ciferri, A., 102, 125, 233, 241, 251
Clampitt, B. H., 163, 241, 277, 279
Clark, K. J., 325, 326, 332
Clough, S. B., 103, 117, 202, 241
Cluff, E. F., 277, 279
Clusius, F., 10
Cogswell, F. N., 203, 241
Coleman, D., 325, 332
Coleman, B. D., 291, 332
Collins, E. A., 175, 241
Author Index of Volume III, Page 2
Colombo, P., 311, 332

Colson, J. P., 47, 64, 118, 124, 268, 290,
332
Contois, L. E., 316, 339
Cooper, D. R., 66, 74, 119, 331
Cooper, S. L., 286, 336
Cooper, W., 179, 241
Cooper, W. C., 48
Coppola, G., 182, 241
Cormia, R. L., 13, 117, 214
Cormier, C. M., 35, 40, 58, 114, 127, 198,
252
Corradini, P., 74, 295, 336
Cox, W. W., 167
Cramer, F. B., 306
Crescenzi, V., 54, 56, 75, 117, 122, 184,
241, 242
Crespi, G., 106, 123, 166, 248, 263, 293
Crompton, H., 6, 117
Cser, F., 232, 244
Czerwin, E. P., 304, 332
Czornyj, G., 29,4 4, 58,61, 80, 127, 201,
271, 222, 223, 242
D
DallAsta, G., 312, 333
Danusso, F., 49, 62, 63, 118
Davidson, T., 35, 92, 93, 118, 127
Davis, G. T., 47, 118
Day, A. L., 12, 118, 214
Daubeny, R. de P., 68, 118
Dawkins, J. Vo, 99, 101, 122
de Boer, J., 8, 118
Delf, B. W., 286, 334
Della Fortuna, G., 56, 75, 122, 184, 241
Dension, R., 163, 247
Deopura, B. L., 208
Devonshire, A. F., 8, 122
Devoy, C. J., 180, 241
DiCyan, A. B., 31, 32, 127, 135, 137,235,
252
DiSilvestro, G., 233, 242
Dodgson, D. V., 159, 180, 240, 241, 319,

320, 332
Doelter, C., 12, 118, 214
Dole, M., 37, 50, 63, 118, 127, 142, 164,
181, 208, 209, 242, 250, 252, 254,
278, 300, 301, 332, 333, 339
Dollhopf, W., 69, 96, 116, 122
Dondero, G., 182, 241
Dosiere, M., 197, 243, 248
Dostal, H., 134, 242
Dow, R. B., 95
Drain, L. E., 135, 136, 247
Drexhage, K. H., 70, 116
Drscher, M., 68, 69, 118, 183, 242, 273,
274, 333
Dubovik, I. I., 303, 333
Dumbleton, J. H., 169, 189, 209, 241
Dunkel, W., 70, 124
Dusek, K., 99
Duswalt, A. A., 167
Dutt, P. K., 4, 120
Duus, H. C., 91, 92, 95, 122
E
Eaves, D. E., 179, 241
Ebara, K., 199, 245
Eby, R. K., 31, 32, 47, 91, 137, 117, 118,
122, 242, 268, 269, 290, 332, 333,
337
Edgar, O. B., 300, 301, 302, 306, 316, 333
Edwards, B. C., 175, 242
Eichhorn, R. M., 277
Ellery, E., 300, 301, 302, 316, 333
Emerson, F. A., 286, 337
Enoshita, R., 92, 93, 94, 122, 127
Era, V. A., 283, 333
Ergos, E., 106, 125
Etessam, A. H., 99
Evans, R. D., 42, 118, 305, 306, 306, 339
Ewers, W. M., 235, 242
Eyring, H., 8, 91, 92, 120, 125
F
Fabbri, P., 182, 241
Fakirov, S., 69, 118, 183, 208, 242
Farina, M., 233, 242
Farrow, G., 62, 118, 167
Fatou, J. G., 51, 62, 63, 118, 163, 164, 165,
167, 242, 247
Feldeisen, D. W., 327, 328, 329, 334
Ferguson, R. C., 40, 118
Fichera, A., 168, 242, 253
Ficker, H. F., 276
Field, J. E., 103, 118
Fiorina, L., 261, 287, 331
Fischer, E. W., 26, 28, 40, 41, 65, 69, 115,
118, 120, 149, 158, 183, 193, 194,
208, 235, 242, 248, 277, 279, 296,
297, 298, 299, 323, 333, 334
Fisher, C. H., 327
Flack, H. D., 91, 118
Flanagan, R. D., 51, 200, 207, 249
Flaningan, O. T., 190, 246
Flood, J. F., 31, 32, 127, 135, 137, 235
Flory, P. J., 15, 26, 29, 32, 42, 46, 56, 66,
75, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 117, 118,
119, 123, 124, 136, 166, 242, 255,
265, 266, 267, 270, 272, 333, 337
Fontana, J., 311, 332
Ford, R. W., 281, 333
Forrest, E. H., 198, 247
Fortune, L. R., 95
Foster, G. N., 280, 281, 333
Fox, T. G, 83, 103, 119
Francesconi, R., 168 , 253
Frank, F. C., 203, 247
Franta, W. A., 278, 338
Fraser, M. J., 66, 119
Frasci, A., 233, 243
Frith, E. M., 136, 243
Frolen, L. J., 29, 120
Frunze, T., 303, 333
Fujii, T., 325, 338
Fujiwara, Y., 31
Fukahori, Y., 142, 144, 149, 164, 195, 250
Fukuda, T., 300, 301, 303, 333

Fulcher, K. U., 236, 243
Furukawa, J., 310, 333
G
Gallot, Y., 318, 337
Galperin, E., 290, 294, 295, 311, 336
Galperin, Ye. L., 172, 173, 243, 246
Garbuglio, C., 311, 336
Gardner, K. H., 324, 336
Garner, W. E., 25, 119
Gasparyan, K. A., 235, 243
Gaur, U., 48, 69, 123
Gaylord, R. J., 103, 119
Geacintov, C., 153, 154, 243
Gee, D. R., 168, 243
Gent, A. N., 99, 103, 119
Ghiglia, W., 63, 118
Gianotti, G., 49, 49, 62, 63, 118, 173, 243,
296, 312, 333
Gieniewsky, C., 282, 283, 337
Gilg, B., 86, 119
Gilliot, M., 197,243,248
Glenz, W., 70, 116, 195, 243, 268, 277, 279,
282, 283, 333
Godovskii, Yu. K., 179, 243, 303, 333
Goffin, A., 197, 243, 248
Gogolewski, S., 70, 95, 119, 188, 243
Gogos, C. G., 203, 250
Gohil, R. M., 153, 190, 243
Golemba, F. J., 49, 74
Gonthier, A., 17, 30, 66, 121, 220, 221, 246
Goodman, I., 314, 315, 316, 333
Gopalan, M., 34, 119, 164, 165, 247
Gritz, D., 99, 102, 119
Grlitz, M., 172, 243
Grassi, M., 233, 242
Gray, A. P., 134, 243
Greenberg, S. A., 327, 328, 333
Greene, A., 102, 125
Greig, J. W., 214
Greppi, G., 233, 251
Grewer, T., 49
Griskey, R. G., 280, 281, 333

Grossmann, H. P., 23, 123
Grubb, D. T., 203, 206, 243
Gruver, J. T., 101, 121
Gryte, C. C., 110, 119, 167, 229, 230, 243,
246
Gubler, M. G., 137, 139, 243
Guerrero, S. J., 218, 247
Guieu, R., 111, 113, 119
Gupta, R. N., 93
H
Haas, T. W., 203, 243
Haberkorn, H., 56, 57,70,71,120, 145, 186,
187, 245
Hachiboshi, M., 300, 301, 303, 333
Hagege, R., 208
Hgele, P. C., 23, 123
Hager, N. E., 142, 243
Hahn, P., 190, 246
Halboth, H., 69, 70, 119, 121, 181
Ham, G. E., 259, 334
Hamada, F., 41, 65, 87, 119, 121, 123. 146,
153, 244
Hammel, R., 105, 119
Hammer, C. F., 178
Hanszen, K. J., 135
Hara, K., 58
Hardy, G. Y., 232, 244
Harland, W. G., 163, 244
Harrison, I. R., 150, 244, 318, 334
Hartley, F. D., 68, 119
Harvey, E. D., 303, 305, 334
Hasegawa, R., 172, 173, 244
Hashimoto, H., 188, 244
Hashimoto, T., 96, 120, 319, 334
Hata, T., 52, 60, 61, 67, 93, 95,126
Hatakeyama, T., 96, 120
Hauser, E. A., 98, 120
Hay, J. N., 30, 66, 120
Hayashi, S., 41, 115, 119, 123, 146, 153,
155, 156, 244, 248
Heidemann, G., 70, 116
Heitz, W., 26, 28, 120

Helfand, E., 268, 334
Hellmuth, E., 13, 17, 22, 31, 120, 141, 142,
164, 214, 216, 218, 244, 277
Hellwege, K.-H., 67, 93, 117, 263
Hendus, H., 31,32, 39, 120,142,143,144,
145, 199, 245
Hengstenberg, J., 239, 244
Hertwig, K., 273, 274, 333
Hespe, H., 277, 279
Hidalgo, A., 279, 331
Hildebrand, D., 70, 127
Hill, M. J., 99
Hill, R., 306, 312, 313, 333, 334
Hillier, I. H., 180, 241
Hinrichsen, G., 40, 41, 53, 65, 115, 118,
161, 193, 194, 209, 238, 239, 242,
244, 298, 323, 334
Hirata, E., 319, 334
Hirakawa, S., 92, 120, 188, 244
Hirschfelder, J., 8, 120
Hirte, R., 186, 188, 209, 251
Hoashi, K., 163, 244
Hobbs, S. Y., 54, 183, 184, 185, 244
Hoehn, H. H., 40, 118
Hoffman, J. D., 29, 33, 120, 122, 137, 246
Hoffmann, R., 183, 208, 242
Hoffrichter, S., 181
Hoftyzer, P. J., 37, 73, 74, 126
Holden, H. W., 163, 244
Holdsworth, P. J., 183, 203, 241, 244
Holliday, L., 286, 334
Holland, V. F., 114
Hopfinger, A. J., 23, 117
Hosemann, R., 238, 246, 279, 332
Hosoi, M., 149, 246
Howard, G. J., 136, 244
Howard, W. H., 142, 164, 242
Huggins, M. L., 26, 120
Hughes, R. H., 277, 279
Hummel, D., 264, 325, 326, 338
Hunter, J. T., 200, 207, 249
Hurley, S. A., 4, 120
Huseby, T. W., 143, 199, 240, 244
Hybart, F. J., 161, 189, 244, 303, 305, 334
I
Ide, T., 92, 122
Igonin, L. A., 93
Iguchi, M., 64, 65, 120, 178
Ijitsu, T., 319, 334
Ikeda, M., 68, 120, 181
Illers, K.-H., 31, 32, 39, 56, 57, 57,70, 71,
80, 120, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,
164, 186, 187, 189, 194, 199, 209,
209, 216, 238, 239, 245
Imanaka, A., 70, 121, 186
lonoue, M., 178, 186, 296, 297, 334
Ishida, Y., 50, 172, 173, 174, 248
Ishit, T., 304, 338
Ishikawa, K., 103, 123, 193, 194, 197, 204,
209, 247, 249, 250
Itoh, T., 71, 186
Itoh, Y., 235, 248
Ivanova, S. L., 303, 333
Iwamoto, R., 190, 245
Izard, E. F., 300, 301, 304, 315, 316, 334
J
Jackson, J. B., 46,124, 270, 272, 337
Jackson, J. F., 114
Jaffe, M., 64, 120, 132, 133, 140, 156, 157,
158, 178, 179, 218, 219, 222, 245
Jain, P. C., 49, 95
Janeczek, H., 112, 120
Jenckel, E., 69, 95, 96, 98, 120, 121, 135,
136, 181, 238, 245
Jessen, F. W., 85, 117
Johannson, O. K., 190, 246
Johnsen, V., 284
Johnson, R. G. L., 286, 334
Jones, L. D., 42, 55, 93, 95, 121, 234, 245
Jordan, E. F., Jr., 327, 327, 328, 329, 329,
330, 334
Judge, J., 99
Justin, J., 163, 247
Kagawa, I., 239, 250

Kajiyama, T., 286, 313, 334
Kamath, P. M., 284
Kamide, K., 35, 36, 48, 62, 63, 70, 80, 121,
149, 167, 186, 245, 246
Kanetsuna, H., 96, 120, 186, 204
Kapizzi, A., 49
Karasz, F. E., 42, 55, 93, 95, 95, 105, 106,
119, 121, 126, 234, 245
Kardos, J. L., 93, 95, 168, 245
Kargin, V. A., 327, 328, 329, 337
Karl, V.-H., 93, 95, 233, 234, 245
Karr, P. H., 142, 178, 249
Kashdan, W. H., 131, 252
Katz, J. R., 98, 121
Kaufman, H. S., 327
Kavesh, S., 236, 237, 245
Kawai, H., 319, 334
Kawai, T., 36, 80, 99, 121, 149, 199, 245,
246, 262, 277, 284, 336
Kawaguchi, T., 144, 186, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 251
Kawasoe, M., 284, 285, 336
Ke, B., 111, 121, 167, 226, 246, 280, 304,
312, 318, 334
Keller, A., 70, 99, 116, 146, 192, 193, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206,
240, 243, 246, 247, 249, 252, 262,
275, 336
Keller, F., 263, 284, 285, 334
Kellman, R., 4, 121
Kenyon, A. S., 284, 285, 337
Kercha, Yu. Ya., 316, 335
Keskkula, H., 167, 204
Kevorkian, H. K., 63, 64, 123
Khadr, M. M., 163, 244
Khaikin, S. E., 14, 121
Khev, T., 283, 290, 337
Kiel, A. M., 198, 248
Kijima, T., 95
Kilian, H. G., 69, 70, 116, 121, 181, 225,
240, 263, 267, 268, 277, 277, 279,
282, 333, 335
Kim, H.-G., 175, 176, 246

King, A. M., 25, 119
King, M., 286, 333
Kirichenko, V. I., 186
Kirshenbaum, I., 37, 38, 69, 72, 75, 121
Kissin, Yu. V., 261, 335
Kita, S. I., 277, 279, 337
Kitaigorodskii, A. I., 36, 116
Klattenhoff, D., 268, 277, 279, 282, 333
Kleinman, L., 155, 247
Knappe, W., 67, 117
Knox, J. R., 281, 335
Kobayashi, M., 172, 173, 244
Kobayashi, S., 300, 301, 303, 333
Koch, R., 264, 325, 326, 328, 338
Kockott, D., 293, 335
Koenig, J. L., 114, 121
Komoto, H., 306
Kooistra, T., 154, 155, 169, 170, 246
Korenaga, T., 65, 121
Korshak, V. V., 36, 37, 116, 301
Kortleve, G., 284, 285, 335
Kosmynin, B. P., 173, 246
Kotov, N. M., 195, 196, 249
Kovacs, A. J., 17, 26, 30, 66, 67, 81, 117,
121, 126, 137, 139, 159, 160, 220,
221, 241, 243, 246, 317, 335
Kowasch, E., 263, 284, 285, 334
Krafchik, S. S., 316, 335
Kraikin, S. E., 214
Kraus, G., 101, 121
Krause, S., 270, 335
Krigbaum, W. R., 63, 99, 101, 102, 103,
121, 122, 124
Kubt, J., 96, 117
Kukacka, L. E., 311, 332
Kuleshov, I. V., 173, 174, 240
Kurashev, V. V., 303, 333
Kuriyama, I., 219, 248
Kusy, R. P., 143
Kwei, T. K., 285, 286, 336
Kyotani, M., 186
Kuzmina, V. A., 316, 335
L
Laakso, T. M., 316, 339
Lal, J., 315, 335
Lambert, S. L., 106, 127
Lando, J. B., 294, 335
Lanzetta, N., 189, 246
Larkin, J. A., 43, 116, 199, 240
Lauritzen, J. I., Jr., 29, 33, 120, 122, 137,
246, 268, 334
Lebedev, B. V., 53
Lee, C.-L., 190, 246
Lee, W. A., 35, 122
Legras, R., 55
Lemstra, P. J., 50, 145, 154, 155, 169, 170,
246
Lengyel, M., 112, 120
Lennard-Jones, J. E., 8, 122
Lety, A., 169, 170, 171, 172, 246
Levine, M., 306
Lvy, D., 66, 126
Leugering, H. J., 167
Leute, U., 95, 96, 122
Li, H. M., 324, 325, 335
Liberti, F. M., 160, 161, 186, 187, 221, 246
Lieser, G., 65, 122, 325, 338
Lindemann, F. A., 7, 122
Lindenmeyer, P. H., 84, 122, 238, 246
Lipatov, Ya. S., 316, 335
Liska, E., 23, 69, 96, 116, 122, 123
Lits, N. P., 306
Lityagov, V. Ya., 53
Loboda- a kovi , J., 279, 332
Lohse, D. J., 103, 119
Loisy, R., 135
Longman, G. W., 225, 249
Loshaek, S., 83, 119
Lotichius, J., 134, 251
Lotz, B., 317, 335
Lovell, C. M., 277
Lovering, E. G., 177, 178, 246
Lovinger, A. J., 167, 246
Lowry, R. E., 311, 332
Luca, D. J., 173, 174, 249
Ludwig, B. A., 327

Luetzel, W. G., 66, 116
Lugli, G., 295, 336
Lutz, D. A., 327
Lyngaae-Jrgensen, J., 239, 247
M
McCoy, S., 207, 249
McCullough, C. R., 111, 112, 124, 125
McGeer, P. L., 91, 92, 95, 122
Machi, S., 189, 250
Machin, M. J., 198, 252
McHugh, A. J., 198, 247
McKenna, L. W., 286, 335
Mackenzie, J. D., 13, 117
Mackley, M. R., 203, 247
MacKnight, W. J., 105, 106, 119, 126, 286,
313, 334, 335, 337
Madden, F. C., 25, 119
Maeda, H., 199, 245
Maeda, K., 204
Maeda, M., 197, 247
Maglio, G., 189, 246
Magill, J. H., 82, 122, 324, 325, 335, 336
Makarevich, V. I., 263, 335
Malcolm, G. N., 67, 95, 122
Mancarella, C., 288, 335
Mandelkern, L., 22, 25, 34, 37, 42, 50, 50,
51, 60, 103, 106, 114, 119, 122, 124,
125, 134, 138, 144, 150, 163, 164,
165, 175, 176, 185, 199, 200, 226,
242, 246, 247, 249, 270, 271, 251,
255, 270, 295, 324, 331, 335, 338
Manescalchi, F., 188, 241
Mangaraj, 95
Manley, R. St. J., 85, 89, 126, 169, 206, 207,
230, 231, 248, 251
Manzini, G., 54, 56, 75, 117, 122, 184, 242
Marchessault, R. H., 184, 208, 249
Marchetta, C., 189, 246
Marchetti, A., 156, 247
Marco, C., 53
Mariano, A., 184, 241
Mark, H., 98, 99, 115, 120, 136, 247

Marshall, R. E., 103, 119
Masuko, T., 206, 250
Marvel, C. S., 4, 120, 121
Martin, G. M., 47, 91, 118, 122
Martinez de Salazar, J., 276, 277, 335
Martuscelli, E., 156, 233, 243, 247, 261,
262, 272, 279, 287, 288, 289, 331,
332, 335, 336
Martynov, M. A., 173, 174, 240
Marx, C. L., 286, 336
Marx, P., 186, 209
Mateva, R., 65, 122
Matsumoto, T., 284, 285, 336
Matsuo, M., 278, 339
Matsuoka, S., 93
Matsushige, K., 92, 94, 95, 122
Matveev, Yu. I., 36, 37, 116
Maxwell, B., 203, 243
Mazzanti, G., 106, 123, 166, 248, 263, 293
Menczel, J., 163, 251
Mehta, A., 3, 22, 69, 123
Meinel, G., 41, 193, 196, 204, 247, 248
Meissner, F., 135, 247
Melia, T. P., 168, 243
Melillo, L., 17, 18, 35, 89, 124, 127
Mercier, J. P., 55
Messerly, J. F., 43
Mever. W., 325, 338
Meyer, K. H., 26, 80
Mighton, H. R., 42, 118
Miles, R. B., 153, 154, 243
Miller, G. W., 181
Miller, R. L., 5, 46, 50, 66, 123, 263, 315,
336
Mills, E. J., 26
Minke, R., 172, 243
Mirzoyev, R. G., 235, 243
Mitchell, J. C., 50, 190, 241
Mitsuishi, Y., 181
Miyagi, A., 68, 123, 131, 202, 207, 247
Miyagi, H., 94, 127
Miyasaka, K., 103, 123, 193, 194, 197, 209,
247, 249, 250
Miyata, S., 93, 123, 234, 247

Mlenik, M. P., 172, 243
Mochel, V. D., 261, 336
Mochizuki, T., 163, 244
Modena, M., 311, 336
Monobe, K .. 233, 247
Moraglio, G., 50, 63, 106, 118, 123, 166,
248, 263, 291, 293, 336
Morero, D., 295, 336
Mori, S., 203, 251
Morris, M. C., 296, 332
Morrison, J. A., 135, 136, 247
Morrow, D. R., 155, 247
Motta, L., 63, 118
Mller, F. H., 99, 102, 119, 225, 240
Muoz-Escalona, A., 218, 247
Mnster, A., 136, 238, 247
Murayama, T., 171, 181, 189, 208, 209, 241
Murahashi, S., 310, 311, 332
N
Naberezhnykh, R. A., 290, 294, 295, 311,
336
Nachtrab, G., 284
Nagata, K., 94, 122
Nagatoshi, F., 144, 145, 186, 209, 238, 240
Nakagawa, K., 50 172, 174, 248
Nakajima, A., 41, 65, 87, 114, 115, 119,
121, 123, 146, 153, 155, 156, 244,
248, 306
Nakamae, K., 284, 285, 336
Nakamura, K., 48, 63, 121, 167, 245
Nakamura, T., 239, 250
Nakase, Y., 219, 248
Natta, G., 50, 106, 107, 123, 166, 248, 263,
293, 294, 295, 336
Nealy, D. L., 181
Nechitailo, N. A., 85
Negulescu, I., 190, 248, 251, 331
Newman, S., 63, 123, 167, 248, 291, 292,
336
Nielsen, L. E., 284, 336
Nishi, T., 104, 105, 123
Nishijima, H., 219, 248

Nishimura, Y., 310, 332
Noel, C., 169, 170, 171, 172, 246
Normand, Y., 248
Nose, T., 52, 60, 61, 67, 93, 95, 126
Nukushima, Y., 235, 248
O
Oda, T., 286, 334
Odajima, A., 219, 248
Odell, J. A., 203, 206, 243
Ohno, A., 92, 93, 96, 125, 149, 234, 250
Ohno, K., 36, 80, 121
Oka, H., 284, 285, 336
Okajima, S., 206, 250
Okuda, K., 293, 336
Okui, N., 284, 324, 336
OLeary, K. J., 250
OMalley, J. J., 324, 336
Oono, R., 103, 123
Orth, H., 239, 244
Orthmann, H. J., 107, 123, 136, 235, 251
Osaki, S., 173, 248
Ososhi, N., 284, 285, 336
Oth, J. F. M., 98, 123
Ottocka, E. P., 285, 286, 336
Overberger, C. G., 327
Overbergh, N., 106, 116, 169, 171, 241, 248
Ovenall, D. W., 284, 339
Owen, P. J., 51, 115
P
Pae, K. D., 91, 117, 167, 168, 248
Pallesi, B., 182, 241
Palumbo, R., 189, 246
Parks, W., 96, 123
Partington, J. R., 26
Passaglia, E., 63, 64, 123
Patel, G. N., 262, 275, 336
Patel, R. D., 153, 190, 243
Paul, D. R., 239, 248
Pavan, A., 291, 336
Peading, F. P., 277

Pechhold, W., 16, 23, 69, 116, 123, 237, 241
Pedemonte, E., 182, 208, 241, 261, 287, 331
Pelzbauer, Z., 169, 206, 207, 248
Pennings, A. J., 70, 95, 103, 107, 108, 109,
110, 111, 119, 125, 198, 202, 226,
227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 248, 250
Pennington, P. R., 22, 123
Pnnison, R., 68, 124
Perkins, W. G., 203
Perret, R., 54, 322, 337
Peters, C. G., 135, 252
Peters, R., 26, 28, 120
Peters, R. H., 163, 244
Peterlin, A., 41, 193, 195, 196, 204, 235,
242, 243, 247, 248, 252
Petrukhin, B. S., 327, 328, 329, 337
Pickles, C. J., 320, 321, 322, 332
Pirozzi, M., 287, 336
Pirsch, J., 10
Pistorious, C. W. F. T., 92, 124
Pivan, A. N., 186
Pizzoli, M., 188, 241
Phillips, P. J., 286, 337
Plat, N. A., 283, 290, 327, 328, 329, 337
Platt, J. D., 161, 189, 244
Point, J. J., 197, 243, 248
Poland, D., 272, 278, 280, 281, 287, 339
Polo Fritz, L., 167, 181, 186, 204, 208, 209
Ponge, C., 111, 113, 117, 119
Pope, D. P., 197, 249
Pordi, L., 295, 336
Port, W. S., 327, 329
Porter, R. S., 203, 251
Powers, J., 49
Pracella, M., 272, 279, 287, 288, 289, 332,
335, 336
Pratt, C. F., 183, 184, 244
Predecki, P., 142, 179, 249
Prest, W. M., Jr., 173, 174, 249
Price, C., 331
Price, F. P., 66, 116, 135, 136, 240, 249
Price, J. A., 49
Price, J. M., 164, 165, 247
Prime, R. B., 17, 18, 88, 89, 90, 124

Prins, W., 99
Privalko, V. P., 55, 316, 335
Provasoli, Ao, 291, 336
Prudhomme, R. E., 180, 184, 208, 248, 249
Przygocki, W., 68, 127
Q
Quinn, F. A., Jr., 42, 60, 124, 295, 335
R
Raine, H. C., 135, 249
Randaccio, L., 66, 115
Rankin, J. M., Jr., 141, 218, 244
Rasazzini, M., 311, 336
Ravitz, S. Fo, 22, 115, 123
Ray, N. H., 277, 278, 332
Read, B. E., 286, 335
Reddy, S. S., 284, 339
Rehberg, C. E., 327
Reimann, H., 273, 274, 333
Reimschuessel, H. K., 185, 249
Remizova, A. A., 173, 174, 240
Reneker, D. H., 64, 124
Renwanz, B., 283, 333
Richards, J. W., 6, 124
Richards, R. B., 96, 123, 135, 136, 249, 277
Richardson, G. C., 155, 247
Richardson, M. J., 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 116,
124, 150, 151, 152, 153, 166, 199,
240, 270, 272, 337
Richardson, R. J., 314, 315, 337
Rie, E., 135
Rijke, A. M., 51, 144, 199, 200, 207, 249
Ring, W., 263
Rinkens, H., 95, 96, 121
Ritchie, G. L. D., 67, 122
Roberts, R. C., 25, 43, 50, 69, 124, 181
Robertson, R. E., 60, 61, 124
Roe, R.-J., 99, 102, 103, 121, 124, 235, 249,
282, 283, 337
Roerdink, E., 105, 124
Rohleder, J., 137, 139, 248

Roldan, L. J., 287, 337
Ross, G. S., 29, 120
Rosso, J.-C., 111, 113, 117, 119
Rothe, M., 30, 70, 124
Rueda, D. R., 278, 280, 281, 331
Ruscher, C., 186, 186, 188, 209, 251
Rushbrooke, J. E., 25, 119
Russo, S., 261, 287, 331
Rutherford, J. M., Jr., 66, 125, 297, 337
Rutherford, R. A., 36, 122
Rybnikar, F., 65, 124
Ryder, H., 135, 249
S
Sakaoku, K., 93, 123, 234, 247
Sakata, Y., 310, 332
Sakurai, K., 194, 209, 249
Salovey, R., 142, 143, 144, 149, 153, 154,
240, 249
Salyer, I. O., 284, 285, 337
Samuels, R. J., 48, 167, 168, 204, 205, 249
Samuels, S. L., 325, 337
Sanchez, I. C., 268, 269, 337
Sandiford, D. J. H., 325, 326, 332
Sarminskaya, T. N., 173, 174, 240
Sausen, E., 326, 338
Sawyer, M. F., 99
Scarazzato, P., 184, 241
Schaefgen, J. R., 238, 241
Schelten, J., 225, 249
Schleinitz, H. M., 114
Schmidt, G. F., 69, 118, 182, 183, 208, 235,
242, 252
Schmidt, O., 14, 126, 214
Schmitt, J. A., 204
Schnfeld, A., 46, 124, 279
Schonhorn, H., 58
Schouten, A. J., 145, 169, 246
Schuch, E., 239, 244
Schultz. J. M., 236, 237, 245
Schwenker, R. F., 204, 209
Scott, R. A., 281, 333
Scott, R. L., 104, 124

Sears, G. W., 214
See, B., 225, 249
Seguchi, T., 189, 250
Sekiguchi, H., 186
Selikhova, V. I., 195, 196, 249
Seow, P. K., 318, 337
Sevastyanov, L. K., 235, 243
Sharpe, R. R., 159, 240
Shchierets, V. S., 195, 196, 249
Shibayev, V. P., 283, 290, 327, 328, 329,
337
Shida, M., 276
Shih, C. K., 277, 279
Shii, H., 204
Shirayama, K., 277, 279, 337
Shu, H.-C., 218, 249
Shultz, A. R., 111, 112, 124, 125
Shuurmans, H. J. L., 153, 154, 243
Sianesi, D., 107, 123, 259, 294, 295, 336,
337
Sibilia, J. P., 287, 337
Sieglaff, C. L., 250
Simak, P., 71, 120
Simakina, A. I., 290, 294, 295, 311, 336
Simon, F. T., 66, 125, 297, 337
Simov, D., 208
Singh, A., 51, 115
Sisko, A. W., 304, 312, 334
Skapski, A. S., 135
Skoulios, A., 54, 66, 86, 116, 119, 318, 322,
330, 337, 338
Slade, P. E., 189, 209, 241, 293, 337
Slonimskii, G. L., 36, 37, 116, 179, 243,
303, 333
Smets, G., 110, 119, 169, 229, 230, 243, 248
Smirnova, O. I., 177, 250
Smith, C. W., 181, 208, 250
Smith, D. C., 277
Smith, K. J., Jr., 99, 102, 124, 125
Smith, P., 85, 89, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 125, 226 ,227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232, 250
Smith, R. K., 74
Smith, R. P., 59, 125

Smith, T. G., 225, 249
Smolders, C. A., 112, 126
Sneider, V. E., 314, 315, 337
Snyder, G., 35, 127
Sobottka, J., 263, 284, 285, 334
Sochava, I. V., 177. 178, 189, 250
Soem, T., 319, 334
Solti, A., 163, 251
Snnerskog, S., 304, 338
Sorokin, A. D., 290, 294, 295, 311, 336
Southern, J. H., 193, 203, 250
Speca, A., 329, 330, 334
Spegt, P., 66, 116
Sperati, C. A., 48, 278, 338
Stamhuis, J. E., 95
Starkweather, H. W., Jr., 48, 57, 60, 66, 125,
278, 310, 311, 338, 339
Starr, J., 330, 338
Statton, W. O., 238, 241
Stehling, F. C., 106, 125
Stein, R. S., 99, 286, 334
Steinberg, M., 311, 332
Steiner, N., 301, 302, 316, 338
Sterzel, H. J., 298, 299, 300, 333
Stevenson, D., 8, 120
Stracke, F. R., 268, 277, 279, 282, 333
Straupe, C., 17, 30, 121, 220, 221, 246
Strobl, G., 26, 28, 120
Strogalin, Yu. V., 172, 243
Stuart, H. A., 2, 3, 125, 134, 137, 139, 181,
182, 250, 252
Suchko, N. I.,263, 335
Sukhov, T. F., 195, 196, 249
Sullivan, P., 31, 32, 87, 125, 127, 135, 137,
235, 252
Sumida, T., 41, 119, 146, 153, 244
Sumita, M., 193, 250
Sundarajan, P. J., 37, 72, 75, 125
Suwa, T., 189, 250
Swan, P. R., 47, 125
Sweeny, W., 304, 338
Sweet, G. E., 181, 208, 209
Swenson, C. A., 92, 116
Szekely, T., 112, 120
T
Tadokoro, H., 172, 173, 244, 315, 338
Taka, T., 115, 123, 155, 156, 248
Takacs, E., 232, 244
Takahashi, A., 239, 250, 285, 338
Takahashi, Y., 51
Takamizawa, K., 27, 92, 93, 93, 96, 125,
142, 144, 149, 164, 195, 234, 250
Takayama, H., 93, 123, 234, 247
Takehisa, M., 189, 250
Takemura, T., 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 120, 122,
127
Taki, S., 92, 122
Takizawa, T., 310, 311, 332
Takugi, N., 206, 250
Talamini, G., 63, 118
Tamayama, M., 91, 92, 125
Tammann, G., 7, 12, 125, 135, 214, 250
Tan, V., 203, 250
Tanaka, H., 206, 250
Tanaka, K., 278, 279, 338
Tanaka, N., 304, 306, 338
Tanaka, S., 234, 250
Taylor, G. W., 68, 125
Taylor, P. L., 23, 117
Tealdi, A., 233, 241, 251
Teitelbaum, B. Ya., 185, 251
Temin, S. C., 306
Temperley, H. N. V., 59, 125
Theil, M. H., 185, 251, 324, 338
Theissen, P. A., 103, 125, 126
Thierry, A., 330, 338
Thomson, W., 2, 126
Till, F., 112, 120
Timmermans, J., 25, 126
Tipper, C. F. H., 257, 331
Todoki, M., 144, 186, 208, 209, 210, 211,
212, 251
Tolchinskit, I. M., 167
Tonelli, A. E., 59, 64, 66, 67, 72, 75, 75,
126
Torre, R., 233, 241
Torti, E., 107, 123, 294, 336
Tosi, C., 261, 338

Toyama, K., 62, 121
Trafara, G., 264, 325, 326, 338
Tranter, T. C., 306
Trautvetter, W., 172, 243
Treolar, L. R. G., 103, 126
Trick, G. S., 315, 335
Trouton, F., 6, 126
Tryon, M., 295, 335
Tsereteli, G. I., 169, 178, 250, 251
Tsujita, Y., 52, 60, 61, 67, 93, 95, 126
Tsvankin, D. Ya., 173, 246
Tubbs, R. K., 293, 338
Tuckett, R. F., 136, 243
Tuijnman, C. A. F., 284, 285, 335
Turley, S. C., 167
Turnbull, D., 13, 117
Turner, B., 92, 93, 94, 116
Turner, D. T., 143
Turner-Jones, A., 183, 244, 325, 326, 332,
338
Turska, E., 112, 120
Tuzova, L. I., 185, 251
U
Ubbelohde, A. R., 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 126
Uchida, T., 66
Udagawa, Y., 146, 246
Ueberreiter, K., 107, 123, 136, 233, 234,
235, 245, 251, 301, 302, 316, 338
Uematsu, I., 63, 121
Uhlmann, D. R., 126
Urabe, Y., 92, 93, 96, 125, 142, 144, 149,
164, 167, 195, 250
Urabi, Y., 234, 250
Utsumi, N., 115, 123
V
Valenti, B., 233, 241, 251
Valvassori, A., 312, 333
Van Bibber, K., 25, 119
Van Brederode, H., 306
Van der Mark, J. M. A. A., 198, 248

Van der Wyk, A., 26, 80
Van Emmerik, P. T., 112, 126
Van Krevelen, D. W., 37, 73, 74, 126, 169,
241
Van Nes, K., 26
Van Rossem, A., 134, 251
Varga, J., 163, 251
Vaughan, G., 179, 241
Vergano, P. J., 126
Via, G. H., 99, 101, 122
Vidotto, G., 66, 126
Vinogradov, Ye., 284
Vittoria, V., 233, 243
Vogl, O., 190, 248, 251, 330, 331, 338
Volkova, L., 290, 294, 295, 311, 336
Volmer, M., 14, 126, 214
Vonk, C. S., 284, 285, 335
Voter, R. C., 278, 332
Vrij, A., 26, 29, 32, 66, 119
W
Wakefield, R. W., 284
Wakelyn, N. T., 208
Walden, P., 10, 126
Walker, E. E., 312, 313, 334
Wall, L. A., 311, 332
Wang, T. T., 104, 105, 123
Waring, J. R. S., 159, 240
Watabe, H., 277, 279, 337
Weeks, J. J., 31, 33, 34, 47,118, 120, 126
Weeks, N. E., 203, 251
Wegner, G., 53, 65, 68, 67, 118, 122, 183,
242, 273, 274, 298, 299, 300, 323,
333, 334, 338
Weigand, K., 10
Weigel, P., 71, 186, 186, 188, 209, 251
Weir, C. E., 91, 92, 126
Weisgerber, G., 172, 243
Welch, G. J., 50
Welck, D., 279, 332
Wenig, W., 106, 126
Wessling, R. A., 115, 127, 234, 251
Weston, H. A., 26
Wetton, R. E., 236, 243
White, J. L., 103, 127
White, T. R., 208, 251
Wiemers, S. N., 53, 323, 338
Wiesner, E., 181
Wignall, G. D., 225, 249
Wildschut, A. J., 103, 127
Wiley, R. H., 327
Wilhoit, R. C., 209
Wilke, W., 46, 124, 195, 243, 283, 333
Wilkes, G. L., 325, 337
Wilkinson, R. W., 63, 127
Willbourn, A. H., 277, 278, 279, 338
Willey, R. H., 304, 332
Williams, A. D., 75
Williams, H. L., 316
Williams, J. L. R., 316, 339
Williams, T. F., 278, 339
Willmouth, F. M., 198, 199, 200, 201, 203,
204, 241, 246
Wilsing, H., 135, 245
Wilski, H., 46, 49, 63, 65, 127, 296, 297,
339
Wilson, F. C., 311, 339
Wirth, Th., 26, 28, 120
Wisniewska, W., 186
Wissbrun, K. F., 178, 298, 339
Witnauer, L. P., 327
Wittmann, J. C., 230, 231, 251
Wittstadt, W., 103, 125, 126
Wlochowicz, A., 68, 127
Wood, J. S., 190, 251
Wood, L. A., 33, 95, 103, 116, 127, 134,
135, 240, 252
Wooden, D. C., 177, 178, 246
Woodward, A. E., 155, 247
Wrasidlo, W., 139, 252
Wrisley, A. N., 327, 328, 329, 330, 334
Wu, T. K., 284, 339
Wunderlich, B., 3, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 29, 31,
32, 35, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 58, 61, 64,
68, 80, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 114,
116, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 127,
131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140,

141, 142, 146, 150, 151, 153, 156,
157, 158, 160, 161, 178, 179, 186,
187, 190, 198, 201, 202, 207, 214,
216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223,
225, 235, 236, 242, 244, 245, 246,
247, 249, 252, 263, 272, 273, 278,
280, 281, 284, 285, 287, 300, 301,
331, 332, 333, 339
Wyckoff, H. W., 204
Y
Yabayashi, T., 208
Yagfarov, M. Sh., 185, 252
Yamaguchi, K., 167, 245
Yamamoto, M., 103, 127
Yamamoto, T., 94, 127
Yamauchi, N., 92, 122
Yasuniwa, M., 92, 93, 94, 96, 127
Yeh, G. S. Y., 106, 127
Yip, H. K., 316
Yokoyama, F., 233, 247
Yoshida, S., 52, 53
Yoshida, T., 31
Young, L. J., 259, 260, 339
Young, P. R., 208
Yu, A. J., 305, 306, 339
Z
Zachmann, H. G., 134, 137, 138, 139, 181,
182, 183, 222, 224, 225, 235, 240,
242, 252
Zahn, H., 68, 70, 124, 127
Zambelli, A., 291, 336
Zamboni, V., 173, 243, 312, 333
Zannetti, R., 168, 242, 253
Zaukelies, D. A., 238, 253
Zimmerman, J., 304, 338
Zingaro, R. A., 48
Zotteri, L., 56, 75, 122
Zubov, Yu. A., 195, 196, 249, 328, 337
Zuccarello, R. K., 204, 209
Zwijnenburg, A., 198, 202, 248
Subject Index of Volume III

The index is organized according to macromolecules and subject matter. Subjects with several
entries show boldface page numbers to indicate more extensive discussion. Frequently used
terms are listed only under the page numbers where definitions can be found. For copolymers,
check for both repeating units since only one order of co-monomers is listed. For block and
alternating copolymers (block and alt, respectively) check also copolymer (co).
A
Agar, gel melting; 239
Albite, superheating; 214
Annealing peak; 191
B
Boron nitride; 4
Boundary melting; 234236
C
Cellulose trinitrate; 5
Copolymer
alternating; 310312
analysis; 261
block
alternating; 321325
compatibility; 263, 317
melting; 317325
nomenclature; 256, 317
compatibility; 306308, 317
crystal size restriction; 263, 307
crystallization, side chain; 263, 264,
325328, 329330, 331
definition; 256-257
gel; 285
graft; 325, 330
isodimorphism; 261, 262, 307, 308
isomorphism; 307, 308
Copolymer, melting
crystal size effect; 254, 261, 263,
307
equilibrium; 264274
irreversible; 275331
repeating unit length effect; 307
theory
eutectic; 265268, 281, 282, 309
mixed crystal; 268270, 281, 309
with change in backbone structure;
255256
phase diagram; 265270, 308, 309, 315,
327330
types of; 264, 265
with compound formation; 270, 310
random
melting; 275309
structure; 256, 261263
regular
melting; 309317
nomenclature; 256, 309
structure; 256, 263
structure; 261264
chemical, 255261
physical; 261264
two phase; 262
Copolymerization
azeotropic; 258
kinetics and statistics; 257259
penultimate effect; 259
reactivity ratio; 259260
Copolymerization
segregation; 261263, 317
Cross linking, 142144
Crystal
chemical reaction; 144146
copolymer, size limit; 263, 307
cross linking; 142144
equilibrium; 2,3
small; 3
etching; 144146
eutectic separation; 83, 84
irradiation; 142144
macroscopic; 2
mechanical instability; 7
melting
fast; 139142
slow; 138, 139
reorganization on melting; 30, 31, 34,
132, 133, 138146, 192
single molecule; 3
solid solution; 83
strained; 192 vibrational instability; 7
Crystallization
eutectic; 228231
rate; 12, 13, 21, 22, 217
side chain; 325331
D
Entropy
communal; 8
F
Flory-Huggins equation; 42, 87, 88, 104,
107
Fusion, see Melting
G
Gallium, superheating; 14, 214
Gel
copolymer; 285
formation; 3, 239
melting; 239
Gelatin, gel melting; 239
Germanium dioxide, melting and
crystallization rates; 13
Glucose, superheating; 12, 13, 214
Graphite; 4
Gutta percha; see trans-1,4-Poly(2methylbutadiene)
H
Diluent
dilute solution; 112, 114, 115, 233
low molecular weight; 107115,
226234
macromolecular; 104107, 225, 226
atactic; 106, 292293
Disordering
conformational; 10, 11, 12, 14
orientational; 10, 11, 14
positional; 8, 11, 14
E
Entropy
conformational; 10, 14, 15, 22, 37,
5861, 7476, 222224
production, zero; 129130
Equilibrium, extrapolation to; 2345
Heat capacity, change on melting; 15, 24

Heating
fast; 139142
slow; 138, 139
I
Incompatibility, copolymer; 307, 308
Interpenetration, molecular; 5
Ionomer, melting; 286, 298
Isodimorphism, copolymer; 307, 308, 330
Isomorphism
diluent; 104, 106, 107
copolymer; 307, 308
Subject Index of Volume III, Page 2
M
Macroconformation; 1
Macromolecule; 4
flexible; 4,5
Macromolecule, rigid; 4
two-dimensional; 4
Matter, characterization of; 4
Melt
anticrystalline; 7, 16, 38
quasi-crystalline; 7, 8, 16, 38
Melting
annealing during; 132133
annealing peak; 191
block copolymer; 317325
boundary; 17, 234236
copolymer
equation; 266, 268270
equilibrium; 270274
heat; 43, 309
crystal size dependence; 3033, 135137
deformation dependence; 96103,
130132, 191214, 222224
diluent effect; 103115, 225234
at various pressures; 234
entropy; 6,812, J4, 15,7276
conformational; see
Entropy, conformational
deformation dependence; 97, 192,
213, 223, 224
per flexible unit; 14, 15, 74
molecular weight dependence; 25, 26
equilibrium
copolymer; 264275
data; 4857, 72, 73
experiments; 45115
temperature extrapolation; 2439
experiment
fast; 139142
slow; 138, 139
gel; 239
heat; 6, 15, 3945, 72, 73, 7677, 78, 79
calculation from diluent effect;
4143, 107, 226
Melting
heat
capacity change; 6, 24
deformed crystals; 41, 193
extrapolation; 3941, 4345
per interacting unit; 15, 76, 77
intramolecular; 15, 77, 78
molecular weight dependence, 25,
26, 4345, 83
history of; 2, 3
homologous series; 312317
irreversible; 128, 129
copolymer; 275331
deformed crystal; 191214
diluent effect; 225234
history of; 134138
melt grown crystal; 162191
recognition; 129134, 146
solution grown crystal; 147162
kinetics; 1214, 2022, 215222
multiple; 133134, J62, 190191, 306
nucleation; 12
pressure effect; 9196
process, 523
range of; 2, 15, 135136, 308309
recrystallization during; 133
reversibility of; 12, 21, 22
shrinkage on; 97, 192, 193, 213
single phase; 3, 7, 16, 136, 236240
small crystal; 3033
steps of; 8
superheating on; 12, 13, 130132, 213,
214224
temperature; 47, 7779
alternation; 313315
change with
annealing temperature; 3536,
38, 39, 132, 192
crystallization temperature;
3335, 38, 39
irradiation; 142144
lamellar thickness; 3032, 39
molecular weight; 2530; 7991
correlation with
cohesive energy; 37, 38
Melting
temperature
correlation with
entropy of fusion; 37, 38
glass transition temperature;
3638
gel; 239
maximum; 138139, 266, 270
minimum of homologous series; 315
theory of; 7,8
time-dependent; 138142
two phase; 3, 130
volume change; 6, 15, 2324, 76
molecular weight dependence; 8283
zero-entropy; 129, 130, 139
Mesophase; 15
Methylcellulose, gel melting; 239
Mica; 4
Miscibility of macromolecules; 104
Molecular nucleation; 2123
Molecule
classes; 4
small; 4
tie; 3
Molybdenum disulfide; 4
N
Niobium disulfide; 4
Nitrocellulose, gel melting; 239
Nylon, salt, effect on melting; 233
Nylon 6
copolymerized by methoxymethylation;
304
drawn, melting after irradiation; 144
melting
boundary; 236
conformational entropy; 75
deformation effect; 208213
entropy; 56, 71, 73, 75
heat; 56, 71, 73
irradiated sample; 209, 210
packing fraction change; 73
pressure effect; 95
Nylon 6
melting
single phase; 238
temperature; 56, 70, 73
volume change; 56, 71
methoxymethylation; 144145, 209
-polymorph data; 71
polymorphism; 186188, 209
superheating; 186, 187, 211, 221
Nylon 6-co-12
isomorphism; 304
melting; 303, 304
Nylon 8
melting, irreversible; 188, 189
melting data; 56, 73
Nylon 11
melting
pressure effect; 95
Nylon 12
melting
pressure effect; 95
Nylon 6.6
lamellar thickening; 161, 162
melting
conformational entropy; 75
data; 57, 73
deformation effect: 208, 209
after irradiation; 143
irreversible; 161, 162, 189
Nylon 6.6-co-6
phase diagram; 304
Nylon 6.6-co-6.10
phase diagram; 304
Nylon 6.6-co-terephthalamide
phase diagram; 304, 305
P
Paraffin
amorphous heat capacity; 43
melting
heat; 11, 25, 26
process; 29
phase diagram; 8486
Penton; see Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane]
Phase diagram
( /T); 99101
(f/T); 98
(l/T); 98
(P/T); 9193
(V/T); 98
compound formation; 233, 270, 310
copolymer; 265270, 307310, 315,
327330
diluent; 107113, 226233
dilute solution; 112, 114115, 233, 234
eutectic; 8390, 104, 107113, 226233,
265268, 307309, 329, 330
glass transition interference; 232, 317,
319
isomorphism in; 104, 261, 262, 307, 308
monomer-polymer; 232233, 329
multicomponent; 84
paraffins; 8486
side chain; 329, 330
solid solution; 8486, 89, 225, 261, 262,
268270, 307, 308, 317, 329, 330
ternary; 112
Phosphorus pentoxide
melting and crystallization rates; 13
superheating; 214
Polyacrylonitrile
gel melting; 239
melting, single phase; 238, 239
Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate)
melting; 293
Polyaldehyde
melting, irreversible; 190
side chain crystallization; 330, 331
Poly(1-alkene); 325327
melting temperature; 326
side chain crystallization; 326328
structure; 326
Poly(N-n-alkyl acrylamide)
Poly(n-alkyl acrylate)
Poly(n-alkyl methacrylate)
side chain crystallization, 327, 328
Poly(n-alkyl styrene)
Polyamide
melting of homologous series; 312316
Poly(p-aminobenzoic acid); 5
Poly(4,4'-biphenylene terephthalimide); 5
cis-1,4-Polybutadiene
conformational entropy of fusion; 75
melting
data; 5, 50, 72
irreversible; 175
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
pressure effect; 95
1,4-Poly(butadiene, trans-co-cis)
melting; 295
Poly(1,4-butadiene-co-1,2-butadiene), trans
melting; 295
trans-1,4-Poly(butadiene-co-pentadiene)
isomorphism; 295
melting; 295
Poly-1-butene
copolymer melting; 290
melting
data; 49, 72
entropy, conformational; 75
Poly-1-butene
melting
pressure effect; 95
polymorphism; 153, 154, 190
Poly(butylene adipate)
Poly( -caprolactam)-poly(vinyl chloride)
solution; 105
Poly( -caprolactone)
melting
data; 54, 73
irreversible; 184
phase diagram, trioxane; 231, 232
Poly( -caprolactone-block-ethylene oxide)
melting; 322, 323
trans-1,4-Poly(2-chlorobutadiene)
crystallization on deformation; 99, 102,
103
melting
on deformation; 101
irreversible; 178
statistical chain segment; 100
Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane],
copolymer by phenoxylation
melting; 298
data; 53, 73, 323
pressure effect; 95
Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutaneco- -propiolactone], blocky; 323
Polychloroprene; see
1,4-Poly(2-chlorobutadiene)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
heat of fusion; 42
melting temperature dependence on
Poly(cyclododecene, trans-co-cis)
melting; 296
Poly(cyclooctene, trans-co-cis)
melting; 296
Poly(decamethylene sebacate)
heat of fusion; 42
Poly(decamethylene terephthalate-cosebacate)
melting; 301, 302.
Polydeuteroethylene-polyethylene
solution; 106, 107
Poly( , '-diethylpropiolactone)
Polydiethylsiloxane
Poly(4,4-dimethylheptamethylene
adipamide-co-terephthalamide)
amorphous; 305
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)
diluent phase diagram; 111, 112
melting, pressure effect; 95
polystyrene, solution; 105106
Poly( , '-dimethylpropiolactone)
melting
data; 54, 73
deformation effect; 207-208
irreversible; 184
Polydioxolan, melting, irreversible; 180
Polydimethylsiloxane
Polydipropylsiloxane
Polyester, aliphatic
melting data; 54, 55, 73
homologous series; 312316
irreversible; 134
Polyesteramide, aromatic
Polyester-dioxane
Polyethylene
amorphous, heat capacity; 43
branched
crystallinity; 277279
melting; 275282
phase diagram; 279281
structure; 276, 277
brominated
chlorinated
melting; 282283
Polyethylene
chlorosulfonated; 283
copolymer
limit of crystallization; 262, 263
diluent phase diagram; 108113
dissolution temperature; 114, 115
free enthalpy distribution; 130
high pressure phase; 93, 94
irradiation; 164
melting
boundary; 235237
crystallization rates, 22
diluent and pressure effect; 234
entropy; 48, 5861, 72
conformational; 75
equilibrium; 1521, 48, 58, 72
etched samples; 196, 198, 199, 200,
201
after etching; 146
free enthalpy; 150, 151
heat; 42, 44, 45, 48, 58, 72
extrapolation; 3941
intramolecular; 77
irradiated samples; 195, 197, 199
after irradiation; 142144,
149, 150
irreversible
solution grown crystals; 147153
lamellae; 3132
mechanism; 1722
peaks, multiple; 163, 164
pressure effect, 9295
range; 135
temperature
dependence on annealing; 36
dependence on crystallization;
3435
extrapolation with molecular
weight; 2530, 8081
phase diagram; 8590
perhydrotriphenylene; 233
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene; 226230
urea; 233
Polyethylene
polydeuteroethylene solution; 106, 107
polymorphism; 202
premelting; 16
reorganization; 164
segregation; 225
specific volume; 4648
superheating; 17, 195, 197, 198, 201,
202, 203, 215217, 222223
surface free energy; 31, 32, 153
volume change on melting; 15
Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)
melting; 285, 286
conformational entropy of fusion; 75
diluent phase diagram; 110111, 113
melting
irreversible; 185
pressure effect; 95
Poly(4,4'-ethylene biphenylene); 5
Poly(ethylene-co-butadiene)
melting; 287, 288
Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene)
crystallinity; 277, 278
melting; 272, 273, 280, 281
multiple; 134
Poly(ethylene-alt-carbon monoxide)
melting; 310-311
Poly(ethylene-co-carbon monoxide)
mixed crystal; 311
segregation; 261, 262
structure; 287, 310
Poly(ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
melting; 287
Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid)
melting; 286
Poly(ethylene-block-methyl methacrylate);
317
Poly(ethylene-co-methyl methacrylate),
adsorption; 136
melting
boundary; 236
entropy; 52, 67, 73
conformational; 75
heat; 52, 66, 67, 73
mechanism; 17
320
pressure effect; 95
extrapolation; 30, 66
volume change; 52, 66, 67
packing fraction, change on melting;
73 phase diagram
diluent; 110, 112
glutaric acid; 229231
low molecular weight; 86
superheating; 220, 221
Poly(ethylene oxide-co-1,2-butylene oxide)
melting; 297
Poly(ethylene oxide-block-ethyl
methacrylate); 318, 319
Poly(ethylene oxide-block-1,4-2methylbutadiene)
melting; 319
structure, 319
Poly(ethylene oxide-block-propylene oxide)
melting; 319322
phase separation; 322
structure; 319, 320
Poly(ethylene oxide-block-styrene);
317319
Poly(ethylene oxide-co-styrene oxide)
melting; 297
Poly( ethylene-co-1-pentene)
crystallinity; 277, 278
melting; 270, 271
Poly(ethylene-co-propylene)
crystallinity; 277278
isodimorphism; 262
melting; 270273, 280, 281
phase diagram, idealized; 266269
regular copolymer; 312
segregation; 262
Poly(ethylene-block-propylene)
melting; 317, 318
Poly(ethylene sebacate)
irreversible; 185
Poly(ethylene sebacate-block-adipate)
melting; 323, 324
Poly(ethylene suberate)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
irradiation; 143
melting
deformation effect; 131, 207208
entropy; 55, 69, 73
conformational; 75
heat; 43, 55, 69, 73
superheating; 68, 131, 207, 208, 223,
224
unit cell; 68
volume change on melting; 55, 68, 69
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-adipate)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-block-ethylene
oxide); 325
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-o-phthalate);
300
Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-sebacate)
Poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene)
melting; 311
structure; 311
Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
melting; 311
Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
melting; 283285
Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)
melting; 285
Poly(ethylene-co-vinylphosphonate)
melting; 286
Poly(fluoro-n-alkyl acrylate)
Poly-p-fluorostyrene
Polyglycolide
Poly(heptamethylene terephthalate-cosebacate)
melting; 301, 302
Poly(hexamethylene oxide)
melting data; 53,73
Poly(hexamethylene-alt-propylene)
melting; 312
Poly(hexamethylene sebacate-block-2methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propylene sebacate)
melting; 324
Poly(hexamethylene succinate)
pressure effect on melting; 95
Poly(hexamethylene terephthalate-cosebacate)
melting; 301, 302
Poly[bis-1,2-( -hydroxymethoxy)phenylene
adipate]
Polyisoprene, see
1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
Poly(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenylenecarbonate)
melting
data; 55, 73
pressure effect; 95
Polylactide
copolymer of stereoisomers; 298300
cis-1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
crystallization on deformation; 99
melting
data; 51, 72
irreversible; 134, 135, 175, 176
pressure effect; 95
temperature
crystallization dependence; 33
force effect; 97, 98
statistical chain segment; 100
trans-1,4-Poly(2-methylbutadiene)
isomorphism; 176178
melting
data; 51, 73
Poly(4-methyl-1-butene)
melting, copolymer; 290
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
gel melting; 239
melting after irradiation; 143
poly(vinylidene fluoride) solution; 105
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
dissolution temperature; 115
melt, structure, anticrystalline; 38
melting
data; 49, 72
pressure effect; 95
polymorphism; 155
Polymorphism, stress induced; 191
Poly(octadecyl acrylate)
copolymers with long side chains; 329,
330
Poly(octamethylene oxide)
Polyoxymethylene
melting
boundary; 236
entropy; 52, 65, 66, 73
Polyoxymethylene
melting, conformational; 75
heat of; 52, 65, 73
homologous series; 313, 315, 316
after irradiation; 143, 219, 220
pressure effect; 95
recrystallization; 133
temperature; 52, 64, 65, 73
time dependent; 140
superheating; 132, 215, 218
Poly(oxymethylene-co-dioxane)
melting; 296
Poly(oxymethylene-co-dioxepane)
melting; 297
Poly(oxymethylene-co-dioxolane)
melting; 274
Poly(oxymethylene-co-epichlorohydrin)
ionomer; 298
melting; 296
Poly(oxymethylene-co-ethylene oxide)
melting; 274
Poly(oxymethylene-co-tetramethylene
oxide), melting; 274
Poly(oxymethylene-co-trimethylene oxide)
melting; 274
Poly(pentamethylene terephthalate-cosebacate)
melting; 301, 302
Poly-1-pentene
melting entropy, conformational; 75
Poly(4-phenyl-1-butene)
Poly-p-phenylene; 5
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide); 5
Polypivalolactone, see Poly( , '-dimethylpropiolactone)
Poly- -propiolactone
melting, data; 54, 73
irreversible; 184
chlorinated lattice dimension; 290
melting
atactic diluent; 292293
biaxially drawn film; 206
boundary; 236
entropy; 48, 63, 64, 72
conformational; 75
heat; 48, 63, 72
pressure effect; 95
single phase; 238
tacticity dependence; 291292
phase diagram
diluent; 108110
pentaerythritylbromide; 226231
shrinkage of drawn sample; 206
tacticity effects; 290293
Polypropylene, syndiotactic
melting
irreversible; 156
volume change; 63
Poly(propylene-co-l-butene); 288290
Poly(propylene oxide), copolymer of
stereoisomers; 298
Polystyrene, isotactic
benzoylation; 145
melting
after chemical reaction; 154
data; 50, 72
deformation effect; 206-207
phase diagram, diluent; 112
poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide),
solution; 105106
Polystyrene, isotactic
solution atactic; 106
superheating; 171
Poly(styrene-co-o-fluorostyrene)
isomorphism; 295
melting; 295
Poly(styrene-co-p- fluorostyrene)
melting; 295
Polysulfide
melting of homologous series; 313, 315
Polytetrafluoroethylene
melting
data; 48, 72
irreversible; 189
pressure effect; 9192, 95
superheating; 189,217,218
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)
melting; 290
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-alt -isobutylene)
melting; 311
Poly( tetrafluoroethylene-co-isobutylene)
Poly(tetraflyoroethylene-alt-propylene); 311
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co- trifluorochloroethylene)
melting; 294
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-trifluoroethylene)
melting; 295
Poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-blockdimethylsiloxane)
melting; 324, 325
Poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane)
melting
dependence on the molecular
weight; 82
Poly(tetramethylene oxide)
melting
boundary; 236
data; 52, 73
pressure effect; 95
Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate)
Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate-cosebacate), melting; 301, 302
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate-cosebacate), melting; 301, 302
Polyundecanal, side chain crystallization;
330, 331
Polyurethane
melting
homologous series; 312, 313, 315,
316
segmented; 325
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
gel melting; 239
Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate)
melting; 293
Poly(vinyl chloride)
gel melting; 239
poly( -caprolactam), solution; 105
Poly(vinyl ester)
Poly(vinyl fluoride)
poly(vinylidene fluoride), solution; 107
Poly(vinyl fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
melting; 294
polydimorphism; 294
Poly(vinylidene chloride)
phase diagram, dilute solution; 234
Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-methyl
acrylate), melting; 293
Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-octyl acrylate),
melting; 293
Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-vinyl chloride),
isomorphism; 293, 294
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
melting
data; 50, 72
gel; 239
pressure effect; 95
poly(methyl methacrylate) solution; 105
polymorphism; 172174
poly(vinyl fluoride), solution; 107
Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-vinylfluoride)
Isomorphism; 294
melting; 294
Poly(vinyl stearate)
copolymers with long side chains; 330
Poly-p-xylylene
melting
irreversible; 190
polymorphism; 190
Poly(m- xylylene-adipamide-coterephthalamide)
melting; 305
Q
Quartz
superheating; 214
S
Salt, effect on polymer melting; 233
Selenium
superheating; 217
Silicate, superheating; 12, 214
Silicon disulfide; 4
Solution
dilute; 112, 114, 115
solid; 8384
Sugar, superheating; 12
Superheating; 7, 1214, 17, 25, 34, 131,
139, 214-224
Surface
free energy; 30, 162
melting; 234236
Temperature
distribution; 140, 141
gradients within crystal; 141, 142
T
Thomson-Gibbs equation; 30, 135, 137
Tin, superheating; 14, 214
p-Toluidine, superheating; 214
Troutons rule; 6
V
R
Reorganization, methods to minimize; 30
Richardss rule; 6, 7, 8, 12
Rubber
elasticity, thermodynamics of; 99103
elasticity experiments; 103
natural; see cis-1,4-Poly(2-methyl
butadiene)
Volume
additivity; 23
change on melting; 15, 23, 24
Z
Zero-entropy production; 129130
Zirconium disulfide; 4

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PDF Files of Macromolecular Physics

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VOLUME-3.pdf: Crystal Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Macromolecular Physics in 2005

allowed the formulation of a much more concise description of the microscopic

decoupling which are forced by phase boundaries, the component boundaries in

Bernhard Wunderlich, Prof. of Chem., em.,

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Chapter I The Structure of Macromolecules

The Synthesis of Macromolecules

Chapter II The Microscopic Structure of Crystals

2.4 Crystal Structures of Macromolecules

Chapter III The Crystal Morphology

Chapter IV The Defect Crystal

4.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction

Root mean square end-to-end distance of a 280 OOO-MW polyethylene molecule

Crystal systems and Bravais lattices

Splitting of the bending mode in polyethylene and paraffin

It must be recognized that linear macromolecules can be found among

Author Index of Volume I

Baur, H., 403, 404, 453, 522

Brown, A. J., 342, 368

Author Index of Volume I Page 2

Chujo, K., 126, 128, 169

Daubeny, R. de P., 129

Author Index of Volume I Page 3

Ellis, J. W., 415, 514

Frank, W., 167, 170

Author Index of Volume I Page 4

Goddar, H., 167, 170, 21 1, 370, 401, 402,

Havsteen, B. H., 85, 170

Author Index of Volume I Page 5

Hosemann, R., 438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444,

Johannsen, A., 315, 372

Author Index of Volume I Page 6

335, 338, 346, 348, 349, 351, 355,

Kohlrausch, K. W. F., 68, 172

Author Index of Volume I Page 7

Lewis, P. R., 165, 172

Magill, J. H., 243, 318, 320, 321, 329, 337,

Author Index of Volume I Page 8

Menter, J. W., 477, 512

Author Index of Volume I Page 9

Ohlberg, S., 395, 511

Peraldo, M., 81, 174

Author Index of Volume I Page 10

Prins, W., 429, 516

Roe, R. J., 194, 430, 520

Author Index of Volume I Page 11

Schmidt, G. F., 196, 198,199, 201, 211, 369,

Sobering, S. E., 504, 519

Author Index of Volume I Page 12

Swan, P. R., 154, 175

Tranter, T. C, 152, 159, 176

Author Index of Volume I Page 13