KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics I

DIFFERENTIATION
Dr. Ivy Tan Ai Wei Ext. 3312 awitan@feng.unimas.my awitan@feng unimas my
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Introduction
First order derivative of f(x) The first order derivative of the function f(x) at x=a is defined as

f ( a + h) f ( a ) f ' (a ) = lim h 0 h

provided the limits exists. If the limit exists, we say that f is differentiable at , y x = a. The process of computing a derivative is called differentiation. Common notation is df or f(x)

dx
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Example 1: Use the definition to find f (x) for f(x) = 2x2 + 1

f ( x + h) f ( x ) f ' ( x) = li lim h 0 h
2( x + h) 2 + 1 (2 x 2 + 1) f ' ( x) = lim h 0 h

2( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) + 1 2 x 2 1 f ' ( x) = lim h 0 h

2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 + 1 2 x 2 1 f ' ( x) = lim h 0 h

4 xh + 2h 2 h( 4 x + 2h) = lim = lim 4 x + 2h = 4 x f ' ( x) = lim h 0 h 0 h 0 h h

Example:

Use the definition to find f (x) 3 for f(x) = x + 2 x

Basic Rules of Differentiation

1. Constant Multiplication Rule If y = f(x) and k is a constant:

d dy y (k ) = k ky = kf ' ( x) dx dx
Example: Given y = 5x. Find the derivative of 2y.

d dy (2 y ) = 2 = 2(5) = 10 dx dx
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2. Sum Rule If two functions are differentiable then both functions differentiable, can be dealt separately.

d d d [ f ( x) + g ( x)] = f ( x) + g ( x) dx dx dx
d d d [ f ( x ) g ( x )] = f ( x ) g ( x) dx d dx d dx d

Example 1: y = x4 + x2

dy = 4x3 + 2x dx
Example 2: y = x4 - x2

dy y = 4x3 2x dx

3. Product Rule If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable at x it is possible to x, differentiate f(x).g(x)

d d d [ f ( x).g ( x)] = f ( x) ( g ( x)) + g ( x) ( f ( x)) dx dx dx

or

[ f ( x) g ( x)] ' = ).

f ( x) g ' ( x) + g ( x) f ' ( x)

Example 1: y = (4x2 1)(7x3 + x)

dy = (4 x 2 1)(21x 2 + 1) + (7 x 3 + x)(8 x) dx

= 84x4 + 4x2 21x2 -1 + 56x4 + 8x2

= 140 x 9 x 1
4 2

Alternatively, for this example you can multiply the term and differentiate in normal way.

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Example 2: If f(x) = x2 tan x. Find f (x) Using product rule f (x) = x2 [sec2 x] + tan x (2x)

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Examples: Find the derivative of

a) f ( x) = (3x 2x )(5+4x)
2

b) f (x) = 3x sin x
2

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4. Quotient Rule f (x) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable at x, for ( ) g( ) , and g(x)0. g( ) g(x) Then

d d g(x) ( f (x)) f (x) (g(x)) d f (x) dx dx = dx g(x) [g(x)] 2

g(x) f ' (x) f (x)g' (x)) = [g(x)]2

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x2 2 dy Example 1: y = 2 . Find dx x +1
dy = dx ( x 2 + 1) d d 2 ( x 2) ( x 2 2) ( x 2 + 1) dx dx ( x 2 + 1) 2

dy ( x 2 + 1)( 2 x ) ( x 2 2 )( 2 x ) = dx ( x 2 + 1) 2

dy 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 x 3 + 4 x y = dx ( x 2 + 1) 2
dy 6x = 2 dx ( x + 1) 2
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Examples:

d (tan( x)) = sec 2 ( x) i) Show that d ( x)

ii) Differentiate

1 co s x y = sin x

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Differentiation of Polynomial Functions

d n ( x ) = nx n 1 dx
Example 1: Find the derivative of f(x) = x3

d 3 ( x ) = 3x2 f (x) = ( ) dx d

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Example 2: Find the derivative of f(x) = x8 and g(t)=t107 Solution: We have

d 8 x = 8 x 81 = 8 x 7 f(x)= dx
Similarly

d 107 t = 107t 107 1 = 107t 106 g(t)= dt

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Example 3:

dy If y = 2x4 2x3 x2 + 3x 2, find dx

dy d d 2 d 3 dy d 4 = 2 ( x ) 2 ( x ) ( x ) + 3 ( x ) ( 2) dx dx dx dx dx dx

= 2(4 x 3 ) 2(3 x 2 ) 2 x + 3(1) 0

= 8x3 6 x 2 2 x + 3

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Differentiation of Composite Functions

Chain Rule If y = f (u) and u = g(x), then y = f (g(x)) and the chain rule says that

dy dy du = . dx d d d du dx

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Example 1: Differentiate y = (x3 + x 1)5. For u = x3 + x -1, note that y = u5.

du = 3x 2 + 1 dx
dy dy du = . dx du dx

dy = 5u 4 du

dy = 5u 4 (3 x 2 + 1) dx

dy = 5( x 3 + x 1) 4 (3 x 2 + 1) dx
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dy Example 2: Find if y = 4 cos x3 dx

Let u = x3
du = 3x 2 dx

y = 4 cos u
dy = 4 ( sin u ) du

dy dy du y y = . dx du dx
dy = ( 4 sin u )(3 x 2 ) dx

dy = 12 x 2 sin x 3 dx

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Examples: Find the derivative of f

a ) y = cos 3 x

2 2

b) y = (cos 3) x c) y = cos(3 x) d ) y = cos x

2

e) y = cos x
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Review
Differentiate iff i
a)y = 4 sin 5x 5x 5x 4

y = 3 tan 4 3x b)

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Differentiation of Circular Functions

Consider finding the derivative of f(x) = sin(x). From the definition, we find that
f ( x + h) f ( x ) f ' ( x) = lim h 0 h

= lim

sin( x + h) sin( x) h 0 h

sin( x) cos ( h) + cos ( x) sin ( h) sin( x) = lim h 0 h

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Grouping terms with sin(x) and terms with sin(h) separately

sin( x ) cos( h ) sin( x ) cos ( x ) sin ( h ) = lim + lim h0 h0 h h

cos(h) 1 ( sin (h) = sin( x) lim i ( li + cos ( x) lim li h 0 h0 h h

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Thus, we find that the derivative of f(x) = sin (x) is given by

= sin x (0) + cos x(1) = cos ( x )

We write,

d (sin( x)) = cos ( x) d ( x)

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The derivatives of all six trigonometric functions are summarized as follows:

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Example:
Show that

d [ [cos x] =sin x dx d

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Differentiation of Inverse Functions

Let us consider now finding the derivatives of f(x) = sin-1 ( ) (x). Let y = sin-1(x)

dy d = [sin 1 ( x)] dx dx
Instead f differentiating y = sin-1( ) we differentiate x = I t d of diff ti ti i (x), diff ti t sin y with respect to x. We obtain x = sin y

d d ( x ) = [sin y ] dx dx
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Applying the chain rule to the right hand side, we find that
1= [cos y] dy dx

Now, sin2(y) + cos2(y) = 1 , cos2(y) = 1 sin2(y) cos (y) = 1 sin 2 ( y )

We also know that y , 2 2

since x = sin y

2 hence cos (y) 0 , Thus, we cannot take y= - 1 x

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we take

cos (y) = 1 x 2

It follows that,

dy 1 = (cos y) dx

dy y = 1 x 1 dx dy y 1 = dx 1 x2
2

d 1 1 (sin x) = dx 1 x2

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The derivatives of all six inverse trigonometric function are summarized as follows:
1.

d 1 1 sin ( x) = , for -1 < x < 1 2 dx 1 x

1 d cos 1 ( x) = dx 1 x2

2.

, for -1 < x < 1

3.

1 d 1 tan ( x) = dx 1+ x2

4.

1 d cot 1 ( x ) = dx 1+ x2
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5.

1 d , for |x| > 1 sec 1 ( x ) = dx | x | x2 1

d 1 , for |x| > 1 | | csc 1 ( x ) = dx | x | x2 1

6.

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Example 1: p
dy Find for y = sin-1 3x ( using the chain rule) dx

y = sin-1 3x

dy 1 d = [ (3x)] 2 dx dx 1 (3x)

1 1 (9 x )
2

[3]

3 1 (9 x 2 )
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Example 2:
dy Find dx for y = cos-1(2x2 + 1)10

y = cos-1(2x2 + 1)10
1 d dy y = [ (2 x 2 + 1)10 ] dx 1 (2 x 2 + 1) 20 dx

d 2 = [10(2 x + 1) . (2 x + 1)] 2 20 dx 1 (2 x + 1)
2 9

1 1 (2 x + 1)
2 20

[10(2 x 2 + 1)9 .(4 x)]

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Compute the derivative of :

a ) cos (3 x ) b )(sec
1

x)
3

c ) tan ( x )

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