Electronics and electrical principle

Half wave and full wave bridge rectifier concerning AC and DC

Objectives
1) To obtain DC voltage form AC supply by the full wave bridge rectifier.
2) To find the output voltage of a full wave bridge rectifier.

Specification
Ac input Transformer turns ratio Filter capacitor Load resistor 130V 10:1 500U 3K

Abstract: The project about a circuit that is includes different electric components. We got the diagram of the circuits that we need to fix the project. The connections are done as per the circuit diagram where 130 V supply was the input of the transformer and to get filtered output we used 500u capacitor and 3k diode We did this project to know how to obtain DC voltage form AC supply by the full wave bridge rectifier and also output voltage of a full wave bridge rectifier.

Introduction:
Firstly, this project is explaining the DC power supply work which is converting AC signal to DC. The power supply is fed into the transformer; the output is a reduced one. From the transformer the reduced voltage is supplied rectifier. During the positive half cycle the point a in the figure is assumed to be in the positive polarity and point B is of negative polarity. At this moment the diode D2 & D3 is in forward biased condition, they conduct the current. The other diode is the reverse biased condition that is they will not conduct the current. The Path of the current will be a, D2, R, C-RL, L, D3 and B. At this time the one plate of the charges to the positive potential and the other to the negative potential. The charging takes place in a small time period. Just after the point A the capacitor starts discharging due to the voltage difference at its ends. The discharging time is more. Thus the current passes through resistor, which is connected parallel to the capacitor. From that resistor we obtain the filtered output.

An overview of the DC power supply

The dc power supply is a device which converts the standard Voltage, AC that is coming into the power supply to dc voltage output. The dc voltage that produced by a power supply is used to power all types of electronic circuits as in electronic equipment. The power supply also regulates the voltage to eliminate spikes and surges common in most electrical systems. Power supplies are rated in terms of the number of watts they generate. When the supply is in use, the current will flow through the transistors and a voltage will drop across the transistors. This type

of supply has little or no high frequency noise present at its output terminals but the transistors operating in a linear mode. The function of filter is rectified voltage and produces a relative dc voltage. The load block is a circuit or devices for which the power supply is producing the dc voltage and load current. Rectifier: The rectifier can be ether a half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. The half wave rectifier is consisting of one diode during positive half the diode will be in forward bias and the current will flow, while during negative half of input signal diode will be reverse bias and the current dont flow, thats why the output signal will be like half wave. On the other hand, full wave rectifier is consisting of four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 during positive half of input signal D1 and D2 will conduct because the will be in forward bias where the remaining Diodes are in reverse bias. While during negative half D3 and D4 will conduct because they will be in forward bias where D1 and D2 are in reverse bias. Thats why the output signal comes like full wave.

Block schematic implementation Transformer:

The transformer is a device which can build up or step down the voltage and it consisting of tow coils one is primary and the second is secondary. The coil which the source is applied on it is called the primary, while the coil which the load is applied is called the secondary. The transformer that we used in our project is a step down transformer.

Bridge rectifier:
The bridge is a circuit that converts Ac voltage to Dc voltage and is contains four diodes connected. During the input cycle of positive half the Positive side diode will conduct where they are forward bias and the current will flow and during the Negative half of input cycle the negative side diodes will conduct.

Capacitor filter:
A filter is simply a capacitor connected from the rectifier output to ground RL represents the equiv-alent resistance of a load. The function of filter is rectified voltage and produces a relative dc voltage.During the first quarter of the next cycle, the diode will again become forward bias when the input voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage approximately at higher voltage at 0.7 V.

Working principle of the circuit

First of all we have to know what the diode is because we will join at lees four diodes. Diode is the semiconductor devices that allow the current to flow only in one direction like when the P side is connected to the positive and N side connected to the negative the diode will be in forward bias and it will conduct. While when P side is connected to negative and N to the positive the diode will be in reverse direction and it will not conduct. The function of this circuit is to convert Ac voltage that is coming from the power supply to Dc voltage in full wave form and this circuit knows as full wave bridge rectifier. The circuit of full wave rectifier is consisting of four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 during positive half of input cycle D1 and D2 will conduct because the will be in forward bias where the remaining Diodes are in reverse bias. While during negative half of input cycle D3 and D4 will conduct because they will be in forward bias where D1 and D2 are in reverse bias as is knows the diode when be in reverse bias is will not conduct. So during all that, thats why the output signal comes like full wave. Capacitors having a large capacitance may be connected across the load resistor R to produces a relative dc voltage.

Practicality:-

1st.pictures

2nd .pictures

With capacitor ----- & ------ Without capacitor.

Conclusion
In brief, by doing this project we came to know that a full wave bridge rectifier can be made without centre tapping transformer. And also we came to find the efficiency of full wave rectifier. For bridge type, no centre tap is required on the transformers. Here much smaller transformers are used. Bridge rectifier is used for high voltage application. For the same secondary voltage, the output voltage is twice that of the centre trapped full wave rectifier. At the same time some disadvantages are there. Here two extra diodes are required and voltage regulation is not satisfactory. The bridge rectifier with filter section is constructed. A.c and D.C voltages are measured for efficiency is calculated.

Discussion :
1- What should be the PIV rating of the diodes in the circuit? The peak value of the diodes will be equal to the input voltage.

PIV= Vp(in) = 120v

2- If one of the diodes in the rectifier is opens, what should be the possible output voltage? If one of the diodes is open the output voltage become the half, which equals to Vp(in)/2. V(out)= Vp(in)/2 = 120/2 = 60v

3- If one of the diodes in the bridge rectifier shorts, what are the possible consequences? In half wave rectification the DC output be loss. In full wave rectification output will be reduced or lost depending on which diode in the bridge shorts. On some occasions the fuse that should be in the secondary AC side of the circuit will blow.

4- Discuss the effect of change in the value of filter capacitor used. If the value of the capacitor changed the DC voltage form changed due to the value of the capacitor. 5- What happens to the output voltage of a rectifier if the capacitor very leaky? It decreased and it become inaccuracy. So, the value might be wrong. 6- If the primary winding of the transformer in the power supply opens, what will you observe in the rectified output? By that no current will flow through the circuit. So, the output will be a straight line.

7- The DC output voltage of the filtered rectifier is less than it should be. What could be the problem? Maybe the problem is in the resister accuracy or temperature affective .

Conclusion:
The procedure that made the assignment finished was building the circuit by using ECAD program by following the simulation in the course material. Then, write the abstract and explained all components uses and their work in the

circuit. Next, answered the questions that were given in the assignment paper. Finally, write the summery of the work as a conclusion.

References:
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/projects/8-Full-Wave-Bridge-Rectifier.aspx Electronic Device by Floyd.

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