SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Software engineering is a science involving mathematics by which the capabilities of the computer are made useful

to man via programs, procedures and documentation. We use phased process to solve the problem as it guarantees for checking the quality and progress of the project. The development process generally cannot deal with the changes so software configuration control process. The objective is to deal with change so that cost and quality are met. These activities are done by the configuration control board. There is a aim to detect the defects at a early stage at the development process so there is a verification and validation at each step of software development. In verification consistency with inputs is checked and in validation consistency with the user needs. The waterfall model This consists of a series of steps and the documents received after verification and validation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. System feasibility --- feasibility report Requirement analysis---requirements document System design---system design document Detailed design---detailed design document Coding---programs Testing and integration---test plan and report Installation---installation report maintenance

The major drawback of this model is that requirements are assumed to be frozen after that step but it is not so. Prototyping A throw away prototype is build to study the requirements in a better way. Prototype undergoes development, design, coding etc but not in much detail. The risks associated with the projects are being reduced through the use of prototyping. The cost of developing prototyping may exceed but it is used when we need to understand the requirements in a better way and it reduces the cost of the later stages. Iterative enhancement Each step enhances the capability adding some functionality to the project. It enhances testing as testing is done at each stage. The increments provide feedback to the client so it is good to get the requirements.

The spiral model It focuses on the risk driven approach. The activities in the model can be organized as the spiral that has many cycles. The radial dimension represents the cumulative cost and the angular dimension the progress made in completing each spiral. The first quadrant identifies the objectives of the cycle and the constraints that are there. The next quadrant is used to resolve the risks involved The next quadrant develops and verifies the next level product. The next quadrant has a review that covers all the products in that quadrant along with the plans for the next phases. Project management process it contains the planning 1. which has all the planning like cost and schedule estimation, quality etc Monitoring and control 1. it covers most of the development process. 2. It ensures that all the goals for the project are met or not. Termination analysis It is to provide the information about the development process. The data about the process is gathered to be used for later use. Metrics Metrics provide the quantification of some property. Measurements provide the actual value for the metrics. Models are required to get the value of the metrics that cannot be measured directly. Software configuration management process It is the discipline for controlling the changes that take place during the development process. It is the process of the identifying and defining the cycle, recording the changes in these items and verifying the changes and correctness of these items. Changes occur during the different phases of the development process. These are developed by the development team only but the change, evaluating the impact and deciding what needs to be done is done by the SCM.

It controls changes so that they have minimum effects on the cost, quality and schedule. There are various baselines that are defined and they form the basis of change. Functional or requirements baseline is the requirements baseline which specifies the reqs of the software. Design baseline consists of the different components of the system and their designs. Product or system baseline consists of the developed system. The baselines may consist of software configuration items. These items are considered as the basic unit of modification. Most of the decisions regarding the change are taken by the configuration control board headed by the configuration manager. First the sci is developed then sent to the cm for review and then it si entered into the library after which it is officially under scm. Library management consists of various versions. The change is initiated by the change request which consists of the three parts. 1. It describes the change, reason and the sci that are affected by it. 2. It consists of the decision of the ccb on this and the comments. 3. It is filled by the implementer who later fills in the details. Capability maturity model It identifies the current state of the process and methods to improve it. There are 5 levels in it. The 5th level is the optimizing level in which focus of the organization is to improve the process further. SRS Need 1. 2. 3. 4. The srs bridges the comm. Gap. It forms the basis of agreement with the client. It acts as a reference for the final product. A high quality srs is needed for high quality product.