Drying is a method of food preservation that works by removing water from the food, which inhibits the growth

of microorganisms and hinders quality decay. Drying food using sun and wind to prevent spoilage has been practiced since ancient times, and was the earliest form of food curing.[2] Water is usually removed by evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying) but, in the case of freeze-drying, food is first frozen and then the water is removed by sublimation. Bacteria, yeasts and molds need the water in the food to grow, and drying effectively prevents them from surviving in the food.

Dehydration,

in food processing, means by which many types of food can be preserved for indefinite periods by extracting the moisture, thereby inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Dehydration is one of the oldest methods of food preservation and was used by prehistoric peoples in sun-drying seeds. The North American Indians preserved meat by sun-drying slices, the Chinese dried eggs, and the Japanese dried fish and rice. USE OF PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

Using psychrometric chart is quite easy if you know the properties of air. This article describes various lines and curves in psychrometric chart and how to use the them.

Various Lines and Curves in the Psychrometric Chart

All the properties of air indicated in the psychrometric chart are calculated at the standard atmospheric pressure and for other pressures relevant corrections have to be applied. The psychrometric chart looks like a shoe. The various lines shown in the chart are as follows (please refer the fig). In the first part of this series we saw representation of DB, WB, DP temperature and moisture content on the pschrometric chart. Let us see some more parameters.

Psychrometric Chart

5) Relative Humidity (RH) Lines:

The RH lines are the curves extending from the lower left to the upper right part of the psychrometric chart. The different curves of RH indicate different values of humidity measured in percentage. The value of RH reduces from left towards right. The extreme left curve along the shoe indicates RH of 100% and is also called as saturation curve because the condition of air along this line is fully saturated no matter what the DB and WB temperatures are. Along the saturation curve all the three temperatures, the DB, WB and DP are same.

6) Total Enthalpy of the Air:

The total enthalpy of the air comprises of the sensible heat and the latent heat. The enthalpy scale in psychrometric chart is located outside the main body of the psychrometric chart. The constant enthalpy lines extend from the enthalpy scale downwards towards the right side of the psychrometric chart. To find the value of the enthalpy of the any given air, one should know its WB temperature. The constant enthalpy line passing through the given value of the WB temperature indicates the enthalpy of the air.

7) Specific Volume of the Air:

Specific volume of air is an important parameter since one has to consider the amount of air to be handled by the cooling coil, cooling fan, etc and accordingly the rating of cooling coil and fan has to be found out. From the psychrometric chart we can find out the specific volume of the required air and find the total volume of the required air by multiplying it with the total weight of the air required. The constant specific lines start from the saturation curve and drop down with the slight angle to the vertical lines. They indicate the value in either m3/kg or ft3/lb. If any of the two values from DB, WB, DP temperature and the relative humidity are known, all other values can be easily found from the psychrometric chart, without having to carry out any calculations.

Example Showing How to Use Psychrometric Chart

Let us consider an example of air where the given values of DB and WB temperature are 78 degree F and 65 degree F respectively. Let us find out various values from these given values of DB and WB temperatures.

1) On the psychrometric chart locate value 78oF on DB temperature scale located at the bottom of the chart. 2) Locate WB temperature of 65oF on the saturation curve scale. 3) Extend the vertical line (constant DB temperature line) from 78o and diagonal line (constant WB temperature line) from 65oF and get the point of intersection of the two lines, which indicates the condition of the given air. 4) Find out the values of various parameters at this point. The relative humidity line passing though this point indicates RH of 50%. The horizontal line passing though this point and meeting saturation curve indicates DP temperature of 58oF. The specific volume of this air is 13.7 ft3/lb and the enthalpy of air is 30 Btu/lb.

Advantages of using the Psychrometric Chart

1) If all the values are calculated manually using the formulae, it takes lots of time, but with psychrometric chart these values can be found within seconds or minutes. 2) With psychrometric chart we can easily find out the present and the final condition of the air. Say if the air is cooled from 100oF to 75oF, all we have to do is draw the horizontal line to locate the initial and final condition of the air. 3) Psychrometric chart is very useful in carrying out heat load or cooling load calculations.