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Semiconductor
Solid State Devices/Semiconductor Doping The PN Junction Types of Diode Diode Rectification
Semiconductor Fundamentals
Conductor, Insulator, and Semiconductor These elements have unique electrical characteristics because of:
Valence Electrons Band-Gap/Energy Level Different Resistivity
Questions
Which of the following rules govern the distribution of electrons in each shell in an atom?
1. Theory of uncertainty 2. Quantum distribution 3. Pauli exclusion principle 4. Gaussian Distribution
Questions
Which of the following terms is used for the decrease in resistance as the temperature of the semiconductor increases?
1. Positive temperature coefficient 2. Negative temperature coefficient 3. Faraday temperature coefficient 4. Zero temperature coefficient
Silicon
Atomic Number: 14 Second most abundant element in the earths crust (25.7% by mass). Better noise floor compare to Ge.
Semiconductor
Solid State Devices/Semiconductor Doping The PN Junction Types of Diode Diode Rectification
Boron Group
Pnictrogen Groups
Electron Donor
N-type
Questions
Which of the following electronic devices operates by virtue of the movement of electrons within a solid piece of semiconductor material?
1. Transistor 2. Junction diode 3. Solid-state device 4. Each of the above
Questions
Which of the following electronic devices is a minute piece of semiconductor material that can produce complete electronic circuit functions?
1. Zener diode 2. Light-emitting diode 3. Integrated circuit 4. Field effect transistor
Questions
One of the most sensitive elements of semiconductor materials is galena. Galena is a crystalline form of what material?
1. Krypton 2. Bismuth 3. Strontium 4. Lead sulfide
Questions
Which of the following advantages, if any, does a conventional electron tube have over a semiconductor device?
1. It is more efficient 2. It has a longer life 3. It is more economical 4. None of the above
Questions
When compared to an electron tube, the semiconductor device has which of the following limitations?
1. The semiconductor is more sensitive to temperature 2. The semiconductor is used only in radar equipment 3. The semiconductor is difficult to adapt to commercial products 4. Each of the above
Questions
Which of the following terms is defined as the process by which an atom gains or loses electrons?
1. Quanta 2. Ionization 3. Loss of energy 4. Remaining energy
Questions
Electrons are NEVER found in which of the following bands?
1. Energy band 2. Valence band 3. Forbidden band 4. Conduction band
Questions
What determines whether a substance is an insulator, semi-conductor, or conductor?
1. The separation between the valence and forbidden bands 2. The separation between the conduction and valence bands 3. The separation between the conduction and forbidden bands 4. The separation between the forbidden band and the energy gap
Questions
Which of the following terms applies to the process that holds the atom together in a crystal?
1. Suhl effect 2. Superposition 3. Boundary defect 4. Covalent bonding
Questions
What name is given to the outermost shell of an atom?
1. First shell 2. M shell 3. Valence shell 4. Subshell
Questions
The movement of electrons in a semiconductor toward the applied voltage is termed
1. hole flow 2. positive conduction 3. negative conduction 4. electron current flow
Questions
What process takes place within the semiconductor to cause hole flow?
1. The breaking of covalent bonds 2. The combining of valence bands 3. The flexing of the material 4. The splitting of atoms
Questions
A material which has an equal number of electron-hole pairs and conducting electrons is known as what type of semiconductor material?
1. Extrinsic 2. Intrinsic 3. N-type 4. P-type
Questions
The process of adding impurities to crystals is known by which of the following terms?
1. Charging 2. Doping 3. Honing 4. Processing
Questions
The semiconductor doping impurities arsenic, antimony, and bismuthare classified as what type of impurities?
1. Active 2. Neutral 3. Trivalent 4. Pentavalent
Questions
In the P-type semiconductor, what are the majority carriers?
1. The electrons 2. The holes 3. The inactive atoms 4. The inert atoms
Semiconductor
Solid State Devices/Semiconductor Doping The PN Junction Types of Diode Diode Rectification
Forward Bias
Simplified model
Vt + ideal
Ideal
AC Resistance
Dynamic Resistance Based on the thermal voltage of the semiconductor
Average Resistance
Point-to-point limits for the operating region
Semiconductor Deratings
Diodes forward voltage and power handling capability is affected by temperature. This is called Derating
Questions
When the theory of semiconductors is discussed, what term(s) is/are used to describe the current that flows in the semiconductor?
1. Hole flow 2. Electron flow 3. Both 1 and 2 above 4. Electromotive flow
Questions
The placing of an impurity on a semiconductor of the opposite impurity and fusing the two together produce what type of semiconductor junction?
1. Grown junction 2. Alloy Junction 3. Barrier junction 4. Intrinsic junction
Questions
A perfect bond at the junction of the two diode materials is important for which of the following reasons?
1. It is the point at which rectification takes place 2. It is the point at which amplification takes place 3. It is the main structural point from where the diode gets its strength 4. All of the above
Questions
Current flow in a copper wire can be compared to current flow in what type(s) of semiconductor material?
1. N-type only 2. P-type only 3. N- and P-type 4. All types
Questions
What causes the process called junction recombination to occur when N and P materials are joined together?
1. The diffusion of electrons and holes moving across the junction into the two materials 2. The generation of heat which causes the electrons to bombard the holes at the junction 3. The development of an electrostatic field on each side of the junction 4. The loss of electrons to the depletion region
Questions
After the junction recombination process has reached equilibrium, what is the area that surrounds the junction called?
1. The anode 2. The free ion space 3. The depletion region 4. The electrostatic field
Questions
In a forward-biased PN junction, when an electron leaves the negative terminal of the battery and enters the N material, it becomes what type of carrier?
1. Loop 2. Signal 3. Majority 4. Minority
Questions
In the PN junction, which of the following actions will increase the number of majority carriers and increase current flow in a forward-biased condition?
1. Increasing the size of the P material 2. Decreasing the size of the P material 3. Increasing battery voltage 4. Decreasing battery voltage
Questions
What will happen if the voltage potential in a forward-biased diode is increased?
1. Diodes forward voltage will increase 2. Diodes voltage drop will decrease 3. Current passing through the diode remain constant 4. Current passing through the diode increases
Questions
A voltage applied to a PN junction so that it will increase the junction is called what type of bias?
1. Direct 2. Forward 3. Reverse 4. Indirect
Semiconductor
Solid State Devices/Semiconductor Doping The PN Junction Types of Diode Diode Rectification
Junction diodes
N-type and p-type junction
Schottky diode
Metal and semiconductor junction
Questions
Signal diodes are used for which of the following purposes?
1. As mixers 2. As switches 3. As detectors 4. Each of the above
Questions
What type of bias makes a diode act as an open switch?
1. Direct 2. Reverse 3. Forward 4. Switching
Questions
The number 3N345 identifies which of the following semiconductors, if any?
1. Diode 2. Transistor 3. Tetrode transistor 4. None of the above
Questions
One of the prime dangers to the semiconductor diode is heat. Excessive current generated by heat which eventually destroys a diode is called
1. junction overload 2. thermal runaway 3. thermoplastic action 4. thermionic emission
Questions
When replacing a diode in a circuit, which of the following safety precautions should you observe in removing the diode from the circuit?
1. Do not pry the diode from the circuit 2. Do not use excessive heat to remove the diode 3. Do not remove the diode from the circuit while voltage is applied 4. All of the above
Questions
As you make a front-to-back ratio check of a diode with an ohmmeter, your first measurement (forward) is a low resistance reading, and your second measurement (reverse) is also a low reading. What should be your evaluation of the diode?
1. It is open 2. It is shorted 3. It is good 4. It is leaky
Questions
What are normally the front-to-back ratio of (a) a power rectifier and (b) a signal diode?
1. (a) 10:1 (b) 50:1 2. (a) 10:1 (b) 300:1 3. (a) 300:1 (b) 10:1 4. (a) 300:1 (b) 50:1
Questions
What term is used for a semiconductor that has three or more elements?
1. Diode 2. Transistor 3. Duo-diode 4. Point contact
Semiconductor
Solid State Devices/Semiconductor Doping The PN Junction Types of Diode Diode Rectification
Questions
If the input frequency to a half-wave rectifier is 120 hertz, what is the output frequency of the rectified dc?
1. 30 pps 2. 60 pps 3. 120 pps 4. 240 pps
Questions
Given a series circuit of Diode-ResistorDC_Voltage, What is the voltage across a diode with any positive value of I? What is the current in a diode with any positive value of V?
Clamper
A network is one that will clamp a signal to a different dc level Also called a DC restorer
Transistor Define
What is a transistor?
is a three or more element solid-state device that amplifies by controlling the flow of current carriers (hole and electron) through its semiconductor materials. Its function is generally govern by the following:
Rectification Amplification Mixing Oscillation Switching
I C = IE
I C = IB
IE = IB
Fixed Bias
Emitter-Stabilized Bias
Questions
The term transistor was derived from which of the following words? 1. Resistance and capacitance 2. Transformer and resistor 3. Resistor and transformer 4. Transfer and resistor
In a transistor schematic, what is indicated by (a) the angular line with the arrowhead and (b) the direction of the arrow? 1. (a) Cathode (b) Direction of current flow 2. (a) Base (b) Direction of current flow 3. (a) Emitter (b) Type of transistor 4. (a) Collector (b) Type of transistor
Junction transistors have replaced pointcontact transistors for which of the following reasons? 1. Junction transistors generate less noise 2. Junction transistors handle more power 3. Junction transistors provide higher current and voltage gains 4. All of the above
What is the total number of PN junctions in a transistor? 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four
What is the total number of semiconductor layer in a transistor? 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four
What are the two junctions of a transistor? 1. Emitter-base and emitter-collector 2. Emitter-collector and base-collector 3. Emitter-base and collector-emitter 4. Emitter-base and base-collector
With proper bias applied to a transistor, what should be the relative resistance of (a) the emitter-base junction and (b) the base-collector junction? 1. (a) High (b) low 2. (a) High (b) high 3. (a) Low (b) low 4. (a) Low (b) high
For normal operation of a transistor, what is the bias of the (a) emitter-base junction and (b) base-collector junction? 1. (a) Forward (b) reverse 2. (a) Forward (b) forward 3. (a) Reverse (b) forward 4. (a) Reverse (b) reverse
In a transistor, what percent of the total current flows through the emitter lead? 1. 100 2. 98 3. 60 4. 5
What are the majority current carriers in (a) the PNP transistor and (b) the NPN transistor? 1. (a) Holes (b) holes 2. (a) Holes (b) electrons 3. (a) Elements (b) holes 4. (a) Electrons (b) electrons
How will the transistor currents be affected if the forward bias provided by VBB is increased? 1. IB will decrease, IE will decrease, and IC will decrease 2. IB will increase, IE will decrease, and IC will decrease 3. IB will increase, IE will decrease, and IC will increase 4. IB will increase, IE will increase, and IC will increase
What device provides an increase in current, voltage, or power of a signal without appreciably altering the original signal? 1. Diode 2. Amplifier 3. Oscillator 4. Power supply
. Which of the following is a transistor configuration that provides a phase reversal? 1. Common bias 2. Common input 3. Common emitter 4. Common collector
What term is used to indicate current gain in a common-collector configuration? 1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Gamma 4. X-ray
The common collector is also referred to by which of the following terms? 1. Low current gain amplifier 2. Voltage amplifier 3. Emitter follower 4. Grounded emitter
Which of the following conditions presents the greatest danger to a transistor? 1. Heat 2. High operating voltage 3. Excessive reverse current 4. Handling of the transistor
What method for checking transistors is cumbersome when more than one transistor is bad in a circuit? 1. Ohmmeter 2. Transistor checker 3. Voltage check 4. Substitution
Channel is skewed
The transfer characteristics defined by Shockleys equation are unaffected by the network in which the device is employed
Channels:
N-channel P-channel Complementary MOSFET (CMOS)
Depletion Type
Enhancement type
MOSFET Handling
The SiO2 layer at the gate of the CMOS offers a very high impedance input. For this to happen (and for appropriate electric field to be generated), this dielectric layer should be very thin. Because of this, the gate of the CMOS is very vulnerable to ESD, transients, and voltage spikes.
VMOS
The main disadvantage of MOSFET is reduced power capacity. This is resolved by decreasing the channel resistance, as in VMOS.
CMOS
Amplifier Define
An amplifier receives a signal from some pickup transducer or other input source and provides a larger version of the signal to some output device or to another amplifier stage.
Amplifier Classes
Filters
Presented by: Jupelm Alesna EcE #46806
Filters Define
A filter is a device or process that removes from a signal some unwanted component or feature. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies and not others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background noise.
Families of Filter
Bandform of Filters
Low-pass filter low frequencies are passed, high frequencies are attenuated. High-pass filter high frequencies are passed, low frequencies are attenuated. Band-pass filter only frequencies in a frequency band are passed. Band-stop filter or band-reject filter only frequencies in a frequency band are attenuated. Notch filter rejects just one specific frequency an extreme band-stop filter. Comb filter has multiple regularly spaced narrow passbands giving the bandform the appearance of a comb. All-pass filter all frequencies are passed, but the phase of the output is modified.
Uni-Junction Transistor
UJT Construction
UJT Biasing
Voltage Regulators
Presented by: Jupelm Alesna EcE #46806
Active Regulators
Linear Regulator
Fixed Variable
Switching Regulator
Charge pump
Buck
Boost
Buck-Boost
Oscillator
Presented by: Jupelm Alesna EcE #46806
Oscillator Define
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. Two kinds of oscillator are relaxation oscillators and harmonic oscillator
Relaxation Oscillator
RO using a UJT
Harmonic Oscillator
The harmonic, or linear, oscillator produces a sinusoidal output Often characterized by the frequency of their output signal: an audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz. An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to 100 GHz. A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below 20 Hz. Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually called inverters.