Modern Diplomacy

Cooperation between The United States of America and Indonesia in combating Terrorism in Indonesia

Compiled by:

Chakra Pratama 2009330043 Alexander 2009330077 Rio Adistia 2009330099 Inggrid Putri Omega 2009330144

Parahyangan Catholic University Bandung 2012

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Cooperation between United States and Indonesia In Combating Terorism in Indonesia

Traditional Diplomacy Traditional diplomacy1 has gone back over thousands of years far back as to 2500 BC. Traditional Diplomacy was conducted through three main dimensions Structure, Process, and Agenda. Structure- Traditional diplomacy was conducted between states; States were the only actors during this time period Churches were excluded as well as other groups. States at this point were the most important thing in the international sphere. Furthermore during this period diplomacy became institutionalized and regular negotiations between diplomats were occurring. Finally networks of permanent embassies were set up in most countries all over the world. New Diplomacy more or less has evolved after WWII. Diplomats now know that traditionally diplomacy was not effective enough in preventing WWII. New Diplomacy is more open than in previous times, furthermore the United Nations, which was created after WWII, has a major impact on diplomats and the way they conduct business. NGOs are now following and regulating everything that diplomats do. Openness in the international community allows the publics more say about what goes on around them. This would have been an outrage during traditional times. The dimension of both Traditional and New diplomacy are similar but the impact of globalization, has affected the way diplomats carry out their affairs they are more multilateral. Traditional diplomacy in some sense has become out-mode but its original foundations are still as strong as ever. Modern Diplomacy2 The last decades of this century have witnessed an even more profound transformation of diplomacy. The barrier of sovereignty, which protected states against interference in their internal affairs by other states or international bodies, has begun to crumble. Diplomatic
1 2

http://newdiplomacy.blogspot.com/2009/03/traditional-diplomacy-what-are-your_02.html http://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/general/diplomacy-tomorrow

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activities often take place outside the traditional framework of conference rooms and consist of getting involved with ordinary people at all levels. Information technology (IT) and the Internet are overcoming distance and making continuous contact with all segments of ones own diplomatic establishment as well as with international institutions feasible. Information technology also frees the diplomat from a lot of routine work and enormously enlarges his capacity for action, while leaving him free to concentrate on his core duty: to establish and maintain personal contacts and relations. It is this new revolution that will shape the diplomacy of tomorrow. Involvement of the media and through them, the ordinary people, in international affairs has led to what is known as public diplomacy. This means that at home the public puts pressure on the authorities to follow or abandon certain courses of action, often in disregard of international commitments or true national interests. Diplomats must therefore justify their action Terrorism Theory Terrorism as an act of violence for the purpose of forcing the will and purpose of political publications casualties. Groups that feel politically disadvantaged often use campaign of terror and violence. Already proved that politics and terrorism are closely linked. If the flow of communication Blocked, in the sense of the mass media and public representation system is ineffective and unable to meet the aspirations of the people, then terrorists emerge. Same as the war on terrorism, which is diplomacy by other means. Terrorism stems from a sense of political dissatisfaction and frustration3. Indonesian Policy in Combating Terrorism Before Indonesia cooperates with US, Indonesia already has the policy to combating terrorism. Under the current law, the Indonesian police must formally name a subject as a terrorism defendant within seven days after arrest and can then detain them for up to four months without charges. Another proposed revision to the law would allow the police to crack down on individuals and groups that glorify terrorism and openly preach hatred against those of a different

Sukawarsini Djelantik. 2010. Terrorism Tinjauan Psiko-Politis, Peran media, Kemiskinan, dan Keamanan Nasional page 3

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faith. This particular law would target radical clerics who support radical jihad, or war, in their religious lectures.4

One proposed revision to the law would allow a suspect to be detained for two years without trial should his/her activities be deemed an endangerment to Indonesias security. An additional proposed revision to the law would create a Counterterrorism Coordination Agency composed of governmental and social components, including representatives of most of the Ministries, the Attorney Generals Office, the National Police, the State Intelligence Agency, and the Armed Forces. The Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Social Affairs would head the body and answer directly to the President. The agency would coordinate counterterrorism policy and activities, and serve as a central crisis center in the event of a terrorist attack. It has not yet been determined whether the agency would have operational capacities. Elements of the agency would also coordinate with the Religious, Education, and Information Affairs Ministries to implement counter- and de-radicalization programs.5

A final proposed revision to the law would allow the Indonesian military (TNI) and the State Intelligence Agency (BIN) to work more closely with the police, directed by the Counterterrorism Coordination Agency, to counter terrorist acts. Regarding developments in terrorist financing legislation, the Indonesian government made substantial efforts to draft effective terrorist financing legislation that meets FATF standards and creates an effective mechanism to freeze terrorist assets pursuant to UNSCRs 1267 and 1373.An Indonesian interagency team headed by PPATK, the Indonesian Financial Intelligence Unit, drafted new terrorist financing legislation. This draft law addresses criticisms raised in the Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering 2008 evaluation of Indonesia, which noted significant deficiencies in Indonesias statutory and regulatory framework to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.6

Country Reports on Terrorism 2009 :

http://www.scribd.com/doc/60279360/StateDeptCountryReportsOnTerrorism2009-82010,
5 6

Ibid. Op.cit

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Indonesia and U.S Cooperation timeline Indonesia, the largest country in the southeast Asia region, has been successful in its war against terrorism with many of terrorist accomplices and leaders being'paralyzed'and arrested. Some of Indonesian terrorists were linked to Al-Qaeda led by Osama Ben Laden, the notorious terrorist leader whom U.S. has been hunting to this day.Assisted by the U.S., Indonesian police anti-terror squad, the Detachment 88, is continuing its efforts to dismantle terror organizations in the country which presumably still have supporters and possible terror cells in certain areas. Indonesia and U.S Cooperation stretch from 2003 to 2012(on going), both and Indonesia and U.S commited to fight against terrorism and since terrorism is a delicate matter to solve short term cooperation will not be able to solve this problem .Terrorism threat in Indonesia is quite hard to predict so both Indonesia and U.S must be vigilant to perceive this threat .Since president Bush giving aid for Indonesia to fight against terrorism until Barrack Obama there is still terrorist threat for example JW Marriot Bombing in 2009.

Bilateral relations between the United States and Indonesia have improved dramatically since 2005. Expectations are that they will continue to improve under President Obama, who spent part of his childhood in Indonesia. This improvement in bilateral relations since 2005 was largely the product of a successful democratic process in 2004 that led to the election of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and an increased appreciation of Indonesias democratic evolution in the United States. This, and the importance of Indonesia to the war against violent Islamic extremists in Southeast Asia and Indonesias regional geopolitical importance, led the Bush Administration to decide in February 2005 to allow Indonesia to participate in International Military Education and Training (IMET). This was followed by a May 2005 decision to restart non-lethal Foreign Military Sales (FMS) to Indonesia and a November 2005 decision to waive Foreign Military Financing (FMF) restrictions due to U.S. national security concerns

Reasearch Questions From the theory about modern diplomacy and the wide spread of terorism in Indonesia and Indonesias policy in combating terorism, our group deicded that our reasearch questions ara:

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What intiated the US Indonesia cooperation on terorism How was the cooperation Conducted What is the Result of the cooperation

Factors that Initiated the US Indonesia cooperation on terorism The rise in anti-American sentiment propelled by both the U.S.-led invasion and occupation of Iraq and many Southeast Asian Muslims perceptions of Americas stance on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as blatantly pro-Israel makes it even more difficult for most governments to countenance an overt U.S. role in their internal security. The challenge is to find a way to confront the terrorist elements without turning them into heroes or martyrs in the broader Southeast Asian Islamic community. Furthermore, the continued activities of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah will require a coordinated, international response in a region where multinational institutions and cooperation are weak. Indonesias attractiveness to Islamic terrorist groups appears to derive primarily from weak central government control and considerable social and political instability and its overwhelmingly Muslim population7. Central government control in Indonesia has been weakened since the 1997-99 Asian financial crises and the replacement of the authoritarian regime of President Suharto in 1998, which had been in power since 1965, with a more democratic but weaker central government. Indonesias former President Megawati, who was under pressure from Islamic political parties, condemned anti-American violence and pledged to protect U.S. assets and citizens but also publicly opposed the U.S.-led military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. The attack against a discotheque frequented largely b Australian and other tourists in Bali on October, 12, 2002 has changed the political landscape in Indonesia and the Southeast Asian region in a number of ways that have implications for the U.S.-Indonesia relationship. First, international terrorism is now further confirmed as a significant issue for Southeast Asia as a whole, with operatives arrested in Muslim and non-Muslim states alike. This is now the most

ibid

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serious crisis confronting ASEAN, and risks creating further divisions in ASEAN because other members have accused Indonesia of failing to take the issue seriously. Second, while the evidence is still being fully assessed, the Indonesian government has admitted that there is an al Qaeda problem in Indonesia. JI, blamed for the attacks, is an al Qaeda affiliate. The government passed tougher anti-terrorist laws that will allow terrorist suspects to be detained for six months, while classified material can be introduced in court hearings. The government has been supported by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and MuhammadiyahIndonesias largest and most important Muslim groups. This could represent the mobilization of Indonesias moderate Muslim majority against radical visions of Islam. There remains, however, real public distrust of U.S. intentions within Indonesia. When during 2002 the CIA released details provided by al Qaeda operative, Omar al-Faruq, about operations within Indonesia, there was much public disbelief. Third, the blast has seriously tarnished the image of several leading political figures in Jakarta. Hamzah Haz has quickly retreated from his earlier statements denying any terrorist threat within Indonesia8. President Megawatis own reputation, too, has taken a serious dive, with media opinion citing her handling of the Bali incident as disappointingprimarily because of her characteristic silence. For example, rather than rallying the country in the wake of the blasts, she assigned her coordinating minister for security to take the public lead. The Conducting of the anti Terorism cooperation During President Bushs three-hour visit to Bali on October 22, 2003, one of his aims was strengthening bilateral counterterror ties. In a joint statement, Bush and President Megawati pledged to enhance their bilateral cooperation in the fight against terrorism, including through capacity building and sharing of information, specifically referring to military-to-military relations. President Bush also announced a $157 million program to help improve the quality of Indonesian schools by strengthening secular public education. The initiative is aimed at reducing the influence of Muslim boarding schools, many of which preach a radical brand of Islam that calls for the establishment of sharia law, sometimes through violent means. A number of these

Richard Paddock, Indonesia Presses U.S. to Stop Bombing Asia, Los Angeles Times, November 2, 2001.

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schools are run by suspected or confessed JI members, who use them to identify and recruit members9. The United States and Indonesia presently cooperate on counterterrorism in number of areas with assistance going to the police and security officials, prosecutors, legislators, immigration officials, banking regulators and others. U.S. -Indonesian counterterror capacity building programs include the following10: USD $12 million for the establishment of a national policecounterterrorism unit; USD $4.9 million for counterterrorism training for police and securityofficials over the period 2001-2003 Financial intelligence unit training to strengthen anti-moneylaundering, train counterterror intelligence analysts, and an analyst exchange program with the Treasury Department exchange program with the Treasury Department; Training and assistance to establish a border security system as partof the Terrorist Interdiction Program Regional counterterrorism fellowships to provide training oncounterterrorism and related issues to the Indonesian military. U.S. counterterror capacity building programs with Indonesia for 2005 include counterterror training with the Indonesian National Police Unit Special Detachment 88. For this purpose $5 million has been allocated in 2005. The Counterterror assistance programs includes training in Counterterrorism Investigation, Explosives Incidents Countermeasures, and Crisis Response, train the trainer programs and recently completed physical improvements to the National Police Headquarters with training being provided through the Diplomatic Security AntiTerrorism Assistance Program. An additional $600,000 has been allocated for the Regional Counterterrorism Fellowship program in 2005. During President SBY visit to the U.S on May 25, 2005, the dialogue between him and bush stated that a normal military relation between Indonesia and United states would be of Interestt to both countries and undertook to continue towards that objective. During the meeting
9

CRS Report for Congress, Terrorism in Southeast Asia, Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress, August 2004, Page 18 10 Ibid.

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both head of states agree to reopen Indonesias participation in International Military Education and training (IMET) as an important step in re- opening US and Indonesia Military relationships11 . The IMET will grant Indonesia troops to get better military education from US Military Academy such as West Point, Fort Bragg etc. Although Indonesia and United states Military cooperation has been vacuum these last few years due, to the violation of human rights that happened in East Timor, Papua and Aceh during the Soeharto Presidency. As Indonesia has developed into the world's third largest democracy after India and the US, as well as the largest moderate Muslim nation, the United States began to think that it was time to resume ties, particularly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States. Washington regards Indonesia as partner in global counter terrorism strategy. This because Indonesia has been has been successful in its war against terrorism with many of terrorist accomplices and leaders being'paralyzed'and arrested. Some of Indonesian terrorists were linked to Al-Qaeda led by Osama Ben Laden, the notorious terrorist leader whom US has been hunting to this day12. After the agreement of the continuation of US and Indonesia Military joint cooperation, military excercise and training has been held between both countries. Garuda Shield 2011 was a combined military excercise between the US Army Pacific command and the Indonesia Army ground forces. The joint exercise was intended to step up the relation between both army ground forces13. The U.S has agreed on providing military weapons for the Indonesia goverment to help revitalize its equipment. The United States also agreed on a contract to sell F-16 and C-130 HHercules transport aircraft to the Indonesia goverment as an act of helping Indonesia increase its defence against global threats. Besides that, the United States also has helped install and develop a radar system in the straits of Malaka and Straits of Sulawesi14. The Installment of this radar system will help reduce piracy and help track suspicious activity that maybe connected to terrorism in those areas.

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http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/ina-usa/statement/jointstatementSDIII.htm http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7078999.html 13 http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/ri-us-conduct-joint-military-exercise-in-bogor/446381 14 http://ardava.com/2011/10/23/indonesia-amerika-serikat-bahas-kerja-sama-militer/

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The Result of United Staes and Indonesia Cooperation in Combating Terorism The United States and Indonesia continued to enjoy excellent cooperation on issues related to international terrorism. The Indonesian government has worked closely with the United States on terrorism cases and indicated its interest in ongoing assistance and cooperation. The Attorney Generals Office of Terrorism and Transnational Crime Task Force, which the United States helps support, has successfully convicted more than 60 Indonesian terrorists to date, including more than 40 JI members. Although there is no mutual legal assistance treaty in place, there is considerable sharing of information between Indonesia and the United States, and mechanisms exist for the formal transfer of evidence, with the first two mutual legal assistance requests being executed between Indonesia and the United States in 2009.15

Realizing the pivotal role of Indonesia in counter-terrorism, the US has provided funding assistance to Indonesia amid serious efforts in the US to end its suspension of military sales and training to the Indonesian military. The US needed Indonesias political support, as the largest Muslim country, in the war against terrorism, while Indonesia sought US investments to boost the Indonesian economy and the normalization of bilateral military ties. Indonesia initially supported US moves against terrorist networks, reportedly even offering over flight clearance for US military support aircraft.16 The State Department FY2011 Budget Justification for Foreign Operations anticipates continued support to Indonesia with counterterrorism including developing Detachment 88 counterterrorism skills and points out that U.S. assistance will also strengthen Indonesias leading role in regional peace and security. Indonesia has participated in the Regional Defense Counter Terrorism Fellowship Program, which includes intelligence cooperation, civil-military cooperation in combating terrorism and maritime security. Indonesia has also participated in the Theater Security Cooperation Program with the U.S. Pacific Command. This has involved
15

Country Reports on Terrorism 2009 :

http://www.scribd.com/doc/60279360/StateDeptCountryReportsOnTerrorism2009-82010,
16

A major hurdle to the normalization of Indonesia-US relations were the military sanctions imposed by the US

Congress on the Indonesian military. In 1999, Senator Patrick Leahy introduced an amendment that banned the resumption of military ties with Indonesia until reforms were pursued by the TNI, including the prosecution of those behind the 1999 carnage in East Timor. See Ressa, Seeds of Terror, pp. 200-201.

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Indonesia in counter terrorism seminars promoting cooperation on security as well as subject matter expert exchanges.17

Major accomplishment of these programs is the increasing capabilities of Detachment 88, an elite counter terrorism unit that has received assistance from the United States and Australia. Detachment 88 has been responsible for tracking down scores of JI cadre, including Azahari bin Husin, Zarkasih, and Abu Dujana.18

The United States is promoting counter terrorism in Southeast Asia on a regional and multilateral basis as well as on a bilateral basis with Indonesia. Such an approach is viewed as complementing and promoting bilateral assistance and focuses on diplomatic, financial, law enforcement, intelligence and military tools. Two key objectives of the U.S. government are to build the capacity and will of regional states to fight terror. These objectives are pursued through a number of programs. The United States-ASEAN Work Plan for Counter-Terrorism has identified information sharing, enhancing liaison relationships, capacity building through training and education, transportation, maritime security, border and immigration controls, and compliance with United Nations and international conventions, as goals for enhanced regional anti-terrorism cooperation. The Anti-Terrorism Assistance Program, directed at law enforcement training and associated hardware, has aided Indonesia, among others. In addition, Financial Systems Assessment Teams and the Terrorist Interdiction Program (which focuses on border controls) have also assisted Indonesia.19

17 18 19

United States-Indonesia Military Relations, Congressional Record, Senate, Page S734, February 1, 2005. Tom McCawley, Indonesias terrorist hunt bears fruit, Christian Science Monitor, June 15, 2007. Drawn from State Department budget justification material.

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The Conclusion The fight for a world without terrorism is a fight that can never be won 100 percent. All of the world is fighting hand in hand to rid the world of this nuacence. Indonesia as the third most populated countr in the world, and the only democratic republic witch has the mojority of its citizen are islam, understands the need for counter terroism in this area. The high number of terorirst activities, witch started the US global war on terrorism (initiated by the 9/11 incident), spread eventually to Indonesia with the Bali Bombings, and GW Marriot Hotel bombings, made Indonesia realize the need to have a strong allies in the fight. Although Indonesia Military relations with the United States, was severed by the U.S embargo to Indonesia, due to the wrong doing of TNI in Soeharto era, relations between both countries in millitary affairs are slowling heeling and getting better. Joint execersice between both armed forces and the opening of trade relations in military equioment, marks a new era in Military diplomacy. With the new relationship. Indonesia has been succsesfull in intiating intelegent and anti terroirsm movements to rid of the terrorist.

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Reference
Books Djelantik,Sukawarsini,2010, Terrorisme Tinjauan Psiko-Politis, Peran Media, Kemiskinan dan Keamana Nasional, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta Djelantik, Sukawarsini,2008, Diplomasi Antara Terosi dan Praktik, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta Patti Djalal, Dino, 2008, Harus Bisa! Seni memimpin ala SBY, Red&White Publishing, Jakarta Journals CRS Report for Congress, Terrorism in Southeast Asia, Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress, August 2004, Page 18 United States-Indonesia Military Relations, Congressional Record, Senate, Page S734, February 1, 2005. Summary of Counter Terrorism Assistance for Indonesia, October 2003 update. Tom McCawley, Indonesias terrorist hunt bears fruit, Christian Science Monitor, June 15, 2007. News Paper Articles Daljit Singh,The Terrorist Threat in Southeast Asia, Regional Outlook; 2003-2004. Baasyir Nonviolent: Muhammadiyah Chief, The Jakarta Post, January 14, 2005. Donald Greenless and John McBeth, Terrorists New Tactic: Assassination, The Far Eastern Economic Review, June 17, 2004.

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Richard Paddock, Indonesia Presses U.S. to Stop Bombing Asia, Los Angeles Times, November 2, 2001. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Declared President Elect, Antara Morning News Digest, October 5, 2004. Website http://newdiplomacy.blogspot.com/2009/03/traditional-diplomacy-what-are-your_02.html http://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/general/diplomacy-tomorrow http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/ina-usa/statement/jointstatementSDIII.htm http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7078999.html http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/ri-us-conduct-joint-military-exercise-in-bogor/446381 http://ardava.com/2011/10/23/indonesia-amerika-serikat-bahas-kerja-sama-militer/\ http://www.scribd.com/doc/60279360/StateDeptCountryReportsOnTerrorism2009-82010, http://www.scribd.com/doc/60279360/StateDeptCountryReportsOnTerrorism2009-82010,

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