WADD TECHNICAL REPORT 60-42

AD-A280 890
SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF FATIGUE OF MATERIALS
J-~33/

Harold N. Cummings Curtiss-Wright Corporation, PropellerDivision Caldwell, New Jersey

il-i

DTIC
E L E C T ;D

19941,It JUN 14&

cl)

JULY 1960

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

94-18371

NOTICES When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement operation, the United States Government thereby incurs nd responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.

Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from the Armed Services Technical Information Agency, (ASTIA), Arlington Hall Station, Arlint. on 12, Virginia.

This report has been released to the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., for sale to the general public.

Copies of WADD Technical Reports and Technical Notes should not be returned to the Wright Air Development Division unless return is required by security considerations, contractual obligations, or notice on a specific document.

WADD TECHNICAL REPORT 60-42

SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF FATIGUE OF MATERIALS

HaroldN. Cummings Curtiss-Wright Corporation,PropellerDivision Caldwell, New Jersey

Accesion For NTIS CRA&I DTIC TAB Unannounced Justification ............................

By ........................ ......... Dist ibution I Availability Codes

JULY 1960

Materials Central

Contract AF33(616)-6552 Project No. 7381

Dist

Avail and Ior Special

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND UNITED STATES AIR FORCE WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
600 - October 1960 - 3-165

Ak

FOM WOED
This report was prepared by Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Propeller Division, under USAF Contract No. AF 33(6W6)- 6552. This contract was Initiated under Project No. 7381, 'Materials Applications', Task No. 73810, OLiploratory Design and Prototype Development.0 The work was administered under the direction of the Materials Central, Directorate of Advanced Systeas Technology, Wright Air Development Division, with Mr. K. D. Shimmin aoting as project engineer. This report covers work conducted from May 1959 to April 1960. The interest and suggestions of Messrs. .oH. Horgen, Director of Engineering, Fe B. Stulen., Assistant Chief Engineero Analysis, and W. C. Schulte, Chief Metallurgist, at Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Propeller Division, are gratefully acknowledged.

WADD T.. 6o-42

ABSTRACT In this report are given not only the fatigue properties of many structural materials but also the "static" properties and such other supplementary information as was given in the references consulted. The data are in general from room temperature tests, but a few data are given on tests at higher temperatures. The data are presented in tables and on curves, supplemented by brief discussions in the text.

PUBLICATION REVIEW

This report has been reviewed and is approved. FOR THE COMMANDER:

W. J. TRAPP Chief' Strength and Dynamics Brahch Metals and ceramics Laboratory Materials Central

WAfDD TR 6o-42

iii

s*zawc
I Introuction e... e

mAOZ
o.#.oo.%.o.
. . . . . .

e.*..
.

o.a..*...
.0 . 0. 0.

1 1

1.1 1.2
1.3

Purpose of This Report. . . 0 0. The Format of This Report . . . . Notation. . . . . . o.. . . o . . . .* , * a *o o . o e *o . , 'to

.
.

. . 0 * .e

0 . . . .* e 0 0 0 * . . 0. 0 .
*

1 2 2
2
2 4 7 9 0 1
14

II

Steels
2.1 2.2

* * *e . "

General . . Discussion of Iata Liii in 2.2.1 2.2.2

2.2.3
2.2.4

SAS Steels 1008 to 4335. . .o.a0 00 0 sAESteels 4340 toJ45, 0..o* ....eo... SAE Steels 52100 to 98B40 . . . . . . .o . . o Special Steels . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . .
. . . . . . . .

III

Heat Resistant Alloys.. 3,1 General . ..

, , .
.

3.2
IV

Discussion of Data' inable V

. .

. 0

0 0
0

.10

Alunminum Alloys*

& v .

0 0 0 *..

0 e

4.2

Discussion ofiaaianTiablesoVlto*Xi
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.4

14
...
.. .

Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14.).. Aluminum Alloy 2024 24s). Aluminum Alloy 6061 (61S). Aluminum Alloy 7075 758).

.....
. . ... .

..
.... . . .

14 14

4.2.5

4.2.6
V

o . . . . o o. o. oo.. . Aluminum Alloy 7076 (76B). . o Aluminum Alloy 7079. , - - o o - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . .

16
16

18
18 19

Magnesium Alloys

5.1
5.2
VI

General ...
Discussion oi Lata'in ablef i
. .
.

19
00
...

90 *0 0* 19

Titanium Alloys.

. . .

a 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . .

21 i
1 21 24

6 .1 . G enera l ... 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 .0 .0 . 6.2 Discussion of Data in Table XIII. ... . . . VII Misoellaneous M 7.1 aterials. ................... o o
.
. . .

7.2

General . . i Discussion of . . .

Da

Table

"
.

o e e 0n

24
24

Bibliography List
of

. . o
.o. . .. .

*
. . . . . . . .

e e a e o e o e
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

268

List of Authors of References.

. 274 . 276

Materials.

..

..

..

wADD TR 6o-42

Iv

LIST OF TALES

TAWZ I II In SAS Steels 1008 to 4335 SAB Steels 4340 to 4350 o *... ................ 0....
. .

PAGE *........... ......... 28 40 . .

.

5200 to 98B40 .. US Stools

Special Steels. 0 .. . . .

............
. .
.

54
. .. a 62

IT
V VI VAI VIII IX x XI

. .

0 .

. . . 0. .

Heat Resistant Alloys

. . o

....... . ..

. . .................... ..........

..........

66 82 ..... . . 84 58 90

Aluinum Alloy 2014 (14) o AluminumAlloy 2024 (2) Alloy 6061 (61S) Alumlnum .

.............. .................. . .
..
. o. ... .. . ...

Aluminum Alloy 7075 (75S) . . Aluminum Alloy 7076 (768)

. . . . . o o o
. ..
.... . .

..............
.o. . . .
. . . *o

96
. .
. o.. *. o

Aluminum Alloy 7079 . . . .

Magnesium Alloys. Titanium Alloys .
. . . . . .. .

. . . . . o o o

loo
102 114 128

XII XIII
XIv

Niscellaneous Materials

... o o a *

............

LIST OF ILWUSTRATIOIS JIGUH PAGE Fatigue Strength of Steels vs. Ultimate Tensile Str6ngth. S-N Curves for SAE 1008 Steel, Decarburized and Not
Decoaburized. .. *. *. . .
.

1
2

. 138
.

..

. .

..

139

3 4
5 6 7
8

S-N Curves for 1020 Steel ...

e......

.........

. 14o

S-N Curves for 1040 Wrought Steel, Annealed,

81.4 Icui UTS . . . . 141 . . 141

S-N Curves for 1040 wrought Steel, Normalized and Tempered, . . . . . 90 ksi U'S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. S-N Curves for 1040 Cast Steel, Annealed, 83.5 ki UTS1 . . . . . 142
S-N Curves for 1040 Cast Steel, Normalized and Tempered,
94 .2 ika 1 UT . . . . . . .. . .. * .* . .
.

* * . e . . * . * . . 142
. . . .

S-N Curves - Carburized 2315 Steel, Smooth .

. .

143

VAW'Tt 60-42

. "-.

S~PAOZ
9 10 11
12 13

Design of Notch Used for Fatigue Tests or Carburized Steels . . . . 144

S-N Curves - Notched 2315 CarburIzed Steel.
.e. . . . . .e . . . .

.144 .145 .145

146

S-N Curves - Smooth 2330 Carburized Steel . . S-N Curves - Notched 2330 Carburized Steel. S-N Curve for SAE 2340 Steel, Notched . . Axial Stresses.
.

. . . ... .
.

. . . . 0
.

. . .*.
. .

. . & . . *
.

. *

. . .

14 15
16

Approximate S-N Curves for Normalized 4130 Steel.

. . . . . .* . .. 0

Fully Reversed

# e e. * * * a e e * * e e

.147
.148

Alternating vs. Mean eStress, for ..Normalized. 4130 Steel. e9o # o...........** .. Axial Stresses*....
S-N Curves - Steel SAE

00
a
.
. .

4320 - "Transverse" Specimens.

...

.149 . 150

17

S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 263 kel UTS . . . . S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 250 ksl UTS . . .....

18
19 20 21 22 23 24

.150

S-N Curve for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 236 ksl TS . . . . . .150 S-N Curve for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 222 kul UTS . . . . . .151 S-N Curve for V-Modifled

4330 Steel, 201 ksi JTS. .

. . . . . . . . .

...

.151

Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit for

Quenched and Tempered SAE 4340.. Quenched and Spheriodized SAE 4340.
. . .* .

. 0 0

.152
.152

Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit of

* - - * o
.
.*. . . .

* e e

S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 164 kei. ..

*. e *

*153 .
..

25
26 27 28 29

S-N Curves, for Fully Reversed Axial Stress, of SAE 4340 Steel.
S-N Curves; SAE 4340 Steel. S-N Curves; SAE 4340 Steel. Low RAT..
. . .*. . . . . . . .*. e

154

e155

High RAT . . . . . . . . ....

0 .. 0 .155
.*. *

"Fully Reversed" S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp. S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp.

.156

- With Steady Stress . .156

. . .

30 31
32 33

Alternating Stress - Steady Stress Diagrams for Different Lifetimes. SAE 4340 Steel, of 158.5 kl UTS. Axial Tests.
S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, S-N Curves for SAE MTS 150 kcal. . . . . . . .

.157

.158 . *.159 ..160

4340 Steel

......

......

Mean Endurance Limit vs. 1TS of SAE 4340 Steel.. . . . . . . . 0

34

S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, 172 ismi U7S, Tested in Bending . . . 161
vi

WADD TH 60-42

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) F3DURE 35 36 37 38 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, 172 k1.
172 ksl UTS . . . . . . . . . . .

PAGE UTS, Tested in Torsion . . . 161

. ... . . ..... . 162

Alternating vs. Steady Bending Stresses for SAE 4340 Steel, Alternating vs. Steady Shearing (Torsion) Stresses, for
SAE 4340 Steel,

172 ksi UTS . .

..

. 162

S-N Curves of constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life, for SAE 4340 Steel, 1410 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests .
. . . .
.

* *

. e * . .*. .

163

39

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life, for SAE. 340 Steel, 190 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests ..... a . a *
. ..

. e.

164

40

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at R. R. Moore Constant Life, for SAE 4310 Steel, 260 kul UTS.
Rotating Beam Tests . .
.

. .

. ..

..

..

..

..... a

.165

41

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life, for SAE 1340 Steel, 230 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 166

42

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. Heavy Solid Line, - Vacuum Melted SAE 1340 Steel,

190 ksl UTS. 43 44 45 46

47

190 kel UTS Light Dash Line, - Aircraft Quality SAE 4340 Steel, a. 167 *. . * * oe ........... a........e* 0 9
Transverse Smooth
. . . . . . . . . . 168 . ..
. .

Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, ISTS 140 kei.

Specimens. Specimens. Specimens. Specimens.

R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests.

Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 190 ksi.

Transverse Smooth
. . . . .

...
. .

169

Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 230 ksl.

R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests.

Transverse Smooth
* a
. . .

.170
.

Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 260 ksl.

Transverse Smooth
. .. .e . . . . .

171

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. R. R. Moore Rotating Beam Tests of 4350 Steel,

300 ksi UTS ..

..

. . . . ..

..

. ..

. . . . . ..
. .. . . . . . . .

..

. ..
. .

. 172
.173

48 49 50 51 52

S-N Curves for 52100 Steel, Rc= 59 . S-N Curves for 52100 Steel, Rc =45
.

. ..

. .

.. *....

.174

S-N Curves - 52100 Steel, Rotating Beam Specimens . .0. . . . . . 0175 S-N Curves for 8630 Cast Steel, Normalized and Tempered,
110.5 kol UTS ... o. e . *................00 . 0 00 0* 176

S-N Curves- for 8630 Cast Steel, Quenched and Tempered, 137.5 kBI DTS . . . . .......... . . . ..........
vII

176

WADD TR 60-42

--

,,

mn

nn

io

nnn

ie

g-l

nu

LuS
FIGURE

or nLBYAwmixoU

(Contuinued)
PAGE

53
54

S-N Curves for 8640 Wrought Steel, Quenched and Tempered, . * * e * * * a .. 138 kal UTS . . . . . . . . . . ..
S-N Curves for 8640 Wrought Steel,

* . *

177

108.5 k-ei u . . . . ..

...

. Normalized and Tempered, ... . . . . .

.0.
*

177
178 179 o 179

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
63 64

S-N Curve for 14B50 Steel, Smooth . ..

. . . . .
. ..... .....

S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 302.6 ksinUTS ... S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 284 ksi UTS .o
.

........... S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 270 ksUl TS ... S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 245 ksi UTS S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 204 ksitl TS ........

...

. .

* * 179 * 180 180 .0.

. *.

S-N Curves for Tricent Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . .

181

S-N Curves for Crucible UHS-260 Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . , 182 S-N Curves for Super TM-2 Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . .0. . . 182 S-N Curves for Hy-Tuf Steel, 243 ksi UTS . ....
.. ....

.183
. . . . .

65 66 67 68 69. 70

S-N Curves for Super Hy-Tuf Steel, 260 kni UTS. . ..

. .

183

Approximate S-N Curves for Ferrovac WB-49 Steel, Not Nitrided

and Nitrided . . . . . . o. 0. .....

0 0...............0

184
185 186

S-N Curves for Udimet 500, Hastelloy R-235, and GMR-235 Heat Resistant Alloys. .*. , o * .. * * * * * * . * .. ** . .. . . .. S-N Curves for SAE H-l1 Alloy Steel Bar Heat Treated to ...... 280-300 ksi UTS . . . . . . . S-N Curve for H 23 Hot Work Tool Steel. . . ... .. .... . . ..
.

.187
.

S-N Curves for Heat Resistant Alloys Tested at Room Temperature S-N Curves for Inconel X Sheet, Heat Treated to 155 Isl . * .. * * * o * * . . * ... * * * * Minimum UTS * e * . * S-N Curves for Inconel X-550 Alloy. ........... & &90

1%8

71
72 73

. . 189 9 191
* . .

17000F S-N Curves for Inconel 713C at Zero Steady Stress and a e * e * * e .* . o . * * at Zero Alternating Stress. . e * * 1700o7 S-N Curves for Inconel t13C at Several Combinations of .... 0 . ... Steady and Alternating Stress . . . .a. . . . . . S-N Curves for S-816, Lapelloy, and Type 403 Alloys . . ..
..

74 75
76

192 193

S-N Curves for M-20 Steel, Re 61-62, Not Nitrided and Nitrided. Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life . .

. 194

WADD TR 60-42

Viii

LIST 0F ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) FIGURE 77 78

79

PAGE S-N Curves for PH 15-7 Mo Stainless Steel, Condition RH950,

Heat Treated to 225 kui Minimum UTS
.0. . . .'. 0 .
0

.. 0

&.

195 196

S-N Curves for 17-7 PH Stainless Steel, Condition TH1050,

Heat Treated to 180 ksi Minimum UTS e
.

e .

&

. *

. 4 .. a......

S-N Curves for Refractaloy 26 at Room Temperature .

..

197

80
81

S-N Curves for X-816 Alloy ..

............

198

S-N Curves for Sandvik Steel, for Two Heat Treatments . .0. . . . . 199

82 83
84
85 86

S-N Curves for 347 Stainless Steel, Showing Steady Plus Alternating Stress
. . . .

. ..

.e.

200

S-N Curves for 403 Stainless Steel, Showing Steady Plus Alternating Stress .
. . . . .
o

201

S-N Curves for Stellite 31 (X- 4 0) Alloy

S-N Curves for 6.3%

....
. e...0...... . .. e

......
..

. 202
202 203

Mo-Waspalloy ....

S-N Curves for 16-25-6 Timken Alloy

.. e

. . .

87

S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for Two Heat Treatments, at Room Temperature, 12000, 14000, and 16000, With Zero Steady
Loads (A ='o ) * e *
0

e e

e * 0

.. * *

0 * 0

204

88

S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 141 Alloys for Two Heat Treatments, at Room Temperature, 12000, 114000, and 16000, With Steady Loads * * 0 * 0 # 0 e . . . 0 0 * * * 0 * * * .. .. .. (A -o.67) .
S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for One Heat Treatment, at . . . . . 14000 and 16000p, With Steady Loads (A = 0.25) . .0.

* 205

89

206

90 91

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14s-T),

Extruded .

. 207 ..
. & ..

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 (14S-T6)

Rolled . e .
0 * 0 0 e

208
208 # 209

92 93
94

Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N

Aluminum Alloy, Rolled. .0
*

107 Cycles, for 14S-T6

0 0 0

S-N Curves for 2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.

Longitudinal, and Short Transverse, Axial Tests .0. . . . . .
* *

. .

S-N Curves for Notched Alclad 24S-T3,

Kt =

Kt z 2.5.. e a 0
e o. * e* * 0
0 0

.* a e
0 * 0

210
* 210

95
96
97 98

Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Notched Alclad 24S-T3,

2.5.

e * * * e e e o e. *

S-N Curves for Alclad and for Bare 24S-T3, Smooth ..

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, Extruded . .. S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled. ..
0

. . e
e . e 0 .. # .
. . . *

* . 211 . 0
*.

211 212

WADD TR 60-42

ix

Ijay or UaMYAYZ

(Continued) PAGE

VMS=

99
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

AlmIinum Alloy, Rolled.

Alter'nating vo. Mean Stress, for N

. ..
.. .
.

207c) Cycles, for 24S-T4

a 0 * a
..
* * *

.* * . . . .

212
.

8-N Curves for 248-T3 Plate, Fully Reversed .

213

Alternating vs. Mean Stress for 24S-T3 Aluminum Alloy Plate . . . . 214 S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled.
. . a
. . . . .

.215

Alternating vs. Steady Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 2 4 S-T, Smooth . . 216 AlternatIng vs. Steady Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, . . . ............. Notched, itt = 2.05. . .... S-N Curve for 2IS-T3, Axial Loads, Fully Reversed at Three
Speeds, on Notched Specimens,

216
.
.&. . . .

Kt z 4,0. * * * * . . * *

217

Typical Load-Time Curves for Part of S-N Curve on Fig. 105.

. . . . 217

S-N = ma) *for * ... e Aluminum Alloy. (A Curves & 61s-T6 * ... * *. .

Fully . Reversed Stress . .

218

S-N Curves for 61S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Steady plus Alternating . . 218 o . . .. . .. ..0 * Stress (A = 1.0) . . . . . . . . . S-N Curves for 615-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheet, for Steady Plus .218 Alternating Stress (A = 1.0) .................. S-N Curves for Alolad 75S-T6, Notched, Kt

110
ll

2.5 .

. . .

.219

Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Alclad 75S-T6, Notched,

Kt z 25. * .. e .

...

.. . . ..

..

..

... 219

112 113 1l4 115 116 117

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 755-T, Extruded, Smooth Specimens . . 220 S-N Curves . for Aluminum Alloy 758-T6, Rolled Plate, Smooth o . * o .. . . .. .. . .. . Specimens S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 758-T6, Plate. . * . .. . . . . *. Axial Stress. . ..
Reversed Axial Stress . . . . . . . .
e .

221

Fully Reversed
. . . . . . . . . . o222 .

Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 758-T6.

Fully
.223

S-N Curves for 758-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled . . . . . . . S-N Curve, 758-T6 Rolled and Drawn Rod, Smooth and Notched. S-N Curve, Extruded Bar 75S-T6, Smooth, . . . . . .*. . .
...
.
.

. .224
.

.225

118
119 120

0 0225

S-N Curve for 758-T Aluminum Alloy, Showing Mean, and... Scattere *. .226 . .. . . . ... *. .... Band,. Log-Probability Diagram Showing Fatigue Life-Times, at Different . . . .226 " Stresses, for 758-T6 Aluminum Alloy ....... x

VADD YR 6042

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) vIFGw 121 122 S-N Curves for 753-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Various Probabilities
of Failure. . . . * * a * * * * *. * * .* . .
. . . . . . . * . . 227

PAGE

S-N Curve for 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Axial Loads, Fully Reversed, on Notched Specimens. Kt 2 4. * . . . . 0. .

..

227
.

123
124

S-N Curves for 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.

Longitudinal, and Short Transverse, Axial Tests . . .
.0. .
. .

228

S-N Curves for 768-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Bending Stress Superimposed on the Indicated Steady Bending Stress . . . .0. . . . 229

125
126 127 128

S-N Curves for 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Torsion Stress

Superimposed on Steady Torsion Stress . .. S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy X76S-T.
Alloy . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

* 229

Rotating Bending Tests . . . 230

. . * o .* . . . o . . . . .e 230

S-N Curves for Vibratory Reversed Bending of X76S-T Aluminum

. * * * a .. *a

Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress, for Notched X76S-T Aluminum . . . . . . . * * * * 9 . . . . .*. . Alloy. Kt 0 3.6..* * * &

231 231

129 130
131 132

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 7076-T61.

Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. .

10, 50, and 90%

......

S-N Curves for 7079-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.

Longitudinal,
*

* * and Short Transverse, Axial Tests . . . . . . . . . . * * S-N Curves for Magnesium Alloy AZ31X, Not Coated, and Coated

232

Anodically to 0.0025 inch Thickness

. ..

..

..

. 233
234

S-N-R Curves for Magnesium Alloy FS-lhq Smooth. Smooth Sheet, for N = 107 Cycles . .

. ..

..

..

133
134

Steady Stress vs. Alternating Stress for Magnesium Alloy FS-lh,

. . .. . . .0 e . * a *
.

234 . 235

S-N Curves for Extruded Magnesium Alloy ZK6OA-T5. .-. . . . . . .

135 136

Magnesium Alloy .236 Alternating Stress107 and 10. Stress .............. . ZK6OA-T5, for=N = vs. Steady Cycles for Extruded Alternating Stress v . Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy . ... . . . . ZK6OA-T5, for N : 101 and 5(103) Cycles ...
S-N Curves for Magnesium Alloy J-.
. . . . .. .. .....

237 238

137
138 139 140 141

S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of FS-la (AZ31A-0) S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of J-1 (AZ61A-F) S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of 0-1 (AZ8OA-F)

Magnesium Alloy.

. . . 239 240 241 242

Magnesium Alloy.

. .a. .

Magnesium Alloy. . . . .

S-N Curves for AZ-81T4 Cast Magnesium Alloy . ...........

WADD TR 60-42

xi

LIST OF 1LTPSRATIONS (Continued) FIOUIG 142

S-N Curves for Smooth Specimens of Magnesium Alloy HM-31 and HK-31 at Room Temperature and at 5000, 6000 and 6500F, . . . . . . * . .0. . . . . With Steady Loads (A = 1.0) .*. *

PAGE

243

143

S-N Curves for Smooth Specimens of Magnesium Alloy HM-21 at Room Temperature and at 5000 and 6500F, With Steady Loads
(A = 1.0) and Without Steady Loads (A -). .
.

. a

244

144

S-N Curves for Smooth and Notched Specimens of Titanium & . Alloy, RC 55 Type . . . . . . * . 0 . . . .9 . .

2145

145
1*6

S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of Titanium Alloys TI-150A and

RC-130B ..

. . . o........000 ... . . ...

0& 0

00&
. . .

246
247

S-N Curves for Titanium Alloy RC-130B . Speeds With and Without Coolant ..........

.......
......

147
148

S-N Diagrams for Ti-75A Titanium Alloy Tested at Different

Effect of Alloy Content on the Fatigue Properties of Ti-Cr-Mo .. .. . . a . * * * .0 . 0 * . Alloys. . . 0 * ... * . . *

248
249 249 249

149
150

S-N Curves for 6 Al-4 Va Titanium Alloys, for Two Heat

Treatments . . . .
. . .

..

.. *

a .

... .

S-N Curves for 6 Al-4 Va Titanium Alloy - Constant Probability * * o* . e .. of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. . .

151 152

S-N Curves for 6 AI-4 V Titanium Alloy Bar, Heat Treated

to 160 kul Minimum UTS . .. . . . & . * ... 0 0 0 . . * a & 250

S-N Curves for Aged, and Annealed, Smooth 7 AI-3 Mo Titanium Alloy, at 750, 4000 6000, 8000, and 1000O,, With Zero
Steady Load (A =l
. . . . . . .0 . * . 0 .
.

251

153

S-N Curves for Aged, and Annealed,Smooth 7 Al-3 Mo Titanium

Alloy, at 750, 4000, 8000, and 1000,F, With Steady Loads (A = 0.67 and 1.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 252
* *. *

154

S-N Curve for Both Smooth and Notched Gray Iron ...

e*

253

155
156

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

Constant Life. R. R. Moore Tests of Al-NI Bronze . . . .*. . .
. .

254
254

S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. R. R. Moore Tests of Beryllium Copper . .0.

157
158

S-N Curves for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminated . . . . S-N Curves for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminates . . . .

255 256
257 258

159 160

S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass-Fiber-Reinforced

Plastic laminate, With and Without Superimposed Mean Stress
. .

S-N Curve of a Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

Plastic Laminate, at 450 With the Warp. .
. . . . . . . . . .

WADD TR 60-42

Xi1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

FIGURE 161 162 S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass Fabric Reinforced
Plastic

PAGE

Laminate.

. . . . . ..

.
* .

a 258
*

S-N Curves of Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

Plastic Laminates .. . *
* *

a . *

* * * .

* *
* *

& 259

163 164
165 166

S-N Curves for a Glass Fabric Laminate Plastic.. . S-N Curves for Natural and Laminated Wood.
and Laminated Woods . . . Rotating Bending Tests. . . . . .
. . .. . .

...

260 .261

.........
. . . .

Approximate S-N Scatter Band for 200k Specimens of Natural

.
. . . . .

262 263

S-N Curve for Brush QMV Beryllium.

. .e. . .

Smooth Specimens.
. . . . * . ... . * . .

167
168
169

Stress-Rupture Curves for QNV Beryllium at 1100OF o . .0. . . .

264

Approximate S-N Curves for Beryllium, Smooth and Notched. Steady Plus Alternating Stress, at Room Temperature . o . . . . 265
Approximate S-N Curves for Beryllium, Smooth and Notched. Alternating Stresses Only, at 1100 0 F. o . . o 0 . . .
. .

. 266 . 267

170

Approximate S-N Curves for Beryllium, Smooth and Notched.

Steady Plus Alternating Stress, at 2100OF .
.

o o

WADD TR 60-42

xiii

SECTION I. 1.1 Purpose of This Report

IMTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to provide research and design engineers and metallurgists with, as nearly as possible, complete data as to the "room temperature" fatigue properties of structural materials, and a few high temperature properties, as determined in the laboratory. Also, since these properties can he so radically changed by so many different variables, as discussed in ref. (I)-/, the report presents for each item all of the special conditions under which its reported fatigue properties hold good as far as they are stated in the
references.

The values of fatigue strength for a specified cycle life, listed under Se in the tables, must of course be understood to be an average or median value. In other words, only about one-half of the specimens tested had as much strength, and the other half showed less than the tabulated strength. In the few cases in which a value of the "standard deviation" is given, some extrapolation downward may be Justifiable, but it must be done cautiously. Reference (2) should be consulted for a discussion of the statistical analysis of fatigue data. 1.2 The Format of The Report The information gathered from the references is presented in tables,
figures and brief discussions. Each individual value of Se is given a line in the proper table, and an "Item" number in the table. In these tables, the data for each item begin on the left hand page, anJ are continued on the right hand page, on which the item numbers are repeated. Information not covered by the topics in the tables is given in the brief discussions to be found in Sections II to VII and on the figures referred to in the discussions. A list of the materials, with Table, Paragraph, and Figure numbers, is given at the back of the report. 1.3 Notation

A
AC cpm Elong. FC Ht. ksi

Ratio of Alternating to Steady Stress

Air Cool Cycles per minute Elongation (Static) Furnace Cool Heat Thousands of psi

Kt OQ R1
R R.A. RAT R.T. Se

Geometric (Theoretical) Stress Concentration Factor Oil Quench Ratio of Minimum to Maximum Stress
Root Radius of Notch Reduction of Area (Static) Reduction of Area, Transverse Room Temperature Fatigue Strength, Fully Reversed Stress, Number of Life Cycles

for Indicated

Sm St. Dev. UTS

WC

Mean (Steady) Stress Standard Deviation of Fatigue Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength (Static)
Water Cool

YP _

Yield Point (Static)

Manuscript released by the author March 31, 1960 for publication as a WADD Report. 2_/ Numbers in parentheses refer to the Bibliography. WADD TR 60-42

SECTION II. 2.1 General

STEELS

Steels given SAE or AISI numbers are placed in Tables I to III. Other steels, in general, are listed as Special Steels and will be found in
Table IV. These are steels designed by the steel-makers, usually for various specific fields of application. Stainless steels, however, have been classified as Heat Resistant Alloys and listed in Table V, since they offer considerable resistance to corrosion under high temperature conditions. The long-life (N = 107) fatigue strength of smooth steel specimens, and also of specimens notched with theoretical stress concentration factors anywhere from 2.0 to 4.0, have been plotted on Fig. 1. Steels that have been carburized or nitrided are not plotted on the figure. 2.2 2.2.1 Discussion 9f Data in Tables I to IV

SAE Steels 1008 to 4335

Items 1-3

Ref. 3

These tests on SAE 1008 steel were run primarily to see if lowe . the carbon content nearly to the vanishing point would lower, or eliminat .e "fatigue limit" of the iron. Fig. 2 shows the S-N curves for the 1008 at before and after decarburizing. It must be pointed out that the effect sh.ii on this very low carbon steel cannot be extrapolated to predict the results of partial decarburization of modern high strength steels. Items 4-5 steel". S-N curves are given on Fig. 3. Items 6-23 Ref. 5 Ref. 4

The 1020 steel was "hot-rolled bar stock . . . of electric melted

In this series of tests the "cast steels were supplied in coupon form, the wrought steels in the form of hot-rolled stock". Eight to eleven specimens were tested for each S-N curve. The tests were primarily to study the relative merits of cast and wrought steels. For the materials tested the authors conclude that "there Is no advantage of one material over the other at either small or large numbers of cycles when critically shaped notches are present in steels tested in fatigue". Figs. 4 to 7 give S-N curves for the 1040 steel. (See also data on 4135, 4140, 8630 and 8640 steels). Items 24-30 Ref. 6

Material is Smooth 2315 Steel. Specimens were carburized to a depth of 0.041" to 0.044". Fig. 6 shows SiN curves. These studies were made in connection with studies of the fatigue of full-scale rear-axle automobile gears. The gears failed at fatigue strengths, or lives, much less than the tests predicted, therefore the authors of reference 6 concluded that stress concentrations due to designs or machining marks, etc., were more responsible for the failures than the choice of one steel rather than another of those studied. NOTE: There is no particular significance in the fact that "Item 30" is in the same block as Item 27, on Fig. 8.
Items 31-33 Ref. 6 Material is Notched 2315 Steel. A pecullar~design for notched R. R. Moore specimens was used. The desl nis shown in Fig. 9. Authors of ref. 6

WADD TR 60-42

OWs

of the shpe of the cross-sectlon through the notch, this point is more highly stresd than In the center of the notch. Failure starts, however, at the Intersction ot the bottom of the notch with the surface where the stress is No method Is known for calculating stress at that point; apparently highest. therefore, the value obtained for the surface opposite the notch was used in "An Approximation plotting curves". In the "Discussion"p R. E. Peterson says: can be obtained by means of the Neuber solution, reference 7, which gives a stress concentration factor of 3.14 for the two-dimensional ease and 3.M7 for S-N curves are given in Fig. 10. the three-dimensional case". Items 34-.-T Ref. 6

*3t Nmes

were calculated at the surface opposite the notch.

Because

Material is Smooth 230 Steel for Items 34-36 and Notched 2330 Steel r-N curves for See Items 2to 3A &Dove for general discussion. for Item 37. S-N curve for Notched Garburized Smooth Carburized 2330 are shown in Fig. 11. 2330 is shown in Fig. 12. Items 38-39 Ref. 8 for notched specimens

The "endurance limits" for this SAE 2340 steel were obtained from a
few specimens. The reference shows an S-N curve, only, based on eight specimens. Items 40-44 Fig. 13, 10

Ref.

For this SAE 1130 steel, approximate S-N curves for fully reversed stressing, plotted from data in the reference, are given in Fig. 14. Fig. 15 shows the effect of mean (steady) stresses superimposed on the alternating stresses. In general, the S-N curves upon which these items depend were each based on from five to ten or fifteen specimens. Items 45-52 steel. Ref. 5

Discussion of Items 6-23 applies also to these items on 4135 and 4110 Item 53 Ref. 11

Etching showed the grain flow of this 4320 steel to be transverse to the axis of the specimens. Static properties are given as determined at Wright Field "Tested transverse to the direction of rolling". Fig. 16 shows the S-N curve as traced from the reference report.
Items 54-59 Ref. 12

Thest tests show the nitrided notch strength to be about triple the unnitrided notch strength for this 4320 steel. Comparison of Items 56 and 55, or 59 and 58, indicates that increasing the time of nitriding from 8 to 15 hours Increased the long life fatigue strength of the specimens tested by about 15 percent.

Items 60-67

Ref. 13

data for fatigue properties were scaled from various charts in the reference report. The material is described as "hot- rolled from commercial, electricfurnace heats". The S-N curves taken from the report are given on Figs.

Most of the data for static properties of this 41330 steel and all

17-21.

WADD TR 60-42

Items 68-73

Ref. 14

These six values of Se for 4330 steel indicate variations among three different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse specimens cf each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each Se. amounting to from 1.6 to 14.4 ksl. These tests were made by the Prot method which theoretically gives So for Infinite life. Static properties are averaged from tests of two to four specimens. The small differences among them are probably not as significant as they appear to be. Items 74-77 Ref. 5

Discussion of Items 6-23 applies also to these items on 4335 steel. 2.2.2 SAE Steels 4340 and 4350 Items 1, 2 Refs. 15,16

It should be noted that by changing the heat treatment the item 2 steel was given a different microstructure and a reduced tensile strength. It may be presumed that this accounts for the reduced fatigue strength of the Item 2 steel. The method of computing stresses as reported in reference 15 was reviewed in reference 16 and certain inaccuracies pointed out. The stresses reported herein are based on the findings of reference 16, both in the data tables and on the S-N curves, Figs. 22 and 23. The S-N curves, Figs, 22 and 23, show the statistical variability of the two steels. Note that the finite life variability was obtained by analyzing constant-stress data, whereas the endurance limit variability was obtained by analyzMg constant-life data. A large number of specimens was used for these studies, wATER gves a-high degree of confidence to the resultsA for the type of specimen used and the manner of testing. The "endurance limits for these items may be presumed to be lower than would have been obtained if the specimens had (See Figs. 14, 15, been "round, rotating" instead of "rectangular-cantilever". 16 of reference 23). The implication of the report, reference 15, Is that inclusions rather than surface finish, determined fatigue strength. (Surface finish In not reported for these specimens.). Items 3-12 Ref. 17 The reference reports a size-effect study on specimens of SAE 4340 steel for sizes from 1/8 inch to 1 3/A inch diameter. There is an Implied conclusion in the reference that size effect is extremely small, in case-oiFextrapolating from test results on specimens In the neighborhood of 2" diam. to specimens of greater size. Considerable variability appears in the detailed data of this refer'ence. The authors of the reference believe It to be due, at least to a considerable degree, to non-uniformity both transversely and longitudinally in metallurgical structure of the 3" diameter bars used as source material. (Photomicrographs show pronounced bending In some of the longitudinal sections.) This Is thought, by the authors, to account for the disproportionally low endurance limit of the notched 1 3/4" diameter specimens. Fig. 24 shows S-N curves from the reference report. Each of the curves, as shown, Is based on only about a dozen test specimens. Items 13-16 Fig. reversed axial specimens were two curves for WADD TR 60-42 Refs. 18,19,20 25 based on reference 20, shows individual S-N curves for fully tests on four hardnesses of the steel. The curves for smooth derived by extrapolation from tests on notched specimens. The the 190 ksi UTS steel represent specimens from different bars. 4

Twelve speolmens were tested for each S-N curve on Fig, 25.
Items 17-20 Ref . 21

These steels are called SAl 4340 but they are somewhat low in carbon, This fact should be taken into account in conparticularly items 19 and 20. sidering either the static or the fatigue strengths, both of which might have been a little higher if the carbon had been chosen to the usual 4340 speoifications. It Is to be noted that two heats of steel were used, each hardened However, one of the heats to about the same static strength as the other. (items 17 and 18) showed low ductility in the direction transverse to forging, and correspondingly low fatigue strength in the transverse direction. This heat also showed more variability in the transverse tests than in the longitudinal tests. Each value of Se in the data table Is based on a staircase test of The S-N curves, Pigs. 26 and 27, were obtained by combinabout 50 specimens. Ing the staircase (2) test results with the results, in each case, of about 15 additional specimens tested at constant stress. The 2 0, curves show scatter Scatter in long-life strength, shown in the data table, was in finite life. determined from the staircase tests. Items 21-26 Ref. 22

In this report on high temperature fatigue tests, a considerable These data are amount of data were obtained on 4340 steel at room temperature. presented herein. The discovery of a few unusually large inclusions led to "Micro-examination considerable study of the cleanliness of SAE 4340 steel. of the specimens made by the metallurgical laboratory of the Republic Steel Corporation revealed some fine dispersed globular non-metallic inclusions . . . . the inclusions proved to be carborthroughout the matrix of the steel. undum crystals with silicate glass, . . . which is probably a deoxidation . . . Check tests with product rather than a product of refractory erosion. supposedly clean material; submitted by Republic Steel Corporation especially However, In for this purpose, revealed negligible influence in this respect. a few specimens of this material, submitted by Republic Steel Corporation, small inclusions of the same appearance were found, which may indicate that the SAE 4340 steel in general is permeated by this composition". S-N curves, Figs. 28 and 29, give Information regarding Items 21,#23, 24 and 26. Data for Items 22 and 25.were obtained from tests run at "zero to In such tests, the mean (steady) stress varies continuously maximum tension". throughout the S-N curve, so that a curve of the type of those on Fig. 29 cannot be drawn. Alternating stress-steady stress diagrams (modified Goodman diagrams) are given for both smooth and notched specimens on Fig. 30. Items 27, 28 Ref. 23

Fig. 31 shows the "control" S-N curves for 4340 steel obtained by the authors of reference 23 incidental to the main purpose of their tests, which were studies of the effect of varying amplitude.

Items 29-39
levels.

Ref. 24

Fig. 32 shows results of tests of 4340 steel, especially at high stress of high stress level specimens so seriousHeating effects shortened life

ly that cpm were reduced,

for them, from 3450 to 90.

Note that curves for items 38 and 39 show alternating stresses only, and that for any value shown on these curves there was also a steady stress of WADD TR 60-42 5

magnitude equal to the maximum tensile alternating component; - In other words, zero to tension. the tests were "puleating", I.e., Fig. 33 shows mean "endurance limits" increasing linearly with UTS, For higher tensile strengths the "endurance limits" have, up to 220 kcl UTS. in general, been found to increase at a slower rate for this steel. Item 40 Ref. 25

Reference states The 4340 steel was taken from two propeller shanks. studies show no significant difference in the strength of the that statistical two shanks, therefore, the data from the two shanks were combined. p. 887 of the reference, data were taken, and From Tables II and III, analyfed by the Step Method (reference 2)s which gave the mean endurance limit at 10 cycles as 86 kal, and the standard deviation from t e-"ean as 8.0 ksls for this steel which had been heat-treated to about 160 ksl UTS. Items 41-56 Ref. 26

The S-N curves for 4340 steel shown on Figs. 34, 35, were "drawn separately by inspection in order to represent the trend of the data". The effect of steady stress, as shown in the reference, is shown on Figs. 36, 37. Of course, stresses plotted to the right of the yield-point boundary are more of the nature of modulus-of-rupture points, since the nominal formula used for calculating them (Nc/I) does not apply in the plastic region. Note that torsional steady stress, according to Fig. 37, appears to have only a slight effect on torsional alternating stress.

Items 57-62

Refs. 27,28

S-N curves for 4340 steel are shown on Figs. 38,39,40. At least 280 specimens were used in determining each of the six S-N curves on these figures. Between 170 and 200 additional specimens were tested and the results used In determining the values of Se for each of the items 57, 59, and 61. This gives an unusual degree of reliability to these values of Se, but only for the single
heat from which all of the specimens were taken.

Items 63-67

Ref. 29

The S-N curves for 4340 steel, for items 63 and 64, appear on Fig. 41. The tests Two hundred or more specimens were used for each of the S-N curves. were made to "investigate the actual fatigue behavior of SAE 4340 steel in what range". The reference states that "the rehas been reported to be a brittle ported brittleness of the 230 ksi UTS steel tested is perhaps not so serious as had been thought". About 450 For items 65 and 66, the S-N curves are given on Fig. 42. Attention specimens of vacuum melted steel were tested for each of the curves. is called, in the reference, to the fact that "the notches cut in the 'notched' and strength of the steel to practicalvacuum melted specimens reduced the life ly the same values previously found for the air-melted steel". The steel used for item 67 was made by the consumable electrode method. Only 20 specimens were tested and the reference suggests that the value of Se as determined by an abbreviation of the Prot method is subject to some uncertainty.

Items 68-71

Ref. 30

These tests of the transverse fatigue properties of SAE 1340 steel were made on steel from the same heat that was used for items 57-72.* The purpose

WADD TR 60-42

'fRM.

. maust~lgto the zlat5ve oeffcet of non-,aleable spheroidal Inclusions tftvw* as oesared with lon~gitudImil specimens.* The reference concludes 40~.
as*Obe ags-.aleable inolusion. n the present steels ar
of a ow . not Important causes B-N otves for the four different hardnesees are given in Pigs.

Items 72-75 and notched 4340 steel. Items 76-85

Reo.

These items show the effect of different heat treatments on smooth

Ref. 14

These ten values of Se for 4340 steel indicate variations among five different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse specimens of

each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each So, amounting to from 2.0 to 3.8 ksi. These tests were made by the Prot method, which theoretically gives So for infinite life. Static properties are averaged from tests of two to four speqimens. The small differences among them are probably not as significant as they appear. Items 86-87 Ref. 29

The S-N curves for this 14350 steel, shown on Fig. 417, are based on about 250 smooth and 250 notched specimens. item 88-95 Refe. l2

These eight values of So for 4350 steel indicate variations among four different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse specimens of each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each Se, amounting to from 3.5 to 4.5 ksi. These tests were made by the Prot method which theoretically gives So for infinite life. Static properties are averaged from tests of two to four specimens, The small differences among them are probably not as signifioant as they appear to be. 2.2.3 SAN Steels 52100 to 98B40 Items 1-22 Ref. 32

Each S-N curve of the 22 that are shown on Figs. 48 and 49 was drawn to represent either 7 or 8 specimens. There is not enough information to warrant any assumption as to the variances of the "fatigue strengths" listed in Table III. (The fatigue strengths are given as listed in the reference report.) Tentative conclusions, as to the effect of various degrees of gentleness in surface finishing, as shown in the table below, are drawn in the report, but it is shown that the differences are so small in many cases that they may not be significant. Much greater differences occur, in general, between the tests of round and of flat specimens of the same material, In addition to the effect of shape, there may be some small difference chargeable to the difference in the speeds of testing round and flat specimens. Surface Treatment of Specimens Tested for Fgse. 40, '19 Item 2 Surface Treatment Gentle grind Gentle grind Gentle grind Dry grind Gentle grind Gentle grind & shot peen & tumble
"8

Type Round
"

No. of Specimens 8 7 48 7

& hand polish & heat treat. & hand polish 7

" "

VADD Tn 60-42

Surface Treatment of SUeemens Tested

row Fly,. 40. 49 t contInuea j Item Surface Treatment Type

"No. of Specimens 8 8 8

10

Gentle grind Gentle grind & hand polish Severe grind Gentle Gentle Gentle Gentle

Flat
"8

Severe grind & hand polish

11 12 2j

grind & hand polish grind & tumble ggrind & shot peon grind

Round

7 7 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8

16
17 1

15

Gentle grind & hand polish & heat treat. Gentle grind & grit blast Severe grind & shot peon
Gentle grind & shot peon Severe grind & tumble Gentle grind

"

Flat
" " . "

19 20

21 22

Gentle grind & electropolish Severe grind Items 23-26 Ref. 32

The four sets of specimens were cut from a tube of 3 5/8" O.D. and 5/8" I.D., so that Items 23 and 25 were from the bore of the tube and Items 24 and 26 were from the outside of the tube. Items 2T-32 Ref. 33

A comprehensive study by Styri on 52100 steel. Particular attention is given to the apparent lack of an endurance limit for this steel in the high hardness state, a Rc 60, - and t3-the very conse-loe-rable scatter in the test results. Fig. 50 shows tests apparently comparable with R. R. Moore rotating cantilever tests. Size of specimens Is not stated. A supplementary set of tests was run on a special (vacuum) melt of 52100 to see if the size of inclusions affected the degree of scatter. "A wide scatter appears here also, in spite of the great reduction in size of foreign inclusions". Items 33-o0 Ref. 5 The discussion of Items 6-23 in paragraph 2.2.1 applies also to these Items on 8630 and 8640 steel. S-N curves for cast 8630 steel are given in Figs. 51 and 52, and for wrought 8640 steel in Figs. 53 and 54. Items 41-42 Ref. 8 In the case of the boron steel 14B50, the reference shows an S-N curve, Fig. 55, for smooth specimens only. Items 43-52 Ref. 13

For the data in Table III on this boron steel, 98B40, values were scaled from graphs in the reference report, Figs. 56-60 show the S-N curves as given in the report.

WADD TR 60-42

Items 1-6 given on Fig. 61.

Ref.

34

S-N curves for these tests of Tricent Steel (now called 300-M) are Also on the figure are the curves for notched saecimens of Kt a 3, 5, and 8. The S-N curves appear in the reference up to log cycles only, but as they are drawn it is reasonable to assume they would not show much decrease in values of Se if they had been carried out to 107 cycles. Items 7-9 Ref. 29

The two Items 7 and 8 on Tricent-Steel apply to steel of about the There is about 15 percent difference same tensile strength as that of item 1.

between values of So for these items and that of item 1. Attention should be

given to the many differences between the conditione of heat treatment, testing procedures, etc., in attempting to account for the differences in fatigue strength,

Item 9, Super Hy-Tuf, was tempered at the same temperature as was Item However, it has about the same 5, but was partially stress relieved (3000P).
fatigue strength as item 5. Items 10-13 Ref. 34

smooth and notched specimens.

S-N curves for these steels are given on Figs. 62 and 63 for both

Items 111-7

Ref. 13

Data for the Hy-Tuf and Super Hy-Tuf steels were scaled from charts in the reference. S-N curves are given in Figs. 64-65.

WADD TR 6042

SECTION III.

HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS

3.1

Generl1

Many of the fatigue strength values given in Table V for these heat resistant alloys are the room temperature strengths of materials that had been The term "Heat Resistant" is not well prepared for high temperature testing. defined, and the inclusion of such alloys as are listed in Table V in rather Items 64 to 74 of Table XII, 67 to 86 of Table XIII, and 51 to 63 arbitrary. of Table XIV might have been included in Table V. 3.2 Discussion of Data in Table V

Items 1-4

Ref. 35

The effect of nitriding this Perrovac WB-49 steel is shown graphically on Fig. 66. Notched fatigue strength is considerably increased by thp nitridIng. Items 5-6 Ref. 36 The fatigue data for this GMR-235 "high temperature" alloy given in Table V are room temperature fatigue properties of a material that had been prepared for testing at temperatures of 1200OF and 1650 0 F. Room temperature S-N curves are given on Fig. 67 together with two other alloys. Item 7 Ref. 37 For Halmo tool steel ghe reference gives a small S-N curve indicating
that the fatigue strength at 10 cycles is appreciably lower than at 107 cycles. The curve is based on abput a dozen and a half specimens.

Items 8-9
See Fig. 67 for S-N curve.

Ref. 36

Comments on items 5-6, above, apply to this Hastelloy R-235 alloy. Items 10-11 Ref. 38

S-N curves for H-11 alloy bar steel are given on Fig. 68. Special attention should be given to the scale of stresses on this figure. They show the combination of steady and alternating stresses at the various stress levels. Note that as steady stresses increase, the alternating stresses also increase. Item 12 Ref. 35

An S-N curve for this H-23 steel, based on 107 specimens, is given on Fig. 69.
Items 13-14 Refs. 39, 38 Regarding item 13, The data on Inconel X come from two references. the authors of reference 39 made "exploratory tests on several" heat resistant For eash of the room materials (S-816, Inconel Xp Type 403, TP-2B, TP-2-R). temperature S-N curves on Fig. 70, they used five or six specimens. 'They "Although the scatter in the fatigue data is generally relatively small, say:these data must be considered only approximate since so few specimens were used for each curve".

WADD TR 60-42

10

Oembe zt1ce

"fr Inoonael X, derived from reference 38. ouve S-9 of steadj and alternating stresses on Fig. 71.

shows a

Item 15-16 on Fi. 72.

Items 17-26

Ref. 40

Values of So for the Inconel X-550 were scaled from the S-N curves

Ref.

41

These Items give hih temperature (17000F) data on cast Inconel The S-N curves, Figs-7, 74, were derived from figures given in the 713C. reference. Whereas the reference figures show crest stresses (steady plus alternating), Figs. 73, 74 show the separate components of crest stress. Notice that there are two scales on Fig. 73, one for the lower pair of curves which show the effect on reversed stresses at 17000F, the other scale for the upper pair of ourves which show the effect (creep) of a steady stress only

(A

X0)

Item 27

Ref. 42

S-N curves for Lapalloy, and two other alloys for comparison, are given on Fig. 75. Note that each curve is based on a small number of specimens, Item 28 Ref. 37

For M-1 steel th# reference gives a small S-N curve indigating that the fatigue strength at 100 cycles is appreciably lower than at 104 cycles. The curve is based on about a dozen and a half specimens.

Item 29

Ref. 37

For V57-1 steel, the comment above in item 28 applies. Items 30-33 Ref. 35

The M-l0 steel, whose S-N curves are given in Fig. 76, shows considerably more improvement in notched fatigue strength after nitriding than is shown in the WB-49 steel (Items 1-4). Items 34-35 Ref. 43

S-N curves, based on five or six specimens each, for the N-155 alloy are given on Fig. 70. The authors of the reference say:- "Since only a small number of points were obtained for each curve, the diagrams presented are only approximate". Items 36-37 Ref. 38 The S-N curves, Fig. 77, for PH 15-7 Mo Stainless Steel show the combined steady and alternating stress aseparately on the scale of stresses. Note that the steady stresses increased as the alternating stresses Increased. Items 38-39
Comments on items 36-37, above, Items 40-45

Ref. 38
apply to Fig. 78 for 17-7 PH steel. Ref. 44

Although it may appear that the change in grain size of this Refractalloy 26 is responsible for the sharp decrease in long-life strength

WADD TR 60-142

11

of the smooth specimens, the author of the reference points out that "the two grain sizes were obtained by using two different solution treatments" (see Table V ). He goes on to say:"Consequently, It is possible that there may be metallurgical dissimilarities other than grain size". S-N curves are given

on FPi.

79.

Items 46-63

Refs.

39,42,40

The data on S-816 alloy come from three references. Item 46 is one of the materials mentioned in the discussion of Items 13-14, above. The S-N curves are shown on Fig. 70. For Item 47, an S-N curve is shown on Fig. 75, together with two other alloys for comparison. Note that each curve is based on a small number of specimens. in S-N curves for items 48-50 are given on Fig. 80. Table V were scaled from Fig. 80. The values of Se

The data for 8 m and Se for items 51-63 were derived from values scaled from S-N curves of "crest" stresses in the reference. Each curve was based on at least five specimens but in no case more than ten specimens.

Items 64-67

Ref. 4

The Sandvik steel was supplied to the investigator by Sandvikens Jernwerks Aktiebolag, Sandvikenj, Sweden. S-N curves for smooth and notched specimens and for two heat treatments are given on Fig. 81. Varying the heat treatment affected the fatigue strength of smooth specimens appreciably, but not the notched ones.

Items 68-70 The material Is 347 stainless steel.

Ref. 45 The S-N curves on Fig. 82,

derived from curves In the reference, show the steady and the alternating components of the stress, on the stress scale. Note that the steady stress

Increases as the alternating stress Increases. Items 71-77 Refs. 45,39,42,40 The data on 403 stainless steel were collected from four references.

For items 71-73s S-N curves on Fig. 83 show the steady and the alternating

components of the stress. For Item 74, an S-N curve Is shown on Fig. 70.
materials referred to in the discussion of items 13-14,

This is one of the

above.

Item 75, 403 stainless steel, appears on Fig. 75 as one of three alloys shown on the figure for comparison. Note that each curve is based on a small numjer of specimens. Attention Is called to the different values of

Set at 2(101) cycles, in items 74 and 75. This primarily due to differences in heat treatment of this martensitic steel.
cycle life Items 76, 77 refer to fatigue strength at two different values of for 403 stainless steel heat treated much the same as the steel

in item 75.

Items 78-80

Ref. 40

The "scatter diagrams" of the tests of Stellite 31 showed "relatively large scatter" which the reference says is "not unusual for cast materials and
Is probably due to the large primary grain size". The S-N curve, Fig. 84, show

WADD TR 60-42

12

..

."'l

1W -v

-4"

1-

1U

.1-11,qF

,-

. 1'

"1

n Inversion at stlegth* fora 10.6-lit. notched specimns,, that could perhaps be

Mooted tow b7 the lange soatter In a relatively small number of specinens.

Values of So In Table V were scaled rrom i.

8,4.

Items 81-83 curves on Fig. 86.

Ref. 40

Values of so for this 16-25-6 Timken Alloy were scaled from the S-N

Items 84-85

Ref. 39

These heat resistant materials TP-2B and TP-2-R (molybdenum with and without tungsten) are among those referred to in the discussion of Items 13-14. Their S-N curves appear on Fig . 70.

Items 86-87
Comments on items 5-6, above, curves appear on Fig. 67.

Ref. 36
apply to this Udimet-500. The S-N

Items 88-90

Ref'. '40
Values

of Se in

S-N curves for this 6.3% Mo-Waspalloy are given on Fig. 85. Table V were scaled from Fig. 85. Items 91-102 Ref. 46

These are evaluation tests of General Electric's heat resistant nickel base alloy Rene 441, at room and at high temperatures. Two heats of this alloywere tested, but because of the small number of specimens available the variation between the heats could not be investigated completely. The values of Se given

In Table V were scaled from the S-N curves given In Pig.s 87, 88, 89. curves on Fig. 87 show fully reversed tests. Those on Figs. 88, 89, show steady loads combined with alternating loads. The speed of testing is not given in the reference, therefore total elapsed time for 107 cycles cannot be stated. The "creep" effect presumably would be considerable at the high temperatures used, and would depend upon elapsed time. This suggests caution in using the values of Se given.

WADD TR 6o-42

13

SECTION IV.

ALUMINUM ALLOYS

4..1

General

The titles of Tables VI to XI list the respective aluminum alloys according to the present Alcoa number code, but give also, in parentheses, the corresponding former code number. Within the tables, In the discussions, and on the figures, the code numbers used by the respective references appear. 4.2 14.2.1 Discussion of Data in Tables VI to XI Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14S)

Items 1-2 Ref. 47 "Extruded" material - smooth - surface polished but smoothness not measured although "believed" to be about 20 micro-in. Fig. 90 shows tests on same material, under similar conditions excepting shape, machine and speed. ("Sharp edges in the gage section were broken with emery paper".) Note that only nine specimens were tested for each S-N curve. Items 3-6 Ref. 48

S-N curves for smooth and notched specimens are given on Fig. 91. The effect of steady stress on the 10( cycle strength of this 2014-T6 material Is shown on Fig. 92. Items 7-10 Ref. 49

The S-N curves, Fig. 93, show small differences between longitudinal and short transverse fatilue properties for this hand forged 2014-T6 alloy. (The forgings were 3" x 6 x 38" in size.) Similar curves are shown on Figs. 123 and 130 for other aluminum alloys. 4.2.2 Aluminum Alloy 2024 (24s) Items 1-4 alloy. The anodizing process was as follows: 1. Clean with hot caustic soda bath. 2. Immerse in 15% H2SO04 both at 700F. 3. Seal in water at 1850F. For anodized and painted specimens, a fourth step: 4. Paint with zinc-chromate primer and normal finishing of Preparakote. Ref. 50 These items show the effect of certain surface treatments on the

Microsooric examination of anodized surface showed that "entire surface was pitted". The reference showed S-N curves from 104 to 107 cycles, for which 13 to 16 specimens were used for each curve. The specimens used for items 3 and 4 were subjected to corrosion WADD TR 6o-42 14

8wizs the ratigfs stressing by Vallowift P~lin taP water to drop slowlY uPOR
an extrweamy light-weight wick In conttaot with the spcimen". Th* author of referwence 50 concludes that anodizing Is detrimental. As a matter of fact, the anodized specimens (Item 2) appear to have about the same strength as specimens subjected to tap water corrosion (Item 3).
Item 5 Ref. 51 They were The curves, Figs. 914, 95 are for notched Aiclad 24S-T3. traced from reference 51. It m 6 7Re .5

Item 6 is Alciad and Item 7 is Bare 2143-T3. The type of testing machine used made it Impossible to run a test at absolutely zero mean stress and constant amplitude. However, the variations were of about the esae order as the scatter shown on the S-N curves, Fig. 96, which were traced from the reference report. items 8-9 Ref. *47 "Extruded" material - smooth - surface polished but smoothness not measured although "believed" to be about 20 micro-in. Pig., 97 shows tests on this material, under same conditions excepting shape$ machine, and speed. ""Sharp edges :in the gage section were broken with emery paper".) Only 6 or bspecimens were tested for each S-N curve. -Items10-13 Ref. 418

1 "Rolled" materialI - smooth and notched specimens of Alloy 24s-T #. Fig, 98 shows S-N curves for zero mean stress.* The reference report gives' also S-N curves for various constant ratios of alternating to mean stress. In this type of graph the mean (steady) stress Is changing continuously throughout the graph. Therefore, these curves are not reproduced herein, but the equivalent information for 107 cycle life Is given in Fig,* 99.

Items 1*4-18

Ref's. 9sl0,53,54

Material, 24S-T3s commercial sheet, 0.090" thick. Each S-N curve depends upon from 5 to 12 or 15 tests.* Authors believe that errors In load values do not exceed t5%. Fig. 100 shows S-N curves for fully reversed loading. Fig. 101 shows the effect of mean (steady) stress in reducing the alternating stress. Items 19-21 24s-T4 has superior energy oon Ref. 55 capacity, compared with 75-T6, and
Material is 214-TI hot-rolled aluminum alloy. The authors, by slow bend tests on specimens fatigued art-wa toward failure, determined that lower notch-sensitivity. However, by re-heat treating 243 to approximately the hardness of 75s-T6, it was made to behave closely like 75h-T6. Fig. 102 shows S-N curves for smooth and for notched 2*5-T3T, fully reversed stresses. Items 22-23 Ref. 56 for

ratios", i.e., combinations of steady and vibratory components of stress. Figs. 103 and 104 were plotted from Table 8 of the reference.

Axial tests are reported in the reference at various "stress-

WADE) TR 6o-*42

15

Item 24

Ref. 57

The material tested was thin 24S-T3 aluminum alloy. Tests were run It is at three significantly different rates in cpm, as shown on Fig. 105. probable that the S-N curve would actually be three different curves, if a complete set of tests had been made, at each of the three rates of cpm, for the range N a 1 to N w l0 cycles. No information is given as to the variability The reversal of stress from the tests at less than 50 cpm of the material. was not sinusoidal. Typical load-time curves, traced from the reference, are

shown in Fig. 106. 4.2.3

Aluminum Alloy 6061 (61s)

Items 1-4 Ref. 58

tension" 3, based curves. from the

The S-N curves on Figs. stressing on the fatigue on only three specimens, The stress scale for Fig. alternating component.

107 and 108 show the effect of "zero to strength of the alloy. The curve for item must be taken as less precise than the other 108 shows the steady component separately Ref. 45

Items 5-7

Curves for these "zero to tension" tests on sheet 61S-T6 alloy, shown on Fig. 109, are based on larger numbers of specimens than those digaussed above. However, they are not particularly different in the region l1: to 107 cycles.

4.2.4

Aluminum Alloy 7075 (758)

Item 1 Ref. 51

The S-N curves shown on Pigs. 110, 111, are for notched Alclad alloy 75S-T6. They were traced from ref. 51. Items 2-13 Ref. 47
These items come from a study of the effect of type of specimen on fatigue properties of 75S-T6 aluminum alloy. It must be pointed out that the test results depend upon not only the type of specimen but also the type of testing machine and the speed of testing. Fig. 112 shows results of tests, items 2 and 3, on extruded "75S-T". The surfaces were polished but the smoothness was not measured, although it "Sharp edges in the gage section was "believed" to be about 20 micrc-inches. From 7 to 11 specimens were used for each were broken with emery paper". S-N curve. For 75S-T6 plate material, S-N curves are given on Fig. 113. Prom 10 to 20 specimens were used for each of these curves.

Items 14-18

Refs. 9,10,53,54

The material is 75S-T6, commercial sheet, 0.090" thick. Each S-N curve depends upon from 5 to 12 or 15 tests. The authors believe that errors in load values do not exceed *5%. Fig. 14 shows S-N curves for fully reversed loading. Fig. 115 shows the effect of mean (steady) stress In reducing the alternating stress. It should be noted that the curves on Fig. 115 are for the most part concave, which suggests that the straight-line "Goodman" diagram may not be conservative In all cases.

wADD TR 60-142

16

Item 11-21

sensitivity. However by reheat-treating 75 to approximately the hardness of 243-.T4 it waAe Ito behave closely like 24S-T4. Fig. 116 shows 8-N curves for smooth and for notched hot-rolled 75S-T6, for fully reversed stresses.

The material Is 75S-T6 hot-rolled aluminum alloy. The authors, by slow bend tests an specimens fatigued toward failure, determined that %6" has poorer .nergy-absorption cap Iytan 243-Y4, and higher notch-

Items 22-24

Ref. 59
75S-T6 Rolled

and Drawn Rod.

The plotted test points showed no apparent difference between longitudinal and transverse specimens. The crosses show anodic coatings, of thickness as follows: X a 0.00009" thick; + a 0.0005" thick, Authors conclude that the thin coat may be beneficial to smooth specimens, - and that notched specimens are not partioularly sensitive to either thin or thick coatings.

Fig. 117 shows S-N curves for smooth, and for notched,

Fig. 117, the thin coat of anodizing material appears to slightly improve the
fatigue streng'-f the alloy. Item 25 Ref. 23

Fig. 118 shows S-N curves for 75S-T6 Extruded Bar.

Here, as In

Fig. 119 shows the "mean" S-N curve and the "scatter band" for a total of 30 specimens. Caution: A "scatter band" is not a "probability" curve" . Its width depends upon the variability of the material and the number of specimens tested. Increasing the number of specimens usually-fhcreases the width of scatter bands. For the material used in these tests the heat treatment was not given, but the static properties are about the same as others given In the data table for 75S-T6 aluminum alloy. Item 26 Ref. 60 The material is 75S-T6. Fig. 120 shows the results of testing large numbers of specimens, plotted on logarithmic normal-probability paper. The lines are by no means straight, but by using a best-fit straight line for each stross level, S-N curves were plotted as shown in Fig. 121. Item 27 Ref. 57 Material tested was 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Tests were run at three significantly different rates in cpm, as shown on Fig. 122. It is probable that the S-N curve would actually be three different curves, if a complete set of tests had been made, at each rate of cpm, for the range N = 1 to N a 107 cycles. No information is given as to the variability of the material. The reversal of stress for the tests at less than 50 opm was not sinusoidal. Typical load-time curves, traved from the reference, are shown In Fig. 106. Items 28-31 Ref. 49 difference between the hand forged alloy, (The forgings were 3 x 93 and 130 for other The S-N curves, Fig. 123, show considerable longitudinal and short transverse smooth specimens of but no significant difference for notched specimens. 6" x 38" in size.) Similar curves are shown on Figs. aluminum alloys.

WADD TR 60-42

17

402.5 Aluminum Alloy T076 (76B) Item 1-9 Ra.f 61

This material Is 76S-T61. originally designated as m68, and referled to in reference 62 as XT6S-T. Fig. 124 shows S-N curves for bending# without and with superimposed steady bending stresses. Fig. 125, similarly, shows S-N curves for torsion, without and with superimposed steady torsion stresses. Reference 61 also gives various tables and curves showing combinations of alternating bending and torsion with superImposed steady bending and torsion. Items 10-21 Ref. 62

These tests were run In 1941 or 1942, on material that at that time was designated XT68-T. It will be noticed that the composition and heat treatment are reported as Identical with those reported In reference 61, for 76S-T61. There are not enough data regarding any one test to determine even approxifately the variability of the material. Figs. 126 and 127 give S-N curves for this material, and Pig. 128 shows, for notched material, the relation of alternating to steady stress. Items 22-23 Ref. 29 These tests were run to investigate the applicability of the Prot method of testing to aluminum alloys. The reference suggests the possibility that the much higher values of fatigue strength obtained by the Prot method ;Abe due to some "coaxing" effect. Long-life S-N curves are given on R 129. 4.2.6 Aluminum Alloy 7079 Items 1-4 Ref. 49

The S-N curves, Fig. 130, show some difference between longitudinal and short transverse smooth specimens of the hand forged alloy, but no sloLnticant difference for notched specimens. (The forgings were 3" x 6" x 38 :In size.) similar curves are shown on Pigs. 93 and 123 for other aluminum alloys.

WADD TR 60-42

18

SEC!ION V. 5.1 General

MAONSIUM ALLOYS

Although there are numerous items In Table XII, a large number of

them do not show the tensile (static) strength. Inspection of the Table will show that there seems to be little, if any, correlation of fatigue with static strength, so that the missing static strengths would be of only academic Interest. A few data are given In Table XII (items 64 to 74) for high temperature fatigue.

5.2

Discussion of Data in Table XII

Items 1-12 Ref. 63

S-N curves for item 1.

process that is reduced coating. fatigue but not

Regarding these test. on AZ31X, the reference says that the "HAE" "produces electrolytically on.magnesium alloys a nonmetallic coating hard and corrosion-resisting". The reference states that the coating the fatigue strength by approximately 1000 psl for each 0.001 inch of Several specimens were exposed to warm salt spray for five days then tested. The reference states that fatigue resistance was generally, Invariably, not decreased by exposure to the spray. Fig. 131 gives

Items 13-29

Ref. 64 Heat treatment is

The material is Dow Chemical Co's. FS-1 alloy.

not specified in the reference, but the items marked FS-la are presumably annealed and those marked FS-lh are presumably hard rolled. Most of the data were from sheets, and to avoid buckling from compression the stress ranges for these tests were kept between zero and a maximum tension. Warning: The reference says: "* . . it is recommended that the test bar data presented here not be used quantitatively for design values, but rather, simply for a qualitative comparison of materials".

Items 30-43

Ref. 64

The warning above applies also to the data on the magnesium casting alloys, C-AC, C-HT, C-HTA, and C-HTS.
Items 44-48 Ref. 65

Material is Dow FS-lh.

of R (ratio min. to max.

Fatigue strengths were measured in terms

stress per cycle).

Fig. 132 shows the S-N-R curves, I.e., the curves for crest stresses. Fig. 133 was derived .by converting values scaled from Fig. 132 in odequivalent separate steady and vibratory components for 10( cycles.

Items 49 - 5 1 stock.

Ref. 66

Material Is magnesium alloy ZK6OA-T5 (Dow Chem.), Extruded bar This Is a "solid solution precipitation hardening type with Mg-Zn

compound as the submicroscopic precipitate".

Fig. 134 shows S-N curves, for fully reversed stress, of smooth and of notched specimens.

WADD TR 60-42

19

Figs.135 and 136 show, In modified Goodman type diagrames Influence of steady stress on alternating stress strength. Items 59-53 Ref. 4

the

Approximate S-N curves for magnesium alloy J-1 are given in Fig. 137. Items 54-61 Ref. 67

These tests on three magnesium alloys, PS-la, J-1, and 0-1, were made to show the difference In fatigue strength of the alloys caused by differences in the test methods. The individual specimen tests are plotted in Figs. 138-140. As a result of these tests the authors of the reference state that some magnesium alloys give appreciably higher strengths in rotating bending than In plate bending or in axial (push-pull) loading. No S-N curves were given in the reference, but values of "Fatigue Limit, lo7 cycles" were given. These are the values used in Table XII. Items 62-63 Ref. 68

The tests on AZ8l-T4 cast alloy were made "to compare the fatigue properties of AZ8l-T4 with other similar magnesium alloys now In service". The reference concludes that "the unnotched fatigue strength of AZ81-T4 is approximately 4 ksi lower than AZ63-TV" and "the notched fatigue properties were practically identical to those of AZ63-T4". S-N curves are given on Fig. 14. Items 614-69 Ref. 69

The tests on HM-31 forged alloy are plotted on Fig. 142 together with "results of previous testing on annealed HK-31 magnesium alloy". The values shown on the figure are based on stressing from zero to tension (A z 1.0). In addition to the tests plotted, "a limited number of the specimens were also tested in completely reversed loading", with the following results: At room temp., stress 15 ksi, one specimen failed at 2,085,500 cycles and one specimens failed at 3,875,000 cycles. At 500 0 F, stress 12 ksl, one specimen failed at 91,700 cycles. stress 9 ksi, one specimen failed at 1,102,300 cycles. At 6500 F, stress 7 ksi, one specimen failed at 1,100,900 cycles after having survived 100 cycles at 10 ksl at 5000P. Ref. 70 - for comparison

Items 70-74

These tests of HM-21 forged alloy were "preliminary", with HM-31 alloy. S-N curves are shown on Fig. 143.

WADD TR 60-42

20

TM ALL<

.Vs.

It

is Interesting to note that in Table XIII the fatigue strengths

percent fifty of smooth titanium alloys run close to and sometimes exceed, A few data (items 67 to 86) are given on high of the tensile strengths. temperature propertles.

6.2

Discussion of Data in Table XIII

Items 1-6

Ref. 71

Reduction in endurance limit of smooth specimens, Alloy C-55 Type. the heating effect resulting from high speed cycling, item 5s, I chargIowhen op. are Increased from 1,800 to 10,000. The fact that notched specimens, effect from speed, and did not heat up, is thought to item 6, showed little be because of the relatively small volume of material subjected to maximum stress and the ability of surrounding material to conduct the heat away as fast as generated. Fig. 144 shows the S-N curves for this alloy. that the curves are based on small numbers of specimens. of specimens for each curve Is noted on tho figure. It is to be noticed The total number

Item 7-l4

Ref. 72

The reference refers to earlier tests on Rem-Cru sheet 0.060" thick, "The fatigue values tested in Krouse sheet fatigue machines, and remarksj were higher In the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction for all conditions. No completely satisfactory reasons could be given to account for the annealed and pickled samples producing the best results and the cold rolled specimens the poorest results". The tests reported in reference 72 were made to study further some of the problems referred to above. The variability of Ti-alloys appears in an analysis of the static (Standard deviations have been properties as reported in reference 72:computed from the data in the report.

Alloy Ti-150A * RC-130B

*

UTS
ksl

ST.

DEV.

ksl

YP

St. 6.0 5.2

DEV.

143.0 153.6

5.9 3.2

127.6 147.1

Reference 72 says: "These melts were early experimental ones and consequently were not of comparable quality to
melts produced at present".

The following excerpt is quoted from subject report: ABSTRACT "The evaluation of the effects of various treatments on the fatigue properties of titanium bar stock alloys Ti-150A and RG-130B was made. treatments of TI-150A and their corresponding fatigue The varioe endurance limits are as follows: 2.

1. Machined and polished - 68,000 psi 3.

Oround - 63,000 to 70,000 psi Ten percent permanently stretched and ground - 5k,000

WADD TR 6o-42

21

4. 5.

6.

psi (wide scatter of data) Ground and scaled - 56,000 psi Machined notched - 40,000 psi Ground and notched - 21,000 psi

The fatigue strength varied from about 35 to 145 percent of the tensile ultimate strength for the different treatments, except for the notched RC-130B gave endurance limits of about condition as would be expected. 67,000 psi (approximately 415 percent of tensile ultimate strength) for the ground, unnotched condition, and about 214,000 psi for the ground The wide range of values for the ground TI-150B alloy notched material. and for the 10 percent stretched and ground Ti-150A alloy may have been due to various degrees of surface cold work, and surface discontinuities, In addition, radiography identified caused by grinding and cold work. In inclusions which were probably a contributing factor. tungsten general the surface treatment has a marked effect upon the fatigue For the conditions tested, a strength of titanium and its alloys. machined and polished surface produced the optimum fatigue properties." Fig. 14 5 shows the evidence upon which the discussion of items 7 to The, high degree of scatter must be considered in connection 14 Is based. with the values stated for "fatigue endurance limits". Item 15 Ref. 73

These tests of RC-130B titanium alloy were run to provide data for In the reference report nature of the material. a study of the statistical the data are analyzed by using the means of the reciprocals of the life

cycles.

In Fig. 146, the.P-S-N (Probability-S-N) curves were established Items 16-40 Refs. 74,75

by probit analysis (reference 29).

The values of Se for 107 cycles that appear in the data tables were scaled from curves in the references. These values are listed as "plus-orminus" values to indicate that they are not highly precise in the second significant figure. In general only three or four - sometimes five - specimens were tested at any one stress level. Items 41-44 Ref. 76 These items show the sensitivity of the nearly pure titanium, Ti-75A, to heating under high speed cycling, and to extremes of speed, that is, from 400 RPM to 10,000 RPM. The reference says, however, that "specimens which were water cooled to dissipate the internal heat showed small spread in the failure curves for the different speeds of testing that were studied". Fig, 147 shows S-N curves for these items. Values of Se in Table XIII were
scaled from Fig. 147.

Items 45-62

Ref. 77
20 specimens

were used in tests for each value of Se.

properties excepting UTS were Summary, the authors refer to limit of the alloy appears to although the tensile strength

In these tests of titanium-chromium-molybdenum alloys,

In their scaled from graphs in the reference. "The fatigue endurance Fig. 148 and say:be unchanged, regardless of alloy content, is greatly increased as a result of alloy

For the data in Table XIII, static

content".

WADD TR 60-142

22

Ite.m 63-64

ARG. 78

me two s-N curves for 6 A1-4 Va titanium alloys shown on ig. l249 !rersent tests rum to "illustrate the Improvement in endurance strength
wihabe realised using duplex heat treatments".

Item 65 based on tests of shown og Fig. 149 than 100 o yles. around 10F or 10o

Ref. 29

The S-N curve for 6 A2-4 Va titanium alloy shown on Fig. 150 in

63 specimens whereas the lower curve of the same material is based on A specimens, only four of which broke at less Whether or not this alloy has an "endurance limit" at cycles is questionable. Item 66 Ref. 38

The reference says of the S-N curves for 6 Al-4 V titanium alloy bar from which Fig. 151 was derived that they show "some limited axial . fatigue data". The scale of stresses on Fig. 151 should be read carefully. They indicate the steady stress component as well as the vibratory component of stresso and it should be noted that the steady stress increases as the alternating stress increases. Items 67-86 Ref. 79

These tests of 7 A2-3 Mo titanium alloy were made to study the effect of ageing versus annealing treatments on the high temperature creep and fatigue properties of the alloy. The S-N curves, Figs. 152 and 153, were derived from curves given in the reference. The stress scales on the figures show the steady stress component and the alternating stress component.

WADD TR 60-42

23

SECTION VII.

MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

7.1 0enel,
The data In Table XIV apply to plastic and wood laminates and a few metallic materials. Some data on high temperature properties of beryllium are Included. 7.2 Discussion of Data in Table XIV Items 1-2 Ref. 8

The Ingot Iron used for item 2 was specially treated "to retain as much carbon and nitrogen in solid solution as possible". This treatment was used to render the Iron more susceptible to "coaxing" under fatigue stressing, so that the effect of coaxing on Prot tests could be Investigated.

Items 34

Ref. 4

In the case of this gray (cast) iron, the plots of Individual test results as given In the reference warrant the drawing on PIg. 154 of a single S-N curve to represent both the smooth and the notched specimens. Items 5-6 Heof. 29

For the aluminum-nickel bronze, Item 5, 76 specimens were tested to give the S-N curves shown on Fig. 155. For the beryllium-copper, Item 6, 66 specimens were tested for the S-N curves on Fig. 156. The values of Se given In Table XIV are probably higher than would be shown for longer cycle life. Items 7-17 Ref. 80

S-N curves for these glass-fiber-reinforced plastic laminates are given on Figs. 157, 158. The strength reduction factor of these notched laminates Is noticeably smaller than that usually found In metals, and In the case of the laminate with a glass mat, items 14-15, is actually less than unity. Items 18-23 Ref. 80

These items, showing the effect of superimposed mean (steady) stress, are shown as S-N curves on Fig. 159, for a single laminate. Item 24 Ref. 80

This item, represented by the S-N curve on Fig. 160, shows the effect of stressing the glass-fabric-reinforced laminate at 45o with the direction of the warp. The effect of anisotropy can be seen by comparing this Item with item 18. Items 25-30 Ref. 80

S-N curves for these heat resistant glass-fiber-rainforced laminates are given on Figs. 161,162.

Item 31
Fig. 163.

Ref. 42

An S-N curve for this glass fabric laminated plastic Is given on The curve is considerably different in character from most of those 24

WADD TR 60-42

on

the The specimens were round Instead of flat, those ef the other laminates. stressing was In bending instead of being axial, and the-resin was not identical "The decrease The reference says:with those used for the other laminates. in fatigue strength value with Increasing number of cycles is relatively smallm.

PIgs. 157 to 162 although the long life fatigue strength is consistent with

items 32-47

Ref. 81

Values of se for these tests of yellow birch and hard maple, both It must be solid and laminated, were scaled from Fig. 164 for 10 cycles. remembered that these values are "mean" strengths of laboratory-size specimens. The "scatter" in data cannot be determined since each S-N curve was based on The reference somewhere between half a dozen and a dozen and a half specimens. po Pnts out that the "endurance limit" for these woods is apparently below the 10 cycle strength, and there is no Indication In the tests of how far below. The A variable not listed in the tabulation is "moisture content". reference gives 7 or 8% by weight for the natural woods, and 1.6 to 3.5% for The reference says "it is believed that no serious the compressed laminates. change in moisture content occurred during the test". One respect in which the data in the last eight items differs from There is a values for steel Is in the effect of increased speed of cycling. small but persistent decrease in fatigue strength as speed increases from 3450 Steels have not been found so sensitive at these speeds, and to 10,600 cpm. for much wider differences have shown the opposite effect. Items 48-49 Ref. 82

Data for these flat-plate bending tests of solid and laminated wood specimens are given as percents of the static modulus of rupture "because specimens of the same species from different trees will vary considerably in strength". Test results are shown on Fig. 165 as a "scatter band" since the separate test values for the two solid and the two laminated woods were comThis is consistent with pletely Intermingled on the figure in the reference. "Since the shear stress is relatively low the statement in the reference:compared to the fiber stress in bending, it has been found that plywood specibeams subjected to repeated or reversed bending mens tested as cantileer stress, with the plane of the veneers perpendicular to the load and the grain in the wood before of the outside plies parallel to the span, will fail separation of the veneers occurs". The average value, 27% of static modulus of rupture, is given for 50,000,000 cycles, and the reference points out that the slope of the S-N negative, indicating that this is not the "endurance limit" curves is still of the woods tested.

Item 50

Ref. 83

The S-N curve, as based on four specimens, is shown on Fig. 166. Regarding other data on beryllium, the reference states that other investigators have reported "the fatigue strength under direct stress of hot pressed, warm extruded Beryllium to be 31,300 psi at 108 cycles", and the "fatigue strength of Beryllium under cantilever bending . . . as 32,000 psi". Also, it quotes another set of tests as showing that strip specimens under direct stress showed "an endurance limit at 107 cycles of 22,000 psi". Item 51 Ref. 84

The 1100F stress-rupture data for Brush QMV Beryllium are plotted on Fig. 167. WADD TR 6o-42 25

Items 52-63

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85

the reference The axial test data for Brush QMV Beryllium given by tests and 168 shows room temperature are plotted on Figs. 168-170, PFig shown is based of the ligs. 169, 170 show tests at 11000F. Each in Table S-N curves read from the XIV were on a small number of specimens. The data S-K Curves.

WADD TR 6o-42

26

TABLES, pp. 28-137 ILLUSTRATIONS, PP. 138-267

BIBLIOGRAPHY, PP. 268-273 LIST OF AUTHORS OF REFERENGES, LIST OF MATERIALS, pp. 276-278 pp. 274-275

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126

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Decarburized

and Not Deoarburized (FrcWref. 3)

WADD TR 60-42

139

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Steel

be misleead')

WADD TR 6o-42

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-

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50

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Notched 2330 Carburized-Steel

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106

107

Appro~ximate S-N Curves for Normalized 4110 Steel. Fully Reversed Axial 3tresses (Plotted from Table 7 of Ref. 3.0)

WADD TR 6o-42

147

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Fig. 15

10

20

30

50

Mean Stress, ksi

Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for Normalized 4130 Steel

Axial Stresses
(Plotted from Table 7 of Ref. 10

WADD TV

60-42

148

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so

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Fig. 16 S-N Curve

-

Steel SAE 4320 - "Transverse" Specimens (Traced from ref. 11)

WADD TR 60-42

149

" 200

100

1,

Spe

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S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel. 263 kica UTS (From Ref. 13)
*t2001

100

10

ioi0

Cycles to Failure Fig. 18

S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 250 ksi UTS

(From Ref. 13)

200

__00_

Kt

=1.0

00

Cycles to Failure 236 ksi UTS

S-N Curves for Smooth V-Modified 14330 Steel, Ref. 13) (Fr. WADD TR 6o-42 150

200

100

Cycles to Failure

FIP.

20

S-M Curves for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 222 ksi UTS (Fro Ref. 0 l&oi 13) zo6 i 7 10

200 60-42_151

4'

______

_Kt

.-

8.0

b0-

104l

lpo

Cycles to Failure

Fig. 21 S-N Curves for V-Modified

(From Ref .

41330
13)

Steel, 201 ksi UTS

WADD TR 60-42

151

ZOO-

stea. so 43Iao
9e X

Itm

-x

~Refs,

,16

9
.M

96

92

0 -Mean Life

w-fI&

90

X-_ Id" A-&-t21r

3;

Cycles to Failure

Fig. 22
Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit For Quenched and Tempered SAE 4340

70

A-X 65
a-

X-tee. X-0-A

S e.1,6

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434o

Its. 2

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106

107

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Cycles to Failure

Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit of Quenched and Spheroidized SAE 4340

WADD TR 60 .2

152

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800

c,~1.s to Failur

S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel.

UTS 164 ksi

(Tr6ed fr

ref.d17)

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153

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260

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120 W TR0 6orsl

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"Fully Reversed" S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp.

SI
" 30 ~20
20 Item______

(Traced from zefo 22)

I
I

Ste

Stress, 120 kn

Steady Stress, 150 kl.

03o

104 5

15

16 Cycles to Failure
Fir,. 29

1o 7

108

S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel

Room Temp. (Prm refo*22)

-

- With Steady Stress

WADD TR 60-42

156

40

4.

Steady Strewr, kel

Fig. 3o Alternating Stress - Steady Stress Diagrams for Different Lifetimes. SAE 4340 Stee], of 158.5 ksi UTS Axial Tests (Traced from ref. 32)

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157

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S-N Curves

32
Steel

for SAE 4340

(Platted fran scaled readings on char'ts in ref. 21.)

WADD TR 60-112

159

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160

loo

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220

Mean Endurance Limit vs. UTS of SAE 4340 Steel

WADD TR 60-42

160

NNE
6
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106? Ccles to Ntur 900 Fig. 3I

108

(Sm.

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(Traced frm

ief,

26)

201;
I

1o0z6
T-U'I-,

Steed(TorIa

@ 8o

5o'
4

- I ---Io,/
16 /
4 // 0 kO

Cycles to failure Fig. 345

S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, Tested in Torsion 172 ksi UTS

(Sone Stresses have been corrected for yielding) (Traced from ref. 26)

WADD TR 60-+2

161

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12033 S- Cum@ Sb.o Percent ' Prdmebi11ty of Survival

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to Failwe

Fig. 43
Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 140 ksi Transverse Smooth Specimens R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests

(From ref. 30) (Light dash lines show lomgitudinal walues)

WADD TR 6o-42

168

150

22

240 32

rwansverse

\ S
,4120

s-N Cures Show P.remA

90 )

- S11

) ( Lm ~ t . 50%

C0ve. to Fatloo Fig. 44 Tests of SAE 4310 SteelI, UTS 190 ksi Transverse Smooth Specimens
R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests

(Pro

ref. 30)

(Ligkt dach ijius sha, lmgituiinl wi1s.)

WADD TR 60-k2

169

23 1.~, Transverse
*B23TWMS

.... 130 S1 3 0

_S-N C-we ShowPai onim Probability of Survive_ _ _ _

Is70

(Lenig 1. 5

D%

(E;W:(Fr 90f.

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50)

S~Transverse
T

Tests of SAE 43140 Steel, UTS 230 ksi Smooth Specimens R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests

0- 8AD
(L~ight dash liies show lwigitudiral 'values)
13

a i1a

D1

II

222_____

Sv3

115022-

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:aat

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*10

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. "

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10

joo

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10 7

Cyclesa to Failure Fig. 46

Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, R. UTS 260 ksi Transverse Smooth Specimens R. Moore Rotating Beam Tests

(Fran ref. 30) (Light dash lines show longitudinal values)

WADD TR 60-42

171

49

i-v4

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& W4

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172

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300

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200

100

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FI&. 50
S-N Curves
-

52100 Steel,

Rotating Beam Specimens

(Bmas

an Bsf. 33)

WADD TR 60-42

175

-n

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178

TI,
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__________

0t

1.

Cycles to Failure

S-N Curves for 98840 Steel, 302.6 1.1 UTS

(From Ref.

133

'.200

1100

0 0

4i
Cycles to Failure

o Fig.

57

S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel,. 2841 ksl UTS (From Ref. 13)

,42001

4)~ecmn

0t1.

1 lop10T0 Cycles to Failure

S-N Curves for 98B~40 Steel,. 270 knl UTS

(From Ref. 13)

WADD TR 6o-4~2

179

.200

SI.8L

1
105 lob toe
Cycles to Failure

010

FIg. 59
S-N Curves for 98BI0 Steel. 245 kel UTS
(frtm Ref. 13)

200__

*1.0

S100

Spcmn
.t 8.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _

Cycles to Failure

S-N Curves for 98B410 Steel. 2041 kal 15TS

(From Ref.- 13)

WADD TR 6o-42

180

It

K
S100

3" 8

----.1
-

"8,
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100

.-

it.

61

Tranav.

300

300

M 2601 kenl T1S 270 kei

*8 * 100

tin

8-

iKtin

Lo-gut.
0 200

e Kt
1
-

Tandv

5-

10

102

10e

10 10 2

104~

106

Cycles to Failure Fig. 61 S-N Curves for fricent Steel, Smooth and Notched
(F'~ Ref.- 34)

WADD TR 6o-42

181

e44

~~
V4 OPT r, t

04

340

00

100

WADD TR 6o-142

182

200

Kt = 8.0

0
101

i c5

zo7

1o

Cycles to Fralure Fist.

S-N Curves for -HY-Tuf

64&
Steel, 2M3 kel UTS

(From Ftef- 23)

*200

Kt - 8.0

0 Cycles to Failure Fix.

65
ST

S-N Curves for Super BY-Tut Steel. 260 ksI

(From jBef.- m3

WADD TR 60-42

183

160 Kt 1.0

1100' X.2.6"

j80

cycle to Paibn"

Fig.

66

Approximate S-N Curves for Ferrovac Wi3-4f9 Steel, Not Nitrided, and Nitrideci (Ftcm ref.- 35)

WADD TR 6o-42

184

120

80 60 40

6 Spec mens

S~pecimens %%.L

201
EHaatelloy R-235
Kt

no

Kt = 3.14 8 Specimens

Kt

1.0ecimensf

104

"

10

-;E
Cycles to Failure

1o-7

Fig. 67
S-N Curves for UdImet :20g HastelloY R-235, and
OMR-235 Heat Resistant Alloys

(From Ref.

36)

WADD TR 60-4~2

185

----

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-E-

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wADD TR 6o-42

187

60

N-12

Qcl.i

to Valime

100

20

cycla. to f.ItiWu
Fla. 70

S-N Curves for Hoat Resistant Alloys UstoG at.RoomTbtUD1'StuW

WADD TR 60-4+2

188

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190

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amu AM

34

in

I,340 $0N

03
a

/ca

1o
%00

1
44

131
0

44

44

44

44

lTOR

0tov am; Lou~qg

WADD TR 6o-4~2

191

0t15 50 1 12.5
40 t 10

__

1 hr.
-

l0r-.

100hrm.

-W

'Kt-.
n A20*0.25 1 11

0lm

30*

7.5 5 5 *b.
.. .... ._9 Spleclumm
9Selw

201 5

201,

105

l.o6

.17

10o

100 b,.

35*23.3
30 20

25 *k16.7 20 133 t o.671 1

1-

t =

j -.

105
11 hr.

106

5 io7
10 hr*.

5
IlOhrs.

15 + 30
10*t20

-il I
-

~~Kt
m 2.91

1.0

5*1

A 2.
10ko

106

107

0701.5 to Pa~m"

Fig.- 74 1700'F S-N Curves for Inconel 713C at Several Combinations of Steady and AlternatIng Strees

(Frm De. 41)

Note: A - ratio of a1tezvotim to cbWt trs.

wADD TR 60-42

192

7W

__

I0

0'

N *

wADD TR 60-42

193

"2"

noo

%,ame to Vtm11e

Fig. T6 S-N Curves for M4-10 Steels Re 61-62, Not Nitrided andl Nitridled. constfant I'rtobabli~ty or Surivyal or Stress at Constant life. (Pum ref.- 35)

WADD TR 6o-42

194

U%

40

o*

-43

a0

'

00

;gx 'ssuu~g3~~u~ 9mv"

u .MTp..qg

wADD TiR

6o-42

195

00 .40

0 '-4

4a 03

O 4-t

.4-

b%

C#l 0

r44

WAD4

T56-4

11,3

6D

----

o
7yle go

2..
Flbir

Fig.

79

S-N Curves for Refractaloy 26 At Room Temperature

WADD TR 60-42

197

710
60

==9

apeofuma
It - 1.0

1407Spces

4430

_____

SIKt
5 1o5

3.4
5 o20

5 io 7

Cycles to feilure

Flg. 80 S-N Curves for s-816 Alloy (From Ref. ho)

WADD TR 6o-42

198

WWI

Iiin

II--P
ODI
r4.

wADD TR 6o-4I2

199

40 * 50

K1.0
330 *30
20*2011 ; lo',' o ,t 2.0 " 4. -

110 * 10

0-

1o0

1o3

0o4

0o
Fig ,. 82

o08 0o

cycles to Failure

8-N -Curves tor 34T Stainless Steel. Showing Steady PAus Alternatian S aress
(Fran Ref. 45)

WADD TR 60-42

200

120

100 1 10

80 1

"

Kt

.0

xt x 20 t20

.0 .

Cycles t~o Failure

Fla. 83
s-N

curves for 403 stainess Steel, ShowtnM Steady

PlUs AIS~ernatlMM Strzes8

wAD

TR 6o-42

201

i~~

ill

IIIL

II

II

II

,,

6~0

Sii

Spspecimen

320

Nt"
co

no05

&

:o.1

5
cycles to Failure

5 17

Fig. 84
S-N Curves for Stellite 31 (X-4o) Alloy
(From Ref. 40)

80

A50

-_

__

S6S

icms"N

7 Specimens

10

5 0o

5 1oT
cycles to Failure

'5 107

15

Fla.

85

s-N curves for 6-M M.-Wamp1loy

(From Ref.

0o)

WADD TR 60-42

202

71,

IN7 .7 7.

Go

ECa * U I

,to-

wD

6o-4

203

*100

Nt. 2

890

*70 I.!
*60

-_

or

: j_e_

spom

en

*50

160

* 0 Solutiauued 21501'
* Aillh,, 0 Aged 1650*v*4 ZeroP aIed A=

pc nv

It

055

106 Cycles to Psilwae

167

S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for Two Heat

.Treatments, at Room Temperature, .12000, 14000, and 160001,
.w

13th Zeto Steady Loads (A

(Ftcin Ref. i&6)

WADD TR

6o-42

204

7ot 2647

i6oh
30*20 Solutlom~d 21501 Aged 16501 20 a 13. 7yoe to Fa6l7

__tW

Rt. 2

e.~

UADD

TB6160020

aot w

70 1 107

30*t 7.5

20* 5,

o6

do~ii

Cycles to Failure

S-I GulTe for' Smooth Rene 4I1 Alloy, for One Heat Tz~armenrop ar, JAWO and 160".p With Steady Loa-ds v(A 0.25 (F'romRef. 16)

WADD TR 60-42

206

35

OfttdG

ztatifg boom tests* Item 1.

30

~20---

is5

.65

17285

cpae.. to Jr11m.
Fig. go S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14S-T), Extruded (Twin ref. I&7)

wADD TE 60-42

207

,410
UA

10

UP
Fig. 91

lop

17 S104 108

Cyclea to Failure

S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 (14S-T6),

Rolled.

"0

10

20
Klan Stress, Wt.

Fig. 92
Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N = 107 Cycles, for 14S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled.

ref. (DrDR 028)

WADD TR 6o-'42

208

2.

--

--.-

A'A

*w

I1 IW IC

UN

0e 4.

0I
cm4

0*

Tax

tW0T

o904

TR6-4

ijD

3011

C I,3etodd

mFel0ukiw

lbStead

Cuvsfo 20rc 20f kid

ochdAcid2S-3

""4POIO

Fig. 95 S-NCuresfoA Ncha 24ST3,Kt d 2 (ftram ref. 5.1) 2.5T3 t .

WADD E 60-2

21

Itoc

Fig. 96
S-N Curves for Alclad and for Bare 24S-T3,. Smooth ho[I 1I

vibrating esntllome

CY*l80 to ?&Ulwe
Fig. 97 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, Extruded

WADD TR 60-42

211

60

310
___

10
9

Cycle. to Ftailu Fig. 98 S-N Curves for 24S-TL Aluminum Alloy, Rolled.

(7r

ref. 48)

30

iIt,
o0 0 o 2030 .00 Fig. 99
107 Cycles Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N for 24s-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled (TwM ref.

60

TO

8D"90

30

WADD TR 60-42

212

:4

0 --------------W

Uo

z
A
6;

lo-

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wADD

6o-2

21

60

is

1.5

-0

--

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N i5

#SOT.AN o oo0
both
14.1

10 o 2 o

ya o 5

30 0 20.3

20

*0

It - 5.0

Met

o0

10t

20

t0 a1400 .0ou

3o

5o0
0

10

20

30

40 50

Mean Stress, ki

Mean Stress, kit

,
0

,,.0.0---

100
0

5AD T
amot

--

-1e
faboo

.20_

202

10
00 0 0

t
-0 -t

It Alumlnuu Plat It A11oC

-30

46

.0..

30 4o05o 20 Moan Stasis, kit

60

2 3 Ymen Stress,, kni

20

Flg. 101
40 P I N I~

Alternating vs. Mean Stress for 24IS-T3 o4 Aluminum Alloy Plate

WADD TR 6o-4+2

2141

""t
ium~ n 2

toC

Cycles to ?ulbuz'e Fig. 102 S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled. (urna ref. 35)

WADD TR 60-4~2

215

NFig.

103

-60-0

JO-30

-2

-10

0*0

2O*3

050;

3ochd05 onailt40 "(Based

20 of16seies

WADD R 6o-+2

21

so

T__
zo am

Ato n he

INI
IU0

and 1800

01!

10T

Cycles to ra11uro Fig.105

j20104

S-N Curve for 24S-T3, Axial Loads, Fully Reversed at Three Speeds, on Notched Specimens, Kt = 4.0 (Fwm ref. 57)
24 to k8o gM

.4to 00 ME

TJLenullmi

Tim.

Tim

Fig. 106 Typical Load-Time Curves for Part of S-N Curve on Fig. 105 WADD .73 ref WADD TR 6o-~42 217

*2o5

,.

25*5
-

7 S eemla *20
-

pMim

12*15
*10

--

1P213

K~m.

12 Specimens
-. -.

K~.5

l10

ImI
!

10

107-

-0

5*- 0

0 Ktw2.

Cycles to Failure

cycle, to Failure

Fla. 107 s-8 curves for 618-J6 Aluminum Alloy.

( rully ReVeraea5=056U

Fla. 108
S-i Curves for
For a Aus

1h46 Aluminam Al0oy

ern BreOS

(Fr 58) Ref.

D 25t"02-

4~15t15

Failure Cycle F1g.110

3o

S-i~~~yce 684 tuoe fo lumiu

For

loySet

ear. Pus

lernatu
(Fran Ref. ii5)

3ross LA -*.

WADD TR 60-42

218

. . .. . . .

.......

....

7-~

-~W-

I'

(35

St~y

ap

Cyclas to Fali~m'
pi-g. 1 1 0 S-N Curves for Aiclad 75S-T6, Notched, Kt (Fro fef. 51) 30
=2.5

~~204

*04 210

20 020 Steady Cmpmeneaim, kal.

0200 Steady Tension, kul

Fig.111 Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Alciad- 75S-T6, Notched, Kt = 2.5 (Frca ref.5

VADD TR 6o-4i 2

219

"5

U3~jU

rotating beem tests.

Item 2.

cyc1.. to Failure Fig.112 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 75S-T, Extruded, Smooth Specimens

(From ref. 47)

WADD TR 6o-42

220

6,

Ca

vr--'r

3.5

30

2.5

j35

w___

w_____ ____

Cyclesto F~aiure 45g ~ S-N~ ~ 113 t ~~~ Curve lly7 (Fr. ref. 1i7)ow

Coalmiu nt6,Roled Plate,

WADDAV TR604222

j2
U'\

-4a,

6e/

oat

i)4,

innnmiLCm\ mnmnnnnnnnu =a

Si

WADD TR 60-412

222

141

00

4,

04
Ln 0
q4J

-~~

1u~I33..qS

W 'Ue.48ZV~lzL.~!TM

tri

2lollJj It.

WADD TR 60-42

223

50

--

hol

Cyc2as to Fe13w Fig. 11-6 S-N Curves for 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled (Frm re. 55 )

WADD TR 6o-42

224

40-

0ig

11

S-N Curve, 75S-T6 Rolled and Drawn Rod, Smooth and Notched rf59) (7iam

NX

20fmi
I(r I

wsf [

i)

VADD

10 225 2671

Fig.
ShowIng Mean,

119

S-N Curve for 753S-T Aluminum Alloy,

and Scatter Band

(Vim

st.

23)

F2g. 120
Log-Probability Diagram Showing Fatigue Lif~e.-Times,

of Dferent 8ressesa
30 A !

or -T

! %,3

Aumi tnA Alo

!

WADD TR 60-I2

226

Fi,.

121

S-N Curves for 75-T6 Aluminum Alloy,

for Various Probabilities of Failure.

1.
-l

to

p ? WI

Fig. 12

7 ~~S-N Curve for s

Aluminum frAllLas 5S-T6 Alloy,

L100 mi 18T0 opi

(ft
110

sit. do)

T 160

_J

_27

00

c~cua to ftu2.
Flit. 122 S-N Curve for 755-T6 Aluminum Alloy,, for Axial Loads,. Kt - 4.0 Fully Reversed, on Notched Specimens.

WADD TR 60-42

227

dSS

44

WADD R 60-2

22

7,V

*,1

ho

Zero 12 kid 120 18

h30 01
60 kul. Cycles to FaiU.r Fig.l2 4 S-N Curves for 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Bending Stress Superimposed on the Indicated Steady Bending Stress.
30(7rca

Ref. 61)______

______

__

e4

25__

*20

E-.

S16

Zr

1 ke

~10 9 70l&15 66l 718

Cycles to Nailure Fig. 125 S-N Curves for T6S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Torsion Stress Superimposed on Stead Torsion Stress. (Fr ref. ) WADD TR 6o-4i2 229

ItI0

30 .1.4

____M

.20
).t r-2.6

10

C700e9 to Failuro Fig.126 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy X76S-T. Rotating Bending Tests.

(Fr 321
30

ref.62)

Romid

~26

~x
j212

.6"

10-

IM

as
imminmmin

to

aSlquare

1Ig. 127

~~ ~ 0lnl S-N Curvesllml~m~ Vibratory K Reversed Bending of X76S-T Aluminum Alloy for

WADlD TR 60-42

230

77

10

X%

*10

Steady StrA"n, kl Fig.128

Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress,, for 3.6 Kt Notched X76S-T Aluminum Alloy. (Fwi ref . CO

35

(?mrt.n 22)
WADDC) TR6oW2

3
mmm

~ ~

m,

~ m

mmmmm

Amm

Alo

Ite

23,,

00

oc 0

con

04

I % 1

II

'4

ii$Ba wADD R 6o-2

3-i--0-4
Ix

lei
T

24L

23

-4

43

M W4

q-4

Cl)

02

WADD TR

60-42

233

Cyclos to ftl.bwe

Fig. 13
S-N-R Curves for Magnesium Alloy FS-Ih, Smooth.

20

10

30 Steady Strese, kmi

20

40

Fig. 133
Steady Stress vs. Alternating Stress for Magnesium Alloy FS-Ih, Smooth Sheet, for N = lOT Cycles.

(Derived from Fig.132)

WADD TR 6o-42

234

E('I

1-

:3

r4.

pm 'momq

ftrmuzsnT

WADD TR 60-42

235

ja
20 "

1 ,, I.. 7 cyam. 0 I

60 Steady Strup, kv.

70

020-

__

*10

KaJ
-3.a.
__ .

2.

Steady Strtess, kel Fig. 135

Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy ZK6OA-T5. for N = 107 and 105 Cycles (rrm r'f. 66 )

WADD TR 6o-42

236

i
SI
34K,20 -

It

I%

koEL Steady Stress,

x~iso Ols

3A

-bs

Strein, kel

Fla. 136 Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy ZK6OA-T5. for N = 104 and 5(103) Cycles

(r

sitz-. 66)

VAD

TR 60-42

237

a-

-I4
i

.4--

WADD TI 60-42

238

30 26 26 Axial Lceai.S

18 04 111
10 S00

3(103)

0e

10' cycle to Failure

107

*30

Plate BIeadi

22

18 0 10 3(103) 1o0 10 Cycles to Fallure Fig. 138 S-N Plot of fatigue Tests of PS-la (AZ31A-0) Magnesium Alloy (Frau Ref. 67) 16 o7

wADD TR 6o-42

239

30
26
___________

Plate

Bd~b~m

18

00

30 26

00

300

300 Itotatift BeNdi

0 00 42 18

1.0cycles to Failure

M~. 139 S-N plot Or Patigue Tests of J-1 (Az61A-F)

Yamnesluiu Alloy (Frim Reft.

67)

WADD TE 60-42

24I0

7,

a66
22 18

0
10 30 0 3

26 22
22

10 30
26
_ _ _ _

2
0__00

Retatina Bendiug

0 22

0 2

18

10 Cycles to Failure

Pig. l14o
S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of-0-1 (AZ8OA-2)

maADDlTm Allay, (Fran Ref.- 67)

WADD TR 6o-412

2411

.%

I0

/ fi4f
P*

UXDD' 0-,,= -, mumm nm i

W ""t 6m tv"! I!

mmn i ,,,m=m=

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11

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Ii

_ _

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;::l~ I I0
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VI
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,;Sx~~ ~

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WADD

6o-2

24

.310

j 10

I-.

11.5

Cycles to Failure S-N 1uz'ves 5or Smooth Magrecium A11o HM-21 po at corn Te erature.and t50 an bOF thread Lods (A .".00U) an3 W:Lou; 8?eady LOadS (A *,,) lra Ret. 70)

WADD TR 60-42

244

00 .00 0

vs

-E

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0)

IM&M

WAD

TR6-4

69

o
0m 3
.4

I
0_
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Q x
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sz

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0
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oo

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'U NO.S48 $iK "tTL' *Iy Tint 2 &2 2

16E-4
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WADD

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.l

(n 'i- A* cml

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24

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WADD0

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344

en

64

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WADD TR 6o-4+2

24f9

A0

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44 4434 00

wADD

6o-2

25

UM

b".

1.0 br. 100

to b2s.

90

60 ow*lr

5 specimens

V4

60
solution Tresled

10007 ..w=.%%wwwMwft

4 spools*"

0 150 0 * 100

90

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80

70

weir

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60 3 5 Crcus to paijure

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107

50 3.04

105

Titanium kIIOY& Smooth r A1-3 141 Load (A = dp-w ill!"illiid and for" 1111 and Ann' 100001F., with 147,ero Stead 8000, 6000,, S-14 (;Urves at 750, 4000, (Froff Ref. 79)

251 WADD TR 60-42

got60

1.010110

II
8

.0

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6oD

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04o5

10

-0

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24

12

WADD TR

6o-42

253

i__I__i____

107

2'
Cycles to Failure

S-N Curves of Constant Probabilit of Survival of Stress at Conarlnz L:e,t' RK 21 Moors Tests or A1-N1 on8m

(Fr

Ref. 29)

150

10%
50%

~35
3010
2

90_

Cycles to Failure

Fig.
t Conta~nt Lire. H.

n'~

3-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress

R. Moore Tests or Beryllium Copoer (From Ref . 29)

WADD TR 60-42

254

35 30

Item 7

Polyester Resin
-

181

Glass Fabric

25

--

9 Specimens

15

",-

-z

30 Item 8

Polyester Resin

112 Glass Fabric

10 5

l-

3.

-..

,-

20
5

Iyle 30

to

KtFailre . 157

S-Ni Curves tar (]Pass-Fber-Reinfoc 1lastlc teminates

WADD TR 60-'2

255

so~etar Resin

35

P8J& Gleam Fabric 1

30

--

---

25

250

itaem 1a3nte
(F9 WADDv~e ReT 80)

1.0o1225

35

I I
-

Heat Resistant Polyester Resin

181 Glass Fabric

4Z

roM an S res
Speci1.0

Kt

1.

258

20

1~ 5

IIi Spczg-L 9
Ittem 21

1I18

Gas abi
___

~ 0

30

N CuvsfraHeat N Plastic Lainte M(ern

Resistant Mitean Withoust Ref. 80)'

Plao-lyer-Rei orResi 3.5iupsdManSrs

15 TR 60-

ec

257

20

SatGlaess Fabric rlf Resistant Polyester lesin

* &5 vith

item.. S15
N 8 Specimens 10

Kt

1.

Cycles to Failure

S-N Curves of a Heat Resistant 0Gass-flbrio Reinforced

Plastic

.Mnate, at 450 w1trh the Warp

(FnCa Ref. 80)

35

1
ltaa 26 8 Specimens

pat Resistant It~ie Basin M, Glas Fabric

"Is8 Specimens
25

433

10

1o

555

1o5

1o5 0o7

5 o8

Cycles to Failure

Fig. 161'
S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass-FabricReinforced Plastic Laminate

(From Ref.- 80)

WADD TR 60-4+2

258

|ho

SHeat
35

Resistant Phenolic Resin 181 Glass Fabric

25

20
15
10

7 Spcio

Kt f 3.5

5
'

30
Heat Resistant Silicone Resin 181 Glass Fabric

25 ~20
15 ;;; 7Specimens
Kt____1
0Kt

15Igel

30 SSpecimesK

3.5

10

10

5 10

5 105 5 3o6 Cycles to Failun. Flg. 162

5 107

5 108

S-N Curves of Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric

Reintorced Plastic Laminates (From Ref. 80)

WADD TR 6o-42

259

30
25
j20S20Itels 313 - Kt 1.o0
-

log

lo3

5iO(

5 1o5
Fig. 161

51

Cycles to Failure

o7

5 1o8

S-N Curves for a Glass Fabric Laminate Plastic

(Plotted fran Table XI of Ref. 42)

WADD TR 60-42

260

Nowial

ea

ellow DTgh

!Ktul.08K

mole

Hard reela

GOOM

10 ey"to Fallsre

1 oT&

lols
120 5

___0__

10

lo,600 (on

MO-oIrse
aI I I

2.
I _0

Umw Deffs content 50% Compabed

1

Cycles to Ys11,w.
20

10

0o10
Oyal.. to fLe3m. -Hr a

108

~1534ai

N10

It
-

2.
Oontstl
cycles to Failgme Fig. 164i

11* Deeals

S-N Curves ror Natural and Laminated Wood (From Ref. 81) WADD TR 6o-42 2 61

,41 0
pal
4003

ImmIaI
8 8 6t_-UK.! --- 50 " - .

8
W22 50~l

WADD TR 60-4+2

262

t-

Is-

-7
TOX

on
sswuSUMUI-S

WADD

6o-2

26

-- iii
-

p
__

I I
0
'4

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/ a
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___

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__

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WADD TR 6o-k2

26'I

1L

ii
604226 R

--

m R

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WAD

.9.6042926

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. 2.

Cuilnga, Harold N., Qualitative Aspects or Fatigue or Metals. TR 59-230, 1959.

WADC

Anon., A Tentative Guide for Fatigue Testing and the Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Dava. ASTM 5TF NO* 91-As 195!). Lipaitts L.A., and Horne$ 0.T.,, The Fatigue Behavior of Decarburized Steel. Proc. ASYM, Vol. 57, 1957-. Demer, L.J., Interrelation of Fatige Cracig, Sensitivity, A.T 64UMrh 97 Mappng and Notch

3.
4.

5.
6, 7.

Evans, E.B., Ebert,, L.J., and Brines, C W. Fatigue Prouerties of Comparable east and Wrought Steels. Proc. AST,&; Vol.* 5b, 195b Almon,, J.0.,, and Boegehold., A.L.,, Rear Axle Gears: Factors Which Influence Their Life. Proc. ASYM, Vol. 35j, II, 1935. Neuber, H., Der Raumlich Spanunzuatand In Umderhungskerben. Archly., Vol. bs p. 133, 1935. Ingenieur

8. 9.

Corten, H.T.,, Dimoff, T., and Dolan, T.J.,, An Appraisal of the Prot Method of Fatigue Testing. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 54,, 1954. Grover, H.J.,, Bishop,, S.M,, and Jackson, L.R., Fatl~e Sigeths or Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Notche phet ecimens of 24-T and T-T Auminum AZoE and or SA 1O ee wihsress concentration Factors or 2.0 and 41.0. NAGA TN 23059, 1951. Grover,, HJ.,, Hyler, Aircraft Materials of 24-T and T-T Concentration Factor W.S.,, and Jackson, L.R.,p Fatigue Strengths of Axial-L~oad Fatigue Tests on Notched Sheet specimens Auminum Aloy and of SAE 43Ste ntress or 1.5. NAGA TN 2639, February, 1952.

10.

11. 12. 13.

Rooney,, R.J., Fatigue Tests of Welded and Unwelded SAE 420 Steel. Wright Field Memorandum Report,, Serial No. XC7MCrE-590-6- , January 14,1948. Anon., Rotati.'i Beam Fatfigue Test. Unpublished Report EML 803, JuneJuly 194y7, Curt iss-Wright Propeller Division. Sachs, 0.,g Muvdi, B.B., and Klier,, E.P.,, Design Properties of High Strength Steels in the Presence of stress Concentrations. WADC R 55-103, January, 1955. Starkey, W.L.,, Marco, S.M., and Gatta, R.R., Statistical Evaluation of Variation in Endurance Limit Among Several HfeatFs -o( ro-pelle-r Type Ste-el. WACTR 55-45S3# August, 195b. Epremian, E., and Mehl, R.F.0 Investigation of Statistical Nature of Fatigue Properties. NAGA TN 2719, June, 195r. Dieter, G.E., Horne,, G.T.,, and Mehl# R.F., Statistical Study of OverStressinig in Steel. MACA TN 3211, April,, 1154-. Dolan, T.J., and Hanley, B.C., The Effect of Size of Specimen on the Fatige Streag o AE440 Steel. Final Report, may, 19118, Engr-. Expriensation, U.or11

14.

15. 16. 17.

WADD TR 60-42

268

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

18.
19. 20. 21.

Poster H W. and Cox, R.J., Static and Fatigue Notch Tests of High Heat SAE J43 0 and Hy-Tuf Steel Bar. LocUKheed Aircraft Corp., Report No. TT744U January 309 L95l.. Wells, N.J., and Ward, M.V., Critical Design Factors for High Strength Steel. Machine Design, Vol. 25, No. 10, October, 1953, PP. 149-15T. Melcon, M..A., Ultra High Strength Steel tor Aircraft Structures. Engineering, Vol. XXIV, No. 10, October, 1953, pp. 129-141. Product

Ransom, J.T., and Mehl, R.F.,, The-Statistical Nature of the Fatigue Properties of SAE 4~340 Steel Forgings. Symposiu-mi onF7aitigue with Emphasis on statistical Approach - II. A5TKh STP No. 137', June, 1952. Trapp,, W.J., Elevated Temperature Fatigue Properties of SAE 4f340 Steel. December, 1952. WADC TR 52-325-,Part I,, Dolan, T.J., Richart, F.E., Jr., and Work, C.E., The Influence of Fluctuations in Stress Amplitude on the Fatigue of Metals. Proc. AsTm, Vol. 49, 1949, p-. BTb. Oberg, T.T., and Ward, E.J. Fatigue of Alloy Steels at High Stress Levels. WADC TR 53-256, October, 1953. Ward,, E.J., Schwartz,, R.T.,, and Schwartz, D.C., An Investigation of the Prot Accelerated FatigueTest. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 53, 1953, P. 08t5. Findley, W.N., Mergen, P.C., and Rosenberg, A.H., The Effect of Range of Stress on Fatigue Strength of Notched and Unnotched SAE 4340 Steel In Bending and Torsion. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 535, 1953,, p. 700i. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.Ci. Investigation of Materials Fatigue Problems Applicable to Propeller Design. WD TR 5~4-531, Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B.,, and Schulte, W.C. Inesigation of
Deign.WAD1 TH 54-531,

22. 23.

24I.
25.

26.
27.

28.

Materials Fatigue Problems Applicable to Propeller

S-upplement 1, October, 1955.

29.

Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B.,, and Schulte, W.C., Investigation of Materials Fatigue Problems. WADC TR 56-611a mar-,a1?957. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.c., Research on Ferrous
Material Fatigue* WADC TE

30. 31.
32.

58-43,

August,

1958.

Starkey, W.L., Marco, S.M., and Gatts, R.R., Statistical Evaluation of arpeller Tye Variation in Endurance Limit Amo2 Several Heats af Tarasovp L.P., and Grover, H.J.., Effects of GriLnding and Other Finishing Processes on the Fatigue Strengh or Htardened steel. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 50o 1950a p.76697 Styri,, H., Patiu Strenoth of Ball Bearing Races and Heat Treated 521.00 Steel Specimens. Prod. ASTX# Vol. 51, 1L951,o P. 062. Muvdi, L.B., Sachs, G., and 111cr, E.P.,, Axial Load Patiu u High Strength Steels. Proc. ASTN,, Vol. 5T# 1957; Prpriso rpriso

33. 34.

wADD TR

60-42

269

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

410. 41l.

Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.C., Invest Aation of Fatigue

Vitovec, F.H., Fatigue, Creep

Udimet 500, Has~ei o_ y
-5

and Ru ture Progerties 3f the Alloy

and GX-j-.
A T 5-34, Ocober,

1958.

Sachs$ G0. Sell, R., and Brown, W.F., Jr. , insion, Compression, and Fatigue Properties or Several Steels for Ai ~craft Nearing Application. Paper presented to ASTM Annual Meeting, Ju~ne, 1959. Fairbairn, G.,A., An Appraisal of the Fatigue Characteristics of Materials for High Performance Air Vehicles. Proceedings, WADC Symposium on Fatiu oAircrart Structures, sponsored by ARDCO WADC TR 59-507j, August,, 1959. Lazan, B.J., and Demers L.J., Dam~ng Elasticitz and Fatigue Properties of Temperature-Resistant materials. Poc. AT, Vol. 5, 91 Vitovec, F.H., and Lazan, B.J., Fatigue , Creep, and Rupture Properties of Heat Resistant Materials. WADC Tfl !50-101 August, 1950S. Vitovec, F.H., Fatigue, Creep, and Rupture Properties or the Alloy Inconel 11713CI'. Status Report 56i-j, Third quarter 1956 U. orMinIs.o Techi7 Mechanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 94d. inIs*o Podnick~s, E.R., and Lazan, B.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties of Titanium Alloys, Hi10 Temperature Alloys, stainless Steels, and Glass Laminate at Room and Elevated Temperatures.* WADC TR 56-37, March,. 195b7. Demers L.J., and Lazan, B.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties of Unnotohed and Notched N-155 Alloy at Room and Elevated T~emperatures. Proc. ASTM,, Vol. 53,71953. Toolins P.R., The Influence of Test Temperature and Grain Size on the Fatigue Notch Sensitivit-y or Rerractaloy 26. Proc. ASTM,, Vol. 511, 195 4. Hardrath, H.F,, Landers, C.B., and Utley, E.C., Jr., Axa-od aiu Tests on Notched and Unnotched Sheet Specimens of 6lS 7 -T6Mum~nUM Aj~IoY Annealed 347 stainless STeel, and Heat-Treated 403 Stainess Steel, NACA TN 3011, October, 1953. Rooney, R.J., Fatigue Properties of Heat Resistant Nickel Base Alloy Rene 411. WADC Report WCLT L58z-73, 2b August 1956S. Oberg, T.T., and Rooney, R.J., Reversed Bendin Fatigue Characteristics of

4&2.

43.

441. 415.

416. 247.

418.

Lazan, B.J., and Blatherwick, A.A.,s Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloy at Various Direct Stress Ratios.. Part I - Rolled Alloys. WADC TH 52-307 Part Is December, 1952. 49. Wag. TY. Axial Loadip Fatigue Properties of 7072-T6, 701-T6 and

50.

Cliet, C.B., Flexural Fatigue Strength of Anodized 2315-T Aluminum Alloy Sheet. Aeronautical Engineering Review, Vol. 11, No. 12,' December, 1952. 270

WADD TR 6o-42

BIBLIOORAPHY (Uontinued)

51. 52.

and Howard, D.M., Effect of Mean Stress on the Fatigue Life Wilks, I.E WADC TR 53-40, June, 1953. of Alclad 2AS-T3 and 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Smith, P.C., Brueggeman, W.x., and Harwell, R.H., Comparison of Fatigue Strengths of Bare and Alclad 24S-T3 Aluminum-Alloy Sheet Specimens NACA TN 2231, December, 1950. Tested at 12 and 1,000 Cycles per Minute. Grover, H.J., Bishop, S.M., and Jackson, L.R., Fatigue Strengths of Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Unnotched Sheet SpeciNACA mens of 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloys and of SAE 4130 Steel.

53.

TN 2324, 1951. 54. Grover, H.J., Bishop, S.M., and Jackson, L.R., Fatigue Strengths of Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Notched Sheet Specimens of 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloys and or SAE MO Steel with stress Concentration Factor of 5.0. NACA TN 2390, 1951. MacGregor, C.W., and Grossman, N., Effects of Cyclic Loadins on Mechanical NACA Behavior of 24S-T4 and 75S--T6 Aluminum Alloys and SAE 4130 Steel. TN 2U12, October, 1952. Wallgren, G., Direct Fatigue Tests with Tensile and Compressive Mean Stresses on 24"-T Aluminum Plain Specimens and Specimens Notched by a Drilled Hole. -Stockholm, 1953, Report No. 40 of the Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden. Hardrath, H.F., and Illg, W., Fatigue Tests at Stresses Producing Failure 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum-Alloy Sheet Specimens in 2 to 10,000 Cycles. NACA TN 3132, with Kt - 4.0, Subjected to Completely Reversed Axial Load. January 1954. Rosenthal, D., and Sines, G., Effect of Residual Stress on the Fatigue Proc. ASTM, Vol. 51, 1951, p. 593 et seq. Strength of Notched Specimens. Stickley, G.W., and Howell, F.M., Effects of Anodic Coatings on the Proc. ASTM, Vol. 50, 1950. Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloys. Sinclair, G.M., and Dolan, T.J., Effect of Stress Amplitude on Statistical Trans. ASIfE, Vol. Variability in Fatigue Life of 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloy. 75, No. 5, July, 1953, PP. Ob7-b72. Findley, W.N., Combined-Stress Fatigue Strength of 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy NACA TN With Superimposed Mean Stresses and Correction for Yielding. 2924p, May, 1953. Dolan, T.J., Effects of Range of Stress and of Special Notches on Fatigue NACA TN Properties of Aluminum Alloys Suitable for Airplane Propellers. 052, June, 1942. Bennett, J.A., Effect of an Anodic (HAE) coating on the Fatigue Strength Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55, 1955. of Magnesium Alloy Specimens. Found, G.H., The Notch Sensitivity in Fatigue Loading of Some MagnesiumProc. ASTM, Vol. 4b, 194b. Base and Aluminum-Base Alloys. Jackson, L.R., and Grover, H.J., The Fatigue Strength of Some Magnesium Sheet Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 46, 194b.

55.
56.

57.

58. 59.
60.

61.

62.

63. 64. 65.

WADD TR 60-42

271

BIBLIOORAPHY (continued)

66.

Blatherwick, A.A., and Lazan, B.J,, FatguePrper~ties ofExtruded Ualposium Alloy 2K6O Under Various Cormbnatons or Alenating an7 mean AalStresses. WADC TH 53-l15l, August, 1953. Hyler, W.S.., and Lyons, F.H., Material-Progerty-Des sn criteria for Metals.

67. 68. 69.

Harmsworth,, C.L.,1 Fatigue Properties of AZ8l-T~4 Cast Magnesium Alloy. WADC Report No. WcRT L5t-13,, 31 January 195b. Harusworth, C.L.s, and Stewart, J.M., Fatigue Properties of HM-31 Magnesium Alloy at Room and Elevated Temperatures. WADc Report NO. WCRT L5t-b9, 14 may 195bw' Harmsvorth, C.L.,, and Beutel, E.., Fatigue Properties of HM-21 Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures. WADC Report NfO. WURT L5b 112, ?3 October, 1950. Romualdi, JP., and D'Appolonia, E.,* The Effect of Geometry of Notch and Speed of Testing on the Fatigue Prourtles of Titanium. Carnegie I-naTITute or Technology and Office or Chief or Ordnance. Contract No. DA-36-061ORD-259. WAL Report No. '401/68-22. March, 1953. Adenstedt, H.K.p Binna, F.R., and Rooney, R.J., A Preliminary Inves~igation on the Effects of Surface Treatments on the Fatigue Strength Or Titanium Alloys TI-150A and RC -130B * WADC TR 52-202, February 1953. Harmsworth, C.L., Invest Wtion of the Statistical Nature of Fatisue of RC130B Titanium Allo-y.WADC Report WCRT L5)4-3b, Project 591-bO kS-A), 7 July 1954. Demmlers, A.W., Jr., Sinnottj, N.J., and Thomassen, L., The Fatigue Properties of Some Titanium Alloys.. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55, 1955, p.7-71-Demmier, A.W.s, Jr.., Sinnotts, M.J., and Thomassen, L., The Fatigue Properties of Some Titanium Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 56, 1956, P. 1051. Repeated Load. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55_, 195.

TO.

71.

72.

73. 7'4, 75.

76, Crum, R.G., and D'Appolonia, E., Behavior of Ti-T5A Titanium Alloy Under 77. 78. 79.
Ogden, H.R.s, Holdens, P.C., and Jaffee, R.I., Mechanical Properties of TiCr-Mo Alloys as Affected by Grain Size and Grain Shape. Trans. ASM, Vol.' 50s, 2950. Sherman R G. and Kessler, H.D., Investigation of the Heat Treatability of the t% ilu'minum-'4% Vanadium Titanium-Base Alloy. Tr-ans. ASm, Vol.* 49 195b. Coer, A.E. Fatigue, Rupture and Creep Properties of 7 Al-3 Mo Titanium Ally. Status Report 59-2, Second quarter 1959, U. of Minn., In~stf. of Teen., Mechanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 6'4g. (Air Force Contract

33(616) -5'449).

80.

Boiler, K.H., Fatjgue Properties of Various Glass-Fiber-Reinforeed Plastic La.minates. WAINC TR 55-30i9.

WADD TR 6o-4~2

272

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

81.

Fuller, F.B., and Oberg, T.T., Fatigue Characteristics of Natural and Journal of the Aeronautical Resin-Impregnated, Compressed, LamInated Woods. Sclences, Vol. 10, No. 3, March, 1943. Kommers, W.J., The Fatiue Behavior of Wood and Plyood Subjected to U. S. Dept. or Agriculture, Forest Repeated and Reversed Bending Stresses. bervice. Forest Products La oratory Report No. 1327, March, 1955. Torvik, P.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties of Brush QNV Berylliu. Status Report 59-2, Second Quarter 1959, U. of MRUm., Inst. of (Air Force Contract Tech )-chanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 72h.

82. 83.

84. 85.

Materials Laboratory, WADD, Stresa-Rupture Data for Beryllium. Materials Laboratory, WADD, Fatigue of Beryllium.

WADD TR 6o-42

273

LIST OF AUTOM (W MEMMRENCS

AUTHOR Adenstedt, H.K. Almen, J.0. Anon.

REFERENCES 72 6 2,12

AUTHOR Harusworth, C.L. Harwell, R.H. Holden, F.C.

REFEEINCES 49,68,69,70, 73 52

Bennett, J.A. Beutel, E. Binns, F.E. Bishop, S.M. Blatherwick, A.A.

Boegehold, A.L.

63 70 72 9g53 54 66
6

Horne, Howard, Howell, Hyler,

G.T. D.M. P.M. W.C.

77 16 51 59 10,67
57

Boller, K.H. Briggs, C.W. Brown, V.F., Jr. Brueggeman, W.C. Cers, A.E. Cliet, C.B. Corten, H.T.8 Cox, R.J. Crum, R.e. Cummings, H.N. D'Appolonla, E. Demer, L.J. Demler, A.W.,Jr. Dieter, G.E. Dlmoff, T. Dolan, T.J.

80 5

Ing, W.

37
52

Jackson, L.R. Jaffee, R.I. Kessler, H.D. Klier, E.P. Kommers, W.J. Landers, C.B. Lazan, B.J. Lipsitt, H.A. Lyon, F.H. MaoGregor, C.W. Marco, S.M. Materials Laboratory, WADD Mehl, R.F. ,.A. Melcon, Mergen, F.G. Muvdi, B.B. Neuber, H. Oberg, T.T. Ogden, H.R. Podnicks, E.R. Ransom. J.T. Richart, F.E.,Jr. Romualdi, J.P. Rooney, R.J. Rosenberg, A.H.
Rosenthal, D.

9,10,53,54,

65

77

79

50

18 76 1,27,28,29, 30,35 71,76 4 39,43

78 13,34 82 45 39,1 40,42,43, "48,66 3 67 55

74,75
62

16 8 8,17,23,60,

14,31
84,85 15,16,21 20 26 13,34

Ebert, L.J. Epremlan, E. Evans, E.B. Fairbairn, G.A. Findley, W.N. Foster, H.W. Found, O.H. Fuller, F.B. oatta, R.R.

5 15 5 38 18 64 81

7
24,47,81

26#61

77

14,31 9 10,32,53,
55

42 21 23

Grover, H.J.

Grossman, N.

54,65 17
145,57

71

Hanley#, B.C.

11,46,T7 26
58

Hardrath, H.I.

wADD TR 60-142

274

LIST OF AUTHORS OF REFERENCES (Continued)

AUTHOR

REFERENCES

Sachas, 0. Schulte, W.C.

Schwartz, D.C.

13,34,37 27,28,29,30, 35
25

Schwartz, R.T. Sell, R.

Sherman, R.G.

25 3

7o
60 58 74,75 52 14,31 69 59 27,28,29,30,

Sinclair, O.M. Sines, 0. Sinnott, N.J. Smith, F.C. Starkey, W.L. Stewart, J.M. Stickley, G.W. Stulen, F.B. Styrij, H. Tarasov, L.P. Thomassen, L. Toolin, P.R. Torvik, P.J. Trapps W.J. Utley, E.C., Jr. Vitovec, F.H. Wallgren, 0. Wang, D.Y. Ward, E.J. Ward, N.V. Wells, N.J. Wilks, I.E. Work, C.E.

35
33

23,32 74,75 44 83 22 45 36,40,41 56 49 24,25 19 19 51 23

WADD TR 60-42

275

MATERIAL Steels and otant Alloys MITeat 1008

1020

TABLE

ITEWS

PARAGRAPH

FPIS.

1
f4-5

1-3 6-13 14-19

2.2.1 "1-7 If " "

2 38-10 11-12 13
-15
- --

1040 1330

1340 23

20-23

2315 2330

4230
4N0 41'I 5
4320 4330

"1 It

"

24-33 34 37 38-39 404 4130 45-48

"--"T
If
if

If 0

49-52
53-59 60-73 74-T77 1-85 86-95 1-32 33-36 37-140 41-42 43-52
10-11

-"
16
17-21

4335

4340 4350 52100 8630 8640 14B50 9840"

cruc. UHS-260

1I I III
"

2.2.2 "47 2.2.3

22-46 48-50 51-52 53-54 56-60

55
62

IV

2.2.4

Ferrovac (WB-49) OR-235 H-1 H-23 Halmo Hastalloy H-Tut Inoonel 713C Inoonel X Inoonel X-550 Lapalloy X-1 M-10 K-30C MV-" X-155 Refractalloy Rene 41 S-816 Sandv'ik StaWnleas 347 StaWnless 403 Stainless 17-7 PHt Staless PH-15-7 No Super HY-Tuf Super TH-2 WADD TR 60-42

V
"

1-4 5-6 10-11

12

3.2 " "

66 67 68 69 67 64 73,74 70,71 72 75 76 61

IV V "

7 8-9 14-15 17-26 13-14 15-16 27 28 30-33 See Tricent 29 34-35 40.-45 91-102

2.2.4 3.2 "

"

70 79 87 88, 70 75, 81 62 70 75, 78

"46-63 64-67 68-70 71-77 "36-37 38-39 "

Stellite

IV

(See X-40)
9,16-17 12-13

2.2.4 I

"

65 63

276

LIST OF MATERIALS (Continued)

MATERIAL Steels and Heat Resistant

Alloys IContinued j Timken 16-25-6 Trioent

TABLE

ITEMS

PARAGRAPH

FIGS.

TP-2-B TP-2-R Udimet 500 Waspalloy WB-49

V IV

V "

x-4o

84 85 86-87 88-90 See Ferrovac

81-83 1-8

3.2 2.2.4

86 61

3.2

78-80

70 70 67 85 66

84

Aluminum Alloys 2014

2024 6061 VII VIII

VI IX

1-10
1-24 1-7 1-4

4.2.1
4.2.2 4.2.3

7075 7076
7079

X xi

1-31 1-23

4.2.4 4.2.5

94 -106 107-109

90-93

4.2.6

110-123 124-129
130

Magnesium Alloys AZ-31A-0 AZ31X AZ6lA-F

AZ8OA-" AZ81-T4

XII

See PS-la 1-19 See J-1 33,37,41 30,34,39 31,36,40,42,43

32,35,38 27-29 20-26,54,55 See AZ31X 67-69 70-74 64-66 52,53,56-58 59-61 49-51 See 0-1 62,63

5.2

138 131
--141

"
" " " "

C-AC C-HT
C-HTA C-HTS

n" " " " " " "

--138 142 143 142 137 139 140 134-136

PS-la
HM-21

'S-1

PS-lh HK-31

1FS--h
"

44-48

132,133

HM-31 J-1 0-1 ZK6OA-T5

" "

Titanium Alloys "Commerolal" Ro-A-30314 wADD TR 60-42 XIII 45-50 35-40 277 6.2 ---

LMi8

ORMAh (COUUMOd)

MATERIAL Titanium Alloys (Continued)

TABLE

TITEM

PARAGRAPH

FIGS.

Ro-130D
Ro-55

XIII

TI-75A Ti-150A Ti-2.5 Cr-2.5 No Ti-7.5 Cr-7.5 go 6 A1-4 Va 7 A1-3 Mo

13-15,24-34 1-6 1 16-23,41-44 7-12 55-62 51-54 63-66 67-86

6.2

145-146 144 147 145 148 148 149-151 152-153

Miscellaneous Materials

Al-Ni Bronze Beryllium

Gray Iron

Beryllium Copper

XIv "
"

5 50-63
6

7.2 "166-170

155
156

Glass Fiber Plastic Lam. Ingot Iron

Wood and Plywood

7-31
3-4

157-163
154 " 164-165

1-2
32-49

WADD TR 60-42

278

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