ALGEBRA :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2 Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers = [n(n+1)/2]2 Sum of first n natural odd numbers = n2 Average = (Sum of items)/Number of items

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):

An A.P. is of the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ... where a is called the 'first term' and d is called the 'common difference' 1. 2.

1. 2.

nth term of an A.P. tn = a + (n-1)d Sum of the first n terms of an A.P. Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d] or Sn = n/2(first term + last term)

Geometrical Progression (G.P.):

A G.P. is of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... where a is called the 'first term' and r is called the 'common ratio'. 1. 2.

1. 2.

nth term of a G.P. tn = arn-1 Sum of the first n terms in a G.P. Sn = a|1-rn|/|1-r|

Permutations and Combinations :

1. 2. 3. nPr = n!/(n-r)! nPn = n! nP1 = n

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

nCr = n!/(r! (n-r)!) nC1 = n nC0 = 1 = nCn nCr = nCn-r nCr = nPr/r!

Number of diagonals in a geometric figure of n sides = nC2-n

Tests of Divisibility :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A A A A A A A A A number number number number number number number number number is is is is is is is is is divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible by by by by by by by by by 2 if it is an even number. 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4. 5 if the units digit is either 5 or 0. 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3. 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8. 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. 10 if the units digit is 0. 11 if the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is divisible by 11.

H.C.F and L.C.M :

H.C.F stands for Highest Common Factor. The other names for H.C.F are Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D) and Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M). The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each one of them exactly. The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M. Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1. H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F. of numerators/L.C.M of denominators L.C.M. of fractions = G.C.D. of numerators/H.C.F of denominators Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.

PERCENTAGES :

1. 2. 3. 4.

If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R / (100+R) * 100 If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by R / (100-R) * 100 If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is : R/(100+R)*100 If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption, not to decrease the expenditure is : R/(100-R)*100

PROFIT & LOSS :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gain = Selling Price(S.P.) - Cost Price(C.P) Loss = C.P. - S.P. Gain % = Gain * 100 / C.P. Loss % = Loss * 100 / C.P. S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100*C.P. S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100*C.P.

RATIO & PROPORTIONS:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The ratio a : b represents a fraction a/b. a is called antecedent and b is called consequent. The equality of two different ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d then a, b, c, d are in proportion. This is represented by a : b :: c : d. In a : b = c : d, then we have a* d = b * c. If a/b = c/d then ( a + b ) / ( a b ) = ( d + c ) / ( d c ).

TIME & WORK :

1. 2. 3. If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 1/n If A and B work together for n days, then (A+B)'s 1 days's work = 1/n If A is twice as good workman as B, then ratio of work done by A and B = 2:1

PIPES & CISTERNS :

1. 2. 3. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then part of tank filled in one hour = 1/x If a pipe can empty a full tank in y hours, then part emptied in one hour = 1/y If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours, then on opening both the pipes,

the net part filled in 1 hour = (1/x-1/y) if y>x the net part emptied in 1 hour = (1/y-1/x) if x>y

TIME & DISTANCE :

1. 2. 3. 4. Distance = Speed * Time 1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec 1 m/sec = 18/5 km/hr Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy/(x+y) kmph.

PROBLEMS ON TRAINS :
1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a signal post or a pole or a standing man is equal to the time taken by the train to cover x metres. Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a stationary object of length y metres is equal to the time taken by the train to cover x+y metres. Suppose two trains are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v kmph such that u>v, then their relative speed = u-v kmph. If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v kmph, where u>v, then time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (x+y)/(u-v) hours. Suppose two trains are moving in opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph. Then, their relative speed = (u+v) kmph. If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph, then time taken by the trains to cross each other = (x+y)/(u+v)hours. If two trains start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b hours in reaching B and A respectively, then A's speed : B's speed = (b :

SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTERESTS :

Let P be the principal, R be the interest rate percent per annum, and N be the time period. 1. 2. 3. Simple Interest = (P*N*R)/100 Compound Interest = P(1 + R/100)N P Amount = Principal + Interest

LOGORITHMS :
If am = x , then m = logax.

Properties :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. log log log log log log log xx = 1 x1 = 0 a(xy) = log ax + log ay a(x/y) = log ax - log ay ax = 1/log xa a(xp) = p(log ax) ax = log bx/log ba

Note : Logarithms for base 1 does not exist. AREA & PERIMETER : Shape Area
Circle Square Rectangle (Radius)2 (side)2 length*breadth

Perimeter
2(Radius) 4(side) 2(length+breadth)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Area

of of of of of of of of

a a a a a a a a

triangle = 1/2*Base*Height or triangle = (s(s-(s-b)(s-c)) where a,b,c are the lengths of the sides and s = (a+b+c)/2 parallelogram = Base * Height rhombus = 1/2(Product of diagonals) trapezium = 1/2(Sum of parallel sides)(distance between the parallel sides) quadrilateral = 1/2(diagonal)(Sum of sides) regular hexagon = 6(3/4)(side)2 ring = (R2-r2) where R and r are the outer and inner radii of the ring.

VOLUME & SURFACE AREA : Cube :

Let a be the length of each edge. Then, 1. 2. 3. Volume of the cube = a3 cubic units Surface Area = 6a2 square units Diagonal = 3 a units

Cuboid :
Let l be the length, b be the breadth and h be the height of a cuboid. Then 1. 2. 3. Volume = lbh cu units Surface Area = 2(lb+bh+lh) sq units Diagonal = (l2+b2+h2)

Cylinder :
Let radius of the base be r and height of the cylinder be h. Then, 1. 2. 3. Volume = r2h cu units Curved Surface Area = 2rh sq units Total Surface Area = 2rh + 2r2 sq units

Cone :
Let r be the radius of base, h be the height, and l be the slant height of the cone. Then, 1. 2. 3. l2 = h2 + r2 Volume = 1/3(r2h) cu units Curved Surface Area = rl sq units

4.

Total Surface Area = rl + r2 sq units

Sphere :
Let r be the radius of the sphere. Then, 1. 2. Volume = (4/3)r3 cu units Surface Area = 4r2 sq units

Hemi-sphere :
Let r be the radius of the hemi-sphere. Then, 1. 2. 3. Volume = (2/3)r3 cu units Curved Surface Area = 2r2 sq units Total Surface Area = 3r2 sq units

Prism :
Volume = (Area of base)(Height)

Synonyms -A
By Neetu Singh and Mayank Agarwal in Aptitude (IAS OUR DREAM) Edit Doc 1.Abase = lower , degrade , humiliate usage:Anna expected to have to curtsy to the king of Siam, whentold to cast herself down on the ground before him however,she refused toabase herself 2.Abate = subside ,moderate Usage : Rather than leaving immediately ,they waited for the storm to abate 3.Aberrant = abnormal ,deviant Usage : Given the aberrant nature of the day,we came to doubt the validity of the entire experiment 4.Abeyance = suspended action , not in continuation Usage : The deal was held in abeyance until her arrival 5.Abet = Assist, usually doing something in wrong Usage : She wall unwilling to abet him in the swindle he had planned 6.Abbreviate = shorten Usage : because we were running out of time , the lecture had to abbreviate her speech 7.Abolish = cancel, put an end to Usage : The president of the college refused to abolish to physical education requirement 8.Ablution = Washing Usage : His daily ablutions were accompanied by loud noises pretence,deception, (or)fraudulent intent fidelity-faithfullness infidel-one who does not have the right faith(or)religion, especially to the marriage vows that he humorously labeled opera in the both. 9.Abominate = loathe ,hate

Usage : Moses scold the idol worshipers in the tribe because of abominated the custom 10. Adjure = renounce upon oath, he adjured his allegiance to the king 11. Abnegation = renunciation ,self sacrifice Usage : Rani and Son loved one another but their love was doomed she had to wed the king their act of abnegation was necessary to preserve the kingdom 12.Abscission = cutting off, separation Usage : when a flower or leaf separates naturally from the parent ,this process is called abscission 13.Abridge = condence ,shorten Usage : Because the publishers felt the public wanted a shorter versionof war and peace ,they proceeded to abridge the novel 14.Abscond = depart secretly, and hide Usage : The teller who absconded with the bonds went uncaptured until some one recognized him 15.Absolute = complete, certain Usage : The king of Siam was an absolute monarch 16.Absolve = pardon Usage : The father confessor absolved him of his sons 17.Abstinence = restraint from eating or drinking Usage : The doctor recommended total abstinence from salted foods 18.Abusive = coarsely insulting Usage : An abusive parent damages a child both mentally and physically 19.Abut = border upon Usage : where our estates abut , we must build a fence

Antonyms
By Neetu Singh in Aptitude (IAS OUR DREAM) Edit Doc 1.ADULATION X CRITICISM Meaning : Flattery,Admiratioin(respect highly) Usage : The rock star thrived on the adulation of his groupies and yes-men. 2.ADVOCATE X OPPOSE Meaning : A person who recommends a policy, recommended(v). Usage : The abolitionists advocated freedom for the slaves.

3.AFFABLE X RUDE Meaning : Easyilyapproachable,warmly friendly. Usage : Nicholas was amazed at how affable his new employer was. 4.AFFECTED X UNFEIGNED Meaning : Artificial,pretended manner,assumed inorder to impress. Usage : His affected mannerisms his harvard accent, his air of boredom his use of obscure foreign words bugged us. 5.AFFLUENCE X POVERTY Meaning : Abundance,wealth. Usage : Foreigners are amaged by the affluence and luxury of american way of life. 6.AGILITY X AWKWARDNESS Meaning : Nimbleness,quick removing. Usage : The agility of the acrobat amazed and thrilled the audience. 7.ALACRITY X SLOWNESS Meaning : cheerful ,promptness,eagerness. Usage : They packedup their skigear and climbed into the van with alacrity. 8.ALLEVIATE X WORSEN Meaning : Relieve. Usage : This should alloviate the pain, if it does not we shal have to use stronger drugs. 9.ALLUR X REPEL Meaning : Entice,attract. Usage : Allured by the song of the sirens, the helmsman steered the ship towards the roof. 10.ALOO X GRAGARIOUS Meaning : apart,reserved. Usage : Shy by nature,she remained aloof while all the rest conversed. 11.AMALGAMATE X SEPARATE Meaning : combine,unite in one body. Usage : the union will attempt to amalgamate their groups into one national body 12.AMBIGUOUS X CLEAR Meaning : Unclear,doubtful in meaning. Usage : His ambiguous instructions misled us, we did not know which road to take. 13.AMBLE X HASTEN Meaning : Moving at an easy pace.

Usage : When she first mounted the horse, she was afraid to urge the animal to go faster than a gentle amble. 14.AMBULATORY X BEDRIDDEN Meaning : Able to walk,not bedridden. Usage : Calvin was a highly ambulatory patient,not only did he refused to be confined to bed,but also he insisted onriding his skate board up down the halls. 15.AMELIORATE X MAKE WORSE Meaning : Improve. Usage : Many social workers have attempted to amelirate the the conditions of people living in the slums. 16.ANALOGOUS X NOT COMPARABLE Meaning : Comparable. Usage : she called our attention to the things that had been done in an analogous situation and recommended that we do the same. 17.ANATHEMATIZE X BLESS Meanin : Curse. Usage : The ayotolla khomeini heaped anatheme upon The Great satan,that is the us. 18.ANOMALY X REGULARITY Meaning : Irregularity Usage : A bird that can not fly is an anomaly. 19.ANTIPATHY X FONDNESS Meaning : Aversion,dislike. Usage : Among his other antipathies are honking cars,boom boxes and heavy metal rock. 20.ANTITHISIS X SIMILARITY Meaning : Contrast,direct opposite of or to. Usage : This tyranny was the antithisis of all that he had hopped for ,and he tought it with all his strenghts.

HCF & LCM

By Neetu Singh in Aptitude (IAS OUR DREAM) Edit Doc H.C.F AND L.C.M

Facts And Formulae: 1.Highest Common Factor:(H.C.F) or Greatest Common Meaure(G.C.M) : The H.C.F of two or more than two numbers

is the greatest number that divides each of them exactly. There are two methods : 1.Factorization method: Express each one of the given numbers as the product of prime factors. The product of least powers of common prime factors gives HCF.

Example : Find HCF of 26 * 32*5*74 , 22 *35*52 * 76 , 2*52 *72 Sol: The prime numbers given common numbers are 2,5,7 Therefore HCF is 22 * 5 *72 .

2.Division Method : Divide the larger number by smaller one. Now divide the divisor by remainder. Repeat the process of dividing preceding number last obtained till zero is obtained as number. The last divisor is HCF. Example: Find HCF of 513, 1134, 1215 Sol:

1134) 1215(1 1134 ---------- 81)1134(14 81 ----------- 324 324 ----------- 0 ----------- HCF of this two numbers is 81. 81)513(6 486 -------- 27)81(3 81 ----- 0 --

HCF of 81 and 513 is 27.

3.Least common multiple[LCM] : The least number which is divisible by each one of given numbers is LCM. There are two methods for this:

1.Factorization method :

Resolve each one into product of prime factors. Then LCM is product of highest powers of all factors.

2.Common division method. Problems:

1.The HCF of 2 numbers is 11 and LCM is 693.If one of numbers is 77.find other. Sol: Other number = 11 * 693/77=99.

2.Find largest number of 4 digits divisible by 12,15,18,27 Sol: The largest number is 9999. LCM of 12,15,18,27 is 540. on dividing 9999 by 540 we get 279 as remainder. Therefore number =9999 279 =9720.

3.Find least number which when divided by 20,25,35,40 leaves remainders 14,19,29,34. Sol:

2014=6 25-19=6 35-29=6 40-34=6

Therefore number =LCM of (20,25,35,40) - 6=1394

4.252 can be expressed as prime as :

2 252 2 126 3 63 3 21 7 prime factor is 2 *2 * 3 * 3 *7

5.1095/1168 when expressed in simple form is 1095)1168(1 1095 ------ 73)1095(15 73 --------- 365 365 --------- 0 ---------- So, HCF is 73

Therefore 1095/1168 = 1095/73/1168/73= 15/16

6.GCD of 1.08,0.36,0.9 is Sol: HCF of 108,36,90 36)90(2 72 ---- 18)36(2 36 ---- 0 ---- HCF is 18. HCF of 18 and 108 is 18 18)108(6 108 ------- 0 -------- Therefore HCF =0.18

7.Three numbers are in ratio 1:2:3 and HCF is 12.Find numbers. Sol: Let the numbers be x. Three numbers are x,2x,3x Therefore HCF is 2x)3x(1 2x ----- x)2x(2 2x -------- 0 ------------- HCF is x so, x is 12

Therefore numbers are 12,24,36.

8.The sum of two numbers is 216 and HCF is 27. Sol: Let numbers are 27a + 27 b =216 a + b =216/27=8

Co-primes of 8 are (1,7) and (3,5) numbers=(27 * 1 ), (27 * 7) =27,89

9.LCM of two numbers is 48..The numbers are in ratio 2:3. The sum of numbers is

Sol: Let the number be x. Numbers are 2x,3x LCM of 2x,3x is 6x Therefore 6x=48 x=8. Numbers are 16 and 24 Sum=16 +24=40.

10.HCF and LCM of two numbers are 84 and 21.If ratio of two numbers is 1:4.Then largest of two numbers is

Sol: Let the numbers be x,4x Then x * 4x = 84 * 21 x2 =84 * 21 /4 x = 21 Largest number is 4 * 21.

11.HCF of two numbers is 23,and other factors of LCM are 13,14.Largest number is Sol: 23 * 14 is Largest number.

12.The maximum number of students among them 1001 pens and 910 pencils can be distributed in such a way that each student gets same number of pens and pencils is ? Sol: HCF of 1001 and 910

910)1001(1 910 ------------ 91)910(10 910 -------- 0 --------- Therefore HCF=91

13.The least number which should be added to 2497 so that sum is divisible by 5,6,4,3 ?

Sol: LCM of 5,6,4,3 is 60.

On dividing 2497 by 60 we get 37 as remainder.

Therefore number to added is 60 37 =23.

Answer is 23.

14.The least number which is a perfect square and is divisible by each of numbers 16,20,24 is ?

Sol: LCM of 16,20,24 is 240.

2 * 2*2*2*3*5=240

To make it a perfect square multiply by 3 * 5

Therefore 240 * 3 * 5=3600

Answer is 3600.

Decimal fractions
By Neetu Singh in Aptitude (IAS OUR DREAM) Edit Doc DECIMAL FRACTIONS 1.Decimal fractions: Fractionin which denominations are powers of 10 are decimal fractions.

1 /10 = 0.1, 1 / 100 = 0.01 2.Convertion of Decimal into fraction:eg: 0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4 3.i) If numerator and denominator contain same number of decimal places, then we remove decimal sign. Thus, 1.84/2.99 =184/299

PROBLEMS: 1.0.75 =75/100 =3/4

2.Find porducts= 6.3204*100 = 632.04

3.2.61*1.3=261*13=3393 some of decimal places 2 +1 =3 = 3.393

4.If 1/3.718 =0.2689,then find value of 1/0.0003718 ? Sol: 10000/3.718 =10000*1/3.718 =10000*0.2689 = 2689

5.Find fractions : i) 0.37 = 37/99 ii)3.142857 =3+0.142857 =3 +142857/999999 = 3 142857/ 999999 iii) 0.17=17-1/90 =16/90=8/45 iv)0.1254 =1254 -12/9900 =1242/9900=69/550

6.Fraction 101 27/100000 Sol: 101+27/100000 =101+0.00027 =101.00027 7.If 47.2506 =4A + 7/B +2C + 5/D + 6E then 40+7+0.2+0.05+0.0006 Sol: compairing terms 4A= 40 => A=10 7/B = 7 => B=1 2C= 0.2=> C=0.1 5/D= 0.05=>D=5/0.05 =>5*100/5 =100 6E= 0.0006=> E= 0.0001 5A + 3B+6C+ D+ 3E = 5*10+ 3*1+ 6*0.1 + 100+ 3*0.0001 =50+3+0.6+100+0.0003 =153.6003 8.4.036 divided by 0.04 Sol: 4.036/0.04 =4036/4 =100.9 9.[ 0.05/0.25 + 0.25/ 0.05]3 Sol: =>[5/25 + 25/5] = [1/5+ 5]3 =26/53 =5.23 = 140.603 10.The least among the following :a. 0.2 b.1/0.2 c. 0.2 d. 0.22 10/2 =5 0.2222 0.04 0.04 < 0.2 < 0.22 --------<5 Since 0.04 is least (0.2)2 is least. 11.Let F= 0.84181 Sol: when F is written as a fraction in lowest terms, denominator exceeds numerator by 84181 -841 /99000 = 83340/99000 =463/550 Required distence = (550 463) = 87

12.2 .75 + 3.78 Sol: [-2+0.75]+[-3+0.78] =-5+[0.75+0.78] = -5+1.53 =-5+1+0.53 = -4+0.53 = 4.53

13.the sum of first 20 terms of series is 1/5*6 +1/6*7+1/7*8------------Sol: [1/5 -1/6]+[1/6-1/7]+[1/7-1/8]+-----------------------= [1/5-1/25] =4/25=0.16

14.13 +23+ ------------+93 =2025 Sol: value of (0.11) 3+ (0.22) 3+---------(0.99)3 => (0.11) [1+2+--------+9] =0.001331*2025 =2.695275

15.(0.96)3 (0.1)3/ (0.96)2 +0.096 +(0.1)2 Sol: formula => a3 -b3/a2 +ab +b2 =a -b (0.96-0.1)=0.86

16.3.6*0.48*2.50 / 0.12*0.09*0.5 Sol: 36*48*250/12*9*5=800

17.find x/y = 0.04/1.5 = 4/150 =2/75 find y-x/y+x (1- x/y) / (1+ x/y) 1 - 2/75 /1 +2/75 =73/77 18.0.3467+0.1333 Sol: 3467 -34/9900 + 1333-13/9900 = 3433 +1320/9900 = 4753/9900 = 4801 -48/9900 =0.430