1trilithic system-the first building system created was the trilithic system made of one stone lintel put on

two pylons

2basical profile-building with the central profile higher than the other 2 lateral, because the lightning in the
central area could be natural

3megaron dwelling belongs to Neolithic age. it has a rectangular plan, with two rooms and an entrance
space called ante. The building is made of unburned bricks, put on a stone circle and surrounded by a defending wall of stone.

4tholos building-the first prototype of dwelling used in that time, a circular plan covered by a dome. 5 Minoan-developed in Crete, is very important because it was for the first time when was achieved a multistorey building. The building was made of wooden frames with the filings made of unburned bricks. It had 40 rooms, functionally grouped. The most famous palace created by this civilisation is the Knossos palace, with many functions like: festive, dwelling, depositing. The theatre was made in open space, with linear step footings Another type of building is called Stoa, which had commercial spaces on the ground floor level and dwelling upward. For the leaders building, the bathroom had a device for hot water.

6megalitic civilisation-was developed in France, Scandinavia, Spain, and Britain. The megalithic
architecture is characterized by the use of the trilitic system, which means 2 vertical slabs (piatra) supporting a horizontal one. For this civilisation this is called dolmen. They also used only vertical slabs buildings called menhire and the space between these vertical slabs is called cromlech.

7mesopotanian architecture -this civilisation created the ziggurat, which is a tower made of 3 or 5 volumes. Each volume has a different height and is different treated. The height could be 12,5 or 3 m. The first volume is made of soil and stone treated with bitumen. The second is which one is treated with burned bricks and the third with blue, enamel bricks. The most famous ziggurats were built in Ur, Uruk, E-Temen An ki. On the top of the ziggurat was placed an altar or an astronomic observatory. The access to the top of the tower is achieved by a step system on the exterior side of the tower. Another achievement are the palaces: sargon 2, nabucosodor, Assurbanipal. The architectural program on which these palaces are based on is the dwelling characteristic of these people, rest rooms with doors which are opening towards on interior courtyard and the main entrance decorated with bas-reliefs and on the upper side they are decorated with arches and ceramic plates. 8 the evolution of egyption pyramid -the Egyptian architecture was developed along the nil river
because of the very fertile soil, and because there was developed architectural works, people had build longlasting building. The buildings created by Egyptians had a monumental feature, created for religious activity or for funeral buildings. They are created for pharaohs and for the aristocracy. The first type of funeral buildings were called mastabas. -steps pyramid desen -clasic pyramid desen -the doser pyramid desen -keops ,kephren,mikeninos desen

9 parts of egyption temples

the main parts of the temple : a)-entrance yard b)-the hypostile hall c)-the altar The first part, entrance yard big dimension-surrounded by a wall and a straight gate=pillar. It is decorated with base-reliefs featuring religious scenes. On the upper side the pillar has a Cornish. a) the hypostile hall -made in basilical system b) the lightning in the central part of the inside area is better. The hypostil hall is made of rows and columns. Each column has a base, a shift and a capitol. c) the last part the altar-the holly part of the building ,without access of ordinary people. 3 rooms : left(mother-goddess) ;right (sun god) ;centre (the god) . Inside the altar the lightening is very poor.

10 egyption columns-depending by the form of the capitol, the column could be:
-palmiform (where the capital is made of palm leaves) -lotus like column-the capital is made of a bouquet of lotus flowers of buds) -papinus-the capital is made of papinus buds) -the hathorique hathor -ossirique-represent the ossiris god.

11buildings of acropolis-when on the Athenas acropolis was built :

-Parthenon- dedicated to Synagogue to protect the town, made by marble, column in Doric style, is consider the most important achievement at that time, inside are 4 columns in ionic style, the naos and the altar. -Propylee : made by marble, for athen goddess, perfect adopted the slope terrain ,has 2 ports ,made in ionic style. -Erefeion: 2 ports on toward V and one to S, ionic style, -Temple of the Athena Nike Goddess: the town were developed both for the central and suburban parts, the administrative and commercial function increase, the religious building decrease, the architectural ordins losttheir own characteristics, giving to each other some elements.

12 the demos dwelling-was developed on the base of the Greek one and of the Etruscan on the Etruscan
ones. One of the most important achievements of the roman builders were: the dome and the arch. The roman builders used for the very first time the concrete as a building material. The dwelling realised by Romans was inspired by the Etruscan one. The Etruscan dwelling had a hole on the roof having 4 shapes toward inside. This kind of building has a name Atrium. In the central part of the town there are religious and civil centres: forum-had different functions corresponding with different building. for example basilica was building for commercial transactions it has a basilical profile.

curia-for curt law building macellum-for a meat market the city also included theatres and amphitheatres and thermal baths.

13 the trains forum-traians column is a Doric column put on a paralelipipedic base. On the capitel, today
it is the statue of St. Petru. Initially was a statue represent a bird. On the most important urbanistic achievement was trains forum designed by apolodor of damask. This project coincives in order to activate the urban life. The roman architecture has some rules: the composition has longitudinal axes, and all the buildings are put in a symmetrical system. The scenes in the forum is made by the triumphal entrance, the first part of this complex being the open square surrounded by a porch having on the left and right parts on apse. desen Along the longitudinal axis was placed the basilical ulpia traian having also two axes, and the Greeck and roman libraries in the middle place was traians column,and on the end part was traians temple.

14 the pantheon building-the moust important buiding is the pantheos building, is dedicated to the
synagogue goddess who protected the town. The temple is entirely made of marble being the columns in a Doric style. Is consider to be one of the most important achievements of that time, being perfect and without equal in this field. The size of the temple are: 30 m 67 m . Inside the space is divided into pronaos, naos ,and the altar, in the central part there are 4 columns in an ionic style . The central part of the temple is divided by two rows of columns having in the plan the shape of the U letter. In the central part there was placed synagogue -150 m height. The last part of the temple called Opistodom is the hall part of the temple and also the place for the fortress treasure. The columns of the temple the architrave are simple without decorations but the frieze is decorated with trigliephes and matapes, also the gable is decorated with base-reliefs and on the cornice there were little statues.

15 comparison pantheons santa Sophia church

-unul forma patrata,unul circular -material :beton ;caramida tuf vulcanic -iluminarea spatiului: partea superioara ;prin ferestre dispuse la baza cupolei intre nervure -estetica : geometria spatiului este severa,austeritate ;alternanta de baltice dinamizeaza spatiul.

16 schools of the byzantine architecture-another period concerning the byzantine architectures made
of the architectural schools between 800-1200. -constantinopolitana -orientala -greceasca Even though the Constantinopolitan and the eastern had opposite features and the Greek is practically a synthesis of the firs 2,one of them had 1 main feature: the main dome concerning the central space : naos. This dome in the Christian religion, is a conventional representation of the universe. The Constantinopolitan school used stone and bricks, the massivity of the building is reduced to a scheleton and a filling material. The inside division of volumes is very well marked on the facade by same elements which give some effects of light and shadow. In contrast the Eastern school is characterized by massivity and by small windows, the relation between inside and outside environments being very pure. The Greek school is in fact a synthesis of all features of the two schools.

17 romanesque architecture-after the collapse of the roman empire, arts were developed very slowly. in
this process, the role of the catholic church was very important. It contribute to the achievement of many

religious buildings and it created a new form of art=the Romanesque art. This name was given by the art historians from the 19 century because of the relation with the roman art. the geographical area where this form of art. developed:England,france,Italy,germany,Poland,Scandinavia,transilvania. castle Romanesque: impressive -built on high place, easy to be defended and difficult to access this place -are massive, surrounded by walls wout (sant cu apa) -building material: stone -the walls have 2 m thickness, this is a feature that gives to these buildings a higher resistance and long lasting -the surrounded walls were provided with wooden gang-ways(pasarela) -the towers placed on the corners had a square circular section small window organised as defending points. inside the light is very poor -the most important tower don Jon. it is conceived as a place for the last shelter when the enemy enters the fortress -the ceiling of the castle half cylinder bolts made of stones/bricks -the main building element-the half cylinder arch volt. -the windows: simple (desen ; having the same form in the upper part of the window) ,double -another window is placed above the main entrance-circular shape (diamentru >10m)

18 Romanesque church-after the collapse of the roman empire, arts were developed very slowly. In this
process, the role of the Catholic Church was very important. It contribute to the achievement of many religious buildings and it created a new form of art=the Romanesque art. This name was given by the art historians from the 19 century because of the relation with the roman art. The geographical area with this form of art developed: England, france, Italy, germany, Poland, Scandinavia, transilvania. the churches have in length the shape of the Latin cross with unequal arms DESEN

19 features of the gothic architecture-the main features of the gothic architecture are:
1)the folded arch 2)the buttress 3)the flying buttress 1)-more easier to be achieved than the semicircular arch because the pushings at the base of this arch are smaller than the pushings in the case of the semicircular arches -the height under this arch is bigger in the case of the agival arch. this arch is made also of avulsions. the vaussois on the top =the key bolt. the folded bolt seen from the inside part seems to be like as a skeleton and a filling. -the half cylindral bolt is a smooth surface. 2) -the buttress=the walls perpendicular on the facade, having its own foundation and placed where the loads are concentrated, result in that place where the arches are loading in the resistance element.

3) -the flying buttress-is an original solving of the structure because they ensure the bolts stability, taking the pushings and distributing them to the pillars or to the walls. They are elements placed above the roof.

20 the gothic church

DESEN

21 renaissance features in architecture-it is characteristic for the period 15-18 century. It is very
important cultural phenomenon for the European civilisation. It appears in Italy at the beginning of the 15 century. the social class which was important were burgees, because it has a very important role in the economical domain. This class has its own ideology humanism. It proposed new form of culture based on the study of the classic antiquity. The role of the man kind in the society and the glorification of the nature were the values emphasized by this new ideology. Because of the geographical discoveries the triad activity was very much improved and because of that many cities were developed. Concerning the stairs solving during the Romanesque period, the stairs had a winding shape placed in a tower detached from the facade. Characteristic for the gothic period, the stair were solved in a single flight, usually mounting from the courtyard. During the renaissance period, the stairs had 2 parallel flights, placed in a special place called the stair case. this kind of solving of stairs were used in the architecture of many palaces (medici,strotzzi). Renaissance was born in Italy (florance).the most famous architect who created in this style =filippo bruneleschi.he designed in Florence many buildings: santa maria del fire,santa maria del angeli,basilica santo spirit,basilica san Lorenzo).

22. building of Venice (venetia)and their architectural style

Venice the gothic tradition was very powerful. the urban composition of this city is made by 2 squares: san Marco square ; piatteta. buildings: dodges palace(gothic style) ;san marco cathedral(byzantine style);campanile tower(Romanesque style) ;the clock tower and some other administrative buildings(renaissance style). the most buildings from Venice have the foundation solution of wooden pile.

23. French renaissance of Italian influence-renaissance was known later because of the gothic
tradition. 2 periods: -early 16-17 century -royal 17-18 century early The main architectural program: the castle, these castles kept the gothic appearance, but they renounced at the defence walls. Many of the gothic features present at the castle buildings are :the high roofs with many skylights and chimneys. Another gothic feature: the facede with many windows and the use of brick of stone alternatively. castle from Loire valley: Chambord,blois,chenonceaux. one of the most important achievement of the architectural solving is the ball hall which are free of pillars.

24.national schools of French renaissance

French renaissance of Italian influence renaissance was known later because of the gothic tradition. 2 periods:

-early 16-17 century -royal 17-18 century Early. features: -the facades plenty of decorations -the solving of the last floor with attic desen ex:luvru building,tuilleries castle .

25 renaissance in England
a)the early renaissance b)the late renaissance style having the same name with the monarch a)-Elizabethan style -Jacob style b)-strat style -Georgian style a)some achievement for the ball halls free of pillars, long galleries with the ceiling in the gothic style. renaissance features port less the flat roof with attic, the tightness superposition. b)the first church built :saint Paul cathedral. the project was inspired from the church with the same name from Vatican.

26. Spain-renaissance appeared later because of the gothic tradition. in this geographical area these are
found after influence :Moorish (arab). The Spanish architecture had also an influence from the plateria ,which was an original process for the decoration of jewels in flat decoration. The most famous building university from Salamanca is a combination of the plateresc style, gothic and renaissance. ex: the alcazar palace (Toledo) Escorial(Madrid)-architectural assemble complicated composition 17 court yard. the Alhambra palace(has a circular court yard surrounded by a porch with a tightness superposition for the whole height of the building).

27 renaissance Germany-the gothic tradition was very powerful. this is why many historian say that
renaissance in Germany was not known. These are some renaissance features, especially for the town hall buildings which have a porch ,the square and the clock tower. ex: lipzig, koln,Bremen

the German dwellings for ordinary people are usually placed with the small side parallel to the street and the roof has to slopes ,the pinions were placed towards the street. desen Conclusion: -renaissance was as inspiration source the roman antiquity -was developed because of the borzois -the humanist ethics -the byzantine architecture was not influenced by the renaissance (because the catholic and orthodox church). -in the period late of renaissance some counties adopted a new style supported by the catholic church (baroque style) and some countries(france) adopted an artistic style classicism.

28baroque style-was born in Italy, it was developed 1718 century. This name of baroque was given by the
arts historians with a depreciation meaning, concerning the plenty of decoration of this style. The features: plenty of decorations, sculptural treatment of surface, complexity and expressionism. Baroque comes from the Portuguese language; pearls with irregular shape used for jewellery. Later on this word has another meaning expressing an unique /unusual concept. The baroque style was characteristic for all forms of art: literature,paintings,theatre,town planning. The geometrical shape used frequently in this style is the elliptical one. In order to create an unusual thing,architects conceived the buildings with representative space placed transversal to the main access. usually this space has an elliptical shape.this style was known all over the Europe,except france. it was the only country that knew a parallel style=classicism. Characteristic for the classist style: symmetry and straight lines. Famous building classicism :cripple dome=a huge architectural assemble, having in the middle a cathedral with a big dome famous building baroque: hofburh, belvedere, representative for baroque :the palaces ,the churches, sguares (are organized architectural ,sculptural elements and water games) the plans of the building are compact, having the shape of the letters T, V and they have intermediary spaces that penetrate the building on the grand-floor level. this space irabled the relation between the building and the street/garden. ex. of castles:drezden(zwinger) ;postam (sans souci)

29 raccoco
during the second part of the 18 century appeared new styles=raccoco.the raccoco style was developed evolving from baroque ,resut it is very difficult to frame it. raccoco has its source in the illuminist thinking and it was developed because of the necessity for a private life.raccoco is a new type for inside decorations. after that the style was new even in the architectural solution.

30 the raccoco churchhas no more the cross shape.it has an oval shape with a big inside
volume,dominated by the pulpit. desen The raccoco church is very simple outside and was plenty of decorations inside.very important is the care to hide the constructive structure behind the inside decorations. Raccoco is an style for inside decorations ;a

graceful architecture. To synthesize the features of the last architectural style, we may say that baroque equal freedom,curves lines,continous spaces. classic style =horizontal lines ,an architecture dedicated to reason. raccoco=a sophisticated inside decorations and a graceful architecture.