http://earth.gis.usu.

edu/imagestd/ Image Standardization: (At-sensor Reflectance and COST Correction) Image standardization is the process of normalizing image pixel values for diffe rences in sun illumination geometry, atmospheric effects and instrument calibrat ion. Standardizing imagery improves the ability to mosaic adjacent imagery and c ompare imagery over time (e.g. change detection). Because some procedures involv e collecting in-situ atmospheric measurements and radiometric transfer code (RTC ), they are difficult and more costly to implement. The procedures used by this website are image-based, requiring no additional information other than that pro vided by the imagery. This website provides three tools that create ERDAS Imagine TM spatial models (. gmd format). Each tool creates a different .gmd file providing a slightly differ ent approach to standardization. These tools are designed for Landsat 5 TM and L andsat 7 ETM+ scenes and require, as input, the header file (*.h1) accompanying NLAPS formatted imagery from the USGS at Eros Data Center. 1) DN-to-Reflectance Conversion: This tool creates a spatial model (.gmd file) that converts the image s digital nu mbers (DN, or voltage measurements) to at-sensor radiance and computes at-sensor reflectance while normalizing solar elevation angle. The equation is as follows : Where, rBandN = Reflectance for Band N LbandN = Digital Number for Band N D = Normalized Earth-Sun Distance EbandN = Solar Irradiance for Band N With Header File Without Header File 2) COST Atmospheric Correction: This tool creates a spatial model (.gmd file) that converts DN to reflectance as in tool # 1, but in addition includes an image-based atmospheric correction pro cedure using the Chavez (1996) COST method. The equation is as follows: Where, rBandN = Reflectance for Band N LbandN = Digital Number for Band N HbandN = Digital Number representing Dark Object for Band N D = Normalized Earth-Sun Distance EbandN = Solar Irradiance for Band N t = Atmospheric Transmittance expressed as With Header File Without Header File 3) COST without Tau (Dark Object Subtraction) Atmospheric Correction: This tool creates a spatial model (.gmd file) using the Chavez (1996) COST metho d, with the exception that it omits Tau (t). The equation is as follows: Where, rBandN = Reflectance for Band N LbandN = Digital Number for Band N HbandN = Dignal Number representing Dark Object for Band N D = Normalized Earth-Sun Distance EbandN = Solar Irradiance for Band N

With Header File

Without Header File

Frequently Asked Questions References: Chavez, P.S. Jr., 1996, Image-based atmospheric corrections revisited and revised. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62(9): 1025-1036. Chengquan Huang, Limin Yang, Collin Homer, Bruce Wylie, James Vogelman and Thoma s DeFelice, 2002. At-satellite reflectance: A first normalization of Landsat 7 ETM+ Images. WWW URL: http://landcover.usgs.gov/pdf/huang2.pdf, US Dept. of Int erior, USGS. Markam, B. L. and Barker. J. L. 1986, Landsat MSS and TM post-calibration dynami c ranges, exoatmospheric reflectances and at-satellite temperatures, EOSAT Lands at Technical Notes, 1: 3-8 DISCLAIMER: The tools on this website are designed for the purposes outlined ab ove. The RSGIS lab recommends you test the models prior to using them. The to ols on this website are provided as-is, without warranty of any kind, express or i mplied. The RSGIS lab and Utah State University do not warrant that the operati on of the tools shall be error free. Users bear all risk as to the quality and performance of the tools. Download .exe versions of these tools If you have questions or comments regarding this website, please contact