GTD 315/3: PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY II

TITLE: PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTIC

GROUP MEMBER: LATIFAH BT AHMAD RADHIAH BT ISMAIL NUR FARHANA BT AZMY BIBI NABIHAH BT ABDUL HAKIM SYAIDATUL NADIA BT ROSLAN 105166 105176 105173 105162 106066

TABLE OF CONTENT: NO 1 TITLE Introduction PAGE 2-5 5

Comparison between prebiotic and probiotic

List of prebiotic products

6-8

List of probiotic products

9 - 11

Conclusion

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References

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INTRODUCTION In the mid-1990s, prebiotics, have generated scientific and consumer interest become a regulatory debate which alter the composition and activity of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota to improve health and well-being, The Life Sciences Research Organization, Inc. (LSRO) held a workshop, Prebiotics and the Health Benefits of Fiber: Future Research and Goals, in February 2011 to assess the current state of the science and the international regulatory environment for prebiotics, identify research gaps, and create a strategy for future research. Scientists have defined prebiotics as a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health (Roberfroid 2007). Prebiotics are nondigestible foods that make their way through our digestive system and this may help the growth of healthy microflora (bacteria) to populate in our large intestine. The flourish of this bacteria will keep an individual healthy and strong. Carbohydrate fibers called oligosaccharides are the most common source of prebiotics. As it is indigestible, the oligosaccharides will remain in the digestive tract and thus stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. In addition to digestible carbohydrates used by humans for energy, a variety of poorly digested carbohydrates are contained in fruits, vegetables, and other plant foods. In general, humans do not have the necessary enzymes to break down these specific types of carbohydrates into smaller pieces that can be absorbed by the gut (Gibson and Roberfroid 1995). Since these carbohydrates are poorly digested, they are available as a source of fuel for the beneficial bacteria in the large bowel (Roberfroid 2007). There are various types of prebiotics. Typical sources of prebiotics are unrefined wheat, oat, barley, soybeans, and Jerusalem artichokes (which contain inulin). Other prebiotics include fructo-oligosaccharides used as an alternative sweetener. Generally, prebiotics may improve heart health by lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also may improve our immunity. Infant formulas containing a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides may protect against the development of eczema or dermatitis in babies at high risk for allergic skin conditions. The research was conducted by Dr. Guenther Boehm from Numico Research Germany, Friedrichsdorf. Human breast milk contains natural prebiotics that
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promote the development of a healthy immune system, which can help prevent allergies. Prebiotics can favorably affect development of the immune system of infants by altering the bacteria in the bowel and in so doing reduce the chances of skin allergy developing in at-risk infants. Prebiotics also increase the bioavailability and uptake of minerals and data suggest that they reduce the risk of obesity by promoting satiety and weight loss. Besides, prebiotics also may prevent individual from getting colorectal cancer as harmful microbes that cause inflammation or producing carcinogenic agent are reduced. Prebiotics also stimulate peristalsis and elimination thus prevent the occurrence of constipation. Prebiotics such inulin appears to be beneficial for bone health. Here, inulin will probably increase both bowel and boosting the volume of fluid in which calcium can dissolve and thus raising the concentration of calcium in the body. Probiotic in Greek known as for life. It is a substance that contains microorganisms or bacteria that are beneficial to the host organism. Probiotic commonly known as friendly bacteria and it helps in creating a healthy microflora balance inside the intestinal tract. Probiotics work by crowding out the bad bacteria within the digestive system. The probiotics then attach to the intestinal wall where they increase the number of beneficial bacteria regulating and maintaining balance between the beneficial and harmful bacteria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics but certain yeasts and bacilli may also be used. Probiotics are commonly consumed as part of fermented foods with specially added active live cultures such as in yogurt, soy yogurt, or as dietary supplements. At the start of the 20th century, probiotics were thought to beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance, and inhibiting pathogens, toxin producing bacteria and destroying carcinogen. It is said by many experts that the lack of probiotic bacteria in the gut flora is the main root cause to many diseases of today. Today, specific health effects are being investigated and documented including alleviation of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, prevention and treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhea, urogenital infections, and
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atopic diseases. Other than that, probiotics support our health by supporting immune function and aiding the digestive system. Around 83% of human immunity is located in the gut wall. It also helps in enhancing the bodys absorption of food and nutrients, and thus, repopulating the depleted intestinal flora. Probiotic plays an important role in protecting the gut wall against harmful bacteria that can cause a leaky gut. A leaky gut allows pathogens to break through the gut wall causing havoc in the body. Thus, by consuming probiotics will help in keeping our gut clean and enhances the production of vitamin. The basic concept behind probiotics is that our body is host to microorganisms or bacteria known as gut flora that are essential to health. Substances containing these microbes can be taken as a way to improve our body beneficial microbial population. Probiotics have become an important part of nutrition because our microbial populations have been altered by the use of antibiotics and other substances that are designed to kill germs and disease. A therapeutic dose of probiotics can help prevent and treat conditions like:

Auto immune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) Irritable bowel disease (IBS) Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerated colitis and Crohn's disease) Vaginal infections (candida or thrush) Ear infections. Throut infections. Eczema. Allergies. The risk of allergies in infants can be reduced by maintaining a good bacterial balance in pregnant mothers or by modulating the intestinal flora of the infant with probiotic bacteria. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacteria strains both have shown to prevent the risk of allergies and to speed up recovery.

Collic and lactose intolerance. Probiotics are generally considered safe as they are already present in a normal digestive

system. However, it is advisable to make sure the ingredients are clearly marked on the label and familiar to us and health provider to prevent any severe adverse effects. There is no way to judge

the safety of unidentified mixtures unless it is has been approved by any agencies and health association.

COMPARISON BETWEEN PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS Prebiotics Definition A non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon. Potential benefits Examples Food sources May health May improve calcium absorption Inulin, (FOS), Polydextrose Arabinogalactan Polyolslactulose, lactitol Whole grains Onions Bananas Garlic Honey Leeks Artichokes Fortified foods and beverages Dietary supplements Certain yogurts Cultured dairy products, Fructo-oligosaccharides Certain species and strains of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Yeast improve gastrointestinal May improve gastrointestinal health and systemic immunity Probiotics Substances secreted by one microorganism which stimulates the growth of another organism and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance.

and non-dairy applications

PROBIOTIC PRODUCTS

NAME OF PRODUCT Yogurt Mix (Cosway product) 30 sachets

PICTURE

INGREDIENTS OF PRODUCT Four super strains acid-and antibiotic-resistant friendly bacteria, including L. acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium Bb-12, Streptococcus thermophilus Th-4 and L. casei LC-01 Free of preservatives, artificial colourings or flavourings, and food conditioners. Natural orange flavour.

Nestl Cerelac Infant Cereal Rice (4-6 months)

Rice flour, Maize Maltodextrin, Vitamin C, Mineral (Iron), Culture (Bifidus) May contain traces of milk and soy.

Nestle natural set yogurt

Milk

solids,

stabiliser,

mixed

live

culture

(Lactobacillus Strepthococcus

acidophilus, thermophilus).

Bifidobacterium

Lactis,

Contains stabiliser as permitted food conditioner. All additives are of plant or synthetic origin.

Nestle Bliss

Strawberry juice (contains potassium sorbate, citric acid), sugar, milk solid, inulin, stabilizer, flavoring, colouring, citric acid, steviaextract, mixed live culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lacus, Streptococcus thermophilus). Contains stabilizer as permitted food conditioner. Contains stabilizer as permitted food conditioner. Contains permitted flavoring and colouring (Anthocyanin). All additives are of plant or synthetic origin.

Nutrigen Lite Yo

Water, sucrose, milk solids, mixed berries juice (blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, red grape, white grape, mulberry), collagen (from fish), Acidity regulator (citric acid E330), live culture (lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus

thermophilus). Stabilizer (E440). Mixed berries flavor and colour (E124, E133).

PREBIOTIC PRODUCTS NAME OF PRODUCT ENFAGROW A + Original milk powder PICTURE INGREDIENTS OF PRODUCT DHA, Linoleic acid (Omega 6, ARA precursor), alphalinoleic acid(Omega 3, DHA precursor), sialic acid, dietary fiber (FOS & Inulin), Vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K1, vitamin C, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin B12, calcium, selenium, nucleotides, choline

Heinz Farleys Rusks

Wheat flour, sugar, vegetable oil, banana, calcium carbonate, fructo-oligosaccharide (chicory roots),

natural flavouring, emulsifier (Monoglyceridal), fish oil (DHA), Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, niacin, Panthotenic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, iron, zinc, iodine, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus

Abbott Isomil Rumusan Khas Soya Tanpa Laktosa

Hydrolyzed corn starch, soy protein, sunseeds oil, coconut oil, peanut oil. Mineral: (calcium phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, ferum sulphate, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, potassium iodide, sodium selenite), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), soy lecithin, arachidonic acid (AA). Vitamin: (ascorbic acid, choline chlorise, ascorbic palmitate, tocopherol, niasinamide, calcium pantotenate, d-alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A palmitate, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, phyloquinone, biotin, vitamin D3, cyanocobalt), I-methionine, docohexanoic acid (DHA), m-inositol, taurine, Itryptophan, I-carnitine tatrate, carotenoids (lutein, betacarotene.

Nestle Lactogen 1 infant formula

Protein air dadih (susu lembu), maltodekstrin, susu tepung skim (susu lembu), laktosa, olein kelapa sawit, minyak biji sesawi erusik rendah, minyak kelapa, galakto-oligosakarida (GOS), minyak bunga matahari, mineral, lesitin soya, frukto-oligosakarida (FOS), minyak ikan, vitamin, taurina, L-karnitina. Mengandungi lesitin soya sebagai kondisioner makanan yang

dibenarkan. Aditif makanan adalah daripada sumber tumbuhan atau sintetik.

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Dutch Lady 0-12 month

Susu lembu skim, pepejal dadih susu lembu tanpa mineral, minyak sayuran (minyak kelapa sawit, minyak kanola, minyak isirung kelapa sawit, minyak bunga matahari, minyak sel tunggal), laktosa, frukto-

oligosakarida (FOS), pepejal sirap glukosa, kalium sitrat, kalsium kakbonat, magnesium klorida, minyak ikan, natrium sitrat, natrium askorbat, kalsium fosfat, magnesium fosfat, natrium klorida, kalium klorida, taurina, ferum sulfat, kalsium hidroksida, zink sulfat, DL-a-tocoferol asetat, L-askorbat palmitat, nicotinamida, kalsium pantotenat, kuprik sulfat, asid sitrik, retinil asetat, lesitin soya, tiamin hidroklorida, piridoksina hidroklorida, beta-karotena, mangan sulfat, asid folik, kalium iodida, fitimenakuinon, natrium selinit, D-biotin, kolekalsiferol

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CONCLUSION Probiotic is a substance that contains microorganisms or bacteria that are beneficial to the host organism. While prebiotics are non- digestible foods that make their way through our digestive system and this may help the growth of healthy microflora (bacteria) to populate in our large intestine. Both prebiotic and probiotic have a relationship with each other. Prebiotic required for bacterial growth and activity of probiotic. Probiotic bacteria are not normally found in the intestine and when they are introduced, they are often quickly eliminated. Prebiotic foods are therefore vital in order to encourage probiotic bacteria to survive and thrive. The beneficial bacteria need to be constantly introduced into the body and fed the correct foods to ensure that they stick to the intestinal wall rather than passing straight through the digestive tract. Inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides are examples of prebiotic and can easily found in certain infant formula. Whereas, certain species or strains are example of probiotic and usually can be found in yogurt drink. Lack of probiotic cause weakening of our immune system and we prone to get disease. Intake of probiotic through diet is more than adequate for normal people.

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REFERENCES 1. International Food Information Council Foundation, Functional Foods Fact Sheet: Probiotics and Prebiotics (October 15 2009) [online] Available at: < http://www.foodinsight.org/Resources/Detail.aspx?topic=Functional_Foods_Fact_Sheet_ Probiotics_and_Prebiotics> 26th of April 2012 2. Probiotics and how probiotics benefit our health [online] Available at:
<http://www.purenewyou.com/probiotics.html> retrieved 27 April 2012

3. Health benefits of taking probiotics [online] Available at: <http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0905c.shtml> retrieved 27 April 2012 4. Shereen Jegtvig, 2012. Prebiotics and Probiotics. [online] Available at: <http://nutrition.about.com/od/therapeuticnutrition1/p/pro_prebiotics.htm> [Accessed 27 April 2012] 5. Body Ecology, 2007. Why Prebiotics are Essential to Your Heart Health & Immune System. [online] Available at: <http://bodyecology.com/articles/prebiotics_essential_to_heart_health.php> [Accessed 27 April 2012] 6. Abbott Nutrition, Prebiotics educations. [online] Available at: < http://abbottnutrition.com/Education/Prebiotics-Education.aspx> [Accessed 26 April 2012]

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