Computer is defined as any programmable electronic device that can store , retrieve and process data .

In the XX century a huge innovation came in the technology and precisely networks. In the early 1900 first electronically printing calculator was introduced by William Burroughs . Between and during two world wars many things were invented , but only few was patent .This period is also called or recognized as chaos. In 1936 Vincent made first abc digital computer but hadnt patent it, The machine was capable of resolving linear equations . Year later Turing made a universal machine capable of computing any mathematical algorithm, During same period Germans had finished there work with Enigma( the complex mechanical encoder used to encode military messages ).In 1944 with the help of Turing and other scientists the enigma code was broken ,and the machine was named Colossus I .After the war bell Labs employs all scientist who worked on Colossus I. In 1953 Ibm 701 was introduced first transistor powered computer. In 1969 semiconductor made integrated circuits ,and in early 70's first pc with integrated circuits introduced which was small in dimesnion and very fast . With the introduction of computers and common usage between companies the various problems related to network occurs . There wasn't any general or standard model for network communication .All the models was proprietary or private ,so the implemet and other structure was unknown. The iso and other oragnistions decide to resolve conflict and ucompatiblity problems by introducing Open interconnection system ( OSI-ISO). Before introducing the Osi concept ,i will give a short definition of what the networks is . Networks provide the ability to connect people and equipment no matter where they are in the world. For example at Airport you can find various type of networks Phone ,simple duplex (Lcd screens), television network, Mobile phone network , Computer data and other networks . Thanks to these networks airport remains in touch with whole world. Now we will return to explain the osi and later will continue with the concept of dimension and network topologies. Desing of iso osi and tcp ip :

Osi have 7 layers first three for network and other for application. First layer : There is no data recognition at the Physical layer only streams of bits.. Second layer : The DataLink layer provides point-to-point connectivity between devices over the physical connections provided by the underlying Physical layer. In order for two devices to communicate at the datalink layer there must be some sort of physical channel in place between them; data sent from the DataLink layer of one device must be automatically delivered to the DataLink layer of the destination device by the Physical layer. he DataLink layer breaks a data stream into chunks called frames, or cells, depending on the technology used, and then transmits them to the destination

device. These frames of data have a header that contains a start delimiter and information about the frame followed by the data itself, then some sort of stop delimiter to note the end of the frame.DataLink layer frames are built within the Network Interface Card (NIC) installed in a computer according to a predetermined frame layout particular to the network architecture of the installed network interface card. In local area networks, the DataLink layer can be broken down into two sublayers: Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC). The third layer : The Network layer protocols are responsible for the establishment, maintenance, and termination of end-to-end links. Network layer protocols are required when computers that are not physically connected to the same LAN must communicate. Network layer protocols are primarily responsible for providing an end-to-end logical addressing scheme and the routing of packets based on that addressing scheme. Routing of packets refers to determining if a packet's destination is local (same network as sender) or remote (different network from sender) and handling the forwarding of the packet accordingly The fourth layer : the fifth layer : The sixth layer: The seventh layer: The tcp\ip the standard for use model have 4 layers

The networks are of various type ,the most common known are : Lan Local area network connects hosts inside a building commonly used for private networks. Wan:wide are network ,the main example is internet . Wan insieme of more lans connected together . With the usage of internet lifes have become much easier and network from dedicated of early 80's have became the converged networks, which are capable of delivering voice, video and data services over the same communication channel or network structure. The term network now refers to these new multi-purpose, converged information networks. Network is composed of peripherals,end user system,Network devices and netwrok media.

Pe ripherals: Mp3 players connected to pc or printer connected to pc. End user system:Pc and printer connected to network. Network media : Network media provides connections between hosts and network devices. Network media can be wired, such as copper and fiber optic or use wireless technologies.(Cables )or Wireless:Infrared,Microwave,Radio frequency. Network devices : Networking devices connect other devices, mainly hosts. These devices move and control network traffic.. Router : Its network device whose work is to decide where the packet should go on local network or on internet. Switch :Reads the address of a packet and sends it to his destination . Second layer device. Hub: simply divided a signal into two without reading and knowing whats it about. Network topoly:

Physical topology: TO keep track of all hosts and wires connected to a network it is necessary to make physical topology map as shown in image, It describe how hosts are connected physically and give a good idea of logical topology.

Logical topology : Show host names, group information and applications use the network independently from their physical location.

The primary purpose of every network is to provide communication. All communication methods have three elements in common: Sender, Receiver, and Channel. The protocols or rules of communication are : Identification of sender and receiver

 Agreed-upon medium or channel (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph) Appropriate communication mode (spoken, written, illustrated, interactive or one-way) Common language Grammar and sentence structure Speed and timing of delivery Protocols define how messages are transmitted and delivered . This includes issues of : Message format Message size Timing Encapsulation Encoding Standard message pattern The most common example of communication and it's protocols is a letter.

Fig:1

Fig:2 In images above we can see how a letter is made .The envelope is made Sender address ,receiver address and stamp .The stamp is the thing which determines the timing. The ltter itself is written is in a language universally know with font size 12-10 so these are the messaging rules and format.The letter is then encapsulated in a envelope having address. The letter can be copared to a frame which are used in a network having same information and idea of a letter. There are few rules of timing which are found in all type of communication from phone calls to network messages.

 Access method Flow control Response timeout Access Method determines when someone is able to send a message. Flow control is the time necessary for destination host to translate the message. Response timeout is the amount of time one need to wait before asking other person to repeat.