Gamma rays

Gamma rays have very high frequency. Gamma radiation cannot be seen or felt. It mostly passes through skin and soft tissue, but some of it is absorbed by cells. Gamma radiation is used, among other things, for the following purposes: 1) 2) 3) to sterilize surgical instruments to kill harmful bacteria in food to kill cancer cells (note that lower doses of gamma radiation could lead to cells becoming cancerous

X-rays
X-rays have a lower frequency than gamma radiation. Like gamma rays, they cannot be seen and felt. X-rays mostly pass through skin and soft tissue, but they do not easily pass through bone or metal. X-rays are used to produce photographs of bones to check for damage such as fractures and are also used in industry to check metal components and welds for cracks or other damages. Lower doses of x-rays can cause cells to become cancerous, so precautions are taken in hospitals to limit the dose received by patients and staff when X-ray photographs are taken.

Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet radiation is found naturally in sunlight. We cannot see or feel ultraviolet radiation, but our skin responds to it by turning darker. This happens in an attempt to reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches deeper skin tissues. Darken skins absorb more ultraviolet light, so less ultraviolet radiation reaches the deeper tissues. This is important because ultraviolet radiation can cause normal cells to become cancerous. Ultraviolet radiation is used in: 1) 2) 3) sun beds security pens Fluorescent lights (coatings inside the tube or bulb absorb the ultraviolet light and re-emit it as visible light.

Visible light
Visible light is just one type of electromagnetic radiation. It can be split up using a prism to form a spectrum. A prism is a block of glass with a triangular cross-section. The light waves are refracted as they enter and leave the prism. The shorter the wavelength of the light, the more it is refracted. As a result, red light is refracted least and violet light is refracted the most, causing the coloured light to spread out to form a spectrum.

Infrared radiation

Infrared radiation is absorbed by the skin and we feel it as heat. It is used in heaters, toasters and grills. It is also used for television remote controls and in optical fiber communications.

Microwave radiation
Microwave radiation has lower frequencies and longer wavelengths than visible light. Microwaves with certain wavelengths are absorbed by water molecules and can be used for cooking. Water in the food absorbs the microwave radiation, which causes the water to heat up and cook the food. The water in living cells can also absorb microwave radiation. As a result, they can be killed or damaged by the heat released. Microwave radiation can also be used to transmit signals such as mobile phone calls. Microwave transmitters and receivers on buildings and masts communicate with the mobile telephones in their range. Certain microwave radiation wavelengths pass through the Earths atmosphere and can be used to transmit information to and from satellites in orbit.

Radio waves
Radio waves have lower frequencies and longer wavelengths than microwaves. They are used to transmit television and radio programs. Television uses higher frequencies than radio. A radio program receiver does not need to be directly in view of the transmitter to receive program signals. For low frequency radio waves, diffraction can allow them to be received behind hills, although repeater stations are often used to improve the quality of the signals. The lowest frequency radio waves are also reflected form an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere, called the ionosphere. This means that they can reach receivers that are not in the line of sight because of the curvature of the Earths surface.

Main points: 1) Electromagnetic waves carry transverse vibrations in electrical and magnetic fields, not vibrating particles. 2) Electromagnetic waves do not need matter to travel through- they can travel through empty spaces. 3) A laser is a concentrated high energy beam of light. A carbon dioxide laser is used to treat tumors. An argon laser is used to repair damage to the retina of the eye. An argon laser is also used to remove birthmarks. 4) X-rays pass through soft body tissue but are absorbed by dense bones in the body. X-rays darken an unexposed photographic film. They are used to detect breaks in bones- the break showing up as a dark line on a photographic film while the bone appears white. 5) Gamma rays are produced by tracers taken into the body and detected using a gamma camera

6) Ultraviolet radiation is used to treat skin conditions such as acne. Ultraviolet radiation is also used to sterilize equipment because it can kill harmful bacteria. Too much exposure to ultraviolet rays may produce skin cancer. 7) Infrared radiation is another term for heat. Infrared radiation is used to treat strained muscles and tissue. Infrared radiation is also used to diagnose tumors. This works because a tumor emits more infrared radiation than healthy tissue does. This radiation can be detected on a thermo gram-a photography taken using infrared radiation.

Type of wave

Typical source Radioactive , nuclear decaying Very fast electrons hitting a metal target Gas discharge, very hot objects, sun Electronic devices (LED), hot objects and sun Electronic devices, warm objects, sun Electronic circuits, cool objects Electronic circuits, cool objects

Example of detector Film GM tube

Gamma

Approximat e wavelength 10-12 m

Typical users

Dangers of over exposure

X-ray

film

10-10 m

Medical tracers, Cell killing cancerous cells, destruction, sterilisation cell mutation, cancer Imaging defects in Cell bones, hidden destruction, devices cell mutation, cancer Sun-tan lamp, making ions, making vitamin d Seeing ,photography Sunburn, skin cancer

Ultra-violet

film

0.00001mm

Visible Light

Eye, film, electronic devices (LDR)

0.001mm

Burning, blinding, if concentrated

Infra-red

Microwave

Electronic detectors, special film, blackened thermometer Aerial and electronic circuit Aerial and electronic circuit

0.1mm

Magic eyes in security lighting, remote control

Burning, if concentrated

1cm

Radio

1km 100m 1m

Communications, satellites, telephony, heating water and food Communications, radio, TV

Burning, if concentrated

Safe (unless very concentrated)