Review of outgassing rates of aluminum

http://home.fnal.gov/~mlwong/outgas_rev.htm

Review of papers regarding vacuum system and materials M. Wong, 21-Mar-02 This review summarizes the outgassing rates of various materials: Aluminum Stainless steel Epoxies Kapton Plastics

Also described are the results of various cleaning methods. Chart 1 summarizes the outgassing rates of aluminum. Note the different methods of measurement and treatment of samples.
Material Treatment Outgassing rate (torrL/sec-cm ) Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum 6061-T6 Aluminum Aluminum None Degassed Degassed Baked 13.5h @ 300C Cleaned Fresh, degreased w/ trichloroethylene & cleaned w/ ethyl alcohol Degassed Baked @ 200C Degassed 24h, degreased w/ trichloroethylene & cleaned w/ ethyl alcohol None Bell jar, as received, room temp. Bell jar, as received, room temp. Bell jar, as received, room temp. 1x10
-6 2

Time meas. (hours)

Test method

Reference

Year

1h
-7

Schamus (ref Markley, et al) Schmaus (ref Markley, et al) Schmaus (ref Markley, et al) Schmaus (ref Das) Schmaus (ref Blears, et al) conductance Elsey (ref Schram)

1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1975 (1963)

1.7x10 2.7x10 1.4x10 8x10

-9

1h 10h 10h 10h

-8

-8

6.3x10

-9

1h

Aluminum Aluminum 6061-T6 Aluminum

4.6x10 4.5x10

-9

100h 10h 1h conductance

Schmaus (ref Markley, et al) Schmaus (ref Das) Elsey (ref Schram)

1999 1999 1975 (1963)

-9

4.14x10

-9

Aluminum 6061-T6 Aluminum 5083-O Aluminum 5083-O Aluminum 5083-O

2.5x10

-9

10h 10.3h 8h 24h Rate-of-rise Conductance Conductance

Schmaus (ref Das) Schrank, et al Schrank, et al Schrank, et al

1999 1964 1964 1964

2.18x10 1.27x10 6.6x10

-9

-9

-10

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Review of outgassing rates of aluminum

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Aluminum 5083-O Aluminum 6061-T6 Aluminum

Bell jar, as received, room temp. after baking @ 220C Baked 15h @ 300C Degassed 24h, degreased w/ trichloroethylene & cleaned w/ ethyl alcohol Bell jar, no. 4 finish (lapped), room temp. Fresh, degreased w/ trichloroethylene & cleaned w/ ethyl alcohol Cleaned w/ detergent, rinsed w/ acetone, pumped 24 hours LEP vacuum chamber, chem.. clean, baked in situ @ 150C Degreased in acetone w/ methanol rinse; baked 100C Degreased in acetone w/ methanol rinse, chem polished, baked 100C Degreased in acetone w/ methanol rinse, chem polished, glow discharge in Ar, baked 100C Above plus baked 15h @ 250C under vacuum PETRA vacuum chamber, glow discharge@145C

4.6x10

-10

50h (baked @27-31h) 10h 1h

Conductance

Schrank, et al

1964

1.6x10

-10

Schmaus (ref Das) conductance Elsey (ref Schram)

1999 1975 (1963)

3.06x10

-10

Aluminum 5083-O Aluminum

2.87x10 6.0x10

-10

6.0h 10h

Rate-of-rise conductance

Schrank, et al Elsey (ref Schram)

1964 1975 (1963)

-10

Aluminum, type 1100 Aluminum

~10

-10

conductance

Young

1968

2.3x10

-11

24h

Mathewson, et al Rate-of-rise & conductance Rate-of-rise & conductance Halama, Herrera Halama, Herrera

1988

Aluminum 6061-T4 Aluminum 6061-T4

6x10

-12

24h

1976

3x10

-12

24h

1976

Aluminum 6061-T4

5x10

-13

24h

Rate-of-rise & conductance

Halama, Herrera

1976

Aluminum, type 1100 Aluminum

4x10

-13

24h @ room temperature Up to 200h

conductance

Young

1968

1x10

-13

In situ glow discharge, conductance

Mathewson, et al

1977

Chart 2 summarizes the outgassing rates of stainless steels, along with the surface treatment and pumping time.
Material Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Treatment None degreased None Outgassing rate (torr-L/sec-cm ) 6.4x10 4x10 2x10
-7 -7 2

Time meas. (hours) 1h 1h 1h

Test method

Reference Schamus (ref Markley, et al) Schamus (ref Markley, et al) Schamus (ref Blears, et al)

Year 1999 1999 1999

-7

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Stainless steel Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel ICN 472 Stainless steel Stainless steel ICN 472 Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel Stainless steel ICN 472 Stainless steel Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel ICN 472 Stainless steel Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel NS22S Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel 304 Stainless steel U15C Stainless steel 304 Stainless steel 304 Stainless steel U15C Stainless steel

None Fresh fresh

2x10

-8

10h
-8

Schamus (ref Blears, et al) Conductance Conductance Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Schamus (ref Das, et al) Conductance Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Schamus (ref Dayton, et al) Schamus (ref Das, et al) Conductance Conductance Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Schamus (ref Das, et al) Conductance Conductance Elsey (ref Schram) Elsey (ref Schram) Schamus (ref Das, et al) Schamus (ref Das, et al) Conductance Strausser Elsey (ref Calder, et al)

1999 1975 1975

1.4x10 1.3x10

1h 1h

-8

None sanded

1.2x10 8.3x10

-8

10h 1h

1999 1975

-9

electro polished mechanically polished fresh Polished & vapor degreased None fresh sanded

4.3x10 1.7x10 1.5x10 1.4x10

-9

1h 1h 10h 10h

Conductance Conductance Conductance

1975 1975 1975 1999

-9

-9

-9

1.4x10 1.3x10 1.0x10

-9

10h 10h 10h

1999 1975 1975

-9

-9

None mechanically polished electro polished Baked 24h @ 200C None Degrease + water rinse Baked 25h @ 300C Degrease + water rinse, baked in vacuum 150C for 12h Electropolished, baked 30h @ 250C Baked 45h @ 360C Baked 24h @ 200C

7.6x10 4.6x10 4.3x10 1.5x10 1.1x10 4.0x10 4.5x10 4.0x10

-10

1h 10h 10h 1h 100h 40h

1999 1975 1975 1999 1999 1973 1975 1967

-10

-10

-10

-10

-11

-12

-12

5h after bakeout

Conductance

Strausser

3.0x10 2.6x10 9.3x10

-12

Elsey (ref Young) Elsey (ref Calder, et al) 100h Schamus (ref Das, et al)

1975 1975 1999

-12

-13

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Stainless steel U15C

Baked 3h in vacuum @ 1000C + 25h in situ @ 360C

1.6x10

-14

Elsey (ref Calder, et al)

1975

Other cleaning methods are listed in Chart 3, although outgassing rates are not measured:
Material Aluminum Treatment Quench a hot aluminum extrusion in an Ar-O
2

Results Dense, thin (~20 thick) oxide layer

Reference Sasaki, Y.T.

Year 1990

atmosphere Aluminum 6063 Aluminum Clean with an alkaline detergent (Almeco 18) Vapor degreasing, pump for 120h before and after bake Removes MgO, C, and Al O
2 3

Sasaki, Y.T. Mathewson, A.G., et al

1990 1989

Dominant residual gases: H O, H ,

2 2

CO, CO , & CH ; after baking @

2 4

150C and pumping, H O & CH gone,

2 4

outgassing rates of other gases reduced 1 order of magnitude except H

2

Aluminum

Vapor degreasing, then light alkaline etch (CERN basic procedure), pump for 120h before and after bake Strong alkaline etching in NaOH, pump for 120h before and after bake Vapor degreasing, Ar glow discharge @ 150C

Dominant residual gases: H O, H ,

2 2

CO, & CO ; after baking @ 150C and

2

Mathewson A.G., et al

1989

pumping, only H exists

2

Aluminum

Dominant residual gases: H O, H ,

2 2

CO, CO , & CH ; after baking @

2 4

Mathewson A.G., et al

1989

150C and pumping, only H exists

2

Aluminum

On initiation of discharge, large pressure increase (normal in Ar glow discharge) was too large for accurate measurement H , CO dominant gases desorbing from
2

Mathewson A.G., et al

1989

Aluminum

Vapor degreasing, then light alkaline etch (CERN basic procedure), Ar glow discharge @ 150C Strong alkaline etching in NaOH, Ar glow discharge @ 150C H glow discharge - 22C
2

surface during discharge cleaning

Mathewson A.G., et al

1989

Aluminum

H , CO dominant gases desorbing from

2

surface during discharge cleaning at order of magnitude less than light alkaline etch Dominant residual gases: CH , CO, &
4

Mathewson A.G., et al

1989

SS

Dylla, H.F.

1988

C H ; water production insignificant;

2 4

frequent arcing on all exposed surface noted during initial discharge period SS H glow discharge 150C
2

Dominant residual gases: CH , CO, &

4

Dylla, H.F.

1988

C H , and H O; frequent arcing on all

2 4 2

exposed surface noted during initial discharge period SS Ar glow discharge ambient temp Dominant residual gases that were significantly removed: CO , H
2 2

Dylla, H.F.

1988

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SS

Ar/O glow discharge

2

Improved removal of CO and CO2; minor amts of implanted Ar that can be removed by baking @ 350C Some degree of passivation: residual gases were removed with 1 cleaning & did not show up during the 2 cleaning
nd st

Dylla, H.F.

1988

Ar/O glow discharge 2h,

2

Dylla, H.F.

1988

exposed to air, then Ar/O glow

2

discharge 2h O glow discharge

2

Rapid removal of carbon, not of hydrocarbons (which can be baked out initially), increased surf. Oxidation, sputtering of the base metal, and possible enhanced outgassing of O -containing molec.
2

Dylla, H.F.

1988

Chart 4 shows different outgassing measurements of epoxies.

Material Treatment Outgassing rate (torrL/sec-cm ) NMA w/ solid alumina filler Polyimide polymer Polyimide polymer Silicone resin Cured 300F 1.6x10
-7 2

Time meas. (hours)

Test method

Reference

Year

Hanson, Patel

1970

Thermosetting; measured @ 40C Thermosetting; measured @ 155C Needs dicumyl peroxide catalyst; thermosetting, measured @ 35C Cured ~150C for 15h

~1.1x10 ~5x10 ~5x10

-8

-7

4h+9min 4.5h increase temp + 6h 4h

conductance conductance conductance

Kendall, Zabielski Kendall, Zabielski Kendall, Zabielski

1965 1965 1965

-8

Araldite epoxies

~10

-8

51h pumping

conductance

Barton, Govier

1965

Kapton is a newer material and little data exists about its outgassing rate. Below are three references.
Material Kapton cable Kapton foil Polyimide Kapton cable Kapton cable Kapton cable Bake @ 300C Treatment Outgassing rate (torr-L/sec-cm ) 1.0x10 1.0x10 4.0x10 2.4x10 2.7x10 6.5x10
-5 -7 -8 2

Time meas. (hours) 0h 40h 12h 168h 336h 504h

Test method conductance

Reference Postma Ferro-Luzzi Weston

Year 1999 1999 1970 1999 1999 1999

-8 -9 -10

conductance conductance conductance

Postma Postma Postma

Chart 6 shows the outgassing rates of several types of plastics.

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Review of outgassing rates of aluminum

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Material Nylon Nylon PVC PTFE Teflon PTFE Teflon PVC G-10

Treatment

Outgassing rate (torr-L/sec-cm ) 1.2x10 6.0x10

-5 2

Time meas. (hours) 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 10h 10h 10h

Test method

Reference Elsey (ref Power, et al) Elsey (ref Power, et al)

Year 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 2001

-6

24h @ 95% relative humidity Fresh

8.5x10 1.7x10 6.5x10

-7

conductance conductance conductance conductance conductance conductance

Elsey (ref Santler) Elsey (ref Santler) Elsey (ref Santler) Elsey (ref Santler) Elsey (ref Santler) Elsey (ref Santler) Beams Division FNAL

-7

-8

Fresh

3.3x10 2.5x10

-8

-8

24h @ 95% relative humidity

2.0x10 ~10
-8

-8

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