Nordic PhD course on Wind Power 5-11.6.2005 Final examination Juha Kiviluoma 11.10.

2005

Topic 9. Power quality, wind field. Problem 4. Generation of Wind field. The problem was to create one dimensional wind field according to the method found in Winkelaar (1991). Winkelaar uses Sandia method developed by Veers. This method derives from the work of von Krmn who formalized the way turbulences in flux can be represented with analytical function. Winkelaars method is an application to create a wind field for wind power turbine blades revolving at variable speed. With the method one can create correlated wind field for blade subsections. Since the assignment was to make only one dimensional wind field, the wind field presents only one non-revolving point in space. Furthermore there was no need to make the point to correlate with other points First step was to calculate the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of turbulence. Wilkemaar's paper gives an equation: ~ f S uu ( f ) 4 f = (1) ~ u2 (1 + 70.8 f 2 ) 5 6

in which

~ x Lu f f = U
x

(2)

Lu = 25

~ 0.35 z 0 z 0 .063

(3)

u
U

Fu ln( z ) z0

(4)

Fu = 0.867 + 0.556 log ~ 0.246(log ~ ) 2 z z

(5)

1 0 = 0.76 / z 0 .07 0.76

[z 0 0.02] [0.02 z 0 1.0] [z 0 > 1.0]

(6)

The matrix function Suu(f) is to create spatial coherence between revolving points. In this assignment it is set to be one-dimensional matrix with value of 1 m2/s. In Winkelaar (1992) PSD is stated to be f.Suu(f) with unit (m/s)2. From this I gather that the variance should be on the right side of the equation when calculating the PSD. As input values I used height (z) of 80m, roughness length (z0) of 0.03m, and mean wind speed () of 10 m/s. The resulting power spectral density can be seen in figure 1. The frequencies were calculated from 0.001 Hz upwards with steps of 0.001 Hz until 4 Hz.

0.7 0.6 0.5 PSD [(m/s)^2] 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.001

0.010

0.100 Frequency [Hz]

1.000

10.000

Figure 1. Power Spectral Density of stationary wind field The time series are made by using inverted FFT in Matlab. Since the PSD does not include information about the phase in which each frequency is, straight IFFT results in a neat curve which does not represent any real wind speed. In order to get more realistic winds, I introduced random variation into the complex side of the spectral density before doing the IFFT. With this the wind field started to look better (figure 2). Before the PSD can be turned into wind time series, one has to take square root of it to get spectral density. Since the IFFT loses scaling and averages around zero, I applied the original standard deviation to get the scaling correct and added the average wind speed to the scaled series. The time series is four seconds long to get longer time series one would need to save the phases in the end of the series and do new IFFT with those phases.
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Figure 2. Four second long wind speed time series with average wind speed of 10 m/s. Winkelaar, D. 1991. Fast three-dimensional wind simulation and the prediction of stochastic blade loads. SED-Vol. 11. Tenth ASME wind energy symposium. Winkelaar, D. 1992. SWIFT Program for Three-Dimensional Wind Simulation, Part 1: Model Description and Program Verification. ECN-R--92-013. <http://www.ecn.nl/wind/products/software/swift.html> (11.10.2005)

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