SCIENCE

GRADE FIRST
PLANT NEEDS

PARTS OF THE PLANT

TYPES OF PLANTS

TREES

BUSHES

GRASS

GRADE SECOND
Plant Cell Structure Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membraneenclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food. Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the cell uses for fuel. 1. Cell Membrane: The function of the cell membrane is to allow waste material to exit the cell. The cell membrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside. 2. Cell Wall The function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and to control the amount of water entering the cell. 3. Golgi Body It puts proteins into packages, called vesicles. 4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Read more in Botany The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize and exports proteins and glycoproteins. 5. Lysosomes The purpose of lysosomes are to digest things. They could be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. Lysosomes are The cells garbage disposal system. 6. Cytoplasm The function of the cytoplasm is to distribute oxygen and food (nutrients) to other parts of the cell and it supports all parts inside the cell. It has three main functions: storage, energy, and manufacturing. 7. Nucleolus The nucleolus is where ribosomes are made. The nucleolus disappears during cell reproduction.

8. Vacuole The function of the vacuole is to store water, nutrients, and other substances that cannot be used right away. They tend to be larger in plant cells because plants are watered. 9. Ribosomes Ribosomes are the protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell.

10.Chloroplast Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. They contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that is needed for photosynthesis. The main purpose of this organelle is to produce sugars and starches. 11.Nucleus The nucleus regulates all cell activity. It contains chromosomes, structures made up of genetic information, that direct a cells growth and reproduction. 12.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to package proteins for transport, synthesize membrane phosolipids, and releases calcium. 13.Mitochondria The function of the mitochondria is to provide the cell with energy. Through the process of respiration, the mitochondria uses oxygen to change sugar into energy 14.Centrosome: The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced.

Animal Cell The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, a single cell). Most cells are very small; most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells

are covered by a cell membrane and come in many different shapes. The contents of a cell are called the protoplasm. The following is a glossary of animal cell terms: 1.Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. 2.Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome. 3.Cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. 4.Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, saclike organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. 5.Lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place. 6.Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. 7.Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. 8.Nnucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus. 9.Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. 10.Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis. rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). 11.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes. 12.Vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

GRADE THIRD
PLANTS CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

PLANTS REPRODUCTION

POLLINATION Flowering plants use the wind, insects, bats, birds and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower. PARTS OF A FLOWER Sepals protect the bud until it opens. Petals attract insects. Stamens make pollen. Carpels grow into fruits which contain the seeds. FERTILISATION Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule. Fertilised ovules develop into seeds. The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary. WIND POLLINATION Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. They do have stamens and carpels. These flowers are pollinated by the wind. SEED DISPERSAL Seeds are dispersed in many different ways: Wind Explosion Water Animals Birds Scatter Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs

when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant. When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many different kinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods. When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower. ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

ANIMALS REPROUCTION

GRADE FOURTH
POLLINATION

Flowering plants use the wind, insects, bats, birds and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower. PARTS OF A FLOWER Sepals protect the bud until it opens. Petals attract insects. Stamens make pollen. Carpels grow into fruits which contain the seeds. FERTILISATION Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule. Fertilised ovules develop into seeds. The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary. WIND POLLINATION Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. They do have stamens and carpels. These flowers are pollinated by the wind. SEED DISPERSAL Seeds are dispersed in many different ways: Wind Explosion Water Animals Birds Scatter

Plant Reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant. When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many different kinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods. When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

ANIMALS REPROUCTION

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY EAT

GRADE FIFTH
POLLINATION

PARTS OF A FLOWER Sepals protect the bud until it opens. Petals attract insects. Stamens make pollen. Carpels grow into fruits which contain the seeds.

Plant Reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant. When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many different kinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods. When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

STEPS OF GROWING STEPS OF GROWING

GERMINATION

BABY

BOY

YOUNG MAN

ADULT

OLD MAN

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS