Field Trip 2011

Purulia

Nitish Kumar
08EX2006

Introduction
Electrical geophysical prospecting methods detect the surface effects produced by electric current
flow in the ground. Using electrical methods, one may measure potentials, currents, and
electromagnetic fields that occur naturally or are introduced artificially in the ground. In addition, the
measurements can be made in a variety of ways to determine a variety of results. There is a much
greater variety of electrical and electromagnetic techniques available than in the other prospecting
methods, where only a single field of force or anomalous property is used. Basically, however, it is
the enormous variation in electrical resistivity found in different rocks and minerals that makes these
techniques possible.
With resistivity methods, the source consists of electrical current injected into the ground through two
electrodes.The transmitted current waveform may be DC, low- frequency sinusoidal (up to about 20
Hz), or rectangular, as in induced polarization surveys with a frequency of about 0.1 Hz. The
energizer, therefore, is the electrical current injected into the ground through current electrodes.
With electromagnetic methods, the source most commonly consists of a closed loop of wire in which
AC current flows. It can be a small, portable transmitter coil up to 1 m in diameter, in which case
there are many turns of wire. Alternately, the source can be a large transmitter loop on the ground, as
large as 1 km in diameter. The frequency of the transmitter current can range from about 0.1 to about
10,000 Hz. Instruments commonly used for engineering applications (such as the EM-31, EM-34,
and EM-38) use the small, multiturn type of coil and frequencies above 2,500 Hz. Electric current in
the transmitter loop generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field is the energizer in electromagnetic
methods as compared with electric current in resistivity methods.
In terms of response, with resistivity methods, anomalies result from resistivity contrasts. For
example, if a target with a resistivity of 10 m is in a host rock with a resistivity of 100 m, the same
anomaly results as if the target had a resistivity of 100 m in a host rock with a resistivity of 1,000
m. In both cases, there is a resistivity contrast of 10. This example holds as long as the transmitter
frequency is low enough that there is no appreciable electromagnetic induction in the rocks. With
electromagnetic methods, anomalies are due more to absolute resistivity rather than resistivity
contrasts. The two examples mentioned previously for resistivity methods would not produce the
same anomalies with electromagnetic methods.

2. Geology of the Study area

The South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) confined mostly within the Purulia district of West-Bengal,
India. It forms a part of the ENE-WSW to E-W to ESE-WNW trending curvilinear lineament which
roughly marks the contact between North Singhbhum Mobile Belt (NSMB) in the south and the
Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) in the north. This lineament extends from Tamar,
Ranchi district, Jharkhand in the west to Porapahar, Bankura district, West-Bengal in the east. This
lineament extends for a distance of nearly 150 km with width of 45 km affecting a very narrow part
of CGGC and relatively broader part of Singhbhum Group . Raghunathpur villages fall on
Chhotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) and are about 8 km north of SPSZ. The major part
of SPSZ is covered by felsic volcanics accompanied by mafic and ultramafic rocks with subordinate
metapelites. Along the contact of SPSZ and CGGC, thin linear bands/lenses of tourmalinite, quartz

reef, quartz breccias, ferruginous breccias, schroll and mylonitic rocks are profusely developed.
Quartz-magnetite- apatite rocks, carbonatite and syenites are some other significant rocks reported
from Beldih, Kunti, Sushnia and Jhalda regions along SPSZ. The general trend of the foliation along
the shear zone is E-W to ESE-WNW with steep dip due north or south or vertical at places. The shear
zone shows ductile to brittle-ductile deformational pattern (ACHARYYA et al., 2006) associated with
intense brecciation, mylonitization and hydrothermal alterations accompanied by development of
apatite, magnetite, base metal, rare metals, rare earth and uranium.

3. Geophysical Survey
3.1. Electrical resistivity Survey
3.2.1. Vertical electrical sounding
Vertical electric sounding (VES) employs collinear arrays designed to output a 1-D vertical apparent
resistivity versus depth model of the subsurface at a specific observation point. In this method a series
of potential differences are acquired at successively greater electrode spacings while maintaining a
fixed central reference point. The induced current passes through progressively deeper layers at
greater electrode spacing. The potential difference measurements are directly proportional to the
changes in the deeper subsurface. Apparent resistivity values calculated from measured potential
differences can be interpreted in terms of overburden thickness, water table depth, and the depths and
thicknesses of subsurface strata. The two most common arrays used for VES are the Wenner array and
the Schlumberger array.

In the Wenner array configuration, potential electrodes are nested within the current electrodes with a
common lateral distance between adjacent electrodes called the electrode a-spacing (Figure 3). For
sounding measurements, the electrodes in a Wenner array are expanded about a center point by
equally incrementing the a-spacing. The current therefore progressively passes into deeper layers,
with the nominal depth of investigation being equal to the a-spacing. This procedure provides

apparent resistivity values that are dependent upon vertical conductivity variations of the subsurface.
The geometric factor for the Wenner array is G(r) = 2a, and this simplicity of algebraic form as well
as in-field set-up is part of this arrays appeal. The Wenner array generally provides for high signalto-noise ratios, good resolution of horizontal layers, and good depth sensitivity. Conversely, the
Wenner array is not good at determining the lateral location of deep inhomogeneities (Ward, 1990)
because the large a-spacing degrades lateral resolution, and the potential electrodes are located within
the spread of the current electrodes. It is possible to perform limited profiling with the Wenner array
by keeping the a-spacing constant and moving the entire array laterally between resistivity readings.
However, investigation depth and resolution are limited for the profiling Wenner array if the aspacing is held constant throughout the entire survey.

Wenner array. depth of sounding controlled by distance a, or a-spacing.

The Schlumberger array is similar to the Wenner array with respect to having a nested electrode
configuration except the potential electrodes have an internal spacing of a and the current electrodes
are spaced an increased distance of na from the potential electrodes, where the integer value n varies
dependent upon target size and depth. The geometric factor is G(r) = n(n+1)a, which can be shown
to be just a modification of the Wenner array result. The Schlumberger array of electrodes provides
for high signal-to-noise ratios, good resolution of horizontal layers, and good depth sensitivity (Ward,
1990). The Schlumberger technique is somewhat easier to use than the Wenner technique because
only two of the four electrodes are moved between successive readings. As an example, we can
conduct a Schlumberger VES survey by keeping the potential electrodes fixed at one location while
the current electrodes are expanded about a center point. Only when the current electrodes become
relatively distant does the potential electrode spacing need to be expanded in order to have measurable
potentials.
3.2.2. Gradient Resistivity Profiling:
Resistivity profiling: If the goal of the project is to map lateral variation in underground structure,
then a constant-spacing spread of electrodes is used. This method is called resistivity profiling. In this

method the electrode system moves as a whole by one station spacing or more. For a given spacing,
the electrode system has its depth of investigation proportional to the spacing. The greater the
electrode spacing is, the larger is the depth of investigation. Hence, while carrying out resistivity
profiling surveys, two or more electrode spacing are used to study the lateral discontinuities at
different depths. Measured resistivity data is plotted as function of location (profile). When the
apparent resistivity measurements for all stations on a traverse and for all such traverses spread over
the entire area of the survey are made, the data is presented as equi-resistivity maps for particular
electrode spacing. The data along a traverse for different electrode spacing is presented as pseudoapparent resistivity depth-sections. In both cases, the resistivity high / low is marked to give an idea
about the location of the target (resistive / conductive) and its lateral extent. The data is interpreted
mostly qualitatively. This method is particularly useful for locating fault zones, contacts between
steeply dipping layers of rocks. The resistivity response across geological structures will be different
for different electrode configurations.
The Resistivity Profiling arrays include:

Wenner Array

Half - Schlumberger Array

Dipole-Dipole Array

Gradient Array

Pole Dipole Array (3-Electrode Array)

Pole Pole Array (2-Electrode Array)

Resistivity Profiling techniques are applied to:

Map Faults

Map Lateral Extent of conductive contaminant plumes

Locate voids and Karsts

Map heavy metal soil contamination

Delineate disposal areas

Map paleo-channels

Explore for sand and gravel

Map archaeological sites

3.2.3. Potential Gradient and Potential Difference

Procedure for Gradient Resistivity Profiling (GRP) :

-

We kept the current electrodes 1 km apart on the profile line and moved the potential
electrodes from 200m on the left of the centre point to 200m on the right, keeping the
potential electrode separation constant at 10m. At each observation point we took the readings
of potential difference, current (in the forward and reverse direction) and also the self
potential.

This way we did profiling for 400m on the profile line by this particular arrangement.

Next, we moved the current electrodes by 400m in the direction of our profile line, and then
took the readings in a similar way.

So, this is how we got the values of potential difference, current and self potential at each
10m interval for a profile length of 5380m.

We also calculated the values of resistivities at each observation point side by side. [ As we
could calculate the geometrical factor and resistance (by dividing the value of voltage by the
value of current)].

At those points where we found high values of resistivities, we carried out vertical electrical
sounding (VES).

Procedure for VES :

-

At the point on the profile where we found high value of resisitivity, we took another profile
line perpendicular to the previous one, taking that point as the centre.

The perpendicular profile line was 1km in length, and then we carried out Schlumberger
sounding along that.

Procedure for Correlation of resistivities at various depths :

-

We kept current electrodes at a particular separation to get a particular shallow depth of

investigation.

We moved the potential electrodes from 50m on the left of the centre to 50m on the right
keeping the separation between them constant at 10 m.

Thats how 100m profiling was done at a particular depth.

Then we moved the current electrodes further apart so that a deeper depth of investigation is
achieved, and we did similar profiling for that.

Similarly, we carried out profiling at 4 different depths and then we correlated the resistivities
obtained at each depth.

3.2. VLF- Electromagnetics

The VLF method uses very low frequency EM signals propagating from external sources, such to
locate water bearing fractures and/or otherwise conductive mineralization or contaminant zones in
bedrock. The government-sponsored stations propagate signal, up to 1000 Watts at frequencies
varying between 15 to 30 KHz. These signals propagate well along water-filled or mineralized
fractures that are oriented in strike with these transmitting base stations. To measure the maximum
EM response from a fracture, however, VLF survey lines would have to be oriented perpendicular to
the conducting fracture. Hence, a significant disadvantage to VLF surveying with just a passive
receiver is its reliance on base stations that routinely go down for maintenance or may be closed due
to budget constraints, and its reliance upon these sources that they will be in the strike of the water
bearing fractures that need to be detected.
Existing VLF transmitter consists of a vertical cable several hundred meters long that emits a very
powerful transmission signal. The field emitted from such an antenna is horizontal and its magnetic
lines comprise concentric rings (primary magnetic-field) that ripple out from the transmitter.
When the primary magnetic field from a VLF transmitter passes tough a conductive (low resistivity)
body, secondary current circuits are created in the body. These currents generate a secondary
magnetic field that is opposed to the primary field emitted from the transmitter.
By receiving this secondary magnetic field along profile lines, it is possible to detect and map faults
within a given investigation area.

Limitations of VLF
VLF is used primarily as a reconnaissance tool to identify anomalous areas for further investigation,
either with other geophysical methods or drilling. Weaknesses of the method include:
VLF measurements are sensitive to cultural interference from pipelines, utilities, fences,
and other linear, conductive objects.
Interpretation is generally qualitative in nature; quantitative modeling requires a high data
density and a well constrained model.
Topographic effects can bias the data, are difficult to remove, and are model dependent.
VLF transmitters are subject to outages for scheduled or unscheduled maintenance.
Unfavorable ionospheric conditions may compromise the quality of the data.
Procedure
For VLF prospecting we used the signals from the VLF transmitter station located in Mumbai of
frequency - 19.3 kHz.
-

First we took a set of parallel profile lines in a direction perpendicular to the strike of the
Purulia shear zone, each profile line measuring 1 km in length.
Then we oriented ourselves in the direction of the transmitted field, with the help of the VLF
instrument by observing the direction in which the signal is maximum.
Then we moved along the profile line with the instrument and took the magnetic field
readings at each 10 m interval facing in the direction of maximum signal from the source.
This way, all the parallel profile lines were covered by taking measurement at each 10 m
interval on each profile line.
We also measured the gamma radiation in count/sec at each observation point.

Interpretation
-

Gradient Resistivity Profiling: We carried out resistivity profiling and collected resistivity
and self-potential data from 0-5380 m.

X
0
10
20
30

Resistivity(r)
328.2717
404.1158
467.4969
511.4187

SP
1.7
4.4
5.1
6

40

448.3213

50
60
70
80
90
100

552.8151
577.2557
688.267
717.7226
830.679
1067.674

-6.4
-1.3
-1.9
10.1
-2.4
-3

110

1122.641

120
130
140
150

915.0981
810.7269
1052.332
854.6984

-3.6
3.8
-8.9
-1.4

160
170
180

1963.333
1784.315
3532.299

-7.2
-7.8
-12.3

190
200

2517.433
3018.494

-11.7
-0.4

210
220
230
240
250

3277.382
3504.617
5381.902
4616.233
5031.399

-2
-11
-6.7
3.5
-12.4

260

2567.744

5.3

270
280

6034.847
5159.253

5.6
-24.2

290

6945.774

2.1

300

4413.836

1.4

r-SP
326.5717
399.7158
462.3969
505.418
7
448.321
3
559.2151
578.5557
690.167
707.6226
833.079
1070.67
4
1118.64
1
918.6981
806.9269
1061.232
856.098
4
1970.533
1792.115
3544.59
9
2529.133
3018.89
4
3279.382
3515.617
5388.602
4612.733
5043.79
9
2562.44
4
6029.247
5183.45
3
6943.67
4
4412.43

X
1260
1270
1280
1290

Resistivity(r)
7649.187
4953.118
6572.303
5977.959

SP
-5.4
19.2
-11.1
-9.7

r-SP
7654.587
4933.918
6583.403
5987.659

1300

9434.631

-8.4

9443.031

1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360

5944.149
6476.01
9473.72
8760.475
7381.497
13190.36

-16.8
14
-9.4
-12.3
-6.2
-6.6

5960.949
6462.01
9483.12
8772.775
7387.697
13196.96

1370

14819.92

-12.5

14832.42

1380
1390
1400
1410

29771.5
22941.28
25655.46
26013.23

12.1
-19.5
4.1
7.8

29759.4
22960.78
25651.36
26005.43

1420
1430
1440

14020.82
20203.47
9071.422

9.9
16.5
-34.7

14010.92
20186.97
9106.122

1450
1460

7463.307
11843.03

-29.4
10.2

7492.707
11832.83

1470
1480
1490
1500
1510

15942.14
23333.3
22193.65
11999.07
13510.77

-42.8
-2.1
-17.2
-11.8
14.2

15984.94
23335.4
22210.85
12010.87
13496.57

1520

7295.327

-15

7310.327

1530
1540

4409.475
6237.903

-22.6
-17.1

4432.075
6255.003

1550

6361.929

2.5

6359.429

1560

5217.826

-18.6

5236.426

310

4128.956

-2.1

320

4175.809

-3.8

330

3196.394

3.2

340
350
360
370

2821.025
2609.811
1921.266
1555.874

-4.1
-3.3
-1.8
-4.1

380
390

1678.023
1853.787

-0.9
-7.7

400
410

1387.169
1300.343

0.8
-6.2

420
430

1215.598
1183.844

-8.3
-3.7

440

871.5488

-9.3

450
460
470

920.246
1097.372
1756.242

7.7
7.9
-8.3

480
490
500
510
520
530

1139.46
1794.71
1683.161
1301.21
1500.323
1407.719

7.7
-1.6
5.4
-10.5
4
-6.3

540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630

1171.975
1245.919
1292.473
2629.162
1398.552
1088.795
1087.957
1329.5
2165.193
951.3844

0.4
3.7
-17.6
17
0
-0.1
-20.3
-10.7
11.2
-6.9

640
650
660

1247.329
825.8887
762.2643

-7.8
1.1
-0.4

6
4131.05
6
4179.60
9
3193.19
4
2825.125
2613.111
1923.066
1559.97
4
1678.923
1861.48
7
1386.369
1306.54
3
1223.898
1187.54
4
880.848
8
912.546
1089.472
1764.54
2
1131.76
1796.31
1677.761
1311.71
1496.323
1414.01
9
1171.575
1242.219
1310.073
2612.162
1398.552
1088.895
1108.257
1340.2
2153.993
958.284
4
1255.129
824.7887
762.6643

1570

4606.686

-3.7

4610.386

1580

4282.738

-10.7

4293.438

1590

2695.29

-30.8

2726.09

1600
1610
1620
1630

2550.704
2891.06
3042.697
2134.153

-21.5
-23.4
-5.7
-7

2572.204
2914.46
3048.397
2141.153

1640
1650

2440.052
1990.952

12.7
-2.2

2427.352
1993.152

1660
1670

1770.617
1528.073

-10.7
23.4

1781.317
1504.673

1680
1690

2736.951
1322.465

-0.8
-26.7

2737.751
1349.165

1700

1030.296

17.3

1012.996

1710
1720
1730

1139.847
1064.285
984.1246

6.8
13.4
19

1133.047
1050.885
965.1246

1740
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790

587.2626
1061.486
942.9084
1641.725
1836.47
1900.358

14.1
2.7
-27.3
16.3
7.2
1.7

573.1626
1058.786
970.2084
1625.425
1829.27
1898.658

1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890

1431.772
1646.673
1860.837
2457.88
1913.788
2336.038
2157.733
2790.253
2576.83
2607.65

13
4.6
14.3
7.6
2.2
4.2
1.3
-4.1
-19.8
38.5

1418.772
1642.073
1846.537
2450.28
1911.588
2331.838
2156.433
2794.353
2596.63
2569.15

1900
1910
1920

8482.064
10870.39
1832.889

-30.3
22
18.6

8512.364
10848.39
1814.289

670
680
690
700
710
720

825.1627
1137.697
1051.064
1597.177
1402.999
691.2443

-2.6
1.3
-4.2
-13.8
0.3
9.1

730

767.1734

-30.6

740
750
760
770
780
790
800

3719.223
2992.225
2314.729
4258.812
4852.105
1579.517
5747.834

11
-0.4
-12.2
6.1
-46.1
52.3
-26.3

810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880

3794.167
2527.261
1900.467
2098.44
2819.443
3163.159
2498.715
5154.237

-9.5
10.5
9.3
-12
-7.8
5.3
-10.3
-6.2

890
900
910
920

14486.8
6003.524
11124.15
10074.66

24.3
1.3
22.5
-10.8

930
940
950

6314.682
7333.174
4479.704

-36.2
35.5
-7.9

960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030

3274.352
2622.907
2188.966
2341.094
1434.03
1376.532
1178.931
524.7401

-14.1
2.5
8.5
-1.2
28.7
0.3
5.3
-14.4

1040
1050
1060

2381.226
5718.766
2280.711

-14.9
-16.3
-10.8

827.7627
1136.397
1055.264
1610.977
1402.699
682.144
3
797.773
4
3708.223
2992.625
2326.929
4252.712
4898.205
1527.217
5774.13
4
3803.667
2516.761
1891.167
2110.44
2827.243
3157.859
2509.015
5160.43
7
14462.5
6002.224
11101.65
10085.4
6
6350.882
7297.674
4487.60
4
3288.452
2620.407
2180.466
2342.294
1405.33
1376.232
1173.631
539.140
1
2396.126
5735.066
2291.511

1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980

2435.775
2032.177
4279.665
2391.415
4937.539
4473.512

-29.3
15.1
-1.3
-13.2
3.7
20.2

2465.075
2017.077
4280.965
2404.615
4933.839
4453.312

1990

4402.831

-10.9

4413.731

2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060

4494.905
4365.54
5999.268
2238.609
1983.348
1908.809
1247.889

7.1
-1.8
16.9
2.8
-7.15
-8.7
-17.8

4487.805
4367.34
5982.368
2235.809
1990.498
1917.509
1265.689

2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140

1340.534
1014.404
960.0632
764.5054
680.4892
1044.158
837.9501
1094.066

-7.3
-13.9
2.9
19.1
-13.5
-13.3
-14.5
-1.6

1347.834
1028.304
957.1632
745.4054
693.9892
1057.458
852.4501
1095.666

2150
2160
2170
2180

1207.429
1218.074
1817.236
1298.572

-12
-14.2
0.3
-13.2

1219.429
1232.274
1816.936
1311.772

2190
2200
2210

2450.284
2513.989
2785.723

-4.6
-1.7
-0.5

2454.884
2515.689
2786.223

2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290

2858.79
2729.682
2481.269
2236.824
2454.966
2429.793
2306.597
2177.218

-10.1
1.2
-0.3
-4
-6.8
-4.9
-4.3
-2.6

2868.89
2728.482
2481.569
2240.824
2461.766
2434.693
2310.897
2179.818

2300
2310
2320

1196.649
1248.304
1406.022

6.4
1.3
-7.5

1190.249
1247.004
1413.522

1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120

1646.792
2239.199
1690.828
1343.362
1199.46
1651.887

13.6
-16.2
6
-26.4
-9.6
5.4

1130
1140
1150

1110.151
1136.568
1643.498

-8.2
-0.6
-5.9

1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220

2359.301
2035.598
1168.848
1393.371
3061.066
3256.428
6044.148

-4.1
-23.9
6.2
-29.6
4
4.5
-3.6

1230

3951.008

1.4

1240

4818.174

1.4

1250

4382.466

-38.9

1633.192
2255.399
1684.828
1369.762
1209.06
1646.48
7
1118.351
1137.168
1649.39
8
2363.401
2059.498
1162.648
1422.971
3057.066
3251.928
6047.74
8
3949.60
8
4816.77
4
4421.36
6

2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380

1579.402
1209.073
1635.925
1256.198
1429.682
2482.778

-2.1
3.9
-2.5
0.7
7
-32.3

1581.502
1205.173
1638.425
1255.498
1422.682
2515.078

2390
2400
2410

2423.248
3336.98
3487.869

-32.3
5.3
6.4

2455.548
3331.68
3481.469

2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2470
2480

2527.077
1276.952
2249
4841.127
5300.297
3648.436
2449.856

-5
-17.2
12.1
9.45
5.3
3
-1

2532.077
1294.152
2236.9
4831.677
5294.997
3645.436
2450.856

2490

5121.331

-27.9

5149.231

Wherever we got high anomaly a detailed Schlumberger sounding was undertaken.

- Schlumberger Sounding Interpretation

The data collected in field endeavour was interpreted using Very Fast Simulated Annealing
FORTRAN program for interpretation of 1-D DC resistivity sounding data.

Day2 : dec 10, 2012

Location :

Location S6 (between S3 and S1)

Raghunathpur perpendicular to GRP1
MN/
2

AB/
2

I(mA)
(Direct)

I(mA)
(Reverse)

V(mV)
(Direct)

V(mV)
(Reverse)

0.5

1.5

6.28

21.3

20.8

1043

1025

0.5

11.8

14.8

14.6

279

273

0.5

27.5

5.8

5.6

31

29

0.5

49.4

15.9

15.3

34

32

23.5

15.7

15.1

68

68

54.9

35.5

35.2

66

65

99

33.5

33.1

40

38

10

155

26.3

24.3

22

22

10

75

26.1

23.8

48

44

15

173

26.8

26.8

29

28

20

310

22.5

21.7

18

16

20

22.4

21.6

48

45

25

14.4

13.7

22

22

30

14.9

14.5

18.5

18.2

40

7.5

7.3

6.5

6.3

50

10.2

10.1

6.8

10

50

10.1

9.9

14.5

14.5

10

60

47.6

45.9

53.7

51.9

10

80

26.9

26.5

20.6

20.4

10

100

118
188.
5
274.
8
494.
5
777.
7
376.
8
549.
5
989.
1
155
4

40.3

39.5

23.6

23.3

V/I
49.121140
14
18.775510
2
5.2631578
95
2.1153846
15
4.4155844
16
1.8528995
76
1.1711711
71
0.8695652
17
1.8436873
75
1.0634328
36
0.7692307
69
2.1136363
64
1.5658362
99
1.2482993
2
0.8648648
65
0.6798029
56
1.45
1.1294117
65
0.7677902
62
0.5877192
98

Resistivity(
ohm-m)
308.48076
221.55102
144.73684
104.5
103.76623
101.72419
115.94595
134.78261
138.27655
183.97388
238.46154
249.40909
295.16014
343.03265
427.67568
528.68276
546.36
620.61176
759.42135
913.49211

20

100

20

120

20

140

20

160

20

180

20

200

40

200

40

250

40

300

40

350

40

400

80

400

80

500

753.
6
109
9
150
2
197
8
251
2
310
0
150
7
240
2
347
0
482
4
621
7
348
5
478
1
-

40.5

39.3

150.7

49.7

23.7

23.2

22.1

21.6

25.3

24.2

18.8

17.1

25.6

24.5

15

14.5

142

140.4

73.1

73

99.7

98.1

50.7

50

69.6

64

66

65

73.2

67

52

50

48.5

46

28

28

18.6

21.9

9.3

9.6

144.6

157

58

60

139

156

99

108

367

350

204

197

2.5112781
95
0.9317697
23
0.7252525
25
0.5888223
55
0.5173512
75
0.5091001
01
0.9805389
22
0.7275320
97
0.5925925
93
0.4666666
67
0.3912466
84
0.7016949
15
0.5592747
56

1892.4992
1024.0149
1089.3293
1164.6906
1299.5864
1578.2103
1477.6722
1747.5321
2056.2963
2251.2
2432.3806
2445.4068
2673.8926

Predicted Parameter :

No. of layers :

resistivity
390.00
58.00
3500.00
-

Thickness
1.00
4.10

Day5 : dec 13, 2012

Location : (1400,10)

Potent
ial
Applie
d
90

MN/
2
0.5

AB/
2
1.5

K
6.28

Idirect(
mA)
33

Ireverse(
mA)
31

Vdirect(
mV)
155

Vreverse(
mV)
147

90

0.5

11.8

70

70

159

157

90

0.5

27.5

30

29

28

27

90

0.5

49.4

23

22

12

11

90

23.5

22

22

24

25

90

54.9

16

14.8

6.6

6.3

90

99

10.8

10.6

2.7

2.6

90

10

155

86.4

85.1

14.6

14.3

90

10

75

86.6

84.6

31.6

30.7

90

15

173

21

21.1

4.6

4.4

90

20

310

28

27.2

4.2

90

20

27.8

27

11.5

11.3

90

25

22.2

21.9

7.2

7.1

90

30

25.3

25.1

6.5

6.6

90

40

19.4

18.8

4.1

3.8

180

50

12.6

11.5

2.3

2.1

180

10

50

11.5

10.7

4.5

180
180

10
10

60
80

118
188.
5
274.
8
494.
5
777.
7
376.
8
549.
5
989.

30.1
42.8

27.5
42.1

10.6
11.7

9.7
11.4

V/I
4.71875
2.25714
29
0.93220
34
0.51111
11
1.11363
64
0.41883
12
0.24766
36
0.16851
31
0.36390
19
0.21377
67
0.14855
07
0.41605
84
0.32426
3
0.25992
06
0.20680
63
0.18257
26
0.42792
79
0.35243
06
0.27208

Resistivity(
ohm-m)
29.63375
26.63429
25.63559
25.24889
26.17045
22.99383
24.51869
26.11953
27.29264
36.98337
46.05072
49.09489
61.12358
71.42619
102.2657
141.9867
161.2432
193.6606
269.1191

180

10

100

180

20

100

270

20

120

270

20

140

270

20

160

270

20

180

360

20

200

360

40

200

360

40

250

360

40

300

360

40

350

360

40

400

360

80

400

360

80

500

1
155
4
753.
6
109
9
150
2
197
8
251
2
310
0
150
7
240
2
347
0
482
4
621
7
348
5
478
1

22.3

21.2

4.4

22.3

20.9

10.1

9.3

11.2

11.1

4.2

4.1

13.5

12.4

4.2

3.7

3.8

3.2

1.5

1.9

0.8

0.5

1.8

1.6

0.9

0.5

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.3

71

71.6

21.6

21.5

68

71.2

17.4

18.3

220

208

47.6

45

149

148

27.9

27.5

147

143

62.5

60.5

2.8

3.2

1.7

1.5

Predicted Parameter :

No. of layers :

resistivity
30.00
18.00
7500.00
-

3
Thickness
1.50
6.00

48
0.21609
2
0.44907
41
0.37219
73
0.30501
93
0.35714
29
0.33333
33
0.41176
47
0.8125
0.30224
4
0.25646
55
0.21635
51
0.18653
2
0.42413
79
0.53333
33

335.8717
338.4222
409.0448
458.139
706.4286
837.3333
1276.471
1224.438
725.9902
889.9353
1043.697
1159.669
1478.121
2549.867

Day6 : dec 14, 2012

Location : (2800,20)

Potent
ial
Applie
d

MN/
2

AB/
2

90

0.5

1.5

90

0.5

90

0.5

90

0.5

90

90

K
6.2
8
11.
8
27.
5
49.
4
23.
5
54.
9

90

90

90

Idirect(
mA)

Ireverse(
mA)

Vdirect(
mV)

Vreverse(
mV)

43.1

42

300

292

94

93.6

187.9

187.2

66.4

66.1

49.9

49.8

92.6

92.6

39.2

39.2

92.9

92.4

71.9

71.6

128

123.8

56.9

55.1

99

43.7

43.4

13.5

13.4

10

155

106

105.2

26.2

26.3

10

75

107

106

57.9

57.7

180

15

173

218

217

82.4

82.3

180

20

310

68.3

67.8

19.2

18.9

180

20

118

66.8

67.2

43.8

43.8

180

25

189

6.1

4.6

3.1

2.4

180

30

275

7.1

5.7

2.9

2.4

180

40

495

21.7

21

5.2

5.3

180

50

778

10.1

10.2

1.8

180

10

50

377

10.6

10.2

3.9

180

10

60

550

11

10.7

3.3

3.3

180

10

80

17

15.6

3.8

180

10

100

989
155
4

17.2

16.5

3.2

3.2

180

20

100

17.4

16.7

7.1

6.8

180
180

20
20

120
140

39.3
46.2

37.1
44.3

13.2
13.2

12.5
12.9

754
109
9
150

V/I
6.956
52
1.999
47
0.752
45
0.423
33
0.774
42
0.445
33
0.308
84
0.249
05
0.543
74
0.378
62
0.279
94
0.653
73
0.514
02
0.414
06
0.245
9
0.187
19
0.379
81
0.304
15
0.239
26
0.189
91
0.407
62
0.336
39
0.288

Resistivity(
ohm-m)
43.687
23.5937
20.6925
20.9123
18.1989
24.4485
30.5752
38.6029
40.7808
65.5014
86.7818
77.1403
96.8925
113.784
121.598
145.579
143.112
167.129
236.656
295.179
307.186
369.69
433.173

180

20

160

180

20

180

180

20

200

NA

40

200

NA

40

250

NA

40

300

NA

40

350

NA

40

400

NA

80

400

NA

80

500

2
197
8
251
2
310
0
150
7
240
2
347
0
482
4
621
7
348
5
478
1

118

117.8

30.3

30.2

36.5

35.4

8.5

8.4

168

161

36

35.5

4
0.256
25
0.235
05
0.217
33

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Predicted Parameter :

No. of layers :

resistivity
76.00
20.00
6.00
700.00
4000.00
-

5
Thickness
0.50
2.00
0.80
8.00

506.857
590.442
673.708

Day8 : dec 16, 2012

Location : (4900)

Idire
ct(m
A)

Ireverse
(mA)

Vdirect(
mV)

Vreverse
(mV)

1.5

6.3

39

30

363

286

0.5

12

95

93

310

304

0.5

28

49

46

53

50

0.5

49

72

72

43

43

24

74

69

97

95

1
1

6
8

55
99

51
53

48
47

33
21

30
19

10

155

131

130

37

37

10

75

130

131

72

73

MN/
2

AB/
2

0.5

V/I
9.4058
3.2659
6
1.0842
1
0.5972
2
1.3426
6
0.6363
6
0.4
0.2835
2
0.5555
6

Resistivit
y(ohmm)
59.06840
58
38.53829
79
29.81578
95
29.50277
78
31.55244
76
34.93636
36
39.6
43.94636
02
41.66666
67

34.5

0.2037
0.5769
2
0.4193
5
0.3955
6
0.2765
4
0.2271
8
0.4718
4
0.3730
3
0.2525
7

52.75886
52
63.14814
81
68.07692
31
79.04838
71
108.6986
67
136.7472
07
176.6813
59
177.7910
68
204.9779
61
249.8204
78
295.9557
53

15

173

71

70

21

22

20

310

28

26

20

118

28

24

16

14

25

189

16

15

30

275

22

23

8.8

40

495

90

89

24.8

24.7

50

778

53

50

12

11.4

10

50

377

53

50

24.1

24.5

10

60

550

76

76

28.4

28.3

10

80

989
155
4

135

137

34.2

10
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
40

100
100
120
140
160
180
200
200
250
300
350
400

753.
6
109
9
150
2
197
8
251
2
310
0
150
7
240
2
347
0
482
4
621

0.3049
6

256

255

48.8

48.5

0.1904
1

254

251

97.7

96.1

0.3837
6

289.2033
27
347.4657
89

133

133

42.3

41.8

0.3161
7

240

236

65.7

64.8

0.2741
6

411.7878
15
477.5394
21

224

225

53.9

54.5

0.2414
3

176

176

35.6

35.6

0.2022
7

508.1090
91
560.5479
45

256

255

46.3

46.1

0.1808
2

238

236

83.3

83.1

0.3510
5

529.0396
62
588.8088
5

55

58

13.5

14.2

0.2451
3

112

113

22.4

22.6

0.2

694

33.4
45

0.1735
6
0.1500

837.2544
5
933.0689

190
300

192
299

32.9
44.9

80
80
-

400
500

348
5
478
1

298
559

Predicted Parameter :

No. of layers :

resistivity
150
25.00
160.00
2000.00
-

297
560

101.9
151.2

4
Thickness
0.50
4.50
20.00

48

101.7

0.3421
8

1192.514
29

148.7

0.2680
1

1281.342
18

Conclusion
We went to the Purulia district of West-Bengal, for our field trip in December 2011, where we
implemented electrical and electromagnetic methods of prospecting for exploration of Uranium which
is present in this shear zone.
Purulia hosts outstanding avenues of learning as far as field training is concerned. Its proximity to
shear zone makes it a potential source of metal and heavy metal ore. We carried Electrical method of
prospecting, Magnetic method of prospecting and VLF to delineate uranium ore in the target area. We
did Gradient resistivity profiling for a stretch of more than one kilometre and performed schlumberger
sounding wherever we got anomalous resistivity. All the field exercises gave an insight of mineral
exploration survey and built a strong foundation of underling theory. At some locations we were able
to delineate the conductive deep sheeted layer, but we were also disappointed at some. This eventually
taught us the basic precaution we must take and to reverse engineer i.e; if something went wrong then
what the trouble could be.