Lecture 1 January 20 150,000,000 km Earth-Sun distance Lecture 2 January 23 Inverse square law of brightness

M mass of big, m mass of small Telescopes make images BRIGHTER and Spring tide: lunar and solar add magnify images. Refractors collect the -Sun, Mo, Earth in straight line light at the bottom, but reflectors reflect Neap tide: lunar and solar cancel out it back to an eyepiece on the side. -Sun, Mo, Earth make right angle Lecture 17 March 5 where d = distance Lecture 11 February 15 Look safely at sun with pinhole, aluminize b = brightness, L = luminosity (wattage) Small angle formula mylar, projection, solar filter, welder glass Thermal radiation Distance to Sun: 150,000,000 km = 1 AU if is in radians 2 4 Where W/m /K Mass of Sun: 2x1030 kg if in arc-seconds L = luminosity, Area = emitting area Radius of Sun: 700,000km Stable temp when energy out = in Density of Sun: 1.4 gm/cc 2 radians = 360, 1 radian = 57 Tplanet = 260K / Sqrt(dAU)| C = K 273 1 = 0.035 radians, 1 = 3600 arc-seconds Temperature of Sun: 4x1026 watts Planet Density: Rock 3.3-5.5, Ice ~2 D is diameter of object, d is distance, is Composition: 74% H, 25% He 3 Gas 0.4-1.6, holey 0.4-1.5 gm/cm 1038 He atoms per second angle Craters: M,V,E,M,Mo,Mimas,Asteroid, Lecture 18 March 7 Lecture 12 February 17 Comet. Rings: J, S, U, N. Atmosphere: Sunspot 1550 Ptolemy geocentric Copernicus heliocentric counts COUNT = 10*G + F V,E,M,Titan,Triton. Volcanoes: V,E,M, 1620 Galileo Jup moons, Venus phases G is # of groups, F is # of isolated spots Io, Enceladus, Triton 1850 Abberation, parallax, Kepler/NewtonCarrington event 1 Sep 1859 11:18am Lecture 3 January 25 Sunspot cycle period 11 years laws, 2011 Radar and spacecraft Sky blue b/cuz blue light scatters most Maunder minimum 1643-1715 Lecture 13 February 24 Lecture 4 January 27 Lecture 19 March 12 Galileo: cool dude Greek constellations come from Sun cycle has effect on Earth temperature Lecture 14 February 27 Mesopotamia, rest from Minoans But since 1975 temperature rise HUMAN Tycho: comets, Tychos supernova Stars shift whole zodiac every 2000 yr Lecture 20 March 14 Kepler: Keplers 1st law: orbits are Lecture 4 January 30 nd eclipses. 2 law: planet sweeps same Sun rises east, sets west, high in summer, area in same time (planet moves faster Escape velocity low in winter. | North hemisphere: sun close to sun, slower far away) 3rd law: rise SE set SW in winter. Equinox straight orbital period proportional to radius R is radius of planet, M is mass of planet, east/west. Summer NE/NW. Jun 21 solG is N m2/kg2 2 3 stice most NE, Mar 21 Equi, Dec 21 solsti- Pyear = RAU Lecture 21 March 16 P is orbital period in years ce most SE. Icy rock far from sun R is orbital radius in AU Lecture 5 February 1 Iron-rich (~5.5 gm/cc) close to sun 2 3 Lecture 6 February 3 Newtons version: Pyear = RAU / MO Silica-rich (~3.5 gm/cc) in the middle Stonehenge aligned with midsummer Where MO is mass of star in solar masses sunrise through heel stone. Poverty Lecture 15 February 29 Planet radius = point isnt aligned with anything. Thermal light: Lecture 7 February 6 maxT = 0.0029 where T is temp in Where d is density, M is mass Alignment intentional? Surface gravity = GM/R2 Kelvins and max is wavelength of max Bighorn medicine wheel, caracol: no 4 Where G is N m2/kg2 L = AT where L is luminosity, A is surface radius Chaco canyon/crab supernova: nope R is ace area of object (4R2 for sphere!) T is Sun dagger at Fajade Butte: Yes! Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy temp in Kelvin and is 5.67*10-8 Wm-2K-4 Lecture 8 February 8 mV2/2 = GMm/R Moon rises as crescent in east, goes high Inverse-square law of brightness Lecture 22 March 19 See lecture 2 in sky and full, then to low on horizon Mars life, blah blah blah Doppler shift again as crescent in west; one month Lecture 23 March 21 wavelength shift/wavelength is equal to cycle. Asteroids. Landed on Eros, samples from velocity of source/speed of light Lecture 9 February 10 Itokawa. Meteor very small, asteroid very speed of light = 3*105 km/s Eclipselight red because red light bent big. Meteorite if rock hit ground. Energy carried by light around Earth and falls on Moon Lecture 24 March 23 Lecture 10 February 13 E = hc/ where E is energy from photon, Kinetic energy is wavelength of light, and hc is KE = mV2/2 Newtons law of gravity 2*10-16 erg cm m is mass in kg, V is velocity in m/s F is force of gravity, d is distance Lecture 16 March 2 most asteroid ~5*1015kg, 30,000m/s N m2/kg2

most comet ~1012kg, 50,000m/s Kuiper belt are closer comets outside Nep fi ~0.1, fc ~1, L between 50 and 10,000 Meteor Iron~8gm/cc Large Kuiper belt objects (KBO) similar to Lecture 38 May 4 12 1 kiloton TNT = 4*10 J, Hiroshima = 15kt Pluto made us question it as a planet Convincing evidence for aliens would be of TNT, Krakatoa = 100 Megatons of TNT, Lecture 33 April 23 1. Direct contact, 2. Radio signal that is all nuclear arsenals = 10 Gigatons of TNT Pluto is no longer considered a planet. definitely intelligent, 3. Alien artifact Lecture 25 March 26 It is simply the largest KBO. Would take about 0.1 billion years to Plate tectonics Official planet definition by International colonize Milky Way. Milky Way is 10 1920: Continental drift, fossils, Atlantic fit Astronomical Union: billion years old, 100,000 ly wide 1965: Add atlantic sea floor spreading 1. A planet must orbit the Sun Fermi Paradox: if it would be so quick Thorium 14by halflife, Uranium 4.5by 2. Be large enough to be rounded to colonize, and galaxy so old, where Potassium 1.2by. Percent heat 46, 37, 14 by gravity are the aliens then? 1980: Add plates surrounded by stuff 3. Must have cleared its neighborhood 2012: Proven by measurement Pluto is now only a dwarf planet. Volcanoes alone dont mean tectonics Lecture 34 April 25 Lecture 26 March 28 Planet discovered around 51 Peg Ozone protects against UV light New planets discovered by seeing Montreal protocols limit CFCs them pass in front of their star Lecture 27 March 30 Most stars have planets Basic global warming info. Lecture 35 April 27 Lecture 28 April 2 Find stuff about new planets Dinosaurs killed by huge asteroid. 1980: Iridium excess ( ) 1990: Osmium excess, tektites, soot found at K-T boundary 1994: Shocked and doubly shocked ( ) quartz in K-T, smoking fun: Chicxulub crab in Yucatan peninsula Lecture 29 April 4 G is gravity constant (see earlier) Mass extinctions 12,900 years ago M is stars mass in Sun masses The big freeze = younger dryas V is star velocity, P is orbit period Killed huge animals, ended Clovis Man Evidence, but no smoking gun crater is duration of ingress R is radius of orbit Tunguska event: airburst 5 miles up P is the orbits period Comet hits Jupiter in 1994 2 Asteroid: Metal, 5 gm/cc, 25 km/s surface gravity = GMp/Rp Hits ground, centuries notice Mp is mass of planet, Rp is orbit radius 3 Asteroid: Rocky, 3 gm/cc, 25 km/s planet density = Mp/(4Rp /3) Airburst, centuries notice Escape vel, composition, see elsewhere Comet: Icy, 1 gm/cc, 50 km/s Habitable zone: 0-100C Airburst, weeks notice Tunguska 300 years, small comet/roid Lecture 36 April 30 50,000 years, Dinokiller 30 million years, Alien life could be very, very different Lecture 37 May 2 Sterilize Earth billion years 0.1, 1, 10, 100 km respectively Drake Equation N = R*fpnefLfifcL Lecture 30 April 16 N # of intelligent communicating civ in Lecture 31 April 18 galaxy, R* rate of star formation, fp fra Jupiter 4 major moons, Io (volcano), ction of stars with planets, ne number of Europa (ocean), Ganymede, Callisto planets per star capable of having life, Saturn 7 (Titan), volcano atmos rain lake fL fraction of these were life occurs, fi Uranus 5 (Titania) Shakespeare ladies fraction of those where intelligence does, Nepture 1 (Triton) volcano, atmosphere fc fraction of those that communicate Lecture 32 April 20 interstellarly, L lifetime of each civilization Comets have dust tail(rock), ion tail (gas) R is 10, fp is likely .5, nc is likely 2, fL ~1, Oort cloud is cloud of far-out comets