UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND COMMUNICATION STUDIES A TERM PAPER ON SOUND SIGNALS IN TELECOMMUNICATION

BY GROUP 7 MAT NO. 271-300 AND CARRY OVER

COURSE TITTLE: SPEECH PRODUCTION AND VOICE TRAINING TECHNIQUE COURSE CODE: LCS 200 COURSE LECTURER: MRS ALERECHI

MAY, 2012.

List of students AYODELE ABIOLAULE E.T. AKALUSI OGHENEKARO GLORIA DENNIS DEREK SOLOMON EZIRIM OGECHI DORIS CHARLES PREFEGHA KEI EBIMOBOERE VANESSA DAVIES BENSON BASSEY MAIKA OYINTARI D. ASAAH BENEDICTA LETAM EKE GIFT ELOHO NGBOR B NORAH BRIGGS .T. ANITA WOKE CHINYERE BELONWU CHINWE CHINONYE OGALAH PAUL KUROTIMI NWAOBUKPA CHRKWUBE COURT JULIET AKPAN ALICE MONDAY U2010/1825269 U2010/1825271 U2009/1825273 U2010/1825274 U2010/1825275 U2010/1825276 U2010/1825277 U2010/1825279 U2010/1825278 U2010/1825280 U2010/1825281 U2010/1825282 U2010/1825283 U2010/I825284 U2010/1825285 U2010/1825286 U2010/1825287 U2010/1825288
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OTUOKENA HENRY OBOH BETTY ABO SEIYEFA JOHNBULL PRINCESS .T. MMADUAGWU PATRICIA UCHE GOGO DARLINGTON BLESSING UGWUMBA CHINONYEREM UGBONG JANET U. UNUIGBOJE CHRISTAINA RESIDENT BOBOYELAYEFA ELENYA ABIGAL OVUGHU MAMEZI VICTOR DOKUBO JULIA EBITIMI ONYEMA NKECHI SONIA ADEDIGBA AISHAT ABIOLA FRANK CHINEDU MAXIMUS IYEGBU TONY ODIAKA NWABUISI GLORIA A. OJIEZEE EBEHI DESTINY

U2010/1825289 U2010/1825290 U2010/1825291 U2010/1825292 U2010/1825293 U2010/1825294 U2010/1825295 U2010/1825296 U2010/1825297 U2010/1825298 U2010/1825299 U2010/1825300 U2010/1825301 U2010/1825302 U2010/1825303 U2010/1825304

AGUBOKWU IFEANYI ANTHONY OHWOEKIVWO MAREEN ALETILE FOLAKE ANDREA AKPAN ANIEBIET A. OGUZIE PRECIOUS DICKSON FORTUNE N AGHAHON LINDA ONU IFEOMA JULIANA U2009/1825248 U2009/1825375 U2008/1825273 U2008/1825578 U2008/1825602

INTRODUCTION SOUND It is a vibration that travels through the air or another medium and can be heard through the medium of ear, it is a mechanical wave (that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid or gas) composed of frequencies within the range of hearing. SIGNAL A signal is any stream of quantities in time or spatial sequence; they may contain and transport information in coded form like modulation, In that case the actual quantities are finally not used but are decoded or demodulated. It is an electronic current of electromagnetic field used to convey data. SOUND SIGNALS These are sound waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions (when they come closer) and rarefactions (when they move further). Sound signals are distinguished by their tone and phase characteristics, the tone is determined by the devices producing the sound, such as horns and bells. Sound signals are often referred to as acoustic signals, in telecommunications sound signals involves the encoding of messages into sound waves.

TELECOMMUNICATION It is the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate, it enables people around the world to contact one another and access information instantly and to communicate from remote areas. It usually involves a sender of information and one or more recipients linked by a technology such as a telephone system, that transmits information from place to place. Telecommunications devices converts different types of information such as sound and video into electronic signals. The signals can then be transmitted by means of media such as telephone wires or radio waves. When a signal reaches its destination, the device on the receiving end converts the electronic signal back into an understandable message such as sound over a telephone, moving images on a television, or words and pictures on a computer screen. Telecommunications enables people to send and receive personal messages across town, between countries, and to and from outer space. It also provides the key medium for news, data, information and entertainment. Telecommunications messages can be sent in a variety of ways and by a wide range of devices. Telecommunications generally covers beacons, broadcasting, computer satellites, computer networks, fax, internet, mass media, radio, telephone. The messages can be sent from one sender to a single receiver (point-topoint) or from one sender to many receivers (point-to-multipoint). Personal communications such as a telephone conversation between two
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people or a facsimile (fax) message, usually involves point to point transmission. Point to multipoint telecommunications, often called broadcast, provides the basis for commercial radio and television programming. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke, signal flags or audio messages via coded drum beats, horns or loud whistles but in modern ages of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones and the use of radio and microwave communications plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the internet. Telecommunications begin with messages that are converted into electronic signals. The signals are then sent over a medium to a receiver, where they are decoded back into a form that the person receiving the message can understand. Individual people, businesses, and governments use many different types of telecommunications systems, including a network of cables, wires, and switching stations for point to point communication. Other systems, such as radio and television, broadcast signals through space that can be received by anyone who has a device to receive them. There are a variety of ways to create and decode signals, and many different ways to transmit signals. Devices such as the telegraph and telephone relay messages by creating modulated electrical impulses, or impulses that change in a systematic way, these impulses are then sent by wires, radio waves, or other media to a receiver that decodes the modulation. The telephone uses a diaphragm (small membrane) connected to a magnet and a wire coil to convert sound into electrical
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impulses. When a person speaks into the telephones microphone, sound waves created by the voice move the diaphragm, which in turn creates electrical impulses that are sent along a telephone wire, the receivers wire is connected to a speaker, which converts the modulated electrical impulses back into sound. Broadcast radio and cellular radio telephones are examples of devices that create signals by modulating radio waves. A radio wave is one type of electromagnetic radiation, a form of energy that travels in waves. Microwaves are also electromagnetic waves, but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies. In telecommunications, a transmitter creates and emits radio waves, the transmitter electronically encodes sounds or other information onto the radio waves or by varying the frequency (number) of the waves within an established range. A receiver tuned to a specific frequency or range of frequencies will pick up the modulation added to the radio waves. A speaker connected to the tuner converts the modulation back into sound. A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present in some form, a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal, a transmission medium, also called the physical channel, that carries the signal and a receiver that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information. In a radio broadcasting station, the stations large power amplifier is the transmitter, and the broadcasting antenna is the interface between the power amplifier and the free space channel. The free space channel is the transmission medium, and the receivers antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver. The radio receiver is the destination of the
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radio signal, and this is where it is converted from electricity to sound for people to listen to. The telephone has a microphone and an earpiece. The microphone converts sounds into an electrical signal. The signal travels at the speed of light along wires, optical fibres or microwaves. A network connecting the earpiece contains a loud speaker, this changes the signal back into sound.

WIRE AND WIRELESS MODE OF TRANSMISSION Telecommunications system deliver messages using a number of different transmission media, including copper wires, fibre optic cables, communication satellites, and microwave radio. One way to categorize telecommunications media is to consider whether or not the media uses wires. Wire based telecommunications provide the initial link between most telephones and the telephone network and are a reliable means for transmitting messages. Telecommunications without wires commonly referred to as wireless communications, use technologies such as cordless telephones, cellular radio telephones, walkie-talkies, citizens band radio, pagers, and satellites. Wireless communications offer increased mobility and flexibility. Wires and cables were the original medium for telecommunications and are still the primary means for telephone connections. Wire line transmission evolved from telegraph to telephone services and continues to provide the majority of telecommunications services. Wires connect telephone together within a home or business and also connect these telephones to the nearest telephone switching facility.

Wireless telecommunications use radio waves, sent through space from one antenna to another, as the medium for communication. Radio waves are used for receiving AM, FM radio and for receiving television. Cordless telephones and wireless radio telephone services, such as cellular radio telephones and pagers, also use radio waves. Telephone companies use microwaves to send signals over long distances. Microwaves use higher frequencies than the radio waves used for AM, FM, or cellular telephones transmissions and they can transmit larger amounts of data more efficiently. Microwaves have characteristics similar to those of light waves and transmit pencil thin beams that can be received using dish shaped antennas, such narrow beams can be focused to a particular destination and provide reliable transmissions over short distances on earth, even higher and narrower beams provide the high capacity links to and from satellites. The high frequencies easily penetrate the ionosphere (a layer of earths atmosphere that blocks low frequency waves) and provide a high quality signal. Communications satellites provide a means of transmitting

telecommunication all over the globe without the need for a network of wires and cables. They orbit earth at a speed that enables them to stay above the same places on earth at all times. This type of orbit is called geostationary orbit. The satellites receive transmission from earth and transmit them back to numerous earth station receivers scattered within the receiving coverage area of the satellite. This relay functions makes it possible for satellites to operate as bent pipes, that is wireless transfer stations for point to point and point to multipoint transmissions.
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Communications satellites are used by telephone and television companies to transmit signal across great distances. Ships, airplanes and land navigators also receive signals from satellites to determine geographic positions. The telephone network uses both wireline and wireless methods to deliver voice communications between people and data communications between computers and people or other computers. Wireless network is prone to interference.

ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS Communication signals can be either analogue or digital. An analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature of the signal is represent able of some other time varying quantity, it differs from digital signals in terms of small fluctuations in the signal which are meaningful, analogue signals are subject to noise. Analogue

transmissions uses signals that are exact replicas of a sound wave, signals of varying frequency or amplitude are added to carrier waves with a given frequency of electromagnetic current to produce a continuous electric wave. The term analogue signal came about because the variations in the carrier waves are similar or analogous to that of the voice itself, in a telephone system an electric current is reproduced in a pattern of sound waves that are transmitted through a wire and into a telephone receiver, once this is completed they are then converted back into sound waves. In digital transmission the signals are converted into a binary code, which consists of two elements (positive and non positive), in a telephone
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system, coded light signals produced by a rapidly flashing laser travels through optical fibres (thin strands of glass) and are then decoded by the receiver. Digital format is ideal for electronic communication as the strings of 1s and 0s can be transmitted by a series of on/off signals represented by pulse of electricity or light. A pulse on can represent a 1, and the lack of a pulse off can represent a 0. Information in this form is very much easier to store electronically. Furthermore, digital transmission is usually faster and involves less noise and disturbances as compared to analogue data transmission. For an analogue signal, the signal varies continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (a set of ones and zeros). During the propagation and reception, the information contained in analogue signals will inevitably be degraded by undesirable physical noise. The part of the telephone that currently serves individual residences and many businesses operates in an analogue mode and relays electronic signals that are continuous, such as the human voice. There are analogue and digital systems, Digital transmission is now used in some sections of the telephone network that send large amounts of calls over long distances. However, since the rest of the telephone system is still analogue, these digital signals must be converted back to analogue before they reach users. The telephone network is stable and reliable because it uses its own wire system that is powered by low-voltage direct current from the telephone company, telephone network modulates voice communications over these wires. A complex system of network switches maintains the telephone links between callers. Telephone network also
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use microwave relay stations to send calls from place to place on the ground. Satellites are used by telephone networks to transmit telephone calls across countries and oceans. Computers translate information from the computer user into binary code in a process called digital encoding. A sound can be encoded as a series of numbers that measure its pitch and volume at each instant in time. A modem is a device used to convert between analogue and digital signals. They are often used to enable computers to communicate with each other across telephone lines. A computer sends digital signals, which are converted by the modem to analogue signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. When the signal reaches its destination, another modem reconstructs the original digital to an analogue one, a modem generates a carrier wave and modulates it according to the digital signal. The process of receiving the analogue signal and converting it back to a digital signal is called demodulation.

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