CE374K CE 374 K Hydrology

HydrologicDesign
DaeneC.McKinney

HydrologicDesign Hydrologic Design

Assesstheimpactofhydrologiceventsondesigns p y g g
DesignScale Rangeofdesignvariables DesignLevel Magnitudeofhydrologicevent consideredforthedesign id d f th d i
Returnperiodsforvariousstructures
o 1 100years(Minorstructures) Highwayculverts& bridges,Farmstructures,urbandrainage,airfields,smalldams bridges Farm structures urban drainage air fields small dams (w/oLOL) o 100 1000years(Intermediatestructures) Major levees,intermediatedams o 500 100,000years(Majorstructures) Large dams,intermediate&smalldams(wLOL)

ProbableMaximumPrecipitation(PMP) P b bl M i ProbableMaximumFlood(PMF) Fl d (PMF)

Tx DOTRecommendations TxDOT Recommendations

Recommended Design Frequencies (years)
Functional Classification and Structure Type Freeways (main lanes): culverts bridges Principal arterials: culverts small bridges major river crossings Minor arterials and collectors (including frontage roads): culverts small bridges major river crossings Local roads and streets (off-system projects): culverts small bridges Storm drain systems on interstate and controlled access highways (main lanes): inlets and drain pipe inlets for depressed roadways* Storm drain systems on other hi h St d i t th highways and f t d frontage: inlets and drain pipe inlets for depressed roadways* 2 X X X (X) X X X X X X 5 X X (X) X (X) X (X) X Design 10 (X) (X) X (X) X X X X X X X X 25 X X X X (X) X X X X X X 50 X X Check Flood Fl d 100

ExtremeEvents Extreme Events

Mostextremeeventfromhistoricrecordsometimesused asdesignvalue.
Pr[most extreme event of last N years will be exceeded once in next n years]

n P ( N , n) = N +n
What is: P[largest flood of last N years will be exceeded in N years] ?

Uncertainty&Risk Uncertainty & Risk

Risk
Structure may fail if event exceeds T Year design magnitude StructuremayfailifeventexceedsT Yeardesignmagnitude i.e.,Pr[eventoccursatleastonceinn years] Naturalinherentriskoffailure

1 R = 1 [1 P ( X xT )]n = 1 1 T

P ( X xT ) =

1 T

Intensity Duration FrequencyEstimates IntensityDurationFrequency Estimates

Designflowsestablishedfrom: g
Rainfallintensitiesforstormsofparticulardurationandreturnperiod

Rainfall intensities can be found in: Rainfallintensitiescanbefoundin:

TP40(U.S.WeatherBureauTechnicalPaperNo.40)
Durations:30minutesto24hours Recurrence intervals: 2 to 100 years Recurrenceintervals:2to100years

HYDRO35(1977)
Durations:5to60minutes Recurrenceintervals:2to100years

Asquith(1998*)
Durations:15minutesto7days Recurrenceintervals:2to500years

Asquith, W.H., Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Texas WRI 98-4044, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas 1998

Example
Find the 25year 30minute design rainfall depth for Findthe25 year30 minutedesignrainfalldepthfor OKCity
Getvaluesof15 and60minuterainfallfor2 and100 yearreturnperiods
P2 yr,15 min = 1.02 in. P yr,15 min = 1.86 in. 100 P2 yr,60 min = 1.85 in. P yr,60 min = 3.80 in. 100

Example
P2 yr,30 min = 0.51(1.02) + 0.49(1.85) = 1.43 in.

Return Period, T years 5 10 25 50

a 0.674 0.496 0.293 0.146

b 0.278 0.449 0.669 0.835

P2 yr,30 min = 0.51P2 yr,15 min + 0.49 P2 yr,60 min

P yr,30 min = 0.51P yr,15 min + 0.49 P yr,60 min 100 100 100 P yr,30 min = 0.51(1.86) + 0.49(3.80) = 2.81in. 100

P25 yr,30 min = aP2 yr,30 min + bP yr,30 min P 100 P25 yr,30 min = 0.293(1.43) + 0.669( 2.81) = 2.30 in.

Intensity Duration FrequencyCurves Intensity Duration Frequency Curves

Hydrologicdesign Whatrainfall eventshouldweuse? Userelationshipbetween:
Intensityi (depthperunittime,e.g., in./hr.) DurationTd,and Frequency(returnperiod) Coefficients: c e, f Coefficients:c, e

i= =

(Td )e + f
97.4

Houston (10-year)

(20)0.77 + 4.8

= 6.56 in. i= = c

i=

(Td )e + f

(Td )e + f
20.3

Los Angeles (10-year) (10 )

(20)0.63 + 2.06

= 2.34 in.

Intensity Duration FrequencyCurves Intensity Duration Frequency Curves

Bookmethod CityofAustinmethod
Storm Frequency 2-year

i=

(Td )e + f
a

i=

(Td + b )c

5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 500-year

106.29 99.75 96.84 111.07 119.51 129.03 160.57

16.81 16.74 15.88 17.23 17.32 17.83 19.64

0.9076 0.8327 0.7952 0.7815 0.7705 0.7625 0.7449

Example:IDFCurves Example: IDF Curves

Determinethe10year,20minutedesignrainfall intensityforAustin,Texas intensity for Austin Texas
Storm Frequency 2-year y

5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year y 500-year

106.29 06 9 99.75 96.84 111.07 119.51 129.03 160.57

16.81 68 16.74 15.88 17.23 17.32 17.83 19.64

0 90 6 0.9076 0.8327 0.7952 0.7815 0.7705 0.7625 0.7449

i= =

(Td + b )c
96.84

(20 + 15.88)0.7952

= 5.62 in / hr

DesignHyetographs Design Hyetographs

Distributerainfallovertime(get hyetograph)
Historicstorms
Usemeasuredstorm(s)that occurredandcauseddamage

IDF IDFsyntheticpatterns th ti tt
hyetographdevelopedfromIDF curves

SCSsyntheticpatterns
SCS bt i d i f ll tt SCSobtainedrainfallpatternsusing i generalizedIDFvalues DividedtheUSintozones

TriangularHyetographMethod Triangular Hyetograph Method

Requiresprecipitation q p p depthP anddurationTd Timebeforepeak=ta Recessiontime =tr Stormadvancement coefficient=r coefficient = r Oncethetriangleis constructed,intensitiesat regularintervalscanbe determinedforinputto rainfall runoffcalculations. rainfallrunoff calculations.

ta
Rainfall intensity, i l

tb

r=
imax = 2P Td

ta Td

Td

Time Ti

Example TriangularHyetograph Example Triangular Hyetograph

Find:Triangularhyetographfora5yearreturnperiodstorm ofduration15minuteswithr =0.38. of duration 15 minutes with r = 0 38
P2,15 = 0.88 in
P ,15 = 1.70 in 100
Return Period, T years 5 10 25 50

a 0.674 0.496 0.293 0.146

b 0.278 0.449 0.669 0.835

P5 yr = a5 yr P2 yr,15min + b5 yr P yr,15min 100 = 0.674(0.88) + 0.278(1.70) = 1.07 in.

5.7 min 9.3 min

imax =

2 P 2 *1.07 = = 8.56 in / hr Td 0.25

R Rainfall intens sity, i

8.53in/hr

ta = rTd = 0.38 * 0.25 = 0.095 h = 5.7 min T hr i

15 min

Time

AlternatingBlockHyetographMethod Alternating Block Hyetograph Method

Using IDF curves to find rainfall intensities for t, UsingI D Fcurvestofindrainfallintensitiesfort, 2t, 3t,etc.incrementsoftime Organizeintensitiesaroundthecenterofthestorm g Differentmethodscanbeusedtoarrangethe intensities
Alternatingblockmethod Chicagomethod Balancedmethod

Areaunderthehyetographequaltothedesignstorm depth,P d h

AlternatingBlockMethod Alternating Block Method

Develop design hyetograph from IDF curve DevelopdesignhyetographfromIDFcurve
Precipitationdepthinn timeintervalst Selectreturnperiod Readi fromIDFcurveforeachdurationD =t,2t,3t, FindP =intensity*duration= i* D FindincrementalprecipitationP fromdifferences Reorderincrements
Maximum incremental precipitation at center Maximumincrementalprecipitationatcenter Remainingarrangedindescendingorderalternatelyrightandleft

Example:AlternatingBlockMethod Example: Alternating Block Method

Find: Design precipitation hyetograph for a 2-hour storm (in 10 minute increments) in Denver with a 10-year return period 10) y p minute

i=

(Td )

c
e

+f

(Td )

96.6 + 13.90

i = design rainfall intensity Td = Duration of storm c, e, f = coefficients

0.97

5.0
Duration (min) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Intensity (in/hr) 4.158 3.002 2.357 1.943 1.655 1.443 1.279 1.149 1.044 1 044 0.956 0.883 0.82

Inten nsity(in/hr)

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 50 Duration(min) 100

Example:AlternatingBlockMethod Example: Alternating Block Method

Duration (min) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Intensity Cumulative Incremental (in/hr) Depth (in) Depth (in) 4.158 4 158 0.693 0 693 0.693 0 693 3.002 1.001 0.308 2.357 1.179 0.178 1.943 1.295 0.117 1.655 1.379 0.084 1.443 1.443 0.064 1.279 1 279 1.492 1 492 0.049 0 049 1.149 1.532 0.040 1.044 1.566 0.034 0.956 1.593 0.027 0.883 1.619 0.026 0.82 1.640 0.021

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 19 11 12

Time (min) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120

Precip. (in) 0.024 0.033 0.050 0.084 0.178 0.693 0.308 0.117 0.063 0.040 0.028 0.021

No. 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

FloodFrequenciesforProjects Flood Frequencies for Projects

TxDOTRecommendation
Foralldrainagefacilities evaluatetheimpactofthe100 yearfloodevent In some cases, evaluate a flood event larger than the 100 Insomecases,evaluateafloodeventlargerthanthe100 yearfloodtoensurethesafetyofthestructureand downstreamdevelopment. Bridgefoundations 500yearfloodanalysisisrequiredfor g y y q checkingscourfailure Ifacatastrophicfailurecanreleaseafloodwavethat wouldresultinlossoflife,disruptionofessentialservices, orexcessiveeconomicdamage,thedesignshouldbe evaluatedintermsofaprobablemaximumflood(PMF)