Koonen Tutorial ECOC 08 We2A1

TUTORIAL
Trends in optical access and in-building networks

T. Koonen
COBRA - TU Eindhoven
The Netherlands
Abstract
As users require ever more speed, variety and personalization in ICT services, the capacity and versatility of
access networks needs to be expanded. The first generation of point-to-point and of point-to-multipoint time-
multiplexed passive optical networks (PON) is being installed. More powerful wavelength-multiplexed and flexible
hybrid wavelength-time multiplexed solutions are coming up. Radio-over-fibre techniques create pico-cells for
high-bandwidth wireless services. Next to bringing the bandwidth luxury to the doorstep, it must be distributed
inside the users home. By advanced signal processing techniques, high-capacity wired and wireless services are
jointly distributed in a low-cost converged in-building network using multimode (plastic) optical fibre.

T. Koonen
Ton (A.M.J.) Koonen was with Bell Laboratories of Lucent Technologies for
more than 20 years, as technical manager of applied research in broadband
systems up to end 2000. From 1991 to 2000, he also was a part-time
professor at Twente University. Since 2001, he is full professor in the COBRA
Institute at Eindhoven University of Technology, and chair of the Electro-
Optical Communication Systems group since 2004. He is a Bell Labs Fellow
since 1998, IEEE Fellow since 2007, and elected member of the LEOS Board
of Governors since 2007.
Tons research interests include broadband fibre access and in-building
networks, radio-over-fibre networks, and optical packet-routing networks. He
has led and contributed to many European and Dutch projects in these areas.

We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 61
ECOC 2008, 21-25 September 2008, Brussels, Belgium
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

Extended Abstract
As the thirst of users keeps increasing for higher capacity, more diversity and more personalization of services,
the capacity and versatility of access networks needs to be expanded. Next to fast internet and high-definition
video services, peer-to-peer file exchange and multi-party video-rich gaming are driving the need for bandwidth.
Optical fibre is coming in, in order to relieve the shortcomings of the copper network, and also is able to
outperform the power consumption of todays electronic solutions. Moreover, by exploiting the wavelength domain
optical fibre is uniquely capable of integrating services with widely differing characteristics independent from each
other into a single infrastructure.
First-generation fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) networks are being installed in point-to-point (P2P) and point-to-
multipoint (P2MP) time-multiplexed passive optical network (PON) architectures. As a major part of the
infrastructure is shared among the users, the PON architecture may offer lower installation and maintenance
costs beyond a certain reach and number of users, but it requires a well-tailored medium access control protocol
for fair sharing of the capacity among them. Most popular nowadays is the time-division multiple access (TDMA)
protocol, where functions can be readily implemented with digital electronics. It is being used in BPON (ATM-
based, up to 622 Mbit/s symmetrically), GPON (Gigabit PON, with speeds up to 2.5 Gbit/s, for ATM and also
Ethernet packets plus native TDM), and EPON (Ethernet PON, optimized for variable-length Ethernet packets).
Alternatively, one may consider Subcarrier Multiple Access (SCMA), requiring more costly RF electronics, or
Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA), requiring more costly optical spectrum slicing filters. Gaining
popularity is Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA), where each user on the WDM-PON gets an individual
pair of wavelengths for up- and downstream communication, thus in effect getting a P2P link (with its advantage
of easy per-user upgrading) on a P2MP physical infrastructure. With so-called colour-less optical network units
(ONUs) at the user side, using for instance reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers, more expensive
wavelength-specific ONU solutions are avoided; this reduces the costs of the WDM-PON. Hybrid WDM-TDM
PON networks can combine the large multiple-channel capacity offered by WDMA with the dynamic bandwidth
sharing enabled by TDMA. Notably for PONs with larger ONU numbers and longer reach such hybrid schemes
are attractive. Augmented with dynamic optical routing, capacity-on-demand with remarkably reduced congestion
probability can be provided, while also improving the efficiency by which the resources installed in the local
exchange are used.
For supporting broadband wireless services in fixed wireless access, radio over fibre (RoF) techniques enable to
consolidate the microwave signal generation and modulation functions in a single site, which facilitates upgrading
and more comprehensive radio schemes. Advanced optical techniques generate extremely pure microwave
carriers, and thus enable comprehensive radio signal constellations for high-capacity wireless data links.
Dispersion-tolerant RoF techniques support long-reach operation, and link switching in reconfigurable
architectures.
Next to bringing the luxury of a high bandwidth to the doorstep by means of FTTH, it must be distributed inside
the users home. As cost is an even more important factor there, easy-to-install large-core multimode (plastic)
optical fibre is an attractive medium for implementing a converged single infrastructure which can support wired
as well as wireless broadband services. Comprehensive signal modulation formats, such as multi-tone quadrature
amplitude modulation schemes, enable to transport high-capacity data wired services via the highly-dispersive
fibre infrastructure. Dispersion-robust RoF techniques can support pico-cell radio cell architectures. Using optical
routing techniques, such cells may be dynamically merged into reconfigurable wireless private networks, in
response to changing traffic patterns.
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 62
amjk 1
COBRA COBRA
Trends in Optical Access and Trends in Optical Access and
In In- -Building Networks Building Networks
Ton Koonen
COBRA Institute
dept. Electrical Engineering
Eindhoven University of Technology
e-mail: a.m.j.koonen@tue.nl
Tutorial We.2A.1, ECOC 2008, Brussels, 24 Sep. 2008
COBRA COBRA
amjk 2
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z PON multiple access techniques
(TDMA, SCMA, OCDMA, WDMA)
z TDM-PON solutions (BPON, EPON, GPON)
z WDM-PON
z WDM-TDM reconfigurable optical access
z Radio over fibre
z BB in-home optical network techniques
z Concluding remarks
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 63
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amjk 3
COBRA COBRA
Telecommunication networks Telecommunication networks
Global Network
Metropolitan/Regional
Area Optical Network
Client/Access
Networks
z variety of media
z high traffic dynamics
z cost-conscious
z user mobility
z ultra-long reach
z ultra-high capacity
z ultra-fast packet routing
Home /
Enterprise
Cable modem
Networks
FTTH
Mobile
SDH/
SONET
ISP
Gigabit
Ethernet
Cable
FTTB
IP/ATM
fibre
IP
Fixed
Wireless
Access
TP
WLAN
Triple Play
amjk 4
COBRA COBRA
Homo Zappiens Homo Zappiens
[Wim Veen - TU Delft]
Homo Homo Zappiens Zappiens
high high speed speed
multi multi tasking tasking
iconic iconic skills skills
connected connected
learning learning by by playing playing
instant instant payoff payoff
fantasy fantasy
technology technology as as friend friend
Homo Homo Sapiens Sapiens
conventional conventional speed speed
mono tasking mono tasking
reading skills reading skills
stand alone stand alone
separating learning and playing separating learning and playing
patience patience
reality reality
technology as foe technology as foe
fast growing need for broadband capacity at home
and in access; broadband internet traffic, packet-based
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 64
amjk 5
COBRA COBRA
BB penetration ratios BB penetration ratios
z Japan: 10.52 M FTTH (13.48 M DSL ) connections in Dec. 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
N
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t
h
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r
l
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d
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d
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y
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l
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i
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K
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e
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w
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d

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p
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ly
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z
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c
h

R
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c
P
o
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t
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g
a
l
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u
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a
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P
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d
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l
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v
a
k

R
e
p
u
b
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i
c
T
u
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k
e
y
M
e
x
ic
o
Source: OECD
DSL Cable Fibre/LAN Other
OECD Broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants, by technology, Dec. 2007
OECD average
amjk 6
COBRA COBRA
FTTH as fraction of broadband connections FTTH as fraction of broadband connections
Source : OECD
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Ireland
Netherlands
Iceland
Italy
United States
Czech Republic
Norway
OECD
Denmark
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Korea
Japan
Percentage of fibre connections in total broadband subscriptions, Dec. 2007
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amjk 7
COBRA COBRA
FTTH topologies FTTH topologies
AN LEX
P2P
- individual upgrading
- cheap Ethernet P2P transceivers
/ fibre-rich
AN LEX
Optical power
splitter/combiner
P2MP passive star
PON Passive
Optical Network
- fibre-sharing
- minimum maintenance
- easy overlay for broadcast services
- lower CAPEX* than P2P (for longer feeders and/or more users)
AN LEX
active
node
P2MP active star
- fibre-sharing
/ remote powering
. FTTC, FWA
* CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure
amjk 8
COBRA COBRA
Costs P2P Costs P2P vs vs P2MP (CAPEX view) P2MP (CAPEX view)
z number of ONUs N
1
< N
2
z fixed costs C: OLT, ONUs,
splitter
S
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
s
t
s
Distance from OLT
P2P, N
2
>N
1
P2P, N
1
0
C
P2P, N2
C
P2P, N1
System installation costs (CAPEX):
z FO cable + passive splitter
z FO terminal equipment
z w/o ducting (same P2MP ducting for P2MP and P2P)
L
OPEX* view:
repair of feeder cable break easier
in P2MP than in P2P
* OPEX OPerational EXpenditure
z for L< L
0
,
P2P cheaper than P2MP
z for high N, P2MP may
always be cheaper
P2MP, N
1
L
0
(N
1
)
P2MP, N
2
C
P2MP, N1
C
P2MP, N2
z cost break-even at cable
length L
0
; L
0
dep. on N
[A.M.J. Koonen, Proc. IEEE, May 2006]
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 66
amjk 9
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access penetration
z WDM-PON
z Dynamically reconfigurable optical access
z Radio over fibre
amjk 10
COBRA COBRA
Multiple Access Multiple Access Time Division Time Division
z time-interleaving upstream packets (using request/grant protocol, ONU sends packet in
timeslot granted by headend station; may send multiple packets when multiple grants)
z statistical multiplexing gain
z requires time synchronisation dependency between data channels from ONUs
z burst-mode receiver in headend station
z used in BPON, EPON, and GPON
t
Rx
time
demux
TDMA upstream:
[A.M.J. Koonen, Proc. IEEE, May 2006]
We.2.A.1
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amjk 11
COBRA COBRA
Multiple Access Multiple Access - - SubCarrier SubCarrier
z fully independent data channels
z no time synchronisation required, no multiplexing gain
z requires RF analog OE functions at OLT and ONUs expensive
z nodes may send at nominally same wavelength
issue: optical beat noise interference with data spectra at OLT Rx
P
t
P
t
P
t
t
f
f
1
f
2
f
3
Rx
freq.
demux
electr.
Rx
electr.
Rx
electr.
Rx
data 1
data 2
data 3
0
data 1
data 2
data 3
f
1
f
2
f
3
SCMA upstream:
amjk 12
COBRA COBRA
Subcarrier multiplexing downstream Subcarrier multiplexing downstream
fibre
laser
E
x
LO 1
(VCO)
f
f
x
LO i
x
LO j
x
LO N
f
f
photodiode
x
LO
amplifier
amplifier
+ filter
f
selected channel
amplifiier
+ filter
transmitter
receiver
analogue
digital
.

.

.
.

.

.
z multiple services on separate electrical carriers
z a.o. for CATV broadcasting (as overlay in PON, or
in Hybrid Fibre Coax networks)
z issues:
- laser clipping, due to over-modulation
clipping noise
- intermodulation products, due to non-linearities
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 68
amjk 13
COBRA COBRA
Multiple Access Multiple Access Optical Code Division Optical Code Division
t
code
c
1
c
2
c
3
RX
RX
RX
data 1
data 2
data 3
0
data 1
data 2
data 3
opt.
corr.
opt.
corr.
opt.
corr.
t
z time-sliced code, or wavelength-sliced

z fully independent data channels, asynchronous, no multiplexing gain
z limited no. of codes limited no. of users 2-dim. -t code
z issue: with t-code, high line rate (bit rate - # chips/bit)
z issue: with -code, larger spectral width larger fibre dispersion
z issue: x-talk due to imperfect code orthogonality
OCDMA upstream:
amjk 14
COBRA COBRA
Multiple Access Multiple Access Wavelength Division Wavelength Division
z fully independent data channels: functionally equivalent to P2P
z power budget improved w.r.t. -independent power split
z no multiplexing gain
z specific wavelength per node need for colourless ONU
z issue: broadcast overlay, requires bypassing WDM mux
z hybrid WDM-TDM PON: enables more users on the PON, + multiplexing gain
t
3
Rx
WDM
demux
data 1
data 2
data 3
3
data 1
data 2
data 3
Rx
Rx
WDM
mux
WDMA upstream:
We.2.A.1
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amjk 15
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z WDM-PON
z Radio over fibre
amjk 16
COBRA COBRA
APON/BPON ( ITU APON/BPON ( ITU- -T G.983.1, 1998 ) T G.983.1, 1998 )
General characteristics General characteristics
AN
155/622 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
CC
NB
BB
LT
LT
.
.
.
1:32 (64)
ONU
ONU
ONU
10-20 km
[P. Vetter, 2001; H. Ueda et al., IEEE Comm. Mag. 2001]
z by FSAN (established in 1996)
z ATM cells (53 bytes, + 3 bytes BPON overhead for a.o. grants and BM)
z
down
= 1480 .. 1580 nm
z
up
= 1260 .. 1360 nm (cheap FP lasers at ONUs)
z differential fibre distance: 0-20 km
z optical path loss: class A 5-20 dB, class B 10-25 dB, class C 15-30 dB
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 70
amjk 17
COBRA COBRA
Timing ranging Timing ranging
time
distance
ranging grant
responses
without
equalisation
longest
distance
responses
with
equalisation
equalisation
delay
inserted
OLT
ONU2
ONU3
ONU1
z measure distance (OLT sends ranging grant, upon receipt an ONU responds by
sending ranging cell, OLT calculates distance from roundtrip delay)
z insert equalisation delay
puts ONUs virtually at equal distance from OLT, which facilitates synchronisation
[P. Vetter, 2001]
amjk 18
COBRA COBRA
Amplitude ranging Amplitude ranging
[P. Vetter, 2001]
1 2 3
Power at NT
1 2 3
Power at LT
Decision level
set per timeslot
OLT
ONU2
ONU3
ONU1
z burst-mode receiver at OLT,
fast decision level setting
z adapt also transmit power of ONU *
* Power Leveling Mechanism; in GPON G.984.2 in 3 steps of -3 dB
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amjk 19
COBRA COBRA
Broadband overlay (ITU Broadband overlay (ITU- -T G.983.3, 2001) T G.983.3, 2001)
z restrict APON downstream spectral window
z for additional digital services, or video distribution
z high WDM isolation required if electrical spectra of APON and overlay services overlap
amjk 20
COBRA COBRA
BPON protection (ITU BPON protection (ITU- -T G.983.5, 2002) T G.983.5, 2002)
Type B: feeder fibre protection
z TC protocol executes re-ranging after
failure detection and optical switching
z opto-mechanical switch (expensive)
z limited protection
LT
OLT
ONU 1
LT
ONU N
LT
.
.
spare
fibre
optical
switch
[F. Effenberger et al., IEEE Comm. Mag., Dec. 2001]
[ITU-T Rec. G.983.5]
ONU 1
LT
LT
ONU N
LT
LT
LT
OLT
LT
.
.
Type C: full system duplication
z all equipment normally working
fast restoration
z also branch lines and ONUs protected
z may include unprotected ONUs
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 72
amjk 21
COBRA COBRA
Ethernet PON (EPON) Ethernet PON (EPON)
z standards set in IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet First Mile Task Force, in 2001
z Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) optical Ethernet
z full duplex, no CSMA/CD
z physical layer largely similar to BPON
z variable packet length, up to 1518 bytes
z Gigabit Ethernet rate (1.25 Gbit/s) and frame format,
incl. 25% line coding overhead (8B10B)
z Ethernet offers
- high bandwidth,
- low cost,
- IP efficiency,
- full services,
- simplicity
but (in contrast to ATM)
- no built-in QoS QoS has to be handled at IP level
- issues with real-time services such as voice (due to latency and jitter)
[G. Pesavento, http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/epon ]
amjk 22
COBRA COBRA
GPON (ITU GPON (ITU- -T G.984.1, 2003) T G.984.1, 2003)
[J.D. Angelopoulos et al., IEEE Comm. Mag. Feb. 2004]
z by FSAN
z max. logical range 60 km
z max. physical reach 10 to 20 km
z max. differential range 20 km
z down =1480 .. 1500nm, up =1260 .. 1360nm
z max. split 128
z max. mean signal transfer delay 1.5 ms
z commercial solutions available
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amjk 23
COBRA COBRA
GPON TC framing (ITU GPON TC framing (ITU- -T G.984.3, 2004) T G.984.3, 2004)
OAM
control
OAM
control
OAM
control
Downstream
Upstream
Burst ONU 2 Burst ONU 3 Burst ONU 1
ATM cell
Ethernet frame with GEM header
GPON OAM control
Burst OH
125 s 125 s
ATM
(optional)
ATM
(optional)
Ethernet
(over GEM)
Ethernet
(over GEM)
Ethernet
(over GEM)
Ethernet
(over GEM)
ATM
(optional)
Ethernet
(over GEM)
FEC in downstream & upstream
(RS(255,239) block code, high code rate of 93.7%,
can correct bursts of 50 bits)
Supports
z native ATM (like G.983)
z native packet (i.e. not over AAL5/ATM), and native TDM, by GPON Encapsulation Method
[T. Van Canegem, E. Gilon, et al., ISSLS 2004]
amjk 24
COBRA COBRA
GPON TC efficiency GPON TC efficiency
Assumption:
32 ONUs,
every ONU is served every 0.75 ms
z high efficiency: 95% of bandwidth can be used for IP data transport
in E-GPON (Ethernet mode GPON)
z comparison with Gigabit Ethernet:
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Gig. Eth. E-GPON
M
b
i
t
/
s
scheduling OH :
frame delineation
scheduling OH : PHY
burst OH
scheduling OH :
control messages
payload encapulation
OH
line coding
payload
[T. Van Canegem, E. Gilon, et al., ISSLS 2004]
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amjk 25
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z WDM-PON
z Radio over fibre
amjk 26
COBRA COBRA
Fixed wavelength Fixed wavelength- -routed PON routed PON
z Passive Photonic Loop [Bellcore, 1989]
z needed in ONU for upstream :
-specific laser ( expensive stock maintenance),
or colourless solutions:
reflective modulator ( source-free ONU; requires reflections-lean link),
spectrally sliced broadband source (e.g. LED, or ASE from EDFA; limited power budget), or
injection-locked FP-LD or RSOA
AWG = Arrayed Waveguide Grating
ONU
ONU
ONU
ONU
ONU
ONU
ONU
OLT
m
u
x
/
d
e
m
u
x
1
..
N
N-1
N
.
.
A
W
G
-
r
o
u
t
e
r
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amjk 27
COBRA COBRA
Sliced SLED + Reflective SOA Sliced SLED + Reflective SOA
z For downstream: one DWDM laser per user in L-band
z For upstream: SLED with 10 dBm/0.1 nm in C-band
z 40 users, each 0.4 nm bandwidth, 1.25 Gbit/s per user upstream, over 20 km SMF
z AWG in AN with 100 GHz channel spacing
z APD receiver
z issue: reflections in fibre link
[F. Payoux et al., ECOC05]
Tx_1
R-SOA
Rx
3dB
10km
10km
AWG
Rx_1
Rx_N
SLED
OLT
Tx 1
RSOA
Rx
ONU
AN
3dB
Mux
SLED
C/L band filter
Tx N
Rx 1
Rx N
amjk 28
COBRA COBRA
Link loss budget Link loss budget using using CW CW- -fed fed RSOA RSOA
Tx
Rx
RSOA
P
t,CW
P
r
(t)
G
data up x(t)
A
L
A
R
{ }
CW t L R r
P t x G A A t P
,
2
) ( ) ( + =
R L
R L
r
r
A G A
A G A
P
P
/ 1
/ 1
'
2
2
1 ,
0 ,
+
+
= =
c
c
[dB]
' 1
' 1
log 10
10
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A
c
c
r
P
received signal power
extinction ratio of received signal
power penalty
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
link loss [dB]
p
o
w
e
r

p
e
n
a
l
t
y

[
d
B
]
A
R
=30 dB
A
R
=20 dB
for G=27 dB , c=0.1
G unmodulated RSOA gain
x(t) gain modulation factor, c s x(t) s 1
A
L
link loss
A
R
reflection loss in link
link loss budget decreases when link reflections increase
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amjk 29
COBRA COBRA
Self Self- -injected injected RSOA RSOA
SMF
20km
SMF
1km
AWG
OLT
ONU 16
AN
WDM
1
FBG
U16
FBG
U1
16
.
.
.
AWG
1
FBG
D16
FBG
D1
16
.
.
.
RSOA
Rx
data
RSOA
Rx RSOA
Rx
1.25
Gbit/s
data
z RSOA lasing, locked to Bragg wavelength of FBG (over 24 nm in C-band), SMSR>25dB
z 1x16 AWG-s, 200GHz channel spacing
z FBG on same silica material as the AWG no temperature-induced mismatch
z 1.25 Gbit/s transmission
z APD receivers at OLT
z issue: spurious reflections in AN-ONU link
[S.-Y. Jung et al., OECC08, WeA.4]
ONU 1
amjk 30
COBRA COBRA
Integrated reflective transceiver Integrated reflective transceiver
MZ duplexer
10 Gbit/s flip chip Si SOA driver
10 Gbit/s burst mode Si receiver
1
,
2
2
QD-SOA-modulator
QD-SOA-detector
1
z colourless ONU, using a reflective SOA
z optical functions in quantum-dot InP IC, electronics in silicon 10 Gbit/s
z with bulk devices, >1.25 Gbit/s achieved
1
,
2
1
HR
1
SOA modulator:
Modulating rate up to 1Gbit/s
Fibre-fibre gain up to 9 dB at 90 mA
injection current
Photodetector:
Responsivity up to 0.4 A/W at -2V
Bandwidth up to 25 GHz
data up
data down
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 77
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 31
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z WDM-PON
z Radio over fibre
amjk 32
COBRA COBRA
Multiple access on the PON Multiple access on the PON
t
Rx
time
demux
TDM-PON
- flexible sharing of LT capacity
efficient
/ limited number of time slots
per user
congestion at high loads
t
3
Rx
WDM
demux
data 1
data 2
data 3
3
data 1
data 2
data 3
Rx
Rx
WDM
mux
WDM-PON
- each user own -channel
no congestion
- virtual P2P
/ no sharing of capacity
inefficient
Combine into hybrid WDM-TDM PON
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 78
amjk 33
COBRA COBRA
Bypass/removal of Local Exchange Bypass/removal of Local Exchange
by long by long- -reach PON reach PON
z major saving by reduction in (SDH) backhaul costs
z at 2.5 or 10 Gbit/s, symmetrical
z up to 110 km, with FEC and EDC
z 500 to 1000 customer sites per amplified PON
z WDM on feeder, to street corner [D. Payne et al., ISSLS 2004]
[D. Nesset et al., ECOC 2005]
amjk 34
COBRA COBRA
Dynamic wavelength routing Dynamic wavelength routing
in access networks in access networks
fibre
local
exchange
access network cells
z reconfigurable WDM-TDM PON: TDMA within a -channel of a routed WDM-PON
z mobility and fluctuating traffic load of users
provides capacity-on-demand to cells
z optimises utilisation of network resources
hot spot
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 79
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 35
COBRA COBRA
Wavelength Wavelength- -agile FTTH agile FTTH
{
d
o
w
n
,
i
,
u
p
,j
C
W
}
{
u
p
,j
}
node 1
node 3
node 4
node 2
-
m
u
x
-
d
e
m
u
x
1

G
b
E
d
a
t
a

i
n
1

G
b
E
d
a
t
a

o
u
t
s
switch
headend station
Multi-casting -router
16 1
control T/R T/R
M
u
l
t
i
-
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
-
r
o
u
t
e
r
16
1
B
M

R
x
B
M

T
x
r
e
f
l
.

m
o
d
.
ONU
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
T
/
R
T
/
R
M
ulti-casting
-router
16
1
control
T/R
T/R M
ulti-casting
-router
16
1
control
T/R
T/R
control
c
= 1.3 m
WDM
C
W
D
M
Tx
1
Tx
2
Tx
8
Tx
9
CW
Tx
10
CW
Tx
16
CW
Rx
9
Rx
10
Rx
16
z flexibly allocating one or more -s per home, using ROADMs

z incl. protection
z colourless ONUs (using RSOA)
amjk 36
COBRA COBRA
1

2

3

N
B
max
B
cell 1
cell 2
etc.
cell x
0
Wavelength re Wavelength re- -allocation of a cell allocation of a cell

z transfer a cell to another -channel, as soon as it asks for more capacity than
available in its present -channel
z considerably reduces the system blocking probability
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 80
amjk 37
COBRA COBRA
Impact of reconfiguration Impact of reconfiguration
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
rel. system load
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g

p
r
o
b
.
static
125 Mbit/s
flexible
125 Mbit/s
static
63 Mbit/s
flexible
63 Mbit/s
Example:
z for 8 wavelength channels @ 1.25 Gbit/s (so 10 Gbit/s in total)
z 256 users with Poisson-distributed calls, @ 63 Mbit/s or 125 Mbit/s
z using Chernoffs upper bound approximation
by using reconfiguration, the system load can significantly be
increased at the same blocking probability
(e.g. doubled at P
block
=10
-3
for 63 Mbit/s, and more for 125 Mbit/s)
amjk 38
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z WDM-PON
z Radio over fibre
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 81
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 39
COBRA COBRA
Radio over Radio over Fibre Fibre
Optical Fibre
Unlimited
bandwidth
Low loss
Light weight
EM immunity
To increase capacity:
Smaller cells more antenna sites
Higher frequencies more complexity
increase capacity
big cells have to
shrink
Radio over
Fibre
amjk 40
COBRA COBRA
RoF RoF techniques techniques
z RF Intensity modulation
- double sideband carrier fading due to fibre dispersion
- single sideband; by dual-electrode MZ modulator,
or by sharp optical filter
- high requirements on Tx bandwidth and linearity
z Optical heterodyning
- two narrow-linewidth sources e.g. by injection locking
- self-heterodyning; e.g. with Optical Suppressed Carrier signal
- only in SMF
- dispersion-tolerant
z Generating harmonics of a relatively-low frequency signal
- a.o. by the Optical Frequency Multiplying technique
- dispersion-tolerant
- applicable in SMF and MMF
z
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 82
amjk 41
COBRA COBRA
Optical Frequency Multiplying Optical Frequency Multiplying
z low-frequency CS technology (generating harmonics of the
sweep freq. by FM-IM conversion in periodic filter)
z simple antenna stations (selecting the desired harmonic)
z very pure microwave high wireless capacity achievable
by comprehensive modulation formats (such as x-QAM)
z dispersion-tolerant for SMF and MMF
[A.M.J. Koonen, Patent NL 1019047]
[A.M.J. Koonen and M. Garcia Larrode, JLT/MTT 2008]
f
sw
= 6.4 GHz
CW
LD
+
-
- data
PD
fibre
link
0
f
mm
= 2N f
sw
Central Station Antenna Station
BPF
i(t)
t
periodic
filter
+ data
I
Q
120 Mbit/s
64 QAM
@ 17.2 GHz
after 4.4 km
silica MMF
Freq. offset from 38.4 GHz carrier [Hz]
38.4GHz
< 100Hz
R
F

p
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
-30
-60
-90
-500 0 +500
amjk 42
COBRA COBRA
Impact of SMF chromatic dispersion Impact of SMF chromatic dispersion
0 20 40 60 80
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Fibre Length, [km]
S
i
g
n
a
l

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

[
d
B
]
IM-DSB
OFM
Measured delivered normalised
strength of 22 GHz carrier at
=1.55 m, using
z Intensity-modulation, double
sideband (IM-DSB); fading dips
occur due to sidebands getting out
of phase by fibre dispersion
z Optical Frequency Multiplying
(OFM; 5
th
harmonic)
OFM is tolerant against
chromatic fibre dispersion, and
hence suitable for link-switched
routing.
[A. Ng'oma et al., Int. Microwave Symp. 2007]
[T. Koonen et al., OECC 2006]
(corrected for fibre losses)
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 83
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 43
COBRA COBRA
Dynamic capacity allocation in FWA Dynamic capacity allocation in FWA
t
MZI
LD
1
sweep
freq. f
1
data 1
MZI
mod.
LD
2
sweep
freq. f
2
data 2
MZI
mod.
LD
N
sweep
freq. f
N
data N
MZI
mod.
W
D
M

m
u
x
-multicasting
tun. OADM
f
mm,x
BPF
PD
-multicasting
tun. OADM
x
f
mm,y
, f
mm,z
BPF
PD
y,
z
BPF
PD
x
-
m
u
l
t
i
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
t
u
n
.

O
A
D
M
f
mm,y
y
z Multi-standard operation
z RAP is -agnostic, may handle multiple RF signals
z Link switching requires dispersion-robust RoF
[T. Koonen et al., ECOC 2004]
amjk 44
COBRA COBRA
Outline Outline
z BB access trends
z WDM-PON
z Radio over fibre
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 84
amjk 45
COBRA COBRA
Versatile BB in Versatile BB in- -home networks home networks
Converged in-home
backbone network,
integrating wired &
wireless services
z reduces installation and
maintenance efforts
z eases introduction and
upgrading of services
z integration e.g. by WDM
Coax Cable
network
Twisted Pair
network
RG
PC
HDTV
mobile
laptop
VoIP
fax
print
PDA
mp3
download
Satellite dish/
FWA dish
optical
fibre
optical
fibre
webcam
Optical Fibre
network
converged in-home network on POF
coax
POF
SMF
amjk 46
COBRA COBRA
POF core dimensions POF core dimensions
1 mm core PMMA SI-POF
0.5 mm core
PMMA GI-POF
120 m core
PF GI-POF
50 m core
multimode
GI fibre
9 m core silica single-mode fibre
chosen in
POF-ALL project
PMMA POF:
atten. <45 dB / 100 m
for 450 nm<<650 nm
(min. 8 dB / 100 m at
=520 nm)
PF POF:
atten. <8 dB / 100 m
for 600 nm<<1350 nm
300 m 1mm core SI-POF:
BW ~ 10 MHz
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 85
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 47
COBRA COBRA
Attenuation of PMMA Attenuation of PMMA 1 mm SI 1 mm SI- -POF POF
spectral loss [dB/km]
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
wavelength [nm]
100
1000
200
2000
50
500
5000
120dB/km 85dB/km 145dB/km
460 nm 520nm 650nm
amjk 48
COBRA COBRA
Overcoming Overcoming the the limited limited BW of SI BW of SI- -POF POF
Baseband modulation formats
z 4-PAM, 8-PAM and similar amplitude-
modulation formats
z refs.: Gaudino et al., POF 2005, and
Breyer et al., ECOC 2008
Quadrature-like modulation formats
z QPSK, QAM-x
z benefit from high market-volume QAM
technologies for wireless LAN, DVB-C,
and DOCSIS cable modems
z solutions: direct-QAM, or WDM-QAM
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 86
amjk 49
COBRA COBRA
Direct Direct- -QAM 1 QAM 1 Gbit/s Gbit/s over over 1 mm SI 1 mm SI- -POF POF
z 2 channel VSG, with 2 x 40 sub-carriers, 2 MHz spaced,
carrying QAM-64 and -256 signals at 1.8 MBaud
z =650 nm edge emitting DVD laser diode
[ECOC06, Th4.4.1, Sebastian Randel et al.]
Bias
Tee
LD
VSG
D/A
I
Mod
Q
50 MHz
A
R
B
D/A
D/A
I
Mod
Q
A
R
B
D/A
150 MHz
~
~
+ PD VSA
DC
TIA
100m PMMA SI-POF
1 mm core
DVD LD =650nm
lensed TO-can
silicon PD
1 mm area
Vector Signal Generator
Vector Signal Analyzer
0 50 100 150 200
-40
-20
0
20
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
Received Spectrum
amjk 50
COBRA COBRA
WDM WDM- -QAM system QAM system
Vector Signal
Generator
Vector Signal
Analyzer
Green
LED
PIN PD
Blue LED
PIN PD
TIA
I
Q
QAM
modulator
QAM
demodulator
Green
blocking
filter
dichroic 45 filter
dichroic 45 filter
WDM-MUX
Tx
WDM-MUX
Rx
TIA
100m
1mm core
PMMA SI-POF
PIN
PD
PIN
PD
LED
=460nm
LED
=520nm
100Mbit/s QAM-16
EVM<11.4%
[ECOC08, We.2A.2, Jia Yang et al.]
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 87
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 51
COBRA COBRA
Radio Radio- -over over- -Fibre in in Fibre in in- -house networks house networks
z Application:
- for pico-cells; range extension
- inter-room wireless communication
- multiple radio standards (WiFi, WiMAX, Zigbee, UWB, 60GHz, )
- wired-wireless services integration (vs. all-IP)
- smart antennas, beam steering, MIMO,
- issue: overcoming MMF modal dispersion
z Lack of standards
- many different techniques
- issue: format-transparent signal transport
amjk 52
COBRA COBRA
64 64- -QAM OFM over silica GI QAM OFM over silica GI- -MMF MMF
f
sw
=2.867 GHz
PM IM SOA MZI
VSG
4.4 km
MMF
BPF
17.2 GHz
VSA
LNA PD
LD
1.3 m
z -wave carrier freq. 17.2 GHz
z 64-QAM on subcarrier freq. 127 MHz
z symbol rate 20 MBaud 120 Mbit/s
z over 4.4 km 50m core silica GI-MMF
z also over 25 km SMF @ 39.9 GHz
z also multi-tone (up to 10 tones)
64-QAM operation shown at 18.3 GHz
EVM = 4.8% (< 5.6% req.)
I
Q
[A. Ngoma et al., OFC2005]
VSG = Vector Signal Generator
VSA = Vector Signal Analyzer
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 88
amjk 53
COBRA COBRA
Inter Inter- -room room - -wave wireless communication wave wireless communication
z transparent for any wireless signal format
z any-to-any room communication
z multi-casting
HCC: Home Communication Controller
fibres
(POF)
access
network
[A.M.J. Koonen et al., OFC2008]
amjk 54
COBRA COBRA
Wavelength Wavelength- -routed routed RoMMF RoMMF network network
[M. Garcia Larrode, A.M.J. Koonen, Trans. MTT 2008]
1300 1305 1310 1315 1320
70
60
50
40
wavelength, nm
P
o
,

d
B
m
ADM15
drop port
1300 1305 1310 1315 1320
70
60
50
40
wavelength, nm
P
o
,

d
B
m
ADM15
through port
z RoMMF add/drop node
(MMF FBG with BW=100 GHz)
z drop and through ports
z silica 50m core GI-MMF
z downlink: 120 Mbit/s 64-QAM, at 23.7 GHz
z uplink: 64-QAM, at f
IF
=300 MHz, with IM/DD
z
1
=1303.8 nm,
2
=1310.1 nm,
3
=1314.8 nm
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 89
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
amjk 55
COBRA COBRA
Impact of Impact of RoF RoF
on wireless access protocols on wireless access protocols
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
z centrally scheduled MAC
z fibre delay may exceed timing boundaries of the MAC protocols and round trip delays
z time division duplex (TDD): gap between downlink (DL) burst and uplink (UL) burst,
may be adapted to accommodate fibre delay
RG
CS AS
t
RF
t
optical link
gap
DL subframe UL subframe
frame j frame j+1 frame j+2 frame j-2 frame j-1
... ...
Round trip delay
Extra guard time gap
Throughput reduction <1% if fibre link < 500 m
[M. Garcia Larrode, NOC2005]
[A.M.J. Koonen and M. Garcia Larrode, JLT/MTT 2008]
amjk 56
COBRA COBRA
Concluding remarks (1/2) Concluding remarks (1/2)
Re Access networks:
z Optical fibre techniques are key for future-proof, versatile and high-capacity service
provisioning in access networks.
z Fibre makes a powerful match with existing DSL, coax, and wireless customer
access networks.
z For larger user areas and/or higher user numbers, a P2MP passive network can be
more cost-effective than a P2P one.
z TDM-PON provides efficient capacity sharing on a P2MP passive network.
z WDM-PON provides P2P functionality on a P2MP passive network
easy upgrading on a per-customer base.
z A hybrid WDM-TDM PON enables easy network scaling, and can provide
capacity-on-demand efficiently by means of flexible wavelength routing
optimises the exploitation of the systems resources.
z Radio-over-fibre techniques can deliver high-capacity microwave signals very
efficiently, in particular when using optical routing.
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 90
amjk 57
COBRA COBRA
Concluding remarks (2/2) Concluding remarks (2/2)
Re In-building networks:
z After fibre has brought broadband capacity up to the homes doorstep,
in-home fibre networks are needed to deliver it to the user.
z An optical fibre in-home backbone enables integration of wired and wireless services,
eases maintenance and upgrades.
z Large-core multimode Plastic Optical Fibre is attractive for DIY installation.
z Wired services: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation allows Gbit/s speeds over
large-core MMF.
z Wireless services: Optical Frequency Multiplication allows high-capacity pico-cell
communication over MMF.
z Flexible optical routing yields
- dynamic provisioning of capacity-on-demand, and
- reconfigurable multi-standard pico-cell wireless inter-room communication.
amjk 58
COBRA COBRA
Acknowledgement Acknowledgement
Funding from
z the European Commission, in
FP6 project POF-ALL Paving the Optical Future with
Affordable Lightning-fast Links ,
FP7 project ALPHA Architectures for fLexible Photonic Home and
Access networks,
FP6 Network of Excellence ISIS, and
FP7 Network of Excellence BONE
z the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, in
the IOP Generieke Communicatie project Future Home Networks
is gratefully acknowledged.
We.2.A.1
Vol. 6 - 91
978-1-4244-2229-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

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TUTORIAL

Trends in optical access and in-building networks

z time-sliced code, or wavelength-sliced

z flexibly allocating one or more -s per home, using ROADMs

Wavelength re Wavelength re- -allocation of a cell allocation of a cell

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