GIFT OF

T3

uf. (-A/Ce^?

Youf

attention is called to the

new and
S

revised edition of

ELDERHORST
OP

MANUAL

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY,

AND

JUST ISSUED.
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL
4,

1866.

The present edition will be found to contain a great deal of additional valuable matter, the result of several years experience, (since the first edition,) both in the Laboratory and the Lecture Room, which enables us to give a useful Manual for both
Teachers and Students.
will briefly recite some of the additions of special interest to those who may us the blow-pipe ns an aid to the study of Mineralogy. In the Fourth Chapter the Author has given the characteristic physical properties,

We

blow-pipe reactions, and behavior to solvents of all the important Ores of the useful metals, so that a reference to this chapter will at once enable the student or the
practical mineralogist and geologist to determine the nature and mineral species of the Ore under examination. But not only the mineral species can thus be easily ascertained; by referring to the methods laid down in the Third Chapter for the de
tection of metallic oxides, Ac., in presence of other

compounds, incidental constituents,

such as silver in galena, nickel in cobaltine, can be discovered without difficulty. The Sixth Chapter contains Prof, von Kobell s method for the discrimination of min
erals

on

by means of the blow-pipe, aided by humid analysis. It is unnecessary to dwell merits, as it is almost universally acknowledged to be the best guide for the discrimination of minerals that has ever been published.
its

The appended
proper,

tables, containing the behavior of the alkaline earths, the earth?

and the oxides of the heavy metals before the blow-pipe and to the most im portant reagents, have been taken from Plattner s work on the blow -pipe, the most
scientific

thorough treatise on the subject. We are happy to be able to give below, the opinions of some of our

men

J. BRUSH, Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy in Yale College. (Scientific Department.) second edition of Prof. EllerltnrsPs Manual of Blow-pipe Analysis will be warmly wel comed by all students of Chemistry and Mineralogy. It fills a want very much felt by both teachers and students, and as the present edition contains not only a thorough treatise on Qualita tive Blfnv-pipe Analysis, but also an extended chapter on Determinative Mlneral<>(jy, this last extracted from Von Kobell s excellent TaftJn zur Bf.stimmnng der Minernlifn. it forms a most invaluable manual for the Laboratory and Cabinet. I have for several years used the first edition as a text-book for my students, and have found it a most useful and accurate work. I shall most willingly adopt this new and enlarged edition, and I take pleasure in cordially recommending it to all teachers and students of Chemistry and Mineralogy."
"The

From GKOROK

From CHARLES A. JOT, PH. D.. Professor of Chemistry in Columbia College, New York. am greatly pleased with the improved appearance of this edition. It is now the most con venient work on the blow-pipe we have, and I shall recommend it to all of my friends. All of my pupils who have used it, have made remarkable progress in the detection of metals, and iu tho determination of minerals."
"I

0)

Professor JAMES C. BOOTH, (Clicmist,) Melter and Refiner, Unite d States Mint. a careful examination of Elderliorsfs Slow-pipe Analysis, which you have recently pub of opinion that it is the best treatise on the subject for the .use of beginners and students, and that the experienced chemists will find in it an invaluable vademccum in testing minerals and inorganic bodies generally. I shall therefore recommend it to others and use it
"After

From

lished, I

am

myself."

^*"

""_

Dr. WOI.COTT GIBES, Professor of Chemistry in the Free Academy, New York. I most cordially approve of the plan andiexecution of the treatise, and^sincerely hope that it sale may be commensurate with its merits. It is a most welcome and useful addition to our

i-

From

"

scientific

literature."

j
D., Professor of

From

Prof. B.

HOWARD RAND, M.

Chemistry in the Jefferson Medical College,

Philadelphia.

Late Professor of Chemistry in the Medical Department, Pennsylvania College; Franklin Institute; and Physics in the Philadelphia Central High School. can most cordially commend Dr. Elderhorsfs Manual of Blow-pipe. Analysis. It is clear, concise and accurate, and I shall take pleasure in recommending it to my classes as the best elementary work on the subject."
"I

From
"

Dr. F. A.

GEN in.
"CHEMICAT.

LABORATORY, PHILADELPHIA.

Dr.
is

Eldcrliorst" s

you,

the most convenient

book

for

my

Manual of Blow-pipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy, just issued by work of this kind in the English language, and I shall use it as a text students, and with great pleasure recommend it most cordially to all my friends who
pursues."

are engaged in chemical and mineralogical

and Consulting Chemist. PHILADELPHIA March 24, 1866. regard Elderhorsfs Manual nf Blow-pipe Analysis as the most convenient elementary text book in the English language for the student of determinative mineralogy, and as such, for several years have recommended it to students in my laboratory. Though, concise and condensed, no necessary elaboration of detail has been omitted, and it is as usefirl%-to the preceptor as to the
P. WILLIAMS, Analytical
"I

From CHARLES

utudent.

recommend

it

with great

pleasure."

SCHOOL OF MINES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y.,-5Iarch 14, 1S66. THOMAS EGLKSTON, Jr., A.M., E.M., Professor of Mineralogy and. Metallurgy, says: used Elderhorsfs Manual for the Blow-pipe, in preference to any other." always

"We

hav

From CHARLES
"

F.

CHANDLER, PH.

Analysis.

NEW YOBK, March 24, 1866. very glad to learn that you intend publishing a new edition of Elder liorsfs Blow-pip* As a text-book for students in blow-pipe analysis, and the discrimination of mineral* by their chemical reactions, it is far superior to any other book in our language."
"

D., Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, and Dean of Faculty, Columbia College, N. Y.

am

II. DOUGLASS, UNIVERSITY OF am glad to hoar that you are about Having used it for several years as a I know of no work capable of taking its
"

From

SILAS

"I

"

Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy. MISTRY, March 28, 1866. MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT OF to issue a new edition of Elderhorst on the Blow-pipe. text-book with my classes. I do not hesitate to say that place in the Laboratory of Determinative Mineralogy."
Cn>

From A. B. PRESCOTT, M.D., Asst. Prof, of Chemistry, and Lecturer on Metallurgy. "CHEMICAL LABORATORY of the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, March L 6, 18G6. esteem Elderliorst s Blowpipe Analysis as the best Manual extant for the student in Deter minative Mineralogy. The systematic tabular methods of Analysis, in the fifth and sixth chapters of the 2d edition, are efficient aids in complete chemical examination. Having been at some inconvenience from its having been recently out of print, I shall gladly welcome a new
"I

edition."

From
"Our

Professor WILLIAM B. RISING, Michigan University.

"

FEBRUARY

school of mines is just starting. shall use ElderlinrsCs Manual. I have yet to find the man who will say that it is not the standard work for a beginner in blowpiping."

We

22, 1866.

Price of the Manual, sent per mail, prepaid, $2.50.

Respectfully,

T.

ELLWOOD
17

ZELL,

Publisher,

&

19 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia.

MANUAL
OP

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY.

BY

WILLIAM ELDERHOPvST,

M.D.,

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY IS THE RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUT*.

hird (Edition,

EEV1SED AND GREATLY ENLARGED,

T.

ELLWOOD ZELL,
N03. 17 AND 19

PHILADELPHIA:

SOUTH SIXTH STREET.

1866.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by

T.
in the Clerk
s Office

ELLWOOD ZELL,
of Pennsylvania.

of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District

(iT)

PRINTED BY SMITH & PETERS,

Franklin Buildings, Sixth Street, below Arch,
Philadelphia.

PREFACE.
present edition of this "Manual" is, like the preceding, designed to serve as a text-book in the instruction in BlowpipeAnalysis and Determinative Mineralogy, in the Itensselaer

THE

Polytechnic Institute. In the first three chapters, but few alterations and additions have been made, fearful of injuring the practical usefulness of
the book by an accumulation of too much material. The fourth chapter, containing the characteristics of the most important
ores, has

of species, and
tion

been considerably enlarged by increasing the number by adding an appendix containing the descrip
fossil fuel;

and blowpipe-reactions of the various kinds of

additions which, I trust, will be especially acceptable to the Mining-Engineer and Geologist. In the selection of the newly
I have paid particular regard to those occurring American Continent; for this reason, many less impor tant ores have found a place in the list to the exclusion of others, which, though more valuable, have not hitherto been found in in the

added species

America.

The fifth chapter, containing a systematic method for the discrimination of inorganic compounds, is a translation, but Division dichotomique pour reconnaitre les filightly altered, of the
"

mineraux"

of no

as given in Laurent s Analyze au Chalumeau." It is great value to the experienced analyst, but very useful
-

for beginners, and it is on their account that I place in the Manual.

have given

it

sixth chapter is not contained in the first edition. It is hardly necessary to allege any reason for its introduction into
l

The

237534

(T)

VI

PREFACE.

of Professor von Kobell almost beyond dispute, the is, most practical and most reliable that has ever been published. The sixth chapter is nothing but an extract from Prof. v. Kobell s treatise on this subject. It contains all the well-known mineral species, and leads to their determination with almost
this edition.

The admirable method

for the discrimination of minerals

unerring certainty.
tables, taken from Plattner s work on the have remained unchanged. Blowpipe, For the material of this compilation, the author is principally indebted to the following works: C. F. Plattner The Use of the Blowpipe in the Examination
:

The appended

of Minerals, Ores, &c.

Translated by

J. S.

Musprath.

3d
J. J.

ed.

London.
:

F.

The Use of the Blowpipe in Chemistry and Mineralogy. Translated by J. D. Whitney. Boston. von Kobell: Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien. 5th
Berzelius
ed.

Munchen, 1853.
:

J.

D.

Dana

A
:

System of Mineralogy.

4th ed.

New

York,

1854.

John Mitchell Manual of Practical Assaying. 2d ed. Lon don, 1854 The author, finally, begs to tender his thanks to his friend, Professor Chandler, of Union College, for the valuable sugges tions he has received at his hands, and which he has acted upon
to the best of his ability, being fully convinced that by adding the improvements recommended by his friend, the practical increased. utility of this little Manual will be greatly

WILLIAM ELDEEHOEST.
TROF, N.Y.,

INTRODUCTION.
IN preparing this
to adapt
it

little

Manual,

it

has been

my principal

care

of the blow-pipe, studied and extensively written on by some though elaborately of the first chemists and mineralogists of the preceding and the
to the use of the beginner.
r has not yet been duly appreciated. This present centurj neglect is, perhaps, owing to the rapid advancement of chemi cal analysis in the humid way, which furnishes, on the whole,
,

The use

reliable results, and allows of an easy quantitative deter mination of the various constituents of a body. But it was over looked that this mode of analysis absorbs much more time, and requires the use of an extensive set of apparatus, whereas an examination before the blow-pipe is sooner performed requiring scarcely as many hours as an examination in the humid way requires days, and that with the aid only of a few reagents and instruments of small size. It is for this reason that a knowl edge of blow-pipe operations is less valuable for the Chemist by

more

profession than for the Mining-Engineer, the Mineralogist, and the Geologist. small portable box will hold all the necessary and instruments, so that he may carry them with him reagents

on his expeditions and travels, and examine on the spot the minerals which he meets with on his explorations ; an advan
tage which ought, truly, not to be overlooked. For teachers who have not hitherto devoted

much time

to

instruction in this department, a short exposition of the course which I have followed for a number of years may, perhaps, be
desirable.

For elementary

instruction, the students are only

(Til)

Vl

INTRODUCTION.

furnished with the principal reagents, viz.: carbonate of soda, salt of phosphorus, borax, and solution of cobalt; of apparatus they want a fluid-lamp, blow-pipe with platinum point, platinum-

pointed forceps, platinum wire, charcoal, and closed and open After having explained to them the action of the glass tubes. two cones of the flame, and instructed them in making beads,

and conducting the processes of oxidation and reduction, I the most important operations, and study the behavior of the most commonly occurring substances, with and without fluxes. I give the substances in somewhat the

make them perform

following order Sesquioxide of iron, all the reactions given in Table Peroxide of manganese, Table II, 13.
:

II, 10.

Sesquioxide of chromium, Table II, G. Oxide of cobalt, and nickel, Table II, 7,

16.

Protoxide of copper, Table II, 8, and 37. Oxide of zinc, Table II, 27, and metallic zinc 25, 45. Oxide of tin, Table II, 22, and metallic tin 20. Oxide of lead, Table II, 12, and metallic lead 23. Oxide of bismuth, Table II, 3, and metallic bismuth

17, 22.
16, 21.

Antimoniousacid, Table II, 1, and metallic antimony Arsenous acid, Table IT, 2, 9, 15. Oxide of mercury, Table II, 14. Alumina, Table I, 5, and 44.
Magnesia, Table
Silica,
I, 4,

and

44.

39.
10, 14. 107.

A A A

sulphide,

borate,
chloride,

60.
65, 66.
all

Having performed
qualified to enter

these operations, the student will be

upon the analysis of substances of not too compound a character. If he meets on his way with bodies, the behavior of which before the blow-pipe he has not pre viously studied, he will not have any difficulty in determining
their character if he follows the directions given in the second chapter. The modus opcrandi will be best understood by a few

examples.

INTRODUCTION.
1.

1*

The substance under examination is sulphide of antimony. At a very high temperature, a in a matrass black sublimate is obtained, becoming reddish-brown when
Examination
:

cold.

In reading over the list in belonging to sulphide of antimony.

10,

we

find this character

Examination in an open glass tube gives sulphurous acid by the odor and action on blue litmus-paper, and white fumes which partly condense in the tube. On examining the_sublimate with a magnify ing-glass, it is found to be amor phous, hence must be antimonious acid ( 16). is completely volatilized Examination on charcoal alone with emission of sulphurous acid, and deposits a white vola
:

detected

tile

coating, possessing the properties of the coating of anti

(

mony

21).

These few operations are quite sufficient to establish the nature of the substance under trial, since the absence of the

more

fixed metals

is

proved by the volatility of the substance

on charcoal and in the open tube, and the absence of metals giving coatings by the purity of the antimony-coating. The

odor

presence of arsenic would have been betrayed by an alliaceoua when heated on charcoal. The only substance which

would have escaped detection by these operations is sulphide In order to ascertain its presence or absence, we the operation given under "Mercury" in Chapter III. perform The result giving an answer in the negative, the body was
of mercury.
"sulphide

of

antimony."

2.

The substance under examination

}
: j

is

chromate of

lead.

Examination in a matrass: Examination in an open .tube

fuses

and changes

color,

but

gives nothing volatile.

Examination on charcoal alone: fuses, gives small metallic globules, and deposits a Coating which is lemon-yellow while hot, and sulphur-yellow when cold, indicative of lead (23).
always desirable to collect the metal to a large globule, and to study its physical properties. This end is best attained by mixing the substance with carbonate of soda and a little borax, and exposing the mixture to the reduction-flame on.
It is

x
charcoal.

INTRODUCTION:.

which

is soft,

In this particular case, a metallic button is obtained may be flattened by the hammer and cut by the
belonging to metallic lead.
salt of
it is
:

knife, properties

phosphorus Before pro necessary to test the sub stance for the presence of sulphur after the method given 107 (unless the presence of this element was detected by the exami nation in the open glass tube or on charcoal alone); no sulphur
being present, borax and salt of phosphorus beads are made on charcoal, and small portions of the substance added. With both fluxes nearly the same reactions are obtained; in oxydation-flame dark-red while hot, and fine yellowish-green when In order to find cold in reduction-flame green, hot and cold.
;

Examination with borax and ceeding with this examination

reactions, we use Table III, which leads us to sesquioxide of chromium. To corroborate the result, the substance may be fused with carbonate of soda and nitre,

out

what body produces such

a$ described,

68.

The physical
final
,

properties of the body under trial lead to the conclusion that it must be chromate of lead.

3.

The substance
Examination Examination

is

an alloy of

silver,
:

copper, and lead.

in a
in

matrass
,

)
i

an open tube
:

t
:

no change.

Examination on charcoal alone fuses and deposits a copious hot and sulphury ellow coating, which is lemon-yellow while

when

cold, indicative of lead

23); the coating cannot contain

in any oxide of bismuth, because the color would be darker of zinc or oxide of antimony. this case, but might contain oxide

test is for the presence of the former, the coating is played hence upon with the oxydation-flamc it is completely volatile,

The

no zinc present (might also be tested with solution of cobalt the presence of oxide of antimony, 45) ; to test the coating for off from the charcoal and dissolved in a bead of it is
scraped
salt of
is treated with boracic phosphorus, v. 87, or the alloy acid as described under the head of "Antimony" in Chapter III. If the blast is continued for a long time, a faint dark-red coat of silver, 27, and ing is formed near the assay-piece, indicative

n dark metallic globule remains.

INTRODUCTION.
:

XI

Examination with borax and salt of phosphorus the globule remaining on the charcoal after volatilization of the lead, is treated with borax on charcoal in oxidation-flame the borax becomes colored. Owing to the reducing effect of the charcoal, the influence of the oxidation-flame cannot be well observed on charcoal, hence the borax is removed from the metallic globule, fastened into the hook of a platina wire, and here exposed to the action of the oxidation-flame the bead is green while hot, and blue when cold. On consulting Table III we find that this reaction is produced by oxide of copper, and by a mixture of oxide of cobalt and sesquioxide of iron to decide between the two, we now expose the bead to the action of the reductionflame it becomes red and opaque, thus proving the presence
; : : ;

of oxide of copper. By the examination on charcoal, per se, we were led to sus pect the presence of silver; in order to establish this beyond a doubt, we refer to Chapter III, Silver;" here we find a method 105) by which the presence of silver may be ascertained in (
"

compounds of all descriptions. In our case, having to deal only with lead, copper, and silver, the treatment with vitrified boracic acid and metallic lead is, of course, superfluous. We place our alloy at once on the cupel and direct the oxidationflame upon it ; if, after cessation of the rotatory motion, the globule should not possess the bright lustre of silver, some

pure metallic lead has to be added, in order to remove the last traces of copper. We finally obtain a bright globule exhibiting
all

the characteristic properties of silver.

Thus we have established the presence of

silver.
4.

lead, copper,

and

The substance under examination

:

is

copper nickel, con

iron. taining arsenic, sulphur, nickel, cobalt, Examination in a matrass gives a slight sublimate, consist

and

ing of octahedral crystals, pointing to the presence of arsenic

Examination in a glass tube open at both ends i gives a co pious crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid, and a faint odor of sulphurous acid; to establish the presence of sulphur beyond

Xll

INTRODUCTION.

doubt, \ve refer to Chapter III, "Sulphur," where we find the 107) for discovering sulphur when in combination ( with other substances. In performing the test there described,

method

we

obtain the sulphur-reaction.

Examination on charcoal alone: gives abundant arsenical fumes, leaving a metallic globule which, even with continued blowing, does not give rise to the formation of a coating on tho
charcoal (absence of volatile metals).

Having removed all volatile substances, we now proceed to examine the remaining globule. On applying a magnet, -we find it powerfully attracted, showing the presence of either
iron, nickel, or cobalt,

perhaps all of them, either alone or com bined with other non-volatile metals. We add some borax to

the globule and expose it to the action of the oxidation-flame, then remove the borax from the globule, fasten it into the hook
of a platina wire, and here observe the color: green while hot, blue when cold as in the preceding case (example 3), but on exposing the bead to the action of the reduction-flame (which
is
it

best done

by placing it on charcoal and touching it with tin) does not become brown and opaque, showing therefore the

presence of a small quantity of iron with cobalt. We now add a "fresh portion of borax to the metallic globule, in order to see

whether

it

consists entirely of cobalt (that

iron, is
first trial,

any considerable amount of

readily dissolved

it cannot contain proved by the appearance

of the cobalt reaction in the

iron being

much more
is

cobalt): the bead while hot, and assumes a brownish color on cooling; ring to Table III, we see that this effect is produced
"

by borax than

violet

by refer by nickel

Nickel." we find containing cobalt. Referring to Chapter III, the method to detect the presence of this metal when in com

bination with iron and cobalt, and also the presence of copper, if the assay should contain a small quantity of it. By the above examples the use of the methods given in tho
third chapter will be sufficiently illustrated. If the substance under examination is of a simple composition, its nature is

readily ascertained by following the general method laid down in the second chapter; but if the reactions obtained clearly

INTRODUCTION.
point to the complex nature of the body,

Xlll

we

refer to the respec

tive sections of Chapter III; if, for example, we suspect the presence of cobalt in a mineral consisting of arsenides, we test

the substance according to 69; if a small quantity of copper is to be discovered in a mineral, we proceed as directed in
71, &c.
is willing to devote more time to the sub than is usuall} allotted to it in our colleges, will do well to ject go carefully through all the reactions given in the second chap ter, and thus familiarize himself with the colors and other

The student who

properties of the various coatings, sublimates,

c.,

and

also to

perform the principal tests by which substances are discovered when in combination with others, which are at length exposed in the third chapter. In order to obtain characteristic reac
tions, it is

important to experiment upon a suitable substance.

benefit of the beginner, who would naturally be em barrassed in the choice of a body suitable for the experiment, I

For the

add a list of substances which, with few exceptions, are readily obtained, and which are sufficient to illustrate all the important reactions. After having mentioned a reaction, or described a
process (in Chapter II and III), I have added a number in brackets. The number points to the substance of the
[
]
list,

below given, best adapted to illustrate the reaction. As each experiment requires only a very small quantity of the sub stance, they are most conveniently kept in small glass tubes of about an inch and a half in length and one-eighth of an inch

For the first fourteen substances no glass tubes are required, since they are the regular blow-pipe reagents. small box containing seventy-five of the little tubes will hold the whole collection.
in diameter.

COLLECTION OF SUBSTANCES,
Well adapted
to

illustrate the

important Reactions of Bodies before

the Blowpipe.

1.

Carbonate of soda.

2.
3.

Borax.
Salt of phosphorus.

Oxide of bismuth. Oxide of cadmium. 28. Sesquioxide of chromium.

26.
27.

4.
5.

Bisulphate of potassa. Boracic acid.

29.

Oxide of

cobalt.

30. Protoxide of mercury. 31. Molybdic acid. 32.

6. 7. 8.

Fluor spar.
Nitrate of cobalt.

Oxide of

silver.

Oxalate of nickel.

33. Binoxide of tin.

9.

Oxide of copper.

34. Tungstic acid.

35. Sesquioxide of uranium. 36.

10. Chloride of silver.

11. Lead.
12. Iron.

Oxide of

zinc.

37. Chloride of copper.

38. Arsenite of copper.
39. Subchloride of mercury. 40. Protochloride of mercury.
41.

13. Tin.
14. Bone-ash.
15. Chloride of potassium. 16.

Bromide of potassium.

Antimony.

17. Iodide of potassium.

42. Arsenic. 43. Bismuth.

18. Chloride of sodium.

19. Chloride of

ammonium.

44.

Cadmium.

20. Chlorate of potassa.

45. Silver.
46. Zinc.

21. Alumina.
22. Sulphate of copper.

23. Nitrate of lead.

47. Alloy of mercury and tin. 48. Alloy of lead and antimony. 49. Alloy of lead and bismuth. 50. Alloy of lead and zinc.

Oxide of antimony. 25. Arsenous acid.

24.

(xiv)

COLLECTION OF SUBSTANCES.
51. Alloy of lead, copper,

XV

and

silver.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PACK
Preface,

Introduction,

.......
.

V
vii

List of substances serving to illustrate the reactions.

xiv

FIRST CHAPTER.
AUXILIARY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS,
.

2124

SECOND CHAPTER.
GENERAL ROUTINE OF BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS,
Examination in a closed Examination in a
glass tube,
. . .

25

38

.26
.

glass tube open at both ends,

se,

Examination on charcoal, per

Examination

....
. .
.

28

29 32

in the platinum-pointed pincers,

salt

Examination with borax and

of phosphorus,
. .

34 35

Examination with carbonate of soda,

Examination with solution of

cobalt,

.37
(xvii)

2*

Xviii

CONTENTS.

THIRD CHAPTER.
TAGE

SPECIAL REACTIONS FOR THE DETECTION OF CERTAIN SUB

STANCES

WHEN

Ammonia,
Antimony,
Arsenic,

Bismuth,

Boracic acid.

Bromine,

Cadmium,
Chlorine,

Chromium,
Cobalt,

Copper,

Fluorine,

........ ......... ..... ......... ..... ...... ... ....... .......

.

... ...

IN COMBINATION

WITH OTHERS,

39

61

40

.40
41

43
43

44 44

.44
45

45 40

.48
49
50
50
51

Gold,
Iodine,
Iron,

Lead,
Lithia,

Manganese,
Mercury,

Nickel

Nitric acid,

Phosphoric acid,
Potassa,

Selenium,
Silica,
.

Silver,

........ ....... ........ ....... ........ ......... .... .........

52 53

53
54 54

54 55

56
56
57

CONTENTS.

XIX
PAGE

Sulphur,
Tellurium,
Tin,
. .
.

58
l jftl
.
:

.-

.59
.

Titanium,

.....
.

59
.

.
"*

60 ^Q

Uranium,
Zinc,

N
m e

^-

.61
FOURTH CHAPTER.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORES; THEIR BE HAVIOR BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE. AND TO SOLVENTS, 62
Ores of antimony,
"

arsenic,
;

bismuth,
"

chromium.
cobalt,

...... ..... ...... ...

.

96

63

64
65

.67
67

"

"

copper,
"

gold, platinum,

and

iridiuni,
.-

...
.

.69
74
.

iron

76
79

lead,

manganese,
;

mercury.
"

nickel,
c:

...... ..... .. .;.

....
...
.
.

84
.

86
87

silver,

89

tin

zinc
>

...

92
93

APPENDIX

Fossil fuel,

95

FIFTH CHAPTER.
SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF INOR GANIC COMPOUNDS, .

97

XX

CONTENTS.

SIXTH CHAPTER.
PAGE

ON THE

DISCRIMINATION OF MINERALS BY MEANS OF THE

.

BLOW-PIPE, AIDED BY HUMID ANALYSIS,

109

144*

TABLES.

TABLE TABLE

BEHAVIOR OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS AND THE EARTHS PROPER BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE,
I.
.

146

149

II.

BEHAVIOR OF THE METALLIC OXIDES BE

.

FORE THE BLOW-PIPE,

150163

TABLE

THE METALLIC OXIDES ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO THE COLORS WHICH THEY IMPART TO
III.

THE FLUXES,

164169

ABBREVIATIONS.
OF1
SCo
for Oxydation-flarne
;
;

RF1
;

for Reduction-flame

SPh

for Salt

of Phosphorus
for
;

Bx

for

Borax

Sd

for

Carbonate of Soda ; SoCo or

Solution of Nitrate of Cobalt;

Ch
;

for

Charcoal; Ct for

Coating

Blp

for

Blow-pipe

for

Hardness

for Specific Gravity.

MANUAL
OF

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
FIRST CHAPTER.
AUXILIARY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS.
1.

THE common

blow-pipe of

gas-fitters, jewellers, &c.,

is

not

narrow outlet very well adapted becomes frequently obstructed by the moisture which is exhaled from the lungs and condenses in the tube. To avoid this incon
for analytical researches, as the

venience, the long cylindrical tube of the blow-pipe should be furnished at the extremity with a globular or cylindrical chamber
for the reception of the
is

condensed water.

In this chamber the

jet

Silver is, in many respects, inserted at a right angle to the tube. the best material for the construction of a blow-pipe, but has the

that

disadvantage of becoming very hot when used for a long while, so it becomes almost impossible to hold it with the naked fingers
;

next to silver stands

is

German

silver

and

brass.

For

jets,

platinum

preferable to
is

ivory
2.
it

mouth-piece of box-wood or not necessary. convenient, though Any kind of flame may be used for the blow-pipe, provided
all

otjier metals.

be not too small.

Some

of the older chemists used

common

candles in preference, and it must be confessed that, in the majority of cases, the heat produced by the flame of a good sperm candle
is

Berzelius recommended an oil lamp with a flat quite sufficient. Berzelius s Blow-pipe wick, which is now in general use as I find that a common fluid lamp, with a rather large Lamp."
"

burner, answers every purpose it gives a very good heat, and, besides being much cleaner than an oil lamp, admits of a verv
;

(21)

22

ELDERHOX?T

MANUAL

OF

quick and accurate adjustment of the size of the flame, by means of a little brass c}r linder, which is movable, and slides up and down the burner. The heating of substances in glass tubes and

matrasses
3.

is

best performed over a

common

spirit

lamp.

supports, charcoal, platinum, and glass are principally used. Wood charcoal is in most cases the best support. It must be well burnt, and not scintillate or smoke it must leave but
;

As

little

ash

charcoal of light wood, as alder, &c., has been found

is

the best.

Platinum

acts injuriously.

used whenever the reducing action of the charcoal It is advantageously employed on all occasions
to the metallic state takes place, since the color

where no reduction
of the flux
is

better seen on the platinum than on charcoal. It is mostly used in the shape of wire, the end of which is bent so as to form a hook, which serves as support to the flux. As foil,

much

its

use

is

very limited.

little

platinum spoon, of from about 12

to 15 m. m. in diameter, is very convenient for fusing substances with bisulphate of potassa or nitre.

Glass tubes, open at both ends, arc used for calcination, and for testing the presence of substances which arc volatile at a high The tubes should be from 5 to 8 inches long. Of temperature.
glass tubes, scaled at one end, or little matrasses, an assortment should always be kept on hand, since they are of very frequent use.
4.

Of other apparatus, the most necessary

1 J

are

mortar of agate or chalcedony, from

to 2 inches in width,

with pestle of the same material.

A forceps of brass or German silver, with platinum points. A forceps of steel. A little hammer and anvil, both of steel and well polished. A three-cornered for cutting glass tubes, trying the hardness
file

of minerals, &c.

A little magnet. A pocket magnifying glass. A set of watch glasses, which

phorus, are the

are very convenient for the recep

tion of the assay-piece, the metallic globules, &c. 5. Of reagents, Carbonate of Soda, Borax, and Salt of

Phos

most important ones

but there are others, which,

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
though not so extensively used,
detection of certain substances
;

23

tioned
this

still are indispensable for the those only shall here be men others, the use of which is very limited, are omitted in

list.

Carbonate of Soda: The monocarbonate or the bicarbonate

;

may

be indifferently employed it must be perfectly free from sulphuric 107. acid, for the presence of which it may be tested as shown
neutral oxalate of potassa and the commercial [fused] cyanide of potassium deserve in many cases the preference, their reducing powers being superior to that of carbonate of soda.

The

Borax: The commercial article is purified by crystallization, the crystals dried and reduced to a coarse powder. Salt of Phosphorus: [double phosphate of soda and ammonia]
100 parts of crystallized common phosphate of soda and 16 parts of sal ammoniac are dissolved in 32 parts of water; the solution is
aided by heat, the liquid filtered while hot, and the crystals, which form on cooling, dried between blotting paper. When pure it gives a glass which, on cooling, remains transparent; if this is not the
case
it

must be

purified

by

recrystallization.

It is kept as a coarse

powder.
Bisulphate of Potassa: It
state as a coarse

powder;

it

is employed must be kept

in the fused [anhydrous] in a bottle provided with

a ground glass stopper.

Vitrified Boracic

Acid: Is employed in the state of a coarse

of water by ignition must be per which may be tested as described 61.
;

powder.
Fluor-spar
fectly free
:

Must be deprived
acid,

from boracic

It is convenient, to

finely

powdered

fluor-spar

keep in a separate bottle a mixture of 1 part of with 4^ parts of bisulphate of potassa.

and
a

Nitrate of Cobalt, in solution: It must be pure, free from alkali, [for many purposes] free from nickel; it is kept in a bottle with

ground glass stopper, which, very conveniently, is so much elon gated as to dip into the liquid. Instead of the nitrate, the oxalate of cobalt may be used, which, being in the shape of powder, is advantageously substituted for the former in travelling.
Nitrate or Oxalate of Nickel: It
cobalt;
it is

must be
it

tested with borax, with which

perfectly free from ought to produce a

pure brown glass.

24

ELDERHORST
Oxide of Copper:
It is best

MANUAL

OF.

prepared by heating the nitrate to

ignition.

Chloride

olf

Silver: It is prepared

by precipitating

a solution of

nitrate of silver

and making

it

with hydrochloric acid, washing the precipitate, into a thick paste with water, which is kept in a small

This reagent should not be used with pla glass-stoppered bottle. tina wire, since the silver fuses with the platina to an alloy; thin iron wire is in this case substituted for the platina. For each
experiment a fresh hook should be made. Pure Metallic Lead: It is easily obtained pure by decomposing

by metallic zinc; the precipitate is repeat washed with water and then dried between blotting paper. edly
Metallic Iron: In the shape of thin wire [harpsichord wire]. Metallic Tin: Usually in the shape of foil, which is cut into strips

a solution of the acetate

and rolled up tightly. Bone-ash : In the state of very fine powder. Test Paper: Blue and red Litmus Paper, and Brazil
Paper.
6.

Wood

is strictly confined to blow-pipe the above enumerated reagents are sufficient; but if, a operations, is sometimes advantageously done, some simple operations of the

If the analytical research

humid method
of which

be somewhat extended.

of chemical analysis arc called to aid, the list must The most important of these reagents, all
:

must be kept in bottles with ground glass stoppers, are Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid, Oxalic Acid, Hy drate of Potassa, Ammonia, Carbonate of Ammonia, Chloride of

Ammonium, Molybdate

of

Ammonia, Ferrocyanide

of Potassium,

Ferridcyanide of Potassium, Bichloride of Platinum, Acetate of Lead, Sulphuretted Hydrogen Water, Sulphydrate of Ammonia.
Alcohol, Distilled Water.

The principal auxiliary apparatus are: Test-tubes and Test-tube Hack, small Porcelain Dishes, small Beaker Glasses, some Glass Funnels and Filtering Stand, Filtering Paper, Platinum Crucible, some Glass Rods and round Glass Plates, for covering beaker with Argand glasses, a common Spirit Lamp, and a Spirit Lamp
Burner.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

25

SECOND CHAPTER.
GENERAL ROUTINE OF BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
a substance before the blow-pipe, with a view nature or to ascertain the presence or absence of determine certain matter, it is advisable to follow a systematic way, composed of a series of operations, and to attentively observe the changes
7.

On examining
its

to

which the body undergoes under the influence of the various agents which are brought to act upon it. The various operations which the assay is submitted to are so many questions, to which the phenomena which we observe constitute so many answers; and
definite conclusions

from their appearance or non-appearance, we are able to draw as to the nature of the substance under exim ination.
.

The following

order,

of the various operations are, essentially, the out and laid down by Berzelius.
1.
-2.

and the rules to be observed in the execution same as first pointed

3.
4.

Examination in a glass tube, sealed at one end, or a matrass Examination in a glass tube open at both ends. Examination on charcoal per se. Examination in the platinum-pointed pincers, or on platinum
se.

wire per
5.
6.
7.

Examination with borax, and salt of phosphorus. Examination with carbonate of soda. Examination with solution of cobalt.

size of the assay, a piece the size of a mustard scod will generally be found sufficient; larger pieces, without show In ing the reaction more distinctly, requiring so much more labor. some cases, however, it is advantageous to employ a greater quan-

Regarding the

reductions, or in heating in a glass tube; for the the metallic globule, and the greater the amount of the sub larger limate produced, the more readily can its nature be ascertained.
tity, ex. gr. in

26

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

Examination in a closed Glass Tube, or a Matrass.

8. The assay-piece is introduced into a glass tube, sealed at one end, or into a small matrass, and heat applied by means of a common spirit lamp. The heat must at first be very low, but may be gradually raised to redness, if necessary. By this treatment we

learn
9.

1.

Whether

the substance

is

entirely or partly volatile or not.

Among the phenomena to be observed, the following are deserving

of particular attention:

The substance gives out water, which partly escapes and partly condenses in the colder portion of the tube. This points to the presence of a salt containing water of crystallization [No. 22], or to the presence of a-.hydrate, or to such salts which contain water
mechanically inclosed between the Iamina3 of the crystals [No. 18]; in this case the body usually decrepitates. The drops of condensed

water are to be examined with test-paper: an alkaline reaction de

notes the presence of ammonia, an acid reaction the presence of

some

volatile acid, as sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric

acid, &c.
10.

The substance gives out

a gas or vapor.

Those of most

usual occurrence arc:

a. Oxygen, easily recognized by rekindling into flame a match which has been extinguished, so as to leave only a spark at the

extremity; points to the presence of a peroxide, nitrate, chlorate, brouiate or iodate [No. 20]. b. Sulphurous acid, easily recognized by its peculiar odor and
action on blue litmus paper; indicates the presence of a sulphate or

sulphite^No. 22].
c. Sulphuretted hydrogen, recognized by its peculiar odor; indi-^ cates the presence of sulphides containing water. d. Nitrous acid or peroxide of nitrogen, recognized by its deep orange red color and acid reaction; indicates the presence of a

nitrite or nitrate
e.

[No. 23]. Carbonic acid, recognized by causing a turbidity in a drop of lime-water suspended from a watch-crystal and exposed to the
escaping gas; points to the presence of a carbonate.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
/.

2Y

Cyanogen, recognized by its peculiar odor and by burning with a crimson flame indicates the presence of a cyanogen-compound. indi its odor and alkaline reaction g. Ammonia, recognized by of an ammoniacal salt or of an organic nitro cates the presence
; ;

genous substance; in the latter case, the mass usually blackens, and evolves at the same time either cyanogen or empyreumatic oils of offensive odor [No. 3].
11.

The substance

yields a sublimate.
color.

white or possessed of a peculiar formed by

a.

The sublimate is either White sublimates are

ammonia; on removing the sublimate from the on a watch-crystal, adding a drop of hydrate of potassa, and applying heat, ammonia is evolved [Xo. 19]. b. The chlorides of mercury; the subchloride sublimes without

Many

salts of
it

tube, placing

previous fusion; the protochloride fuses first, then sublimes; the sublimate is yellow while hot, but becomes white on cooling [Nos. 39 and 40].
c.

Oxide of antimony;

it

fuses

first

to a yellow liquid, then sub

limes;

the sublimate consists of lustrous needle-shaped crystals

[No. 24].
d.

Arsenous acid; the sublimate consists of octahedral crystals

[Xo. 25]. e. Tellurous acid; shows a reaction similar to that of oxide of antimony, but requires a much higher temperature; the sublimate
is

amorphous. Sublimates possessed of metallic lustre, so-called metallic mir

rors, are
a.

formed by:

containing more than one of arsenic to two of metal, also, some sulph-arsenides equivalent [No. 77]; cutting the tube below the sublimate, and exposing the
Metallic arsenic and arsenides

mirror to gentle heat in the flame of a spirit lamp, the peculiar odor
of arsenic
b
is

perceived.

V ercury,

amalgams, and some

salts of

mercury; the sublimate

consists of minute globules of metallic mercury, which, by friction with a piece of copper wire, readily unite to larger globules [Xo. 47]. c. Some alloys of cadmium.
d.

Tellurium; only at a very high temperature; the sublimate

consists of small globules,

which

solidify

on cooling.

28

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

Sublimates possessed of distinct color are formed by:

a.

the sublimate

Sulphur and sulphides containing a large amount of sulphur is from deep-yellow to brownish-red while hot, but
;

pure sulphur-yellow
b.

when

cold [No. 75].

of antimony, alone or in combination with other the sublimate forms only at a very high temperature, sulphides; and is deposited at a short distance from the assay-piece; it is

The sulphides

black while hot, reddish-brown when cold [No. 74]. c. The sulphides of arsenic and some compounds of metallic sul

phides with -arsenides; the sublimate is dark brownish-red while hot, but from reddish-yellow to red when cold [No. 80]. d. Cinnabar; the sublimate is black, without lustre, and yields

powder on being scratched with a knife [No. 81]. Selenium and some selcnides; the sublimate appears only at a high temperature, is of a reddish or black color, and yields a darkred powder; at the open end of the tube the peculiar odor of
a red
e.

selenium (resembling rotten horse-radish) is perceived [No. 81]. 12. 2. Whether the substance undergoes any change, or re

mains unaltered.
substances, under this treatment, suffer physical changes without being affected in their chemical constitution. great minerals, when heated, decrepitate; others phosphoresce, as

Many

many

The most important of these physical apatite. that of color: from white to yellow, and white again changes, on cooling, points to oxide of zinc [No. 36] from white to yellowishbrown, dirty pale-yellow on cooling, points to oxide of tin [No. 33] from white to brownish-red, yellow when cold, and fusible at a red
fluor-spar

and

is

heat, points* to oxide of lead [No. 72];

from white to orange-yellow

or reddish-brown, pale yellow when cold, and fusible at a bright red heat, points to teroxide of bismuth from red to black, and red
;

of iron [No. 64], again on cooling, points to sesquioxide

Examination in a Glass Tube open

13.

at both ends.

into the tube to a depth of assay-piece is introduced end to which it lies nearest slightly inclined, about half an inch, the and heat applied. The air contained in the tube becomes heated

The

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
it rises,

29

low.

escapes from the upper end, and fresh air enters from be In this manner a calcination is effected, and many substances which remained unchanged when heated in a matrass, yield subli

mates or gaseous products when subjected to this treatment, owing

to the formation of volatile oxides.

By

this

means we can
:

easily detect the presence of the following

substances
14.

by

its

Sulphur sulphurous acid is formed, which is characterized peculiar odor and action on moistened litmus paper [No. 75]. if present in sufficient quantity it yields a white 15. Arsenic
; ;

and very

volatile sublimate of arsenous acid, consisting of

;

minute
driven

octahedral crystals by application of gentle heat from one place to another [No. 77].
;

it

may be

white fumes of antimonious acid are given out 16. Antimony which partly escape, and partly condense in the upper part of the tube. The sublimate is a white powder, and may, if consisting of antimonious acid, be volatilized by heat. In most cases, however, pure the oxidation proceeds farther, and the antimonate of the oxide of antimony, a non-volatile white powder, is formed [No. 41]. it is converted into oxide, which con It. Metallic Bismuth denses at a short distance from the assay, and which, by heat, may be fused to brownish globules [No. 43]. yield sublimates of metallic mercurv Mercury and amalgams
; ;

tellurous acid is produced, which condenses in the upper part of the tube to a white non-volatile pow der on application of heat it fuses to colorless globules.
;

[No. 47]. 18. Tellurium and tellurides

Selenium and selenides

evolve a gaseous oxide of a peculiar

odor, resembling that of rotten horse-radish [No. 87].

Examination on Charcoal per

19.

se.

In examinations of this kind, particular attention must be

paid to the odor of the escaping gases, and to the color and other properties of the rings, or coatings, which form on the charcoal

around the assay-piece. The interior [reduction flame, II Fl] and exterior [oxidation flame, Fl] cones of the flame acting in an op the phenomena produced wr ill be very different ; hence posite sense,

3*

30

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

two assays should always be made, exposing the substance first to Fl and then to the action of the the action of the Fl. The fol

lowing bodies undergo,

teristic changes.

when submitted

to this treatment, charac

is

It is volatilized without previous fusion, the Ch 20. Arsenic: covered with a white Ct, which is far distant from the assayFl and Fl the Ct piece, and which is produced by both the

the Blp flame, emit the peculiar alliaceous odor characteristic of arsenic [No. 42]. ting It enters readily into fusion and covers the Ch 21. Antimony
is
is

very volatile, and

easily driven

away by

with white oxide

the ring

is

not so far distant from the assay-

piece as in the case of arsenic ; it may be driven away by the Blp flame, but is not so volatile as that of arsenic, and does not emit

an alliaceous odor. Metallic antimony, when fused on Ch and heated to redness, remains a considerable time in a state of ignition without the aid of the Blp, disengaging, at the same time, a thick
tallic

white smoke, which is partly deposited on the Ch around the globule in white crystals of a pearly lustre [No. 41].
22.

me
Ch

Bismuth

It fuses readily in
is

both flames and covers the

with oxide, which

yellow when
cold.

dark orange-yellow while hot and lemonThe yellow Ct is usually surrounded by a white

ring, consisting

of carbonate of bismuth.
;

The Ct

is

somewhat

nearer the assay than. that of antimony it may be driven away by both flames but the oxide of antimony, when played upon with the Fl, imparts to the flame a greenish-blue tinge, which the oxide
;

of bismuth does not [No. 43]. It fuses easily 23. Lead

:

and coats the Ch

it is

in

both flames

with oxide, which

yellow

is

dark lemon-yellow while hot and sulphurbluish-white and consists of

when

cold

in thin layers
is
it

carbonate.

The Ct
;

as that of bismuth

found at the same distance from the assay may be driven away by both flames when
;

played upon with the

color [No. 11]. 24. Cadmium
:

Fl

it

imparts to the flame an azure-blue

Fl it burns It fuses readily exposed to the a dark-yellow flame, emitting brown fumes of oxide which with cover the Ch around the assay. This Ct is very characteristic it
;

is,

when

cold, of a

reddish-brown

color, in thin layers

orange-yellow

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
it is

31

a color to easily volatilized by both flames, without imparting

44].
: ;

them [No.
25.

Fl it burns with It fuses readily exposed to the an intensely luminous greenish-white flame, emitting at the same time a thick white smoke which, partly condensing on the Ch, The covers it with oxide, yellow while hot and white when cold. Fl becomes luminous, but does when played upon with the Ct Zinc
not disappear [No. 46].
26.

Tin

It fuses readily

exposed to the
r

Fl

it is

converted

which may be blow n away and thus be made to appear as a Ct it is always found closely surrounding the assay-piece, is slightly yellow and luminous w hile hot, white when cold, and non volatile in both flames. Exposed to the R Fl the molten metal
into oxide,
;
r

retains its bright metallic aspect [No. 13]. When exposed for a long time to the action of the 27. Silver
:

yields a slight dark-red Ct of oxide [No. 45]. 28. Selenium It fuses very readily in both flames with disengage ment of brown fumes at a short distance from the assay a steel-

Fl

it

gray Ct of a feeble metallic lustre is deposited played upon with the R Fl it disappears wT ith emission of a strong odor of rotten
;

horse-radish, at the
color [No. 87].
29.

same time imparting

It fuses
;

to the flame a fine blue

Tellurium

flames with tellurous acid

very readily and coats the Ch in both the Ct is not very far distant from the
;

assay

it is

upon with the

tinge.
30.

of a white color with a red or dark^ellow edge played Fl it disappears, imparting to the flame a green

Besides the above named metals there are some other sub

when treated before the Blp upon Ch cover it with which may be driven away when played upon with the coatings, O Fl, and which show in many cases a great resemblance to the Ct produced by antimony. Among the bodies possessing this
stances which,

property the following are the most frequently occurring ones The sulphurides of potassium, sodium, and lithium.

The The
muth,

chlorides of

ammonium, potassium, sodium, and

lithium.
lead, bis

chlorides of mercury, antimony, zinc,

tin,

cadmium,

and copper.

32

ELDERHORST
The bromides and

MANUAL

OP

iodides of potassium and sodium.

the Platinum-pointed Pincers.

Examination in

It acquaints us 31. This experiment serves a double purpose. with the degree of fusibility of the assay, and shows the presence or absence of such substances which possess the property of impart

ing to the flame a peculiar color.

Many

metals, the sulphurides,

and some other compounds act upon metallic platinum at a high temperature the fusibility, &c., of such substances ought to be
;

tested on Ch.

Others, again, fuse so easily that they cannot be held a sufficiently long time between the pincers to observe the color which they impart to the flame they are most conveniently
;

attached to the hook of the platinum wire, which is best done by heating the wire to redness and then touching the powder of the assay with it a sufficient quantity generally remains adhering to
;

the wire.

Some minerals
with the flame
;

in such cases, Berzelius advises to

decrepitate violently as soon as they are touched powder the sub

stance very finely in an agate-mortar with addition of a little water, to place one or two drops of the mixture on a piece of Ch, and to gently heat it by means of the Blp flame until the mass lies loosely

upon the Ch

it

may
is

then be taken up and held by the pincers.

The same process

advantageously employed with substances which fuse only at a very high temperature. In all other cases the sub stance is roughly powdered and a thin piece which shows promi nent edges selected for the experiment.

The assay

is

exposed to the action of the inner cone of the flame.

when

the outer cone

1.

may

exhibit the following changes of color

32.

Yellow.
its

Soda and

salts cause

an enlargement of the outer flame, and

impart, at the

same time, an intense reddish-yellow color [No. 18]. The presence of other substances which also possess the property

of coloring the flame, but not in so high a degree, does not prevent Silicates containing soda, exhibit the same phenome the reaction.

non to a smaller or greater extent, according to their degree of fusibility and the amount of soda which they contain [No. 62]. With many salts of soda, which do not exhibit the reaction very

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
distinct!}
,

33

it

can be produced by mixing the salt with some chloride

5),
it

of silver to a paste (v.

wire, and then exposing
33. 2. Violet.

fastening

it

to the

hook of a thin

iron-

to the action of the inner flame.

Potassa and

many

of its salts impart to the outer flame a distinct

The presence of a small quantity of a salt violet color [Xo. 15]. addition of chloride of soda or lithia prevents the reaction.

An

of silver favors the reaction with the carbonate, nitrate,

and some

other salts of potassa.

34. 3.

Red.
its salts
;

Lithia and

impart to the outer flame a

fine

carmine-red

color [Xo. 63]

the chloride of lithium shows the reaction better

The presence of a salt of potassa does not salt. the reaction the presence of even a small quantity of a prevent An addition of salt of soda changes the color to yellowish-red. cllloride of silver favors the reaction with many salts of lithia.
than any other
;

Chloride of strontium and some other salts of strontia, ex.

gr..

the carbonate and the sulphate, color the outer flame, immediately The presence of baryta or after a while, carmine-red [Xo. 57]. The carbonate and sulphate of strontia prevents the reaction.

show the reaction remarkably well when mixed with

silver

chloride of

and heated on iron-wire

(v.

5).
.

and
red

Chloride of calcium, calcareous spar, many compact limestones, fluor-spar, color the outer flame, immediately or after a while,
;

the color

is

Gypsum and anhydrite impart

red color of
little

not so intense as that produced by strontia. at first a pale yellow, afterwards a

intensity [Xo. 56].

An

addition of chloride of

silver usually increases the intensity of the color.

35. 4. Green.

Chloride of barium, carbonate and sulphate of baryta, color the The presence of lime does not pre outer flame yellowish-green.

vent the .reaction [Xo. 58].

An

addition of chloride of silver

makes the

color

much more

intense.

Oxide of copper and some of its salts, ex. gr. the carbonate, sulphate, and nitrate, impart to the outer flame a fine emeraldgreen color. Iodide of copper and some silicates containing copper,
ex. gr. dioptase

and chrysocolla,

act in the

same manner [Xo. 73]

34

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

or

An

addition of chloride of silver produces increased intensity

of color.
acid, phosphates, and minerals containing phosphoric impart to the outer flame a bluish-green color [No. 3]. Boracic acid colors the "outer flame yellowish-green (greenfinch

Phosphoric

acid,

color) [No. 5]

if

a small quantity of soda is present the color

is

mixed with yellow. Molybdic acid, oxide of molybdenum, and the native sulphide of molybdenum, color the outer flame yellowish-green, like baryta
[No. 83]. Tellurous acid enters into fusion, emits white fumes, and colors the outer flame green.
3G.
5.

Blue.

Arsenic and some arsenides, ex. gr. smaltinc and copper-nickel [No. 82] when heated on Ch impart a light-blue color to the outer ilame. Some arsenates, ex. gr. scorodite and cobalt bloom, exhibit
the

same phenomenon in the Antimony, fused on Ch in

pincers.

R
in

Fl

is

surrounded by a very feeble

is

bluish light [No. 41]. Metallic lead, fused on

Ch

Fl

surrounded by an azure-

blue light.

heated in the pincers or on platinum Many wire, impart an intense azure-blue color to the outer flame [No. 11]. Chloride of copper colors the outer flame intensely azure-blue after a while the color becomes green, owing to the formation of
salts of lead,

oxide of copper [No. 37].

Bromide of copper

colors the outer flame greenish-blue

after a

while the cojor changes to green. Fl vaporizes with an azure-blue light. Selenium, fused on Ch in

Examination with Borax and Salt of Phosphorus.

of the assay with borax and salt eminently adapted to detect the presence of phorus oxides, a great number of them possessing the property at a high temperature dissolved by these fluxes with a
37.

The examination

is

of phos metallic
of being

peculiar

color.
differ

Unoxidizcd metals and metallic sulphides, arsenides, &c., in this respect very materially from the pure oxides; hence

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
it

35

is necessary, before performing the experiment, to convert all such substances into oxides. This is effected by calcination, on

Ch
on

The finely or in an open glass tube. Ch and alternately treated with the

powdered assay is placed Fl and R Fl, and this

while in process is repeated until the substance no longer emits, incandescent state, the odor of sulphur or arsenic. The heat the must never be raised so high as to cause fusion, and between every

two succeeding

calcinations the assay should be taken from the

Ch

and freshly powdered. The experiment is generally made on platinum wire, where the color of the bead is more readily observed Ch is used only in such cases where the substance under examination contains metallic
;

oxides which are easily reduced.

;

It is not sufficient to observe

the color of the bead after cooling but all changes of color which take place during the action of the flame, and through all the

various stages of cooling, should be carefully noticed. Some substances possess the property of forming a limpid glass with borax, which preserves its transparency on cooling, but which,
if slightly

heated in the
in
"

Fl,

becomes opaque, when the flame

an unequal or intermittent manner. This operation has received the name of flaming," and any substance thus acted upon is said to become opaque by flaming."
strikes
it
"

The

third and fourth columns of Tables I and II exhibit the

behavior of the most important oxides to borax and salt of phos

phorus. In Table III the oxides are arranged with reference to the color which they impart to the beads in Fl and Fl.

Examination with Carbonate of Soda.

38.

In subjecting a body to the treatment of Sd we have to

direct our attention to

two

points.

substances unite with Sd to fusible compounds, others form infusible compounds, and others again are not acted upon at all ; in the last case the Sd is absorbed by the Ch and the assay is left

Some

unchanged. With Sd unite to fusible compounds with effervescence 39. Silicic acid it fuses to a transparent glassy bead which,
;

36

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

after cooling, remains transparent if the in excess [No. 54].

Sd has not been added

Titanic acid
cold, is

it

fuses to a transparent glassy bead which,

when

opaque and of crystalline structure [No. 65]. Tungstic and molybdic acids the mass, after the union has been effected, is absorbed by the Ch [No. 31 and No. 34]. The salts of baryta and strontia form with Sd fusible compounds
;

which are absorbed by the Ch [No. 5t and No.

40.

58].

metallic

The second point to be observed is the elimination of matter. Of tne- metallic oxides, when treated with Sd on
Fl, are

Ch

in

reduced

the oxides of the noble metals and the

oxides of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, iron,

tin, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, and tellurium. and mercury vaporize so rapidly that frequently not even a coating is left on the Ch. Antimony, bismuth, cadmium, lead, zinc, and tellurium are partly volatilized and form distinct The non-volatile reduced metals are found coatings on the Ch. mixed up with the Sd. To separate them from the adhering Sd and Ch powder, we may proceed in the following manner The fused mass of Sd and metal, and the portion of the Ch im

lead,

mercury, nickel,

Of

these, arsenic

mediately below and around the assay, is placed in the little agate mortar, rubbed to powder, the powder mixed with a little water,
part of the the water.

The heavy metallic particles settle to the bottom, Sd dissolves, and the Ch powder remains suspended in The liquid is carefully poured off, and the residue treated repeatedly in the same manner until all foreign matter is removed. The metal remains behind as a dark heavy powder or, when the metal is ductile and easily fusible, in the shape of small
and stirred up.
flattened scales of metallic lustre.

If the substance under

exami

nation contains several metallic oxides, the metallic mass obtained is usually an alloy, in which the several metals may be recognized

by processes

to be described hereafter.

It is only in

some excep

tional cases that separate metallic globules are obtained, ex. gr. in substances containing iron and copper.

For a more detailed account

Tables I and
II.

of the behavior of the various

metallic oxides under this treatment, see the second column of

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
41.

37

The examination with Sd

is

usually performed on

Ch

in

the

Fl, and, as a general rule, the flux is

added successively in

This is particularly necessary when the assay is small portions. to be tested for its fusibility with Sd, since a great many minerals, &c., behave very differently with different quantities of the flux.
42. Instead of carbonate of soda, the neutral oxalatc of potassa or cyanide of potassium may be advantageously used for all experi ments of reduction, since these reagents exercise a more powerful

reducing action than

common

Sd.

They

are, for this reason, fre

quently employed when the presence of such metallic oxides is sus pected, whose conversion into metals require high temperatures

and the aid of a very

efficient

deoxidizing agent.

Examination with Solution of

Cobalt.

few substances, when moistened with a solution of nitrate 43. of cobalt and exposed to the action of the Fl, assume a peculiar The use of this test is, however, very limited, since the color.
reaction can only clearly be seen in such bodies which, after Fl, present a white appearance, having been acted upon by the
or nearly so.
44.

Substances which are sufficiently porous to imbue a liquid,

are merely moistened with a drop of S Co, placed into the platinumFl. Other substances must pointed pincers, and treated with the

be powdered, the powder placed on Ch, wetted with a drop of S The color can only be distinguished Co, and treated as above. bluish color, of more or less purity, indicates the after cooling. presence of alumina [No. 21] and a pale-reddish color [flesh-color]

It must, however, be borne in that of magnesia [No. 59]. mind, that the alkaline and some other silicates, when heated with S Co

to a temperature

above their fusing point, also assume a blue color, In testing for alumina, to the formation of silicate of cobalt. owing therefore, the heat must not be raised so high as to cause fusion of

In testing for magnesia this precaution is not necessary ; the assay. on the contrary, the color will appear the brighter and the more
distinct,

the

higher the temperature to which the assay was

exposed.
4

38

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OP

45. Among the oxides of the heavy metals, those of zinc and assume characteristic colors \vith S Co. The reaction is best seen when the assay, alone or mixed with Sd, is exposed to the R Fl on Ch. The ring of oxide which is deposited around the assay is then moistened with S Co and treated with the Fl. Oxide of zinc takes a fine yellowish-green, and oxide of tin a bluish-green

tin

color [No. 3G
46.

&

No. 33].
to the action of

Besides the compounds above mentioned there are some

others which,

when exposed

S Co and

Fl,

expe

rience a change of color. These bodies are either of very rare occurrence, or the change produced in them is not sufficiently dis It will, therefore, be sufficient merely to mention the names tinct.

of the

compounds and the

color

which S Co imparts

to

them

Baryta [brownish-red], tantalic acid [flesh-color], zirconia and phosphate of magnesia [violet], titanic acid, niobic acid, and antimonic acid [green], strontia, lime, glucina, and pelopic acid [gray].

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

39

THIRD CHAPTER.
SPECIAL REACTIONS FOR THE DETECTION" OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES WHEN IN COMBINATION WITH OTHERS.
47. THE preceding chapter and accompanying table show the changes which many of the simple chemical compounds undergo when heated, or when treated with the usual blow-pipe reagents.

The

reactions

are

sufficiently

characteristic
other,

to

various

compounds from each

so that,

when any

distinguish the of the

there

above named substances in a pure state is under examination, is no difficulty to determine its nature. This, however, is not of frequent occurrence, and in the majority of cases the body to

be tested will be of a more complex nature.

The

results of the

experiments will

containing iron, Fl a blue color, but a green one, resulting from the mixture of the blue of cobalt and the yellow of iron lead, when accompanied
;

vary accordingly. For instance, an ore of cobait. will not impart to the bead of Bx or S Ph in the

by antimony, deposits a dark-yellow coating on Ch resembling that In such cases we may often, by attentively ob of bismuth, &c. serving all the phenomena which present themselves, and by care fully comparing the results obtained by the various experiments, detect many, if not all, of the components of the substance under examination. Sometimes we attain this end quicker by varying the order, or by introducing auxiliary agents into the series of experiments and in other cases, again, it is only to be arrived at
;

by subjecting the assay

to treatments different from those

men

tioned in the preceding pages. This chapter contains the principal reactions for the detection of

methods

substances which require the application of peculiar agents, and the for ascertaining the presence of certain bodies when in

combination with others.

The

alphabetical arrangement will be.

found of practical use.

(30)

40

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

Ammonia.
48. Small quantities of ammonia arc best detected by mixing the powdered assay [No. 19] with some carbonate of soda or caustic potassa, introducing the mixture into a glass tube, scaled

at one end,

by

its

and applying heat. The escaping gas is characterized From odor, and by it^s action on reddened litmus paper.

the appearance of this reaction we are, however, not authorized to infer the prcexistence of ammonia in the assay, since from organic

matter containing nitrogen, when subjected to this treatment, ammonia is evolved as a product of decomposition.

Antimony.
The
36,
49.

reactions of antimony and

II, 1.

its

compounds, see

11,

16,

21,

and Table Ct on Ch.

In presence of lead or bismuth, antimony can not be detected In this case the metallic compound [Xo. 48, or by Xo. 85] is treated with vitrified boracic acid on Ch, the flame being
its

so directed that the glass is always kept covered with the blue cone, the metallic globule being on the side by this means the metals become oxidized, the oxides of lead and bismuth are ab
;

sorbed by the boracic acid, and the antimonious acid will form a
ring on the Ch, provided the temperature was not raised too high. 50. When combined with metals from which it is not easily
separated, ex. gr. copper, the evaporation of the antimony takes r In this case the place so slow ly that no distinct Ct is produced. Fl, until the assay [No. 86] is treated with S Ph on Ch in the

antimony, or at least part of

into the flux.

it,

has become oxidized and entered

The

glass

and treated on another

II
;

now removed from the metallic globule place of the Ch with metallic tin in the
is

Fl the presence of antimony will cause the glass to turn gray or black on cooling [Table II, 1]. Bismuth behaving under these circumstances in the same manner, the presence of this metal

makes the reaction not

has then to be resorted
51.

decisive for antimony.

to.

The humid way

When

metallic oxides which,

the oxides of antimony are accompanied by such when reduced on Ch, fuse with the metallic

antimony

to an alloy, as is ex. gr. the case with the oxides of tin

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

41

and copper, the latter cannot be recognized by a simple reduction. The oxides have to be treated with a mixture of Sd and Bx on Ch The little metallic globules are separated from the in the R Fl. and fused with from three to five times their own volume of flux, pure lead and some vitrified boracic acid in the R Fl, care being taken to play with the flame only on the glass. Antimonious acid
is volatilized,

of the other metals are absorbed

52.

depositing the characteristic ring, while the oxides by the boracic acid.

tube,

The sulphides of antimony, when heated in the open glass show the reaction mentioned 16. When accompanied by
is
is
;

sulphide of lead [Xo. 89], only a small part of the antimony converted into antimonious acid, which sublimes the remainder
into a white

changed powder consisting of a mixture of antimonate of oxide of antimony, sulphate of lead, and antimonate of lead.

When a compound containing sulphide of lead or bismuth, besides Fl, a Ct is deposited sulphide of antimony, is heated on Ch in the consisting of antimonious acid mixed with sulphate of lead or bis

muth, and, nearer to the assay, a yellow one of the oxides of lead or bismuth how in such a case the presence of antimony may be
j

ascertained
53.

v.

87.

amount of sulphide of aitimrn. in sul Plattner strongly recommends the following phide method, by which he obtained very decisive and satisfactory re The assay [No. 88] is introduced into a glass tube, sealed sults
detect a small

To

of arsenic,

at

one end, and gently heated

the sulphide of arsenic

is volatilized,

and the greater part of the sulphide of antimony remains as a black powder in the lower end of the tube this end is cut off, the black substance taken out and transferred to a tube open at
;

both ends.
will appear.

By

applying heat the characteristic antimony-reaction

Arsenic.

The
34,

reactions of arsenic and its compounds, see

II, 2.

11,

15,

20,

and Table

54. All metallic arsenides yield,

when heated
15),

tube, a sublimate of arsenous acid (v.

in the open glass and most of them in

evolve a garlic odor

(v.

20)

when heated on Ch

Fl [No. 77].

42

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OP

metals, ex. gr. nickel and cobalt, have a great affinity for when only a small quantity of the latter is present, in such cases it is some the characteristic odor is not observable
arsenic, so that,
;

Some

times produced

when

the metallic
Fl.

compound

is

fused on

Ch with

some pure lead in the 55. The sulphides

of arsenic, heated in the open glass tube,

evolve sulphurous acid and yield a sublimate of arsenous acid. To show in a very decisive manner the presence of arsenic in any of
its combinations with sulphur, the powdered assay [No. 80] is mixed with six parts of a mixture of equal parts of cyanide of potassium and carbonate of soda, the mass introduced into a tube sealed at one end, and heat applied, at first very gently but gradu

ally raised to redness.

ring of metallic arsenic will be deposited

in the colder part of the tube

56.

When

arsenic, especially
off in

sulph-arsenides are heated on Ch, the whole of the when only small quantities are present, may pass

combination with sulphur; but when such compounds [No. 88] to four parts of cyanide of potassium and to the R Fl, sulphide of potassium is formed and the exposed
are

mixed with from three

arsenic escapes with its peculiar odor. 57. To detect a very small quantity of arsenous acid, the fol lowing way may be pursued: a glass tube provided with a small bulb at one end is close above it narrowly drawn out; the assay

[No. 38] is introduced into the bulb, and a charcoal splinter placed into the tube; the narrow aperture through which the tube com municates with the bulb prevents the Ch from earning in contact

with the substance.

descent, heat
volatilized,
is

The tube

is

then heated to redness at the

place where the charcoal

splinter

lies,

and as soon as

this is incan

also applied to the bulb.

The arsenous

acid

is

vapors, while passing over the red-hot charcoal, become reduced and deposit a black metallic ring of arsenic in the
its

and

colder part of the tube. By cutting the tube below the r this part by the flame of a spirit-lamp, the arsenic heating
tilized,
its characteristic odor.

ng and
is

vola

it

thereby emitting To show the presence of arsenic in arsenites and arsenatcs, will in most cases be sufficient to mix the substance [No. 38]
58.
it

with carbonate of soda and heat

on Ch in

Fl.

Sometimes

it

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
is

43

necessary to treat the assay with a mixture of carbonate of soda and cyanide of potassium in the manner mentioned, 55 and in other cases again, where but small quantities of arsenous or arsenic acid are combined with metallic oxides which are readily reduced, recourse must be had to the humid w ay.
;

of bismuth and its compounds, see 12, 22, 17, and Table II, 3. 59. Bismuth when alloyed with other metals, or when as sul phide in combination with other sulphides, is in many cases, and most especially so when accompanied by lead or antimony, not to be detected by the ring which it deposits on Ch. In such a case the assay [No. 49] is treated on Ch until a copious yellow Ct is The Ct is carefully scraped off from the Ch and dissolved formed. in S Ph on platinum wire with the The colorless bead is Fl. removed from the wire, placed on Ch, a little metallic tin added, and the whole exposed to the R Fl. If bismuth was present, the The oxides glass assumes, on cooling, a dark-gray or black color. of antimony showing the same behavior, the assay, if not quite free from antimony, has to be treated on Ch in the Fl until the whole of it has been volatilized, and the remaining mass treated on

Bismuth. The reactions

another piece of

Ch

as above mentioned.

Boracic
60.

Add.
borates,

With many

which do not impart

to the outer flame

the peculiar yellowish-green color [v. 35], this reaction may be the substance [No. 2] to powder, adding a produced by reducing drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, fastening the mixture into the

hook of the platinum wire, and playing on

the flame.
61.

it

with the blue cone of

Another way, and by which even a very small quantity of

boracic acid in salts and minerals

maybe

detected, is: to reduce the

substance to a very fine powder, to mix it with from 3 to 4 parts of a mixture of 4J parts of bisulphate of potassa and 1 part of fluor r spar, and to knead the whole with a little w ater into a thick paste.

This mass

is

then fastened to a platinum wire, and exposed to the

blue cone of the flame.

While the mass enters

into fusion fluoboric

44
acid
is

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

formed which, on escaping, colors the flame intensely yel The reaction appearing sometimes only for a few lowish-green. seconds, the flame should be very attentively watched during the whole time of the experiment.

Bromine.
G2. Bromides treated with S Ph and oxide of copper on pla tinum wire, or treated with sulphate of copper on silver foil, show the same reaction as chlorides (v. 6G), with this difference, that

the blue color of the outer flame

is rather greenish, especially on the edges [No. 16]. 63. To discriminate bromides from chlorides more distinctly,

the bromide

fused with bisulphatc of potassa, both in the anhy a small matrass with long neck. Sulphurous acid is evolved, and the matrass is filled with yellow vapors of bromine, The color of the gas is only characterized by their peculiar odor.
is

drous

state, in

clearly seen at daylight.

Cadmium.
The
Table
64.

reactions of
II, 4.

cadmium and

its

compounds, sec

11, 24,

and

To

detect a very small quantity of

or less, in zinc or its ores, the pulverized assay Fl on Ch. and exposed for a short time to the

cadmium, one per cent, is mixed with Sd A distinct Ct of

oxide of

cadmium

is

deposited.

The

zinc being less volatile, evapo

rates only with continued

blowing [No. 53].

Chlorine.
G5.

a bead of S
color.

Fl in Some oxide of copper is dissolved by means of the Ph on platinum wire, until it has assumed a deep-green Some grains of the pulverized assay [No. 18] are then made
If chlorine
is

to adhere to the bead, flame.

and both heated with the blue cone of the present the flame now assumes an intense

azure-blue color,

This test

is

owing to the formation of chloride of copper (v. 36). very delicate, and will show the presence of a very mi

nute quantity of chlorine.

Another method is to place on silver-foil some protosulphatc some sulphate of copper, to moisten it with a drop of After a while the water, and then to add the assay [No. 18].
66.

of iron, or

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSES.
silver will

45

be found blackened. Substances which are insoluble in water have previously to be fused with a little Sd on platinum wire, to form a soluble chloride [No. 10]. Chlorides, when moistened with sulphuric acid and exposed to
is

the BIp flame, impart to it a faint green coloration which, however, generally confined to the inner cone, and is quantitatively of
less intensity

much

than that produced with borates. small when occurring together with a chloride, 60. can, therefore, not be detected by the method mentioned

amount

of boracic acid,

Chromium.
61. Oxide of chromium gives very characteristic reactions with the fluxes on platinum wire (v. Table II, 6), but when accompanied by a large quantity of iron, copper, or other substances which also intensely color the Bx and S Ph beads, the chromium color fre

quently becomes very indistinct. 68. In such a case, and when the chromium
tion with silicic acid, its presence

is

not in combina

may

manner: The assay-piece [Xo. 11] is mixed with about four times its own volume of a mixture of equal The mass is fastened into the hook of a parts of Sd and nitre. thick platinum wire, or placed into a small platinum spoon, and An alkaline chromate is formed Fl. treated with a powerful which is dissolved in water, the solution supersaturated with acetic If chromium was pres acid, and a crystal of acetate of lead added. The ent, a yellow precipitate of chromate of lead will appear. precipitate may be collected on a filter and tested in the Bx and S

be detected in the following reduced to a fine powder and

Ph beads, duced.
Cobalt.

when

the characteristic chromium-reactions will be pro

The
69.
v.

reactions of cobalt, see Table II,

1.

To

detect cobalt

when

in combination

with other metals,

is

83.

To show

its

presence in arsenides, the assay [Xo. 18]

placed

on Ch and heated until no longer fumes of arsenous acid are emit ted. (Lead and bismuth, if present, form the characteristic coat Bx is now added and the heat continued until the glass ings.)

46
appears colored.
is

ELDEHHORST
If the color
is

MANUAL

OF

not pure blue, the presence of iron

glass is in this case removed from the globule, and the latter treated repeatedly with fresh quantities of Bx until
indicated.

The

Nickel and copper, if present, do the pure cobalt-color is obtained. not enter into the flux before the whole of the cobalt is oxidized.
If
is

we wish
colored

to ascertain the presence of these metals, the glass which by cobalt is removed from the globule, and the latter

treated with fresh portions of Bx in the Fl until the color of the bead becomes brown, indicative of nickel. The glass is again removed and the globule treated with S Ph in the Fl; when cop
is present the bead assumes a green color, which remains unal tered on cooling. Treated with tin on Ch the glass turns opaque

per

and

red.
70.

To

on Ch in the

detect cobalt in sulphides, the assay [No. 79] is heated II Fl until all volatile substances are driven off, the

remaining mass reduced to powder, well calcined, and the calcined Fl. If cobalt is the only mass treated with Bx on Ch in the coloring metal present, the bead will exhibit a pure blue color a small addition of iron will make the glass appear green while hot,
but blue
tent, will
is

cold. Copper and nickel, when present to some ex prevent the cobalt-color to be distinctly seen. The bead Fl until it appears transparent and in this case exposed to the

when

flows quietly the oxides of copper and nickel are by this means reduced, and the pure color of cobalt, or that of cobalt mixed with
;

iron,

becomes apparent.

Copper.

The
Table

reactions of copper and its compounds, see

II, 8.

35, 3G,

and

71.

The red

color

which copper imparts

to the

Bx

or
(v.

S Ph
Table

bead,

when heated on Ch

in the II Fl in contact

with tin

very characteristic and will in most cases clearly show the is presence of this metal. But if only a small quantity of copper other metals, the reaction is not easily obtained associated with
II, 8), is
;

in this case

we may proceed

as follows

The assay [No. 89, or No. 8G, or No. 85] is placed on Ch and played upon with the Fl until antimony and other volatile metals arc driven

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
off.

47

Some vitrified boracic acid is fused on Ch to a glassy globule, the assay placed close to it, and the whole covered with a large Fl. When the metallic globule begins to assume a bright metallic surface, the flame is gradually converted into a sharply-pointed blue

cone, which is made to act only on the glass, leaving the metallic globule untouched, and so situated that it touches the glass on one side, and on the other side is in close contact with the Ch. During
this process lead, iron, cobalt, part of the nickel,

and such of the

more

were not entirely removed by the pre vious calcination, as bismuth, antimony, zinc, &c., become oxidized, and their oxides partly volatilized and partly absorbed by the
volatile metals, that

boracic acid.

The remaining

the flux and treated on

is

Ch with S Ph

metallic globule in the

is

then removed from

Fl,

oxidized and dissolved.

The limpid bead

is

when the copper then re-fused in the

with addition of tin. A trace of copper may thus be made to produce distinctly the characteristic reaction. 72. To show the presence of copper in compounds which con

R Fl
tain
first

much

nickel, cobalt, iron,

treated with

Bx

and arsenic, the assay [No. 82] is on Ch in the R Fl, when the greater part of

iron and cobalt are dissolved.

The remaining globule is then mixed with some pure lead, and treated as shown 71. Arsenic is for the most part driven off, and the rest of the iron and cobalt, with some
nickel,

absorbed by the boracic acid.

The globule
Fl
;

is

removed from

the glass and treated with S

and somewhat lighter green of the yellow of nickel and the blue of copper), indicates the presence
of copper. To detect copper when in combination with tin v. 110. 73. To detect copper in sulphides, the pulverized assay [No. is calcined, and the calcined mass treated as above, or, when 76]

Ph in the when cold

dark-green while hot, (produced by the mixture

the

amount

Ph on Ch

of copper is not very small, simply treated with Bx or in the Fl, and subsequently with addition of tin in

The presence of copper is then shown by the red color and the Fl. the opaqueness of the glass on cooling. This reaction is only pre vented or, at least, made indistinct by antimony or bismuth, which
cause the glass to turn gray or black.
after calcination,

mixed with Sd, Bx, and some pure

In this case the assay is, lead, and the

43

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL
The

OF
is

mixture fused on
heated on

Ch

in the

Fl.

metallic globule

then

Ch

to drive off the antimony,

and afterwards treated with

is

boracic acid as above.

74.

When

a mineral which contains copper

heated in the

blue cone, the outer cone of the flame frequently assumes a green or, if the metal is in combination with chlorine, an azure-blue color.

This reaction, if not produced by heating the substance alone, may sometimes be elicited by adding a drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the pulverized assay [No. 73], evaporating to dryncss, mixing the dry powder with a little water to a stiff paste, fastening
this into the

hook of a platinum wire, and then exposing

it

to the

blue cone of the flame.

Fluorine.
75.

To

detect fluorine in such minerals where

it

occurs oi\]y as

an accessory element in combination with weak bases, and which at the same time contain water, a small piece of the substance [No. 00] is placed into a glass tube scaled at one end, a wet Brazil-wood paper introduced into the open end, and heat applied. Fluoride of
silicon and hydrofluoric arc evolved; the former is decomposed by the watery vapor and deposits a ring of silica not far distant from the assay, and the latter turns the red color of the test-paper into

rine

Mica, containing not more than J per cent, of fluo straw-yellow. shows the reaction very distinctly.

7G. To show the presence of fluorine in minerals where it is united with strong bases, the finely powdered assay [No. G] is mixed with about four parts of bisulphatc of potassa and intro duced into a glass tube, sealed at one end. Heat is applied until

The sides of the tubes become sulphuric acid begins to escape. covered with silicic acid, resulting from the decomposition of the gaseous fluoride of silicon. The tube is cut off clo^e above the
fused mass, cleaned with water, and carefully dried with blotting The dulled appearance of the glass indicates the presence paper.
uf fluorine.

Another process, and by which the presence of fluorine in all kind of compounds may be shown, is to mix the pulverized been fused on Ch and assay with some S Ph which has previously
77.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

49

then reduced to powder; to place the mixture on platinum foil, which is connected with an open glass tube in such a manner as to
constitute a kind of tubular continuation to the former, and to heat with the blow-pipe flame until the mass enters into fusion. If the

flame

is

so directed that the products of decomposition are

made

to pass through the glass tube and a moistened Brazil-wood paper is introduced into the other end, the presence of hydrofluoric acid
is

indicated

in

by the change of color which the latter experiences; some cases the glass will also be dulled, or a deposit of silicic
This test
is

acid be formed.

very delicate.

Gold.
78.

When gold is

in combination with metals

which are

volatile

high temperature, ex. gr. tellurium, mercury, antimony, it is only necessary to heat the alloy on Ch with the Fl, when the gold remains behind in a pure state and may be recognized by its
physical properties. Lead is as explained in 102.
,

at a

removed by the process of

cupellation,

79. When associated with copper, the presence of which is easily detected by S Ph on Ch, the alloy, for example gold-coin, is dissolved in pure melted lead and the new compound subjected to

the process of cupellation on bone-ash.

Copper

is

by

this

means

To test the remaining globule for silver, it is entirely removed. treated with S Ph on Ch in the Fl; the silver is gradually oxi
dized and dissolved by the glass, which
opal-like appearance.

when cold assumes an To determine approximately the relative

proportions of the two metals, the metallic globule is taken from the cupel, placed in a small porcelain dish, containing some nitric If the alloy contains 25 acid, and heat applied. per cent, of gold or less, it turns black, the silver is dissolved and the gold gradually remains behind as a brown or black spungy or pulverulent mass. If the alloy contains more than 25 per cent, of gold, the globule turns also black, but the silver is not dissolved. If both metals are
present in about equal proportions, the globule remains unaltered. If the amount of gold is considerable it is indicated by the color of the alloy.
80.

When

associated with metals, which per se are infusible

50

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

before the blow-pipe, as ex. gr. platinum, indium, palladium, the metallic globule obtained by cupellation shows much less fusibility than pure gold. The exact nature of the foreign metals cannot be

ascertained before the Blp

the

humid way must be resorted

to.

Iodine.
81. Iodides, tested with a S Ph bead which is saturated with oxide of copper as shown 65, impart to the outer flame a fine

green color [No. I ?]. Fused with bisulphate of potassa in a glass tube, closed at one
end, violet vapors are evolved, iodine acid escapes.

sublimes, and sulphurous

82. Another method, which is said to surpass in delicacy even the reaction with starch, is to mix the substance with a mixture of carbonate of lime and quicklime, to dry the mass thoroughly, to add some protochloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate), to rub the whole well together, and to place it in a glass tube closed at

The tube is then narrowly drawn out a little above the and the mass heated to redness. Protiodidc of mercury is formed, which sublimes in yellow or red needles into the narrow This reaction is founded on the property of lime to decom tube.
one end.
assay,

pose the protochloride of mercury, but not the protiodide.

Iron.

The
83.

reactions of the oxides of iron, see Table II, 10. The colors which iron imparts to the various fluxes are

its presence in such metallic sufficiently characteristic to ascertain fusible substances, by simply which contain no easily

compounds

Fl. treating the assay with Bx on Ch in the or zinc are present, the II Fl bismuth, antimony,

When
is

lead, tin,

employed, and directed in such a manner that it principally touches the glass. Thus, the oxidation and consequent saturation of the bead with
is
still soft, is

the oxides of these metals, either case the glass, while

In to a great extent prevented. removed from the globule

and exposed on another place of the Ch to the

R Fl.

whose oxides

are easily reduced, are characteristic bottle-green color of iron

now
is

precipitated,

Those metals and the

clearly observable, unless

is

cobalt be present,

In this case the glass

again softened with

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

51

the II Fl, separated from the precipitated metals, fastened into the hook of a platinum wire and treated with the O Fl until the whole
of the iron

may be supposed to be converted into sesquioxide. The while hot, will appear green, and blue when cold, if only a glass, But when the amount of iron is more trace of iron is present.
it

considerable,

will be dark-green while hot

cold, the latter color resulting

and bright-green when from the mixture of the blue of

and the yellow of iron. The metals remaining behind on Ch after the treatment with Bx, and which frequently are only copper and nickel (lead, antimony, and bismuth being volatilized),
cobalt

may
To

be treated as shown

71.

detect iron in arsenides and sulphides, the assay is well cal cined, and the calcined mass treated as above [No. 86 and No. 79].
of
84. The oxides of iron when associated with a large quantity manganese [No. 84 and No. 69], color the Bx bead on platinum

wire in the

Fl, red.

To show

the presence of iron the bead

is

removed from the wire, placed on Ch, and treated with tin in the R Fl. The vitriol-green color of iron will appear in its purity. When associated with the oxides of manganese and cobalt, a minute quantity of iron cannot very well be detected by means of the blow pipe alone. When accompanied by the oxides of copper and nickel Fl [No. 78 or No. 85], the assay is dissolved in Bx on Ch in the and the glass treated as shown 83. 85. The presence of chromium prevents any conclusive deduc
tion as to the presence of iron from the color of the beads. In such a case the substance [No. 71] may be mixed with three parts of nitre and one of Sd, and the mixture fused in small portions
into the

hook of a thick platinum wire.

The

alkaline chrornate is

dissolved in water and the residue treated with the fluxes.

The

presence of the oxides of iron when associated with the oxides of uranium cannot be ascertained by means of the blow-pipe alone.

Lead.
The
Table
reactions of lead and its compounds, see
II, 12.

12, 23, 36,

and

86. An alloy of lead and zinc [No. 50] deposits a Ct of oxide of lead mixed with oxide of zinc; the presence of lead is shown

52

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF
it

by the color of the Ct and by the azure-blue tinge which

to the

imparts

R Fl (v.

23).

An alloy of lead and bismuth [No 49] deposits a Ct somewhat darker than that of pure lead, in which the presence of bismuth may be detected as shown 59, and the presence of lead by the
azure-blue color of the
87.

Fl.
is

detect lead in sulphides, the substance Fl the lead is detected and treated with the

To

placed on
its

Ch

by

Ct.

An

admixture of antimony cannot by this means be ascertained, since

the ring of sulphate of lead, surrounding that of the oxide, bears p. In striking resemblance to the Ct formed by antimonious acid.
this case the pulverized assay [No. 85] is mixed with a sufficient If no Fl. quantity of Sd, and treated for a short time with the

antimony is present a pure yellow Ct with bluish-white edges is formed but in presence of antimony this Ct is surrounded by
;

another, white one, of antimonious acid.

The oxide

of lead Ct

appears, moreover, darker than usual, resembling that of bismuth, owing probably to the formation of antimonate of lead. If this

Ct

is

scraped

off

59, in the case of bismuth, the bead,

color,
is

from the Ch and treated with S Ph as mentioned on cooling, assumes a black

whereby, in absence of bismuth, the presence of antimony very small quantity of antimony can by this method proved. out with certainty, since, by keeping up the blast for not be found

some time, the sulphide of sodium begins

the

Ch with

to vaporize and to coat a ring of sulphate of soda (v. 30). 88. When sulphide of lead is associated with a considerable

quantity of sulphide of copper [No. 89], the metallic globule, obtained by the process of reduction, does not betray, by its phys But if the alloy is removed ical properties, the presence of lead.
flux and played upon with a powerful O Fl, the greater part of the lead will be volatilized and deposit a Ct.

from the

Litliia.
89.

To

detect lithia in silicates which contain only

:

little

of

it,

proceed as follows

The substance [No. 67]

is

reduced to a
1

fine

powder and mixed

\vith

about 2 parts of a mixture of

part of

fluor-spar with 1^ parts of bisulphate of potassa; a few drops of

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

53

water are added and the whole kneaded into a paste. The mass is fused with the blue cone of the flame into the hook of a platinum

The is present the outer flame will appear red. not very intense, and verging into violet. The presence of potassa does not prevent the reaction, but makes the flame appear still more violet soda makes the reaction uncertain.
wire.

If lithia

color

is

Manganese.
The reactions of manganese, see Table II, 13. 90. The presence of manganese in any compound substance
is

readily detected by mixing the pulverized assay [No. 66 or No. 84] Fl with about 2 or 3 parts of Sd, and fusing it by means of the on platinum foil. Manganate of soda is formed, which, while hot,
is

green and transparent, and, on cooling, turns bluish-green and

The reaction is very distinct when as much as one-tenth per cent, of manganese is present. But even the slightest trace may be detected when, instead of Sd, a mixture of 1 part of nitre
opaque.
is used. Chromium does not prevent the merely changing the color to yellowish-green. It is only in presence of silica and cobalt that this test is not available, since

with 2 parts of Sd

reaction,

at a high

temperature the silica unites with the soda to silicate of which, in dissolving the oxide of cobalt, produces a blue glass, soda, and thus interferes with the manganese color.

Mercury. The reactions

Table
II, 14.

of mercury and its compounds, see

is

11, IT,

and

91.

Mercury

detected in

amalgams [No. 47] by the sublimate

of metallic mercury which they yield, closed at one end.

when

heated in a glass tube

When

in

iodine or ox-acids, the substance

combination with sulphur [No. 81], chlorine [No. 39], is previously mixed with some

anhydrous Sd or some neutral oxalate of potassa. are retained by the soda, and mercury sublimes.

The

acids,

<fec.,

If the quantity of mercury is so small, that the nature of the sublimate cannot with certainty be ascertained, the experiment has
to be repeated, a piece of iron wire

around which a gold-leaf has been wrapped being at the same time introduced into the tube and

5*

54

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF
if

held close above the assay. The gold-leaf will turn white so little mercury be present.

ever

Nickel.

The
92.

reactions of nickel, see Table II, 16. To detect nickel in metallic compounds which are fusible
is

before the Blp, the assay

treated with

iron, cobalt, &c., enter into the flux

G9,

and

Bx on Ch in the R Fl may be detected as shown

;

behind.

while the metals whose oxides are easily reduced remain This operation is repeated until the glass appears no

longer colored.
Fl.

The remaining globule is treated with S Ph in the obtain either the pure color of nickel, or that of nickel mixed with copper (v. 72); in this case it is treated on Ch

We now

tin, whereby the presence of copper may be ascertained. Bismuth or antimony prevents the reaction for .copper, the bead Such compounds must, previous to turning black, instead of red. their treatment with fluxes, be heated, on Ch in R Fl until all

with

volatile substances are driven off [No. 82]. In arsenides and sulphides nickel is detected

by the methods
70).

given

for cobalt

under the same circumstances

(v.

Nitric acid.
93. The perfectly dry substance [No. 23] is heated in a matrass with some bisulphate of potassa orange-yellow vapors of nitrous acid are emitted, even if but a small quantity of a nitrate is present.
;

Phosphoric acid.
94.

very minute quantity of phosphoric acid

14],

may be

detected

adding a drop of concen trated sulphuric acid, fastening the paste into the hook of a plati num wire, and playing upon it with the blue cone of the flame

by pulverizing the substance [No.

the outer flame will assume a bluish-green color (v. 35). Certain azotizcd compounds, as nitric acid, nitrate of ammonia,
chloride of

ammonium,

&c.,

when

fastened into the hook of a plati

wire and touched with the cone of the blue flame, impart to the outer flame a bluish-green color, resembling that caused by

num

phosphoric acid. 95. In a substance, containing not less than about 5 per cent, of phosphoric acid, the presence of the latter may be shown by dis-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

55

solving the assay [Xo. 68] on Ch in boracic acid and forcing into the glass, when a good fusion is effected, a piece of fine steel wire Fl is then given. The iron is oxidized at the expense of a good
;

the phosphoric acid, causing the formation of a borate of the oxide

of iron and phosphide of iron, which fuses at a sufficiently high The bead is then taken from the Ch, enveloped in a temperature.
piece of paper, and struck lightly with a hammer, by which means It the phosphide of iron is separated from the surrounding flux.
exists as a metallic-looking button, attractable

by the magnet, fran on the anvil, the fracture having the color of iron. If the sub gible stance under assay contained no phosphoric acid, the iron wire will
keep
its

will be oxidated

form and metallic and burnt.

iron.

lustre,

The substance
acid, or

excepting at the ends, where it to be assayed ought not

to contain sulphuric

acid, arsenic

any metallic oxides

re

ducible

by Phosphate of lead exhibits the peculiarity of crystallizing on cooling after having been fused on Ch the crystals have frequently
;

large facets of a pearly lustre.

Potassa.
97.

The
(v.

violet color of the flame is sufficiently characteristic for

33).

potassa

But being altogether prevented

or, at least,

made

very indistinct by the addition of a few per cent, of soda or lithia, For the detection it can only in a very few cases be made use of.
of potassa in silicates
it is

almost entirely unavailable, because these

compounds almost always contain some soda. 98. If the base of a compound consists essentially of potassa, the following method may be advantageously employed for its de
tection

Some Bx, to which a little boracic acid has been added, is melted into the hook of a platinum wire and so much protoxide of
:

nickel
color.
is

added that the glass on cooling shows a distinct brownish A small piece of the substance under examination [No. 15]
to adhere to the glass

made

and the whole fused together with

the

If the assay-piece contained no potassa, the color of the after perfect cooling, will have remained unchanged ; but if glass, potassa was present in sufficient quantity, the glass will appear
Fl.

bluish.

56

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

Selenium.
99.

volatile

reactions of selenium arc very characteristic. In non which do not give the red sublimate mentioned compounds,

The

11, the

selenium

is

stance [No. 87] on

if

Ch

much selenium

is

detected by heating a small piece of the sub in Fl, when the peculiar odor is evolved; 28. Selenites present, a Ct is deposited, v.

and selenates are treated on Ch with Sd in R Fl, when a reduction takes place and the selenium vaporizes with the characteristic odor.
Silica.
100. Pure silica [No. 54], when treated with Bx on platinum wire, dissolves slowly to a transparent glass which fuses with diffi Treated with S Ph in the same manner, only a small quan culty.
tity is dissolved, the

transparent mass.

The behavior

rest floating in the liquid bead as a semito Sd sec 39. With a little

So Co it assumes a pale bluish color which, on addition of a large quantity of the reagent, turns dark-gray or black; very thin splinters may be fussed by a great heat to a reddish-blue glass.
101.
Silicates [No. 61],

when

treated with S

Ph on platinum

decomposed; the bases unite with the free phosphoric acid to a transparent glass in which the silica may be seen floating as a
wire, are

The bead ought to be carefully observed gelatinous cloudy mass. while hot, since many silicates form a glass which on cooling opalizcs or becomes opaque, when, of course, the phenomenon can
no longer be seen. The experiment is best performed with a small splinter of the substance under examination, and only when this
does not appear to be affected by the flux, the finely pulverized sub If but a very small quantity of silica is stance should be used. the glass will appear perfectly transparent. Its presence in present, this case cannot be detected by means of the Blp.
102. Silicates containing at least so
tity of

much

silica

oxygen

in the acid is twice that of the

oxygen

that the quan in the base,

dissolve, when treated with Sd on Ch, with effervescence to a When less silica transparent glass which remains so when cold. is present decomposition also takes place, but the glass turns opaque

on cooling, the amount of

silicate of

soda which

is

formed not being

sufficient to dissolve the eliminated bases.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Silver.

57

The

reactions of silver, see

27,

and Table

II, 20.

103.

When

in

combination with metals which are volatile at a

is

high temperature, ex. gr. bismuth, lead, zinc, antimony, the substance heated alone on Ch, when, after evaporation of the foreign metals,

a button of pure silver remains behind and a feeble reddish Ct is deposited on the Ch. If associated with much lead or bismuth,

these metals are best removed by cupellation, a process which is executed in the following manner: Finely pulverized bone-ash is mixed with a minute quantity of soda and made with a little water
into a stiff paste; a hole is now bored into the Ch, filled with the and its surface smoothed and made slightly concave by

paste,

is

The mass pressing on it with the pestle of the little agate mortar. then dried by the flame of a common spirit lamp. On this little

cupel the assay [No. 51] is placed and so long heated with the O PI until the whole of the lead or bismuth is oxidized and absorbed

by the

cupel.

The

silver or, if gold is present, the alloy of silver

and gold remains as a bright metallic button on the cupel. 104. When combined with metals which are not volatile, but which are easier oxidized than silver, the presence of this metal

may in some cases be Bx or S Ph on Ch.

detected by simply treating the alloy with

Copper, nickel, cobalt, &c., become oxidized and their oxides dissolved by the flux, while silver remains behind
\vith a bright metallic surface.

But when these metals

is

are present

to a considerable extent, another course has to be pursued, a course

which may always be taken when a substance silver, or silver and gold.
105.

to be assayed for

The

mixed with
therefore,

vitrified

assay-piece [No. 86] is reduced to a fine powder, Bx and metallic lead (the quantities of which

altogether depend

upon the nature- of the substance, and for which, no general rule can be given), and the mass placed in a

powerful cylindrical hole of the Ch. metals have united to a button, and the
metallic globules. directed principally

Fl

is

given until the

The flame

is

now

slag appears free from converted into a Fl and

upon the button.

Sulphur, arsenic, antimony,

;

and other very

volatile substances, arc volatilized

iron, tin, cobalt,

58

ELDERIIORST
little

MANUAL

OF

and a

copper and nickel become oxidized and are absorbed by

the flux; silver and gold and the greater part of copper and nickel remain with the lead (and bismuth, if present). When all volatile

substances are driven off, the lead begins to become oxidized, and the button assumes a rotary motion; at this period the blast is dis continued, the assay is allowed to cool, and when perfectly cold the
lead button
a
is

hammer.

It is

separated from the glass by some slight strokes with now placed on a cupel of bone-ash and treated

Fl until it again assumes a rotatory motion. If much or nickel is present, the globule becomes covered with a copper thick infusible crust, which prevents the aimcd-at oxidation; in this

with the

case another small piece of pure lead has to be added. The blast is kept up until the whole of the lead and other foreign metals,
viz.,

copper and nickel, are oxidized

this is indicated

by the

ces

sation of the rotatory by the appearance of

surface of the button,
it

movement,
all

only little silver is present, or the tints of the rainbow over the whole
if

the ore was very rich in silver; after a few takes the look of pure silver. The oxides of lead, &c., are absorbed by the bone-ash, and pure silver, or an copper, alloy of silver with other noble metals, remains behind; the button
if

moments

may

be tested for gold, &c., after the method given in

79.

Sulphur. 100. The presence be detected by heating

the
Fl.
10*7.

of sulphur in sulphides may in many cases in a glass tube (v. 11, 14), or on Ch with

ever combination

very delicate test for the presence of sulphur, in what it may be contained in the substance, and which

possesses moreover the advantage over all other methods of beingvery easily performed, is to mix the pulverized assay [No. 4] with

some pure Sd or, better still, with a mixture of two parts of Sd and 1 of Bx, and to treat it on Ch with the R Fl. The fused mass is removed from the Ch, powdered, the powder placed on a silver foil or a bright silver coin, and a drop of water added. If the substance
under examination contained any sulphur, a black spot will be formed on the silver foil, owing to the formation of sulphide of silver from the decomposition of the sulphide of sodium, which, iii

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
its turn,

59

resulted from the decomposition of the sulphide or sul

phate, or other sulphur-compound of the assay-piece, under the Selenium shows the influence of Sd, Ch, and a high temperature.

same reaction
it

it is

readily recognized

by the peculiar odor which

obtained in the experiment

emits

when heated on Ch alone. 108. To decide whether the reaction

to the presence of a sulphide or to that of a sulphate, the finely-pulverized substance [No. 76] is fused in a small platinum

was owing

spoon with some hydrate of potassa.

is

The spoon with the contents

then placed into a vessel containing some water, and a piece of silver foil inserted into the liquid. If the silver remains perfectly

bright, a sulphate

was

present, if

it

turns black, a sulphide.

The
is

absence of substances which might exercise a reducing influence

required.

Tellurium.
109.

The presence of tellurium

11, 18, 29.

in

mineral substances

is

detected

In presence of lead or bismuth the reactions in the open tubes and on Ch are not quite pure. In

by the

tests given

this case

we may
is

subject the assay to the following treatment:

The

mixed with some Sd and charcoal-powder, the mixture introduced into a glass tube closed at one end, and heated to fusion after cooling, a few drops of hot water are poured into the tube; if tellurium was present, telluride of sodium has been formed, which
substance
dissolves in hot water with a purplish-red color. This test is ap to show the presence of tellurium in a great many com plicable pounds, even in such where it occurs in the oxidized state.

Tin.

The
Table

reactions of tin and

II, 22.

its

compounds, see

12, 26, 45,

and

110. The presence of tin is indicated stance [No. 13], alone or mixed with Sd,

by
is

its

Ct when the sub

to the

exposed

Fl

on Ch.
is an alloy, a little Bx which absorbs the oxide of tin in the measure conveniently added, as it is formed, and allows the presence of those metals which are more volatile, ex. gr. antimony, lead, bismuth, to be recognized by

When

the substance under examination

is

60
their coatings.

ELDERIIORST
Arsenic
is

MANUAL

OF

color which the

Bx bead assumes when

detected by its odor, arid iron by the re-fused on platinum wire in

the

Fl.

detect copper in tin or its alloy, the assay [No. 52] is fused with a flux consisting of 100 parts of Sd, 50 of vitrified Bx, and 30
silica. The flame is so directed that the metallic globule assumes a rotatory motion. When in this state the glass is kept covered, as much as possible, with the Fl, care being taken that the glo bule is at one side in contact with the glass, and at the other with

To

of

the Ch. as
it is

The

tin

becomes oxidized and the oxide, in the measure

;

formed, absorbed by the flux the remaining button is copper, pure or with a small quantity of tin, and may be readily tested with the usual fluxes.

Titanium.
111. Titanic acid,

when forming
is
;

any mineral substance,

fluxes, v.

Table

II,

23

the principal constituent of easily detected by its behavior with the but when in combination with bases these

reactions are not always clearly perceptible, being frequently sup pressed by the predominating reaction of the base. In such cases

we may

subject the assay to the following treatment,

by which
:

even very small quantities of titanic acid will become apparent the substance [No. 65] is reduced to a very fine pow^der, mixed with from 6 to 8 parts of bisulphate of potassa, and fused in a platinum

spoon at a low red-heat

vessel

the fused mass

is

dissolved in a porcelain

There

in the smallest possible quantity of water, aided by heat. remains an insoluble residue which is allowed to settle the
;

poured oft into a larger vessel, mixed with a few of nitric acid and at least six volumes of water, and heated drops to ebullition. If the substance under examination contained any The a white precipitate of titanic acid forms on boiling. titanium, is collected on a filter, washed with water, acidulated precipitate
clear liquid is

with

nitric acid,

and tested with S Pb.

Uranium.
112. The presence of this metal is easily recognized, in sub stances which contain no other coloring constituents, by the reac

tions given Table II, 25

the most characteristic test

is

that with

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
S Ph.

61
;

we

In presence of much iron this reaction becomes indistinct may then operate in the following manner the finely-pulverized
:

substance [No. 70] is fused with bisulphate of potassa, the fused in water, mixed with carbonate of ammonia in excess, the liquid separated from the precipitate by nitration, and the nitrate

mass dissolved

heated to ebullition.
cipitate is

If any uranium was present, a yellow pre thrown down, which gives with the fluxes the pure re

actions of uranium.

Zinc.

The
Table

reactions for zinc and its compounds, see

II, 27.

12, 25, 45,

and

113.

small

amount of

zinc,

when

associated with consider

able quantities of lead, or bismuth, or antimony, or tin, cannot with certainty be ascertained by means of the Blp. If the substance under examination contains the zinc as oxide

and treated on Ch

[No. 36], or but a small quantity of sulphide, it is mixed with Sd in Fl. Substances consisting essentially of

sulphide of zinc may be thus treated without the addition of Sd, and such as contain, beside oxide of zinc, other metallic oxides, are

conveniently mixed with some Sd to which about one-half of its weight of Bx has been added. ring of oxide of zinc is deposited on the Ch. When lead is present [No. 51] the Ct is frequently

not pure, being mixed up with the Ct of lead.

In this case it is moistened with some So Co and heated again with the Fl. The oxide of lead is reduced by the red-hot Ch and volatilized, while
the oxide of zinc remains behind with a green color (v.
6

45).

62

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

FOURTH CHAPTER.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORES; THEIR BEJIAVIOR BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE, AND TO SOLVENTS.
114. OF the physical properties of the minerals which are treated of in this chapter, only those are enumerated which serve best to For a more detailed discriminate the different ores from each other.

description I must refer to Dana s and other works on mineralogy. Among the distinguishing characters of minerals, their hardness and specific gravity stand foremost. The latter cannot be ascer

tained without a good balance, and will, for this reason, be of much less use to the practical man than the determination of hardness, an
set of operation which may be performed in a few moments. minerals, representing the scale of hardness, being not always at hand, it will be useful to give a scries of substitutes for them, as

arranged by Mr. Chapman: 1. Yields easily to the nail.

2.

sion from

Yields with difficulty to the nail, or merely receives an impres it. Does not scratch a copper coin.
;

but is also scratched by it, being of 3. Scratches a copper coin about the same degree of hardness. 4. Not scratched by a copper coin; does not scratch glass.
5.

der on
(>.

Scratches glass, though rather with it. Yields readily to the knife.

difficulty,

leaving

its

pow

7.

Scratches glass easily. Yields wr ith difficulty to the knife. Does not yield to the knife. Yields to the edge of a file,
difficulty.
9.

though with
8.

10.

Harder than
is

flint.

The
1.

scale of hardness, as introduced

by Mohs, and enlarged by

variety.

Breithaupt,

as follows:

Talc;

2.

common laminated light-green Gypsum a crystalline variety.

;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
2.5.
3.
4. 5.

63

Foliated Mica.

Calcareous Spar; transparent variety. Fluor Spar; crystalline variety.

Apatite
5.5.
;

transparent variety.

6.
7.

Scapolite; crystalline variety. Orthoclase; white cleavable variety.

Quartz; transparent.

8. 9.

Topaz; transparent.
Sapphire; cleavable varieties.

10.

Diamond.
test the hardness of a mineral
firstly,

To

ent manners:

by attempting

to scratch

we may proceed in two differ it w ith the minerals

r

enumerated in the
a
file.

scale, successively, or, secondly,

by abrasion with

If the
4,

file

abrades the mineral under trial with the same

ease as No.

same
4,

force, its

and produces an equal depth of abrasion with the hardness is said to be 4. If with more facility than
5,

but less than

the hardness

may

be 4

or 4J.

Several succes

sive trials should be

practicable, both

made

to obtain certain results; and,

when

methods should be employed.

ORES OF ANTIMONY.

lead-gray color and metallic of columnar structure, consisting of a vast number Usually of needle-shaped crystals, sometimes side by side, sometimes diver
.

Gray Antimony [Stibnite]. H=2. G=4.5. Of 115. Sb S

3

lustre.

In a matrass, some times yields a slight sublimate of sulphur on increasing the heat r by application of the Blp flame, a sublimate is produced w hich
;

gent. Very brittle. It fuses readily in the flame of a candle.

and which consists of a mixture of In an open glass acid. emits sulphurous acid and antinionial fumes. On Ch it is tube, the Ch with oxide of antimony, which, when volatilized, covering touched with the R Fl, disappears with a pale greenish-blue tinge.
after cooling is brownish-red,

tersulphide of

antimony with antimonious

When pure, wholly soluble in heated hydrochloric acid with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen ; usually a residue of chloride

4>4

ELDERIIORST
is
left.

MANUAL

OF
;

of lead
tion,

Partly decomposed by caustic potassa

the solu

when mixed with an

116.

acid, affords a yellowish-red precipitate.

Berthierite.
3 11=23. Composition variable, sometimes FeS-f-SbS less splendent than gray antimony; 0=4 4.3. Metallic lustre, color dark steel-gray.
.

Heated
;

in a matrass, fuses

and yields a

slight sublimate of sul

phur on application of a strong heat, a black sublimate of sul phide of antimony is formed, which, on cooling, becomes brownishred.

In an open glass tube it behaves like the preceding ore. In Oh, fuses easily and coats the charcoal with oxide of antimony there remains, finally, a black slag, which is attracted by the magnet
;

and gives with fluxes the iron reaction.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid.

Red Antimony [Kermesite].

117.

2SbS -fSb0
s

3
.

11=11.5.

0=4.54.6.

Usually

in

tufts of capillary crystals of cherry-red color.

In a matrass, fuses readily and yields a slight yellowish-red subli mate with strong heat, boils and gives a black sublimate which, when cold, is brownish-red. In an open tube and on Ch, behaves
;

like

gray antimony.

with evolution of sulphuretted mineral, when treated with caustic hydrogen. and dissolves completely. potassa, assumes an ochre-yellow color
It dissolves in hydrochloric acid

The powdered

ORES OF ARSENIC.
Native Arsenic.
118. As, with traces of Sb, Of metallic lustre and (3_5 9

Ag, Fe, Co, and

tin-white
color,

Ni.

tarnishing

11=3.5. on

exposure to

air to dark-gray.
;

on Ch, behaves like pure arsenic. In both cases, sometimes, a residue is left, which, when treated with fluxes, exhibits the reactions of iron, cobalt, and nickel.

Heated

in a matrass, sublimes

(See

83.)

Realgar.
119.

As S

2
.

11=1.52.

= 3.43.6.
color,

sometimes of orange-yellow

Usually of and resinous lustre.

bright-red,
Sectile.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
In a matrass, fuses,
after cooling, is red
boils,

65

and

finally sublimes; the sublimate,

In an open glass tube, when heated, yields a sublimate of arsenous acid, sulphurous carefully On Ch, fuses readily and burns with a yellowishacid escaping.

and transparent.

white flame, emitting grayish-white fumes which possess the Subjected to the treatment described peculiar alliaceous odor. 55, a sublimate of metallic arsenic is obtained.

but aqua regia dissolves it with the sulphur being precipitated. continued digestion, part of heated solution of caustic potassa decomposes it, leaving a brown
easily affected

Not

by acids

ish-black

6 powder (As S) undissolved.

Orpiment.
G=3.4. A foliaceous mineral of and resinous or pearly lustre. Sectile. lemon-yellow color, Before the Blp, behaves like the preceding, with this difference, that the sublimate, after cooling, is dark yellow and transparent. Soluble in aqua regia, caustic potassa, and ammonia.
120.

AsS

11=1.52.

White Arsenic [Arsenolite].

11=1.5. G=3.6. Occurs usually in minute capil lary crystals of a white color, and vitreous or silky lustre. Before the Blp it behaves like pure arsenous acid (v. 9,
121.
.

AsO

15>

Table

II, 2).

Slightly soluble in hot water; more so in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid.

ORES OP BISMUTH.
Native Bismuth.
122. Bi;
red.

H=2

2.5.

G=9.7.

Lustre metallic.

Brittle

when

Color silver-white, tinged with cold; but, when hot, may be

laminated.
crystallized.

Occurs

foliated, granular,

and arborescent occasionally

;

Before the Blp

water.

it

behaves

like

pure bismuth
;

(v.
is

17, 22).

Readily dissolved by

nitric acid

the solution

precipitated

by

Telluric
123. Bi

Bismuth [Tetradymite].
and Te in variable proportions.

n=1.5

2.

G=7.3

6*

66
8.4.

ELDERHORST
Of pale

MANUAL

OP

Occurs steel-gray color, and high metallic lustre. in tabular crystals, or foliated masses; the laminae are usually
elastic.

It soils paper.

it fuses readily, emitting a white smoke which partly condenses, coating the tube near the assay-piece with a white powder, intermixed with red spots on directing the flame
;

In an open glass tube

fuses to colorless drops (TeO 2 ), while the red sub limate (Se) disappears. On Ch, fuses instantly to a metallic globule which, when touched with the inner flame, imparts a bluish-green

on this Ct,

it

color to the outer one, sometimes gives out selenium vapors, and deposits, close to the assay-piece, a dark orange Ct, surrounded at

a greater distance by a white Ct. Soluble in nitric acid.

Bismutite.
124.
3 3 3(Bi0 .C0 -fHO) + Bi0 .HO. 11=4
2

4.5.

G=G.9. Usu

ally of a white or light greenish color, and vitreous lustre; in acicular crystallizations.

In a matrass, decrepitates, yields a little water, and turns gray. Ch, fuses very readily and is reduced, with effervescence, to a metallic globule, covering the Ch with a Ct of oxide of bismuth.

On

If the blast is kept

volatilized
Fl,

may

up for some time the whole of the bismuth is and there remains a scoriaceous mass which, in the R be fused to a globule, and which with fluxes gives the

indications of copper and iron. phur reaction ( 107).

With Sd

it

usually gives the sul

Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with effervescence; the solution has a yellow color.

Bismutliine.
In acicular crystals or. 6.4 6.55. 2.5. of metallic lustre, and lead-gray color, with a yellowish massive; or iridescent tarnish.
125.
.

BiS 3

H=2

G=

In a matrass, fuses and yields a slight sublimate of sulphurCarefully heated in an open tube, it fuses and yields sulphurous acid and a coat of sulphate of bismuth; the latter may be fused, by
application of the Blp flame, to brown drops which, when cold, appear yellow and opaque. On Ch, fuses and boils, throwing out

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

67

small drops in a state of incandescence, and deposits a Ct of oxide of bismuth. The solution Soluble in nitric acid with deposition of sulphur.
gives a white precipitate with water.
2 3 CuO, and quantities of Fe G=4.36. Occurs usually pulverulent or earthy. AsO Soluble in Before the Blp it behaves like pure oxide of bismuth.
,

Bismuth Ochre. 3 126. BiO containing minute

5
.

nitric acid.

ORES OP CHROMIUM.

Chromic Iron.

APO ). H=5.5. G=4.3 46. (FeO, CrO, MgO)+(Cr Occurs usually massive of iron-black or brownish-black color, with Some varieties are a shining and somewhat metallic lustre.
127.
2

magnetic.

Heated
ceps.

In

Bx

Infusible in the for in a matrass, remains unchanged. Fl it follows the magnet. After having been exposed to the and S Ph slowly, but completely, soluble to a transparent

glass,

which

is

beautiful green after cooling.

Mixed with Sd and

and heated on platinum-foil, the mass fuses and becomes yel low. With Sd on Ch in R Fl it affords metallic iron. Concentrated acids affect it but little, even when finely pulverized they dissolve only a little iron. Fused with caustic potassa, chronitre
;

mate of potassa

is

formed.

ORES OF COBALT.
Smaltine.
128. (Co, Fe,

steel-gray color,

Ni) As.H=3.5 6. G=6.4 and metallic lustre.

7.2.

Of

tin-white or

In a matrass, usually yields, when heated to redness, a sublimate In an open glass tube, affords a copious subli of metallic arsenic.

mate of
acid.

On Ch

crystallized arsenous acid, and sometimes emits sulphurous it fuses readily, with emission of copious arsenical

fumes, to a grayish-black magnetic globule which, with the fluxes, gives the indications of iron, cobalt, and nickel.

With
posited.

nitric acid it gives

a pink solution, arsenous acid being de

63

ELDERHORST
Cobaltine.

MANUAL OP

G=6 6.3. Of silver-white and and metallic lustre. color, Unchanged in the matrass. In an open glass tube, yields a sub limate of arsenous acid and vapors of sulphurous acid. On Ch, emits copious arsenical and sulphur fumes and fuses to a dull black metallic globule, which is attracted by the magnet, and which, when
129.

CoS 2 +CoAs.

11=5.5.

sometimes reddish

treated with fluxes, gives the indications of cobalt and iron, and sometimes also those of nickel.

Dissolves in heated nitric acid, arsenous acid being deposited.

Cobalt Pyrites [Linnseite]. 2 130. CoS+Co S 3 H=5.5. G=4.8

.

5.

Of a more

or less

bright steel-gray color, regular octahedron.

arid

metallic lustre.

Crystallizes in the

In an open glass tube, sulphurous acid is abundantly evolved and sometimes a slight sublimate of arsenous acid formed. On Ch,
small pieces of the mineral readily fuse to a globule which, when cold, is covered with a black rough crust, and which is attracted by The pulverized mineral, after having been well cal the magnet.
cined, dissolves in

Bx

in

highly saturated bead of this kind,

Fl to a blue transparent glass. In a when treated on Ch with RF1,

particles of metallic nickel may be seen floating about. Soluble in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur.

Cobalt
131.

2.5. G 2.9. Usually of crimson or peach-red color; when crystallized, of pearly lustre; fre

3CoO.

Bloom [Erythrine]. As0 -f 8110. H = L5

5

quently dull and earthy, forming incrustations. Heated in a matrass, loses water, and the color changes to blue
or green. small crystal, exposed to the inner flame, fuses and On Ch in RF1, emits arsenical colors the outer flame pale-blue.

fumes and melts to a dark-gray globule of arsenide of cobalt which,

with fluxes, gives the pure cobalt-reactions. Acids dissolve it readily to a rose-colored liquid; the solution in concentrated hydrochloric acid appears blue, while hot. The pul
verized mineral

the pow is partly decomposed by caustic potassa der assumes a bluish-gray color and the solution is sapphire-blue.
;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

69

Lavendulan.
132.

AsO 5 CoO,
,

NiO, CuO, and HO.

;

H=2.5

3.

G=3.

Amorphous, with a greasy lustre color lavender-blue. Heated in a matrass, gives out water. In the forceps, fuses easily and colors the outer flame pale-blue the fused mass becomes crys talline on cooling. On Ch in R Fl it fuses with emission of arsenical fumes. With fluxes, gives the reactions of Co, Ni, and Cu (see 92).
;

Earthy

Cobalt.

Wad (see 184), containing sometimes a considerable quantity of oxide of cobalt, in combination with silicic or arsenic acid.
133. It is a variety of

With Bx
becomes
foil it

in

FJ, gives a dark-violet

glass,

which in the

RF1

blue.

The S Ph bead when

treated on

Ch

with metallic

tin frequently exhibits the copper-reaction.

With Sd on platinum;

shows the presence of manganese.

the solu

Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine

tion is usually blue, and on addition of water

becomes

red.

ORES OF COPPER.
Native Copper.
134. Pure Copper. H=2.5 3. G=8.9. Of metallic lustre, and copper-red color. Occurs usually massive or arborescent. It fuses on Ch to a globule which, if the heat is sufficiently high,

assumes a bright bluish-green surface on cooling it becomes covered with a crust of black oxide. With the fluxes it gives the usual indi
;

cations of copper. It dissolves readily in nitric acid.

Copper Pyrites [Chalcopyrite] 3 135. Cu S-fFe 2 S H=3.5 4. G = 4.1

.

4.3.

Of a

brass-yel

low color and metallic lustre on exposure to moist air it becomes iridescent on its surface. It occurs crystallized, but usually mas
;

sive.

It is easily scratched with a knife, giving a greenish-black

powder.

Heated in a matrass, decrepitates and yields sometimes a faint sublimate of sulphur, assuming at the same time a darker color or
becoming
iridescent.

Heated

in

an open glass tube, sulphurous

Ch, when heated,
it

acid is given out abundantly.

On

blackens,

70

ELDERHORST

MANUAL OF
it

but becomes red on cooling; with continued heat

globule, which
is

fuses to a black

attracted

and reddish-gray in
roasting, gives with

by the magnet this globule is brittle The pulverized mineral, after the fracture.
;

fluxes

the

indications of iron

and copper.

With Sd on Ch
masses.

reduced; the metals are obtained in separate Moistened with hydrochloric acid it colors the flame blue,
it

is

even previous to fusion.

It dissolves in nitric acid and,

more

readily, in

aqua

regia, leaving

a residue of sulphur.

Purple Copper [Erubescite]. 3 H=3. G=4.4 136. 3 Cu S-f Fe S

>2

5.

When

crystalline,

it

usually affects the cubical form, and

is

of a pale yellowish color;

;

when

massive,

its

color

is

copper-red to reddish-brown

it

speedily

tarnishes,

When

assuming various hues, mostly purple, blue, and reddish. scratched with a knife it gives a grayish powder.
it

Before the Blp

pyrites.

shows pretty much the same behavior

it,

as copper

Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves

part of the sulphur behind.

leaving the greater

Copper Glance. 137. Cu S. H=2.5

2

3.

G= 5.5

5.8.

Of a

blackish lead-gray

color, often

with a bluish or greenish tint on

its surface.

Occurs

usually in

compact masses, very often shining.

in a matrass,

Heated
which

nothing volatile

tube, sulphurous acid is evolved.

On

is given out. In an open Ch, readily fuses to a globule,

boils, and emits glowing drops, sulphurous acid escaping abundantly; the outer flame is at the same time colored blue.

With Sd on Ch
In heated

it

yields a globule of metallic copper.

nitric acid it dissolves, leaving a residue of sulphur.

.

Gray Copper [Tetrahedrite]

138.
silver

(Cu

S.

FeS. ZnS) (SbS 3

Color between steeland mercury. H=3 4.5. and iron-black. gray Heated in a matrass, fuses and finally yields a dark-red sublimate In an open glass of tersulphide of antimony with antimonious acid. tube, fuses and gives thick fumes of antimony (and arsenous acid),

AsS ) G=4.5 5.
3
.

frequently containing

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
and sulphurous acid mercury, when present, condenses
;

71
in the

upper

On Ch it fuses readily part of the tube, forming a metallic mirror. to a globule, emitting thick white fumes and sulphur vapor; coatings of antimonious acid and of oxide of zinc are deposited the latter is
;

nearer to the assay-piece and may be tested with SoCo [v. 45]. To detect arsenic, v. 56. To detect mercury, add to the finely pulverized assay three times its weight of dry Sd and treat the

The pulverized mineral, after having mixture as directed 91. been well roasted, gives with the fluxes the indications of iron and To copper; with Sd, affords metallic copper and a little iron.
detect silver, treat the mineral with pure lead and
105.

Bx

as directed

When

pulverized

it

is

decomposed by

nitric acid, the solution

has a brownish-green color;

antimonious acid (and arsenous acid)

and sulphur remain undissolved. Caustic potassa effects partial the sulphide of antimony (and arsenic) enters into solution, and is, on addition of an acid, re-precipitated.
decomposition
;

Tennantite.
139.

4(Cu
;

S,

FeS),

AsS

3
.

H=3.5

4.

G=4.37

4.5.

Always

color blackish lead-gray to iron-black. ; crystallized In a matrass, gives a sublimate of tersulphide of arsenic. In an On open tube, sulphurous acid and a sublimate of arsenous acid.

metallic lustre

Ch, fuses easily with emission of sulphur and arsenic vapors to a dark-gray globule, which is attracted by the magnet. The pul verized mineral gives, after calcination, with fluxes, the reaction of
iron and copper.

Arsenical Copper [Domeykite],

140.

Cu6 As.
;

H=3

3.5.

Reniform, massive, or disseminated

;

lustre metallic

color tin-white

black and soft

Heated in a matrass, yields a little arsenous acid; the assay-piece assumes a silver-white color. an open tube, affords a "crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid.

impure. water and a sublimate of

when

In

On

Ch, fuses easily with emission of a strong alliaceous odor to a yellowish metallic mass, which gives the copper reactions.

Readily soluble in

nitric acid

decomposed by hydrochloric

acid,

metallic arsenic remaining undissolved.

72

ELDERHORST
Atacamite.
141.

MANUAL

OF

CuCl+3CuO-f 3HO.

H=3
;

3.5.

G=4

crystalline, or massive lamellar

color various

4.3. Occurs shades of bright

green, sometimes blackish-green.

Heated in a matrass, gives out water and a gray sublimate, which, on cooling, becomes grayish-white the water shows acid reaction. On Ch, fuses readily, colors the outer flame azure-blue,
;

reduced to a globule of metallic copper two coatings deposited on the Ch, the one grayish-white, and the other brownish, which, on being played upon with the II Fl, change their
is finally
;

and
are

place with an azure-blue tinge. Easily soluble in acids.

Red
142.

Copper.
2

Cu O. H=3.5 4. G=5.8 6. Usually of a very intense, deep red color, occasionally crimson-red exceedingly friable. Heated in the pincers, fuses and colors the outer flame emerald;

green moistened with hydrochloric acid and treated in the same manner, the color is azure-blue. On Ch it blackens, then fuses quietly, and finally yields a globule of metallic copper which, on
;

cooling,

becomes covered with a coating of black oxide. Dissolves readily in nitric acid. With hydrochloric acid it gives a brownish solution, which on addition of water is decomposed, a
It is also

white precipitate of subchloride of copper being formed.

soluble in
air is

ammonia
;

the solution

is

colorless

when

the access of

prevented

on exposure to

air it

turns blue.

Malachite.
143.

2CuO.C0

-j-HO.

11=3.55. G=3.7
;

4.

in the shape of pact,

mammillated concretions

the interior

Occurs usually is very com

and lustre shining, in the fracture sometimes earthy, some

times silky; of a bright green color. Heated in a matrass, gives out water and turns black.

On Ch

fuses to a globule, and affords metallic copper when the heat is sufheated in the forceps, the outer flame is colored ciently high
!

green.

With
II, 8).

fluxes

and Sd

it

behaves

like oxide of

copper

(v.

Table

It dissolves in acids

with effervescence

also soluble in

ammonia.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Azurite [Blue Malachite].
144.

73

2(CuO.C0

+ CuO.HO. H=3.5

4.

G=3.5
;

3.8.

Occurs

usually crystallized, or in globular masses of columnar structure. either earthy or It is easily distinguished by its fine blue color
vitreous in lustre.

Before the Blp, and to solvents,

it

behaves

like malachite.

Copper
145.

Vitriol [Cyanosite].
3

CuOS0 +5HO.

H=2.5.
;

G = 2.21.

Lustre vitreous

and nauseous. Heated in a matrass, swells up. gives out water, and becomes white. On Ch, colors the outer flame green, fuses, and affords a
color various shades of blue
taste metallic

After button of metallic copper, crusted with a coat of sulphide. calcination, gives with fluxes the reactions of copper, sometimes
also those of iron.

Soluble in
solution

w atcr
r

a polished plate of iron introduced into the

becomes coated with copper.

5 5

PJiosplioclialcite.

3CuO.P0 -f 3(CuO.HO), sometimes 2(3CuO.P0 )-f HO -H(CuO.HO). H=4.5 5. G=4 4.4. Occurs both crystallized
146.

and massive.

Of adamantine

lustre,

and dark emerald-green or

blackish-green color. In a matrass, gives out water and blackens.

A piece, previously heated in a matrass, fuses in the forceps to a black globule, which becomes crystalline on cooling. With Bx and S Ph, behaves like
oxide of copper.

Strongly heated on

Ch with

a sufficient quantity

of Sd, nearly all the copper is obtained as a metallic globule. Mixed with an equal volume of metallic lead and fused on Ch, a

globule of metallic copper is obtained, surrounded by a fused mass of phosphate of lead, which on cooling crystallizes. Soluble in nitric acid, and in caustic ammonia.

Olivenite.
147.

3CuO.

5 5 (As0 .P0 ) + CuO.HO.

H=3.

G=4.1

4.4.

Crystallized, or in globular and reniform masses, of indistinctly fibrous structure. Color usually olive-green.

In a matrass, yields a
7

little

water.

globule and colors the outer flame bluish-green

In the forceps, fuses to a the fused mass

;

74
crystallizes

ELDERHORST
on cooling.

MANUAL

OP

On Ch, fuses

of arsenical vapors to a metallic globule the globule somewhat brittle, and covered with a brown scoria.
;

with detonation and emission is white and

metallic lead,

it

is

decomposed

in the

Fused with same manner as the pre

ceding ore. Dissolves in nitric acid, also in ammonia.

Tyrolite.
148.
2.
5

[(3CuO.As0

+SHO) + 2(CuO.HO)] + CaO.C0

sectile.

2
.

H=l-

G=3.
Heated

Usually reniform, massive; structure radiate foliaceous.

Color pale-green.
ens.

Very

On

in a matrass, decrepitates, yields much water, and black Ch, fuses with emission of arsenical vapors to a gray

scoriaceous mass, in which minute globules of metallic copper When the mineral is fused on Ch, with occasionally appear.

addition of Sd and Bx, until the oxide of copper is completely reduced and the slag dissolved in hydrochloric acid, a solution is obtained in which the presence of lime may be shown by the

proper reagents. Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence, also in ammonia.

ChrysocoUa. 149. 3CuO. 2Si0 3 -f 6HO.

as an incrustation.
It

11=23.

G=2.

Occurs usually
;

very much resembles malachite

its

color
;

is

bluish-green, and it is remarkable for its great compactness its surface is very smooth, giving it the appearance of an enamel or a

well-fused slag. In a matrass, yields water and blackens. coloring the outer flame intensely green.
in

R Fl
It is

turns red.
;

tions of copper

the S

S Ph and Bx Ph bead shows a cloud of undissolved

acids, silica

In the forceps infusible, in Fl blackens, dissolve it with the usual indica

On Ch

silica.

With Sd on Ch,

affords globules of metallic copper.

decomposed by

remaining undissolved.

ORES OF GOLD, PLATINUM, AND IRIDIUM.

Native Gold.
150.

Combination of

Au

and

Ag

in variable proportions,

some
19.5.

times with traces of

Fe and Cu.

H=2.5

3.

G= 15.6

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Easily distinguished by
its its

75

high

specific

gravity, and

malleability, its cutting like lead, its Color and streak resistance to acids.
It usually occurs in variously

various shades of gold-yellow.

torted

con

and branched

filaments, in scales, in plates, or in small

irregular masses. On Ch, fuses to a globule which, after cooling, has a bright With SPh in OF1, a bead is formed which metallic surface.

opalizes on cooling, or

becomes opaque and yellow, according to

it

the amount of silver which

contains.
;

Resists the action of heated concentrated nitric acid

soluble

only in

aqua

regia.

Graphic Tellurium [Sylvanite].

151.

AgTe+2AuTe

3
.

H=1.5

2.

G = 5.f. Of

metallic lustre

and steel-gray color. Very sextile. In an open glass tube, yields a white sublimate which, when played upon with the flame, fuses to transparent drops. On Ch, fuses to a dark-gray globule, depositing at the same time a white Ct which, when touched with the RF1, disappears, tinging the flame
It finally affords a 29, 35). bluish-green (see light-yellow malle able globule of metallic lustre.

Soluble in aqua regia, leaving a residue of chloride of silver.

solution gives a white precipitate with water.

The

Native Platinum. 152. Pt, usually combined with a sometimes Cu and Pb.

little

Fe,

Ir,

Os, Pd, Rh, and

G=16 19. Usually occurs in grains of silver4.5. whitish or gray color, malleable and ductile. Infusible before the Blp and not acted upon by fluxes. Soluble
only in heated aqua regia. The solution gives a yellow granular precipitate with chloride of potassium.

H=4

Osm ium-Iridium
153.
21.1.

[Iridosmine]

The

3 4 light variety IrOs and IrOs

11=6

f.

G=19.3

Occurs usually in irregular flattened grains, of metallic lustre and tin-white color but little malleable.
; ;

Infusible before the Blp characteristic osmium odor

when
is

fused with nitre in a matrass, the produced. The fused mass is soluble

76
in

ELDERHORST
water
;

MANUAL

OF

cipitate.

The dark

the solution gives, on addition of nitric acid, a green pre varieties lose before the Blp the metallic lustre,
held in the alcohol flame, impart to
it

and,
color

when

a yellowish-red

and great luminating power. Not visibly affected by any acid.

ORES OF IRON.
Meteoric Iron.
154. Fe with variable quantities of Ni (from and traces of Co, Mg, Mn, Sn, Cu, Cr, Si, C, Cl, G=7.3 7.8, rarely as low as 6. Lustre metallic
ductile
;

1 to

20 per cent.)

S,
;

and P.H=4.5.
;

color iron-gray

strongly attracted

by

the magnet.

Infusible.

iron.

To
must

piece

On Ch with Bx or S Ph gives only the reactions of detect the presence of the other heavy metals, the assaybe dissolved in aquaregia, the liquid mixed with ammonia
and the ammoniacal

in excess, filtered,

sulphydrate of ammonia.

The

filtrates precipitated with precipitate consists of the sulphides

of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and copper, which a filter and treated with Bx on Ch as described

may be
70.

collected on

Brown Hematite
155.

[Liinonite].

Fe 2

3
.

3110.

11=55.5.

G=3.6

4.

Of a

dull

brownish-yellow
often in

color,

earthy or semi-metallic in appearance, and

stalactitic forms.
;

mammillary or

In a matrass, yields water, and red sesquioxide remains in pla tinum forceps, fusible on the edges gives with Bx and S Ph an iron reaction the clayey varieties treated with S Ph give a cloud
;

of undissolved silica

treated with
is

Sd and

nitre

on platinum-foil,

the

manganese

reaction

almost always obtained.

5.3. Of a dark steel-gray or iron-black color, and usually of metallic lustre its powder is red. becomes magnetic after roasting, and gives the Infusible alone
2
.

Specular Iron [Hematite]. 3 11=5.56.5. G=4.5 156. Fe

usual indications of iron with the fluxes

ily in heated hydrochloric acid.

its

powder

dissolves read

Contains sometimes chromium and

68

titanium, which

may

be detected by the processes given in

and 111.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

77

Magnetic Iron Ore [Magnetite]. 3 11=5.56.5. G=4.9 157. FeO. Fe

2
.

5.2.

Its color is iron;

black, with a shining metallic or glimmering lustre black it is strongly attracted by the magnet.
;

its

powder

is

It fuses

with
;

the fluxes

difficulty, and gives the usual reactions of iron with the pulverized mineral dissolves completely in hydro

chloric acid.

Iron Pyrites. 2 H=6 158. FeS

.

6.5.

G=4.8

5.

Occurs commonly
lustre.

in cubes.
its

Usually of a brass-yellow color and metallic

rior hardness, not yielding to the knife,

By

supe

and emitting sparks when with steel, it may be distinguished from copper pyrites. struck Heated in a glass tube closed at one end, usually emits some sulphuretted hydrogen, and yields a sublimate of sulphur; the Heated on Ch with the O Fl, residue is attracted by the magnet. the sulphur burns off with a blue flame, and leaves red oxide be
hind, which,

when

But

slightly affected

treated with the fluxes, gives pure iron reactions. by hydrochloric acid nitric acid dissolves it,
;

leaving a residue of sulphur.

White Iron Pyrites [Marcasite].

6.5. 4.8. 159. FeS-. 4.6 Crystals are prismatic. Color usually light bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or

H=6

G=

gray

occurs frequently in radiated masses or crest-like aggrega

tions.

Yery

liable to decomposition.
it

Before the Blp

behaves

like the preceding.

Magnetic Pyrites [Pyrrhotine]. 3 160. 5FeS-f Fe S H=3.5 4.5. 0=4.44.7.

.

Very much

resembles

distinguished by its inferior hardness, and by being slightly attracted by the magnet. Heated in a matrass, remains unchanged in the open glass tube,
;

common

iron pyrites, from

which

it is

emits sulphurous acid but yields no sublimate. On Ch in RF1, fuses to a globule, which is covered with an uneven black coating,

which follows the magnet, and which, on a surface of fracture, ex hibits a yellowish crystalline structure and metallic lustre. In

OF1

it is

converted into red oxide.

7*

78

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

Soluble in hydrochloric acid, excepting the sulphur, with evolu

tion of sulphuretted hydrogen.

Arsenical Pyrites [Mispickel].

161.

FeS 2 +FeAs. 11=5.56.

G=5

6.4.

Of

metallic lustre

and a silver-white color. Streak dark grayish-black. Brittle. Heated in a matrass, yields first a red sublimate of sulphide of arsenic, and afterwards a black crystalline one of metallic arsenic j in an open glass tube, yields arsenous acid and sulphurous acid. On Ch, emits copious arsenical fumes, and a Ct of arsenous acid is deposited then fuses to a globule which shows the properties of
;

fused magnetic pyrites. Frequently contains cobalt, the presence of which may be detected by the method described in 69.

and arsenous acid

Soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia, leaving a residue of sulphur the latter dissolves with continued digestion.
;

TUaniferous Iron [Ilmenite]. 3 in various 162. Ti O 3 and Fe G=5.5 5. Of iron-black color, usually
2 2
;

11 proportions. in tabular crystals, bears

= 56.

a great resemblance to specular iron, but gives no red powder. Alone in the OF1 infusible in RF1 it may be rounded at the
edges. of iron

With Bx and SPh

;

in OF1, gives the reactions of pure oxide

but the

SPh bead when

;

treated with the

RFl assumes a

brownish-red color, the intensity of which depends upon the amount of titanic acid present this glass, when treated with tin on Ch,
turns violet
(v.

Table

II, 23).

To show
in 111.

conclusively the presence

of Ti, follow the of titanic acid

method given

Dissolved by hydrochloric acid and aqua rcgia with separation some varieties dissolve with great difficulty, even
;

when reduced
163.

to a very fine powder.

Spathic Iron [Clialybite].

FeO.CO

2
.

11=3.54.5. G=3.7
;

3.9.

Color from grayish-

yellow to reddish-brown crystallizes in rhombohedrons, which are often curved, and are very distinctly cleavable often massive.
;

Heated

in a matrass, frequently decrepitates, carbonic acid

and

carbonic oxide are given out, and a black oxide of iron remains, which is attracted by the magnet. Alone, infusible. With Bx and

SPh

it

gives the pure iron reactions, and with Sd sometimes those

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
of manganese.
It dissolves in strong acids

79

with effervescence, but

with

difficulty,

and only when pulverized.

Green Vitriol [Copperas].

H=2. G=1.83. Occurs usually massive and pulverulent, of various shades of green, becoming yellowish on exposure to air taste astringent and metallic. In a matrass, gives out sulphurous acid and water, which shows
164.

FeO. So 3 +7HO.

acid reaction.

Strongly heated, only sesquioxide of iron remains.

Soluble in water.

Vivianite.
165.

6(3FeO,Po

-f

8HO)-f (3Fe

,2P0

+ SHO). H=1.5

2.

G=2.66. Occurs crystallized, or in reniform and globular masses, sometimes as incrustation. Color blue to green, usually dirty blue.
In a matrass, swells and gives pure water. In the forceps, fuses to a steel-gray metallic globule, coloring the outer flame bluishWith fluxes gives the reactions of iron. green.
Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
tion of caustic potassa,
it

With

a solu

blackens.

jScorodite.

lized.

H=3.5 4. G=3.1 3.3. Crystal -f 4HO. Color pale leek-green or liver-brown. In a matrass, yields pure water. In the forceps, fuses to a gray scoriaceous slag of metallic lustre, coloring the outer flame pale-blue.
166.

Fe

,As0

On

of metallic lustre,

Ch, emits arsenical vapors and fuses to a gray magnetic slag, which gives with fluxes the reactions of iron.
affected

Not

by

nitric acid

chloric acid;

partially dissolved

forms a brown solution with hydro by ammonia, leaving a brown

residue.

ORES OF LEAD.

Plumbic Ochre.
167.
.

PbO, containing frequently PbO.CO 2 CaO, Fe

,

3
,

and

SiO 3 G=8.

Massive.

Lustre dull; color between sulphur and

orpiment-yellow. Before the Blp, behaves like oxide of lead.

Minium.
168.

PbO,Pb

3
.

G=4.6.

Pulverulent.

Color vivid red, mixed

with yellow.

80

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OP

Before the Blp, behaves like oxide of lead. With hydrochloric acid, evolves chlorine and
chloride of lead.

is

converted into

With

nitric acid,

becomes brown.

Galena.
7.7. Color, lead-gray; of Crystals usually affect the cubical form, and pos sess very perfect cubic cleavage. Heated in a matrass, sometimes decrepitates and frequently Heated in an open glass tube, yields a slight white sublimate.

169.

PbS. 11=2.52.75.

G = 7.25

metallic lustre.

emits sulphurous acid, and, on the heat being raised, gives a white sublimate of sulphate of lead. Heated on Ch, affords a glo bule of pure lead, the Ch becoming at the same time covered with

The globule of metallic lead sulphate of lead and oxide of lead. The presence of yields generally a little silver on cupellation. 83. antimony is ascertained as shown 49. Zinc, 113. Iron, It dissolves with some difficulty in boiling hydrochloric acid,
with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Very dilute nitric acid has no effect on it, but by a stronger acid it is readily dissolved with evolution of nitrous acid vapors. By fuming nitric acid and

aqua regia it is very violently acted upon, being converted into sulphate, or a mixture of the sulphate with the chloride.

Bournonite.
170.

3Cu S,SbS 3 +2(3PbS,SbS 3 ).

2

11^2.53.

G= 5.7

5.9.

Occurs crystallized, and massive, granular, compact; lustre metallic; color and streak steel-gray.
In a matrass, decrepitates and yields with a strong heat a darkred sublimate. In an open tube, sulphurous acid is evolved and abundant antimonial fumes, which condense partly on the upper

and partly on the lower side of the tube; the former consist of antimonious acid, which is volatile; the latter is not volatile, and con sists of a mixture of antimonate of oxide of antimony with afitimoOn Ch, fuses readily to a black globule and deposits a nate of lead. Ct of antimonious acid with strong heat a Ct of oxide of lead is
;

obtained; the remaining globule, when treated with Bx in OF1, gives the reactions of copper, and the globule assumes the appear ance of metallic copper.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

81

Dissolves readily in nitric acid to a blue liquid, leaving a residue of antimonious acid and sulphur. Aqua regia leaves a residue of
sulphur, chloride of lead, and antimonite of lead the solution gives a precipitate with water. Ammonia dissolves a portion of the sulphide of antimony.
;

The

following ores behave before the Blp in a very similar manner.

Geocronite.

PbS, (SbS

Dufrenoysite.
Boulangerite.

AsS )-f 4PbS. 3 PbS, AsS +Pbs. 3 PbS, SbS +2PbS.

3
3
,

SbS -f PbS. Heteromorphite. PbS, 3 Jamesonite. 2(PbS, SbS )-f PbS. 3 3(PbS, SbS )+PbS.
Plagionite. 3 Zinkcnite. PbS, SbS
.

Those minerals in which a part of the SbS3 is substituted by AsS 3 give on Ch arsenical vapors, and in an open tube a crystalline
,

sublimate.

Cerazine [Corneous Lead].

171.

PbCl+PbO.CO
adamantine

8
.

11

= 2.753.

G=6

6.3.

Forma,

yellow color. In a matrass, decrepitates slightly and becomes a little darkerOn Ch, fuses readily, emits acid vapors, becomes reduced yellow. to metallic lead, and gives a white Ct of chloride of lead and a:

crystals of

lustre, of white, gray, or

yellow Ct of oxide.
Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence.

Occurs granularly Color massive, or in prismatic needles, or compressed plates. mostly white, yellow, or gray.
.

White Lead Ore [Cerusite]. 11=33.5. G=6.4. 172. PbO. CO

2

When
lead.

bonic acid

heated in a matrass, decrepitates and turns yellow car is given out. Heated on Ch alone, is reduced to metallic Treated with fluxes, dissolves with effervescence and gives
;

the reactions of pure oxide of lead (v. Table II, 12) dissolves ; readily and with effervescence in dilute nitric acid; with hydro chloric acid, leaves a residue of chloride of lead; dissolves in a, solution of caustic potassa.

82

ELDERHORST
LcadJiilUte.
173.

MANUAL

OF

PbO. S0 3 -f 3(PbO.C0

).

H=2.5. G=G.2

6.5.

Occurs

in transparent crystals of pearly or resinous lustre. passing into yellow, green, or gray.

Color white,

On Ch, intumesces slightly, becomes yellow, but white again on cooling with greater heat easily reduced to metallic lead. Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence, leaving a residue of
;

sulphate of lead.

Lead
174.

Vitriol [Anglesite]. PbO. SOI H=2.75 3.

G=6.2.

It

often occurs in

small octahedral crystals with many facets, but more frequently in laminar masses of high lustre.
;

Heated
water.

a matrass, decrepitates and usually yields a little Treated on Ch in OF1, fuses to a clear bead, w hich on
in
r ;

with Sd on Ch, affords a globule of cooling turns milk-white metallic lead the Sd is absorbed by the Ch and shows, when placed on silver-foil, a strong sulphur reaction. With the fluxes, gives the
;

reactions of oxide of lead.

Traces of iron or manganese

may

be

detected by Bx or Sd as shown 83 and 90. It dissolves in acids only with great difficulty by hydrochloric acid it is partly decomposed the pulverized mineral is soluble in a
;

solution of caustic potassa.

Phosphate of Lead [Pyromorphite]. 5 5 175. Essentially PbCl+3(3PbO.[P0 .As0 ]). 11=3.5

6.5
7.

4.

G=

It occurs often in globular

ture, also fibrous

and granular. sometimes decrepitates and yields, with continued heat, a faint white and volatile sublimate of chloride of lead. Heated in the platinum-pointed pincers, fuses readily and

masses with a columnar struc Color green, yellow, and brown.

Heated

in a matrass,

colors the outer flame blue; if the amount of phosphoric acid is With SPh not too small, the edges of the flame will appear green. and oxide of copper, gives the reaction for chlorine, C5. On Ch
in the
Fl, fuses to a globule,
;

hedral form and a dark color

lead,

in the

which on cooling assumes a poly R Fl, yields a Ct of oxide of

and the globule, on cooling, assumes dodecahedral facets of With boracic acid and iron wire, gives the reaction pearly lustre.
for

phosphoric acid

95).

With Sd on Ch,

affords metallic lead.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

83
is

Some

varieties contain arsenic acid,

which
(

readily detected

by

the odor

when

treated with

Sd on Ch

54).

Soluble in nitric acid, and solution of caustic potassa.

4.5. G=6.3 6.4. ,3HO). In reniform or globular masses, with a columnar structure; also compact massive. Of resinous lustre color usually yellowish-brown
5
2

Plum bo-Resinite. P0 -f 6(A1 176. 3PbO.

H=4

In the forceps, On Ch, intumesces, becomes white and opaque, and fuses but imperfectly, de In small quantities, positing a faint white Ct of chloride of lead. soluble in Bx and SPh to clear beads. With Sd on Ch, minute
intumesces and colors the outer flame azure-blue.
globules of metallic lead are obtained. a fine blue color.

resembling gum-arabic in appearance. In a matrass, decrepitates and gives out water.

Treated with SoCo, assumes

Soluble in nitric acid.

Red Lead Ore

177.
.

[Crocoisite]
3.

PbO. CrO 3 H=2.5

G=5.9

6.1.

Occurs usually in

bright hyacinth-red crystals of adamantine lustre. In a matrass, decrepitates; the crystals are broken up into minute On Ch, fuses and becomes pieces and assume a darker color.

re->

duced with detonation a Ct of oxide of lead

;

formed, and grayishgreen sesquioxide of chromium remains with the metallic globule. With Sd on Ch, affords a globule of metallic lead. With Sd on
is

platinum foil, fuses to a dark-yellow mass, which becomes green in RF1. With Bx or SPh in OF1, dissolved; the bead appears r Fused in a yellow w hile hot, but becomes green on cooling. platinum spoon with from 3 to 4 parts of bisulphate of potassa,
gives a dark-violet mass, which is greenish-white when cold. Dissolves in heated hydrochloric acid to a green liquid, leaving a residue of chloride of lead. Dissolves with difficulty in nitric
acid to a yellowish-red liquid. it brown, and finally dissolves

A solution of caustic potassa colors

it

to a yellow liquid.

VauqueUnite. 178. 3CuO,2Cr0 3 -f 2(3PbO,2Cr0 3 ). H=2.5

3.

G=5.5

5.7.

Occurs usually in minute crystals, or in reniform or granular masses. Color dark-green to brown, sometimes nearlv black.

84

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL OP

On

where the mass

Ch, fuses with effervescence to a gray submetallic globule; is in contact with the coal, small globules of lead
in

make their appearance; With Bx or SPh in

RF1

a Ct of oxide of lead

is

formed.

Fl, clear green beads are obtained,

which

remain green on cooling, but which on application of the RF1 be come red and opaque this reaction appears most distinctly on Ch with Sn. With Sd on platinum wire in OF1, dissolves to a trans
;

parent green bead, which on cooling becomes yellow and opaque; on treating the bead with a few drops of water, a yellow solution is obtained, in which the presence of chromic acid may be proved With Sd on Ch, is completely decomposed; on 68. as described
treating the reduced metals with boracic acid on globule of metallic copper is obtained.
is

Ch

(v.

71) a

Partly soluble in nitric acid to a dark green liquid; the residue

yellow.

Wulfenite [Yellow Lead Ore]. 3 sometimes with a 179. PbO, MoO

,

little

CrO

3
.

11=2.753.

G=6.3

6.9.

Crystallized or granularly massive, firmly coherent.

Color usually wax-yellow, passing into orange-yellow. In a matrass, decrepitates and becomes darker while hot. On Ch, fuses and is partly absorbed by the coal, while metallic lead and
a Ct of oxide of lead are deposited.

With Bx
(v.

or

SPh on platinum
II, 15).

wire gives the reactions of molybdic acid

Table

With

Fused with bisulphate of potassa in a platinum spoon, a yellowish mass is obtained, which becomes white on cooling treated with distilled water and a piece of metallic zinc placed into the solution, the liquid assumes a blue

Sd on Ch,

affords a globule of metallic lead.

color.

Dissolves in concentrate hydrochloric acid to a green liquid, The pulverized mineral is leaving a residue of chloride of lead. with nitric acid; a yellowish-white decomposed on being digested
residue
layers.
is left,

which becomes blue when exposed to

air in thin

ORES OF MANGANESE.

Pyrolmite [Gray Ore of Manganese]. Of black 180. MnOl 11=22.5. G=4.8.

and
little

or dark-gray color

lustre

powder black

sometimes of columnar structure.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
In a matrass, usually yields a
ness,
little

85

water

when heated

to red

oxygen

is

evolved.

Alone

infusible, but turning reddish-

brown when the temperature is sufficiently high. Soluble in Bx and SPh with the usual manganese-reactions gives frequently the
;

indications of iron.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid with disengagement of chlorine.

ffausmannite [Black Manganese]. 3 H=5 5.5. G=4.7. 181. MnO,Mn

2
.

granular, particles strongly coherent.

Color brownish-black

Crystallized, or streak ;

chestnut-brown.

Before the Blp, and to hydrochloric acid behaves like the pre

ceding

ore.

Braunite.
182.

Mn

3
.

H==6

6.5.

G=4.7

4.8.

Occurs crystallized

or massive.

Color and streak dark brownish-black.

;

In a matrass, does not give any water behaves otherwise like Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with disengagement of chlorine, leaving sometimes a residue of silica.
pyrolusite.

Psilomelane.
3 Composition very various, essentially MirO with BaO or KO, and HO. H=5 6. G=3.7 4.3. Massive. Color iron-

183.

black

streak brownish-black, shining. Before the Blp and to solvents it behaves like pyrolusite.
;

Wad [Bog Manganese]. 184. Essentially MnO MnO,

2
,

and
6.

HO

contains often
4.2.

Fe 2 O3

APO

3
,

BaO, SiO

3
,

&c.

H=0.5

G=3

Amorphous,

earthy or compact, of a dull black color. In a matrass, yields water abundantly, and otherwise behaves
like pyrolusite.

Some varieties, known under the name of Cu preous Manganese," when treated with Sd and Bx on Ch, afford a
"

globule of metallic copper.

Diallogite.
185.
2
.

MnO,C0 when pure,

2

CO H=3.5
;

4.5.

G=3.4

3.6.
;

sometimes (MnO, FeO, CuO, MgO), Occurs crystallized, or in globular

also massive.

masses of columnar structure streak white. red, brownish

8

Color shades of rose-

86

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL OF
little

In a matrass, some varieties give a

violently.

water and decrepitate

in

Infusible.

Some varieties, when heated

R Fl, become

Dissolves in fluxes with effervescence and gives usually magnetic. the reaction of manganese and iron.

The pulverized mineral is little affected by hydrochloric acid in the cold on heating dissolves with effervescence.
;

Franldinite.
3 11=5.5 .5. G=5. Occurs -M Fe 2 3 ZnO, Mn and massive. Lustre metallic color iron-black streak crystallized, dark reddish-brown acts slightly on the magnet. Infusible. Dissolves in Bx and S Ph with manganese-reaction the Bx bead, when treated on Ch in II Fl, becomes bottle-green. With Sd on platinum foil, gives manganese-reaction. With Sd on Ch, gives a faint Ct of oxide of zinc, which becomes more distinct

180.

on addition of Bx.
Dissolves completely in heated hydrochloric acid to a greenishyellow liquid, chlorine being evolved.

ORES OF MERCURY.
Native Mercury. 187. Hg, sometimes containing a

little

Ag.

G = 13.5

Metallic

globules of a tin-white color. Heated in a matrass, is converted into vapor, which condenses in the neck of the matrass to small metallic globules.

Dissolves readily in nitric acid.

Amalqam.
e/

188.

3 Agllg and Agllg

2

11=33.5. G=10.5

14.

Occurs

Color and streak silver-white; opaque. In a matrass, boils, gives a sublimate of metallic mercury, and leaves a spongy residue of silver, which on Ch fuses readily to a
crystallized and massive.
globule.

Dissolves readily in nitric acid.

Calomel [Horn Quicksilver], 11=12. G=0.48. 189. Hg Cl.

2

Occurs usually in distinct

crystals or crystalline coats, of adamantine lustre

and yellowish-

gray

color.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
In a matrass, yields a white sublimate of subchloride of mercury. in a matrass, affords globules of metallic On Ch, completely volatilized, giving a white Ct. Shows mercury.

Mixed with Sd and heated

the chlorine-reaction

w hen
r

treated as described
is

65.

partly dissolved and becomes gray. Not affected by nitric acid, dissolved by aqua regia. With a solution of caustic potassa, becomes black.

Treated with boiling hydrochloric acid,

Cinnabar.
190.

HgS.

H=2

2.5.

G=8.9.

Color various shades of red,

from cochineal-red to dark brownish-red.

red.

Powder always brightvery small flattened crystals, or granularly massive. Heated in a matrass, is volatilized and condenses to a black sub Mixed wr ith Sd, limate, which by friction assumes a red color.
It occurs in

In an open glass yields on heating globules of metallic mercury. tube, is partially decomposed into metallic mercury and sulphurous
acid.

On Ch

it is,

when

pure, wholly volatilized.

visible effect

Nitric acid

and hydrochloric acid have no

on

it.

Aqua regia dissolves it, part of the sulphur being precipitated. Insoluble in caustic potassa.
ORES OF XICKEL.

Copper Nickel.
Ni (As. Sb). 5.5. 7.3 7.6. of copper-red color, with a gray tarnish, and Usually massive; metallic lustre very brittle.
191.

Ni 2 As

or

H=5

G=

In a matrass, affords a very slight sublimate of arsenous acid. In an open glass tube, yields a copious sublimate of arsenous acid,

and usually a little sulphurous acid the assay-piece assumes at the same time a yellowish-green color and crumbles to powder. On Ch, emits arsenical fumes and fuses to a white and brittle globule which, when treated with Bx in RF1, imparts usually to the flux
;

the colors of iron and cobalt.

lead
is

Sometimes a faint Ct of oxide of deposited on the Ch. Dissolves almost completely in concentrated nitric acid; the solution has a green color; on cooling arsenous acid separatos. dissolved by aqua regia. Readily

88

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

Nickel Glance [Gersdorffite].

H=5.5. 102. (Ni,Fe) + (S ,As). G=5.6 6.9. Of silverwhite or steel-gray color, and metallic lustre. In a matrass, decrepitates violently and yields a yellowish-brown In an open glass tube, emits sublimate of sulphide of arsenic.
2

On Ch, fuses with emission of sulphur and arsenical fumes to a globule which, when treated with Bx in RF1, gives the reactions of iron and cobalt. After having
arsenous acid and sulphurous acid.

removed these two metals, the remaining globule exhibits with the
fluxes the reactions of pure oxide of nickel. Partly dissolved by nitric acid, sulphur

and arsenous acid being

precipitated.

NicJceliferous
193.

NiS

-f Ni(3b,As).

Gray Antimony [Ullmannite]. = 6.26.5. 11=55.5.

It closely

resembles the preceding ore in its physical properties. In a matrass, yields a slight white sublimate. In an open glass On Ch tube, emits copious antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid.
in

RF1, fuses to a globule, and coats the Ch with antimonious acid; sometimes the odor of arsenic is observable. The melting globule,
treated with Bx, frequently exhibits the reactions of iron and
cobalt besides those of nickel.
It is violently acted

when

upon by concentrated

nitric acid, sulphur,

antimonious and arsenous acids being precipitated.

dissolves
it,

Aqua

regia

excepting the sulphur, to a green liquid.

Capillary Pyrites [Millerite].

194. NiS.

11=33.5. 0=5.25.6.

Occurs usually

in delicate

capillary crystals of brass-yellow color and metallic lustre.

In an open glass tube, evolves sulphurous acid. with emission of sparks to a metallic globule which

On
is

Ch, fuses

attracted

by

the magnet. The calcined mineral gives with fluxes the indications, of oxide of nickel, and sometimes also those of oxide of cobalt. By heated concentrated nitric acid it is but little affected, but its
color is

changed

to gray.

By aqua

regia

it is

wholly dissolved.

Emerald Nickel.
195.

(NiO.C0

+4HO) + 2(NiO.HO). 11=33.2. 0=2.52.7.

color,

Usually forms incrustations of emerald-green

lustre.

and vitreous

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
In.

89

a matrass, loses already at 212

a considerable

amount of

water, and blackens.

In

Bx and SPh,

dissolves with effervescence,

exhibiting the characteristic nickel-reactions. Dissolves easily in heated dilute hydrochloric acid with effer
vescence.

Annabergite [Nickel Green]. 196. 3NiO.As0 5 -f8HO. Soft, In

sive

capillary crystals, also

mas

and disseminated.

Color

fine

apple-green.

fuses

In a matrass, yields water and darkens in color. In the forceps, and colors the outer flame light-blue. On Ch in RF1, fuses

with emission of arsenical vapor to a blackish-gray globule; when

Bx the globule gives the reactions of nickel, some times also those of iron and cobalt.
treated with

Soluble in acids.

ORES OF SILVER.
Native Silver. 197. Pure silver, associated with gold, copper, arsenic, iron, and other metals. H=2.5 S. G=10 11. Color silver-white lustre metallic ductile and malleable. Occurs usually in twisted
;

filaments, or arborescent

sometimes in plates or massive. fuses easily to a globule, which assumes a bright surface, Ch, and shows after cooling a silver-white color. Foreign metals are
;

On

detected

by the methods given

103-105.

It dissolves nitric acid.

Antimonial Silver [Discrasite].

198.

Ag

Sb and

Ag

Sb.

11=3.5

4.

G=9.4

9.8.

Occurs

crystallized or massive, granular.

silver-wr hite.

Lustre metallic; color and streak

On
r

Ch w ith

Ch, fuses readily to a gray non-ductile globule and coats the oxide of antimony with continued heat the globule as
;

sumes the appearance of pure

silver,

and the Ct becomes reddish.

Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of oxide of antimony.

Horn
199.

Silver [Kerargyrite]

Ag

Cl.

H= 11.5.

G=5.5.

Remarkable

for its pearl-

gray or greenish color, its semi-transparency, resinous lusCre, and

8*

90

ELDERIIORST
for its softness,
nail.

MANUAL

OF

more especially

be marked by the

It turns

which is so great as to allow it to brown on exposure to air. When

latter

rubbed with a moistened plate of zinc or iron the covered with a coating of silver.
It fuses in a candle-flame.

becomes

On

Ch,

is

easily reduced, especially

when mixed with Sd. Mixed with oxide of copper and heated on Ch in RF1, chloride of copper is formed, which colors the flame
azure-blue (v. G5). Insoluble in water and nitric acid.

Slowly soluble in caustic

ammonia.
potassa.

Partially decomposed by a boiling solution of caustic

Ernbolite [Chloro-bromide of Silver.]

200.

2AgBr+3AgCl. 11=11.5. G=5.3

5.4.

Crystallized

or massive.

Lustre resinous; color various shades of green. fuses readily, evolves pungent vapors of bromine, and On Ch, With Sd on Ch, reduced; on affords a globule of metallic silver.

dissolving in water the alkaline mass which has passed into the coal, evaporating the solution to dryncss, and treating the residue with bisulphate of potassa as described 63, bromine-vapors are

given out.

Fused with oxide of copper on Ch

65).

in

RF1, colors the

outer flame greenish, then blue (v.

Bromyrite [Bromic Silver]. = 5.86. 11=12. 201. Ag Br.

concretions.
Sectile.

Occurs usually in small

Lustre splendent; color yellowish-green or green.

Its action before the

Blp not known; behaves probably

like the

preceding.

Only slightly ammonia.

lociy rite

affected

by

acids.

Dissolves in heated concentrated

[lodic Silver].

202. Agl. Soft. G=5.5. Occurs crystallized or in thin plates with a lamellar structure. Color citron-yellow to yellowish-green.

On

Ch, fuses readily, colors the flame purple-red, and affords a

globule of silver.

Silver Glance.
203.

AgS. 11=2

2.5.

G=7.

Color blackish lead-gray lustre

;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
metallic.

91

color

by

It is easily distinguished from other minerals of the being cut by a knife like lead.

same

in OF1, intumesces, gives out sulphurous acid, and finally a globule of metallic silver. yields Soluble in dilute nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur.

On Ch

Ruby
204.

Silver [Pyrargyrite. 3 H=2 2.5. 3AgS, SbS

.

Dark-red Silver Ore]. G=5. 7-5.9. Color dark-red

Crystallizes in hexagonal

to black, giving a cochineal-red powder.

prisms. In a matrass, fuses very readily and yields with continued heat In an open glass tube a sublimate of tersulphide of antimony.

On Ch, fuses readily gives antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. and deposits a Ct of antimonious acid, being converted into sul
phide of silver; if for a long time exposed to the OF1 or, when mixed with Sd, to the RF1, affords a globule of metallic silver.

sometimes substituted by AsS 3 it then gives out arsenical fumes when mixed with Sd and heated in the R Fl
Part of the SbS 3
is
;

on Ch.

The pulverized mineral, when heated with

and
is

nitric acid, turns black

ultimately dissolved, leaving a residue of sulphur and anti monious acid. Caustic potassa also blackens it and effects partial
solution,

from which acids precipitates tersulphide of antimony.

Proust lie [Light- red Silver Ore]. 3 11=22.5. G= 5.4 5.5. Ycry much re 205. 3AgS, AsS sembles the dark-red silver ore, but is of a somewhat lighter color.
.

Before the Blp and to solvents, behaves

excepting
it

like

the preceding,
acid.

gives

off arsenical

fumes instead of antimonious

solution in caustic potassa deposits a yellow precipitate neutralized with acids.

The

when

Brittle Silver
206. 6

Ore [Stephanite].
.

3 AgS, SbS

H=2

iron-black color;

it is

very

brittle

In a matrass, decrepitates, On Ch, fuses very readily sublimate of tersulphide of antimony. and coats the Ch with antimonious acid. If the blast with the O
Fl
is

G=6.2. Of metallic lustre and and fragile, and its powder black. then fuses and ultimately yields a faint
2.5.

kept up for a sufficient time, the Ct assumes a red color and a

92

ELDERUORST

MANUAL

OF

Contains frequently copper globule of metallic silver is obtained. and iron, which may be detected by the process described 71. If
arsenic is present of arsenous acid.
it

gives in the open tube a crystalline sublimate

nitric acid it dissolves,

In dilute heated

excepting the sulphur

and antimonious acid; the solution becomes milky on addition of water. Partially dissolved by a boiling solution of caustic potassa.
fblybasite.
207. 9

(Cu

S,

AgS) (SbS AsS

3
,

).

11=23.

G=G.2.

Occurs
;

usually in short tabular prisms, or massive.

Lustre metallic

color

and streak

iron-black.

In a matrass, fuses very readily, but gives nothing volatile. In an open tuboj gives sulphurous acid and antimonial fumes; the sub limate contains sometimes crystals of arsenous acid. On Ch, gives
a Ct of oxide of antimony; with continued heat, gives a bright metallic globule, which, on cooling, becomes black on its surface; sometimes a faint Ct of oxide of zinc is deposited the metallic glo bule affords with fluxes the reaction of silver and copper.
;

With

acids behaves like bournonite.

Stromeyerite [Argentiferous Sulphide of Copper]. 2 Occurs usually 6.3. 208. Cu S. -f AgS. 11=2.53. G=6.2 Lustre metallic color dark steel-gray. in small compact masses. In a matrass, fuses easily and gives sometimes a little sulphur. In an open tube, fuses to a globule and gives sulphurous acid. On Ch, fuses to a gray metallic globule which is a little malleable with fluxes the globule gives the reactions of copper, sometimes also those of iron on a cupel with lead affords a globule of silver.
;

Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur.

ORES OF TIN.

Tin Ore [Cassiterite].

209.

SnO

2
.

11

= 67. G= 6.3
and
"

7.1.

It occurs crystallized in

square prisms terminated by more or less complicated pyramids; reentrant angles are so frequent that they are to a certain extent
characteristic
;

also massive,

in small
tin."

mammillated masses of
Color very various, but

fibrous texture, hence called

wood

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
usually

93

brown

or black.

The

crystals

commonly possess a very

brilliant lustre.

Infusible in the forceps ; the behavior before the Blp is that of sometimes pure oxide of tin (v. Table II, 22), excepting of its

Bx bead a slight yellowish tinge, owing to the of iron, and exhibiting the reaction for manganese when presence fused with soda and nitre on platinum-foil.
imparting to the
Insoluble in acids.

Fused with caustic potassa, yields a mass

which

is

mostly soluble in water.

Tin Pyrites.
210. 2

Cu

S,

SnS 2

Of

steel-gray or

H=4. G=4.3 4.5. 2 (FeS, ZnS), SnS Occurs iron-black color, and metallic lustre.

usually massive, granular, and disseminated. In an open glass tube, yields sulphurous acid and oxide of tin, which collects close to the assay-piece and which cannot be vola
tilized

by

heat.

On Ch

in

Fl, fuses to

a black scoriaceous glo

bule

in

Fl, gives out

tin.

oxide of
Fl and

When

sulphurous acid and becomes covered with well calcined by the alternate application of
of

R Fl, gives with Bx the indications

;

Fe and Cu.
is

With

Sd and Bx, yields a globule of impure copper. Decomposed by nitric acid a blue solution

obtained, and a

mixture of sulphur and oxide of tin remains undissolved.

ORES OP

ZINC.

Red Zinc Ore

211.

[Zincite].
.

2 3 ZnO, containing some Mu Of a deep-red color and high lustre of

;

11=44.5. G = 5.4

5.5.

Infusible
reaction.

alone.

Dissolved by

Bx

distinctly foliated structure. in Fl with manganese

deposits a copious Ct of oxide of zinc. Soluble in nitric acid without effervescence in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.
;

With Sd on Ch,

Blende.
212. ZnS. H=3.5 4. 0=3.94.2. Of very variable color, from yellow to black; of resinous lustre and lamellar aspect, dis It occurs often crystallized in rhomboidal dodec tinctly cleavable.

ahedrons.

The powder

is

always light-colored, white or grayish,

and

dull.

94

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

volatile

In a matrass, sometimes decrepitates violently, but gives nothing its color also remains unchanged, excepting the green
;

which become yellow. Strongly heated in an open glass tube, sulphurous acid is evolved, and the color of the calcined assay is white, yellowish, or brownish, according to the amount of FeS which it contains. Alone, infusible or only rounded at the thinnest
varieties,

R Fl a feeble dark Ct of oxide of cadmium is which is soon followed by a pure zinc-Ct. With usually obtained, Sd on Ch, is easily reduced, and the characteristic zinc-flame may
edges.

On Ch

in

Iron is readily detected by calcining the frequently be observed. mineral in the O Fl and treating the residue with Bx. The pulverized mineral dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue
of sulphur.

&m iilisan ite

213.
in forms derived

[C alamine]
2
.

4.5. It is found crystallized from the rhomboid. Of vitreous lustre, and white, Often semi-transparent or opaque. grayish, or brownish color stalactitic or mammillary.

ZnO.CO

11

5.

G=4

Heated

after cooling enamel-white.

in a matrass, loses carbonic acid and, if pure, appears The ZnO is often to a large extent

substituted

by FeO, MnO, CdO, PbO, MgO, CaO

it

then, after

cooling, frequently indications of iron

assumes a dark color and gives with fluxes the and manganese. Mixed with Sd and exposed

to the II Fl,

it

is

decomposed and oxide of zinc deposited on the

Ch.
is

If the temperature

sometimes observable.
is

was raised sufficiently The Ct is at first dark

high, a zinc-flame yellow, or reddish

also in caustic

when cadmium
potassa.

present.

It readily dissolves in acids

with effervescence

Calamine.
214.

3ZnO + Si0
3.9.

+ 2110

or

2(3ZnO.Si0

+ 3HO. 11=4.55.

G=3.1

It closely resembles in its plwsical characters the

It is electric

preceding

ore.

by heat; the smallest fragment heated

In a matrass yields water and turns to a transparent glass, which cannot

attracts light substances. Infusible in the forceps.

milk-white.

Bx

dissolves

it

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
be

95

made opaque by

flaming.

It dissolves in

S Ph

to a transparent

glass which becomes opaque on

cooling,

and

in which,

when

highly

With saturated, clouds of silica are observable while hot. swells and affords with difficulty a Ct of oxide of zinc. Ch,
into a fine light-blue

Sd on With

SoCo, assumes a green color, which, when the heat is raised, passes on the fused edges. It is readily decomposed by acids, with separation of gelatinous
Partly dissolved by caustic potassa.

silicic acid.

APPENDIX.
FOSSIL FUEL.

Anthracite.
215. C, with

H=2
oil.

2.5.

a small percentage of SiO 3 AFO 3 and G=1.3 1.8. Lustre bright, often sub-metallic
,

Fe
;

3
.

color

iron-black, frequently iridescent.

Fracture conchoidal.
little

In a matrass, gives usually a Heated on platinum foil in

3
,

water, but no empyreumatic

Fl, is

slowly consumed without

,

flame, leaving a small quantity of ash,

APO

and more or

less

Fe 2

3
.

which consists of SiO 3 Does not color a boiling solution

Coal].

of caustic potassa.

Bituminous Coal
216. C,

[Common

in variable proportions; the bituminous matter contains from 76 to 90 per cent, of carbon; the earthy impurities

H, 0,

consist principally of SiO 3 AFO 3 and CaO contains frequently a small amount of and FeS 2 Softer than anthracite, G=1.2 1.5.
,
,

Less highly lustrous than the preceding, and of a more purely

black or brownish-black color.

In a matrass, some varieties soften and cake {caking coal), while others are entirely infusible all varieties are decomposed, evolve combustible gases and empyreumatic oils, and leave a residue of
;

more or

less metallic lustre (coke),

which behaves

like anthracite.

On

platinum foil, burns with a luminous flame and emission of smoke, leaving an earthy residue.

96

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

Boiled with a solution of caustic potassa, or with ether, imparts

to these solvents no, or only a pale-yellow, color.

Brown
217.

Coal.
coal,

Composition the same as that of bituminous

but

the organic constituents contain only from GO to 75 per cent, of carbon. In physical proportion bears sometimes a close resemblance
to

the preceding
(lignite).

some

varieties

show

distinctly the texture of

wood

In a matrass, infusible, but some varieties soften

bustible gases,

evolves

com

empyrcumatic

oils,

water of acid reaction, and a

peculiar disagreeable odor, leaving a residue which consists of carbon and a considerable amount of ash. On platinum foil, burns

with a smoky flame and emission of a peculiar odor. Boiled with a solution of caustic potassa, colors the liquid brown.

Asplialtum. 218. C, H, O,
of carbon.

in variable proportions,
1.2.

G=l

Of black

or

with about 75 per cent, brownish-black color, and

bituminous odor.
of a thick smoke, leaving little ash,
2
,

and emission which consists essentially of In a matrass, gives empyrcumatic oil, SiO 3 APO 3 and Fe 3 some ammoniacal water, combustible gases, and leaves a carbona
Fuses at about 100
,
.

C, and burns with a bright flame

ceous residue.

Treated with boiling ether, colors the solvent wine-red to brown ish-red (distinction from bituminous coal); treated with a boiling solution of caustic potassa, does not color the liquid, or imparts at
the

most a pale-yellow

color (distinction from brown-coal).

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

97

FIFTH CHAPTEE
SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
having become well acquainted with the which are exhibited by the metallic oxides and other simple compounds, when subjected to the various treatments
careful observer,

THE

reactions

the nature of

detailed in the second chapter, will find no difficulty in ascertaining any mineral substance presented to him for analysis.
If the reactions are not quite distinct,

owing

to

an intermixture

with other substances, he

may
which

call

down

in the third chapter,

to his aid the processes laid will enable him, in most cases,

to>

detect also the nature of the impurities. But in order to attain satisfactory results in this way, a certain familiarity with all th.principal tests is a necessary condition; this once acquired, further directions are quite superfluous.

any

Those, however,

who have

not devoted

much

time to blow-pipe

operations, will sometimes experience some difficulties in drawing the correct conclusions from the observed phenomena, a difficulty
to a great extent obviated by pursuing the course given This methodical course has the advantage of giving the operator the answer to every phenomenon which he observes, and thus leading him, though sometimes by a very tortuous path, to the
is

which

below.

An example will show this right solution. at the same time the use of the table.
Suppose a substance be given for mences wr ith No. 1. The substance
is

more

clearly,

and teach

analysis.

The operator com

heated in
2.

Fl on Ch: a

garlic odor is disengaged; proceed to

No.

Treated with Sd on

does not give a mass which exhibits the reaction of sulphur; proceed to No. 3. The substance shows no metallic aspect; pro ceed to No. 131, thence to No. 135. It is not wholly volatilized,

Ch

nor does
9

it

exhibit the reaction of sulphur; proceed to No. 137.

98

ELDERIIORST
find that the substance

MANUAL OP
either be an arsenite or an

Here we

must

arsenate (which of the two, cannot be decided by the Blp alone), and to find the metal, we proceed to No. 102. It affords, after cal
cination, with

Sd on Ch a

fusible metallic button

proceed to No. 103.

oxidable (because on being heated in OF1, becomes covered with a black coating of oxide); proceed to No. 105. The button is red and malleable the metal is copper. The substance,
is
;

The button

therefore,

was

arsenite, or arsenate, of copper.

The chief constituents of the body having thus been ascertained, the analyst should never omit to test the correctness of the result by the processes laid down in the third chapter. In the example
for arsenous acid,

57 given above, he should verify the result by the test given in and by those given in 11 and 14 for copper.
If

to examine the assay also for the presence or absence some accessory constituents, we must always have recourse to For example, having found the methods detailed in Chapter III. the body under trial to consist essentially of sulphur and lead, and

we wish

of

it

we must
i

appears desirable to know, \vhethcr or not it contains any 103. subject it to the treatment described

silver,

On Ch (RF1)
odor

with or without Sd disengages a garlic

2

1
-j

Not With Sd (RF1) on Ch Not

Metallic aspect

yields a scoriaceous
(
.

mass Avhich
131
3

<

exhibits the sulphur-reaction

101)...

Sulph arsenide.

{
I

Not

Arsenide. Arsenite and Arsenate.

131

131

On Ch (OF1)
Not.

disengages sulphurous acid, and exhibits

(

the sulphur-reaction

101)

Sulphur Confound.

125
5

On Ch
Not

disengages the odor of rotten horse-radish

<

,Selenium Compound.

136
6

The

substance, after

having been well dried, fuses on

1

6-|

red-hot
Not...

Ch

11

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
I

99

Treated as indicated
blue or green color

65 imparts to the flame an azure8

Nitrate.

( Not oj The The

(

102
9

color is azure-blue
color
is

green
63 disengages deep yellow vapors.

10

Treated as indicated

9-j
( (

Bromate.

Not
Treated as indicated
Yiolet vapors Treated as indicated
blue or green color.
,

Chlorate.

102 102

63 disengages deep yellow vapors.

10

<

Bromate.
lodate.

( (

102 102
12
17

65 imparts to the flame an azure-

11
-j

Not. Heated
little

matrass with bisulphate of potassa and a peroxide of manganese disengages violet vapors.
in a

12

I
I

Deep yellow vapors, Not

Treated as indicated

Iodide and lodate. Bromide and Bromate.

77 exhibits the fluorine-reaction.

102 102 13

13^
(

Fluoride.

102
14

Not
Treated as indicated
blue color

65 imparts to the flame an azure15

16

14-\
(

green color
r

Heated w ith Sd on Ch gives a mass which, when mixed with bisulphate of potassa and black oxide of manga15 nese and heated in a closed tube, evolves a deep yellow Bromide. 102 gas Chloride and Chlorate. LNot 102 f Heated with Sd on Ch gives a mass which, when mixed with bisulphate of potassa and peroxide of manganese j and heated in a closed tube, evolves violet vapors, Iodide. 102 Bromide. ,102 [Deep yellow vapors
C
-{

17

Effervesces with hydrochloric acid

Carbonate.

Not

102 18
102
19

When finely powdered

effervesces

and heated with hydrochloric

acid,

Carbonate.

Not

100
(

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

When finely powdered

and heated with concentrated hy,

19
-J

drochloric acid, gelatinizes ......

(
.

.............................

Not ........................... ...................................... Fused with Sd on Ch yields neither a metallic globule

nor a Ct
.........................................................

30 20
21

20

<

( (

Yields a metallic globule or a Ct .............................. Treated as indicated 61 colors the flame yellowish-

22

21

<

green

....................................................

Borate.

Not .................................................................. The scoriaceous mass is heated in a platinum spoon with

a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, then alcohol poured on it, and lighted. The flame appears yellowishgreen, ..................................................... Borate.

102 23

22

-\

1 02

[Not, .................................................................. ( Treated as indicated 7T exhibits the fluorine-reaction,

23

23
,

<

.........................................................

Fluoride.

^ L4

j
I

Not .................................................................. Heated with Sd on Ch yields a button of fused metal, Not ..................................................................
96 on Ch alone behaves as indicated yields with Sd on Ch a soft globule ...... Phosphate of Lead.
;

102 24
25
27

Not .................................................................. {Heated The scoriaceous mass treated with boracic acid, as indicated (
26
<

26

95, exhibits the reaction of phosphoric acid,

Phosphate.

(
i

Not

......

...........................................................

102 28

Treated as indicated

95 exhibits the reaction of phos-

27

\
(
(

phoric acid ....................................... Phosphate.

Not

..................................................................

102 28
31

8
I

W With Sd on Ch yields a metallic button or a copious Ct

Not N
Pulverized and fused with 5 or 6 times
in a

9Q

platinum spoon, yields a

its weight of Sd mass which, when heated

with hydrochloric

acid, gives a gelatinous precipitate

[Not .................................................................. on a ( The gelatinous precipitate placed, while still moist,

30
\

30 31 139 140

blade of iron or zinc, becomes blue

Metallic aspect

.........

Tungstate.

Not ...................................................................
f

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS:
Yields on
(

101

Cb

a malleable and fusible metallic button,

32
oq

-<

wbicb

is

not oxidable .........................................

33 36 34 35

|
(

Not ................................................................... Yellow button ...................................................... White button ....................................................... With Bx on platinum wire gives a bluish glass ............
.............................................

34

<

Gold with Copper.

Not ............................................................ Gold. With Bx on platinum wire gives a bluish glass ............
...........................................

35

<

Silver with Copper.

( (

Not .......................................................... Silver. With Bx on platinum wire gives a glass which is blue in
both flames ............................................. Cobalt.

36-^
(

Not

..................................................................

37

Q7

Gives with

Bx

the reactions of oxide of copper ............

38 42

{Not .................................................................. QQ f Red and malleable metallic button ............... Copper. *

OQ
,(

|
(

Deposits on Ch a Ct, yellow while hot, white when cold Not. yellowish, brittle alloy ......... Copper and Tin.

41

Malleable, yellow or reddish alloy ...... Copper and Zinc. White, malleable alloy ............. Copper, Zinc, Nickel.

42 43

-{

Yery

fusible metallic button ....................................

48 44

A
(

Deposits on Ch a Ct ............................................. No Ct deposited on Ch; exhibits the reactions of tin ____

...............................................................
.

Tin.

White Ct, very volatile ............................... .......... 41 j *( Not ................................................................... ( Yields on Ch a brittle globule, which exhibits the anti45 mony reactions ..................................... Antimony. .................................................. Tellurium. ( Not
<

45
4;i

46
.,-

<

Metallic aspect, or powder assuming metallic lustre under the polishing steel ........................ .....................

47

Not ..............................................................
Infusible

"....

50
48
49

and inoxidable ........................... Platinum.

...........................................................

|
,

Oxidable

j
(

With Bx in OF1 an amethyst-colored glass, Manganese. Not ............................. ..................................... 9*

."

102

ELDERttOR ST

MANUAL

OP

having been oxidized, exhibits with fluxes the ironreactions ................................................. Iron.
After having been oxidized, exhibits with
fluxes the

nickel-reactions ........................................ Nickel. (After Yields with Sd on Oh in RF1 a tin globule, Oxide of Tin. j Q Not ................................................................... (
i

51

With Bx on platinum wire

51
*

<

a green glass in both flames, .................................................. Chromic Iron.

Not ................................................................... Yields with Sd on platinum foil in OF1 a bluish-green mass Not ..................................................................
Gives with Bx or SPh on platinum wire an amethystcolored bead ........................ Oxide of Manganese. Not. Brown powder, Tungstate of Iron and Manganese.

52

53 54

53

<

C
f-A

With S Ph on platinum wire

j
j

in RF1 gives a glass which, on cooling, becomes brownish-red and, when touched with tin, violet red .................... Titaniferous Iron.

^Not; exhibits the iron-reactions ............................... Heated in a closed glass tube, yields water; powder

55

55
~

<

yellow ............... Hydrate of Sesquioxide of Iron. (Yields no water ...................................................

56

-,_ j
{

Magnetic; powder black ..................... Magnetic Iron. Not; powder red ......................... Peroxide of Iron. Affords with Sd on Ch in RF1 a fusible metallic button,

58
66

Not ................................................................... The button is malleable and inoxidable .......... ............

Oxidable button ...................................................

59 60

Yellow button ................................. Oxide, of Gold. White button ................................ Oxide of Silver.
n

61 f

Button with Ct .................................................... \ Malleable button without Ct .................................... The Ct is white and very volatile, Oxide of Antimony.
(

61

75 62

\ Not ................................................................... ( The Ct is yellow, and the button soft ........................ 62 is brittle ......................... ................ ..... \ The button ( A very small quantity affords with Bx or SPh in OF1 a
.

63 65

63<|

Lead. green glass ............................. Chromate of

Not ..................................................... ............

64

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
(
64r<

103

( f Affords with
65<

The substance The substance The substance

is is is

yellow or reddish, Protoxide of Lead.

red

Minium.
in

brown
or

Bx

SPh

(Not
(

Deutoxide of Lead. OF1 a green bead Chromate of Bismuth. Oxide of Bismuth.

67 70

Treated on
pletely

Ch

in

OF1

deposits a Ct, or vaporizes com-

66 1

^ (Not

bo

The Ct is white, and very Not { The Ct is brown J

(

volatile...

Oxide of Antimony.
68

Oxide of Cadmium. J
69

The substance

is

red or yellow and affords,

when heated

69
-j
I

[
(

mercury Oxide of Mercury. The substance is white, becomes yellow on heating, and on cooling white again Oxide of Zinc.
Affords with

in a closed glass tube, metallic

Bx

a bead which

is

blue in both flames

70-]
(
-<

Oxide of Cobalt.

Not The Bx bead Not

71
is

green in both flames

72
77

-~

Soluble in water
Insoluble in water

73

74

_o

j
j

The substance The substance The substance The substance

is is is

orange-red

Bichromate of Potass a. yellow... Chr ornate of Potassa or Soda.

-,

of semi-metallic aspect or grayish-black Chromic Iron.

is

a green

powder
Sesquioxide of Chromium.

-n

\
(
3T7<

The The The The The

in

button button

is is

white
red
is

Oxide of Tin.
76
Siiboxide of Copper.

substance substance

red or brown
black

is

bead

is

green in OF1,

Protoxide of Copper. and becomes reddish-brown

7ft

RF1

Not

78

104
Q

ELDERIIORST
j

MANUAL
inOFl

OF
79 80

The bead
Gives
off

is

amethyst-colored

water

when heated

in a glass tube

79

<

o^v j
(

Not Heated alone on Ch Not

Exhibits with
tions

in

Hydrated Oxide of Manganese. Oxide of Manganese. OF1 becomes magnetic

platinum wire the uranium rcac..Oxide of Uranium.
,

55
81

SPh on

81
OQ
r.0

<

(
(

Not
Not

82

Soluble in water, exhibiting alkaline reaction

83
91

Very soluble j But little soluble ( o j Heated on platinum *( Not

,

84
88
wire, fuses readily
stains
it

and vaporizes...
Lithia.

85
81

o~

j
(

Heated on platinum

foil,

dark-yellow

Not
Heated on platinum wire,
colors the flame pale violet

86

f
J
I

(_

Hydrate of Potassa. Reddish-yellow; the outer flame becomes enlarged Hydrate of Soda.
Moistened with a drop of hydrochloric
acid, and heated on Baryta. platinum wire, colors the flame pale-green Strontia. Purple with a drop of hydrochloric acid, and heated on platinum wire, colors the flame purple Strontia.

87

<

Not {Moistened Heated with SoCo, assumes a flesh-color ^Q j 9 Not Heated alone, becomes very luminous or Not colors the flame pale-green \ Heated with SoCo, assumes a fine blue j
(
.

89

Magnesia.
90

Lime.
Baryta.
color.. ..Alumina.

91

92
1

Not Heated with SoCo, assumes Not

92
a flesh-color

Magnesia.
93

93

Heated with SoCo, assumes a green

color..

Oxide of Zinc.
94

|Not

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
(

105

Affords with

SPh

in

OF1 a

colorless glass,

which

in

RF1
95
97

94

<

becomes blue

95
-j

(
(

Not Heated in a closed glass comes blue or green Not

tube, evolves

ammonia and beTungstate of Ammonia.

96

gg
\

On Ch
Fusible

alone, infusible

Tungstic Acid. Tungsfate of Potassa or Soda.

07 97
OQ 8

Exhibits with
j

SPh SPh

the reactions of

Molybdie Acid.
98

1
j

Not
Exhibits with
the reactions of pure... Titanic Acid.

}Not
(

99

Affords with

SPh

in

RF1

a reddish-yellow glass; the

99

<

intensity of the color increases

on cooling
tin,

100
101
violet.

(Not
The
C
_.

glass,

when heated on Ch with

becomes

Titanic Acid, containing Iron.

~.j

j
I

With Sd on Ch in RF1, able by the magnet

affords a metallic

powder attract-

Oxide of Nickel.

Not: affords with SPh in OF1 a glass which, while hot, is red, and colorless when cold Oxide of Cerium.

NITRATES, CHLORATES, BROMATES, IODATES, CARBONATES, PHOS PHATES, BORATES, CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES, OXIDES,

HYDRATES.
, 1

Affords with Sd on

Ch in RF1

a fusible metallic button.

-[Not
-i/%o j
(
(

103 109
104 105

The The The The The Not The

button is malleable and inoxidable button is oxidable. button button

button
is

yellow
red and malleable

is w^hite is

of Gold. of Silver. Salt of Copper.

Salt Salt

106

button

is

white and malleable and forms no

Salt

Ct....

of Tin.
10T

Not Forms a w^hite and very volatile The Ct is orange-yellow

Ct...Salt

of Antimony,
108

106
(

ELDERHORST
The button The button
is

MANUAL
,

OF
Salt

JQ

malleable

is brittle

1AQ y
n U

Treated with Sd on

Ch

in

of Lead. of Bismuth. RF1, deposits a Ct

Salt
volatile.... Salt

110
112

|
j

{
(

Ill

K
(

Not The Ct Not The Ct The Ct

is

white and very

reddish-brown

of Antimony.
.".

Ill

is is

yellow while hot,

".

Cadmium. and white when cold

Salt of

C
J
|

On Ch

Salt of Zinc. and infusible powder which, gray under the polishing steel, assumes metallic lustre.... Salt of Platinum.
alone, affords a

LNot
(

113

113

-!

Heated with Sd in a closed glass tube affords a subliSalt of Mercury. mate of mercury

Not
Heated with Sd monia

.".

.*..

114

1 14

<

in a closed glass tube disengages amSalt of Ammonia.

Not
Gives with
flames
13 x

115
or

SPh

beads which are blue in both

Salt of Cobalt.

115

\
(
(

6
I
(

Not The beads are screen in both flames.. Salt of Chromium. Not The bead exhibits the reactions produced by oxide of
. .

117

117

-I

copper

Salt of Copper.

Not
Affords with Sd on
lustre

118
a metallic powder, which assumes friction, and is attracted by the magnet

Ch

118

<

by

119

Not
Gives with Bx in KF1 a bottle-green glass. Salt of Iron. Gives with Bx in RF1 a grayish glass.... Salt of Nickel. Gives with Bx in OF1 an amethyst-colored bead
Salt

120

j
(

120-J
(

of Manganese.
121

Not
Infusible mass, which assumes, with SoCo, previous to Salt of Alumina. fusion, a fine blue color

f
1 o-i

J
I

flesh-color

Salt of Magnesia.

LNot

122

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
(

107

122(

The watery some Sd Not

solution gives a precipitate on addition of

123 124
pale-green...

Heated on platinum wire, colors the flame

Salt
Salt,

IOQ

j
I

Colors the flame purple LNot; but becomes very luminous

of Baryta. of Strontia. Salt of Lime.

violet

Heated on platinum wire, colors the flame

Salt

124-J
(

Colors the flame reddish-yellow

Salt

of Potassa. of Soda.

SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.
j

Metallic aspect

sulphides
calcined,

Not The substance

(

126 127

is

and the metal detected by pro

ceeding as indicated above, beginning with

Sulphates, hyposulphates,

No

102

sulphites, hyposulphites, sul-

127
-j

phides prepared artificially by precipitation, and a few native sulphides Heated with hydrochloric acid disengages
:

128

128

J
I

Sulphuretted hydrogen

Sulphide.

Sulphurous acid

^
(

Nothing

129

<

Sulphate or Hyposulphate. Hydrochloric acid produces a white precipitate of sulphur Hyposulphite.

130 129 130

130 130 102

130
<{

Not The metal

Sulphite.
is

detected, beginning with

No

ARSENIC COMPOUNDS.
Metallic aspect

Not
1QO L32
\

132 135

Readily and completely volatilized on

Ch

1
(

Not
Gives a white and very volatile Ct Arsenide of Antimony.
Not...
...Arsenic.

133 134

133

<

108

ELDERHORST
The
is
(

MANUAL

OP

substance, which

is

thoroughly calcined,
volatilized

an arsenide or sulpharsenide,. and then the metal detected

as indicated above, beginning with

No

102 136
,

Wholly

on Ch, and exhibiting the reactions

137

135-]
-io/>(

of sulphur

Not wholly volatilized, or exhibiting no sulphur-reaction ( The substance is yellow Orpiment. is red Realgar. \ The substance Arsenous Acid. The substance is very volatile f Not arsenite or arsenate. The substance is well cal 07 J cined with alternating OF1 and RF1, and the metal
:

found, beginning with

No

102

SELENIUM COMPOUNDS.
(

Metallic aspect

Selenide.
selenate
;

138

-\

Not

selenite or

the substance

is

well cal-

cined,

and the metal detected, beginning with No....

TUNGSTATES.

102

139

<

With Sd on platinum wire blue mass Not

Heated with Sd monia

in

OF1

affords a grcenish-

Wolfram.
140

in a closed glass tube, evolves

am141

14:0

<

Tungstate of

Ammonia.

Not
Soluble

,..

Insoluble

Tungstate of Potassa or Soda. Tungstate of Lime, Baryta, &c.

SILICATES.

The analogy in chemical composition and properties, and the number of native silicates, make it impossible The ^ discriminate them by a few simple tests.* 1A9J
tected

base or bases may, however, in many cases be de by proceeding as indicated above, beginning

with

No
silicates, v.

102
Chapter VI.

* For the discrimination of the native

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

109

SIXTH CHAPTER.
ON THE DISCRIMINATION OF MINERALS BY MEANS OF TUE BLOW PIPE, AIDED BY HUMID ANALYSIS.

BY

the methods given in the preceding chapters,

we can

readily

most inorganic compounds, whether pre or occurring in nature especially if heavy metals pared artificially form the principal constituents. But these methods do not enable us to discriminate the different native silicates, and other mineral bodies, which consist essentially of such substances that do not
detect the constituents of
;

show any very

characteristic reactions before the blow-pipe, as ex.

gr. the alkaline earths.

In some cases

we may

succeed in ascer

taining the principal ingredients of the substance under examina To attain this tion, but fail in establishing the mineral species.
w^e must pursue a course, composed of an ex amination of the physical properties of the body and of blow-pipe The course adopted in this operations, aided by humid analysis.

end more securely,

is that given by Franz von Kobell, as laid down in his Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Miner alien." The following is only an extract, slightly modified, from this treatise
"

Manual

"

"

The minerals, according to Yon Kobell s system, are arranged in two large groups, the first embracing those possessing metallic To avoid mistakes, lustre, the second those devoid of metallic lustre. originating in the fact that some minerals occur sometimes with,
and sometimes without, metallic lustre, these minerals will be found enumerated in both groups. The same precaution has been taken in regard to those species in which degree of fusibility, whether below or above 5, might ap
pear doubtful.
following scale
1.
:

The degree

of fusibility

is

to be

judged of from the

Gray Antimony.
Xatrolite.

Fusible in coarse splinters in the flame of a

fine splinters in

candle.
2.

Fusible in

the flame of a candle.

10

110
3.

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

Almandine

or Iron-Garnet.

Easily fusible before the blow

Fusible before the Blp

pipe.
4. Actinolitc (a variety of hornblende). in coarse splinters.

5.
G.

Orthoclase.
Broncite.

Fusible before the Blp in fine splinters.

Fusible on the edges in very fine splinters. The fusibility, when equal to that of actinolite, is designated by 4 when between that of natrolite and almandine, by 2, 5, and so on.
;

The two
fusibility
;

large groups are divided into classes according to the these again in divisions, &c., by which means we obtain

the following general classification:

GROUP
CLASS CLASS
I.

I.

MINERALS POSSESSING A METALLIC LUSTRE.

Native malleable metals, and mercury.

5, or readily volatile. Fusibility 1 1. Give a strong arsenical odor on Ch. 2.

II.

Division

Division

Division

3.

Give on Ch, or in an open tube, the horse-radish odor of selenium. Give in an open tube a white or grayish sublimate,

which
Division
Division
4.
5.

is fusible

into colorless drops, indicative of

tellurium.

Give antimonial fumes on Ch. Give with Sd on Ch a sulphur-reaction, but do not

Division

6.

Do

give indications as above. not exhibit the properties of the preceding di

visions.

CLASS

III. Infusible, or fusibility

1.

above

5,

and not

volatile.

Division

Give with Bx, in small quantities, the manganesereaction.

Division
Division

2.

Treated on Ch in RF1, become magnetic.

3.

Resembling those of division

2.

GROUP
CLASS
I.

II.

MINERALS NOT POSSESSING METALLIC LUSTRE.

Easily volatile, or combustible.

Fusibility
I.

CLASS

II.

15,

not, or only partially, volatile.

Part

Give with Sd on Ch a metallic globule or magnetic

metallic mass.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Division
1.

Ill

Division
Division

2.
3.

Give with Sd a globule of silver. Give with Sd a globule of lead. When moistened with hydrochloric

acid, color the

flame blue, and give with nitric acid a solution which, on addition of an excess of ammonia, as

sumes an azure-blue
Section Section
Division
1.

color.

2.

Give on Ch a strong arsenical odor. Give no arsenical odor.

Division

Impart to the Bx bead a blue color. fused on Ch in RF1, give a black or gray metallic magnetic mass. Section 1. Give on fusion a strong arsenical odor.
4.

5.

When

Section

2.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a per

ceptible residue,

Section

3.

With hydrochloric
But
little affected

and without gelatinizing. acid, form a jelly, or are decom

silica.

posed with separation of

Section
4.

by

acids.

Division

6.

Part

II.

Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions. With Sd on Ch, give no metallic globule, or magnetic
metallic mass.

Division

1.

After fusion and continued heating on

Ch

or in the

forceps, have an alkaline reaction, and change to blue the color of a moistened red litmus-paper.

Section Section

1.

Easily and completely soluble in water.

Insoluble in water, or soluble with difficulty. Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a per not ceptible residue, some also soluble in water
;

2.

Division

2.

gelatinizing. Division 3. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming a perfect jelly. Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.

Section

2.

Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of without forming a perfect jelly.
silica,

Division

4.

Section
Section
Division

1.

2.

Giving water in a matrass. Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.

Little aifected

5.

by hydrochloric acid

imparting to the

Bx

bead the color of manganese.

112
Division
6.

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

Not belonging

to either of the preceding divisions.

CLASS

III. Infusible, or fusibility

1.

above

5.

SoCo and again assume a bright-blue color. Section 1. Giving much water in a matrass. Section 2. Giving little or no water in a matrass. Division 2. Moistened with SoCo and ignited, assume a green
Division

After ignition moistened with

ignited,

color.

Division
Division

3,

After ignition have an alkaline reaction, and turn into blue the color of a moistened red litmus-paper.

4.

Completely soluble, or nearly so, in hydrochloric or nitric acid, without gelatinizing or leaving a per
ceptible residue of silica.

Division

5.

With

hydrochloric acid, form a jelly or arc decom

Section
Section

1.

2.

posed with separation of silica. Giving water in a matrass. Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.

Division

6. 1. 2.

Not belonging
Hardncss=T,

to either of the preceding divisions.

T.

Section

Hardness below

Section

or above.

GROUP
CLASS
I.

I.

MINERALS POSSESSING A METALLIC LUSTRE.

Native
silver, see

NATIVE MALLEABLE METALS, AND MERCURY.

19T.

Native Gold and Electrum (alloy of silver and

gold), see
150.

Native copper, see 134. Native Lead, characterized by coating on charcoal

1.5. 23) and softness; 11 (see 152. Native Platinum, see Native Palladium, distinguished from the preceding by being soluble in nitric acid. Native Iron, see 154.

CLASS

II.

FUSIBILITY
1.

Native Mercury, see 187. 1 TO 5, OR READILY VOLATILE.

Division

Give a strong arsenical odor on charcoal. Native Arsenic, see 118.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Bufrenoysite, see
ly basitc, see

113

110

Tennantitc, sec

139

Po

207
128
;

Smaltine, see

140. Domeykite, see 129. Cobaltine, see

;
;

192 Copper Nickel, see 191 Gersdorffite, see Chloanthite=XiAs, resembles the preceding two distinguished from copper nickel by its tin-white color, and from gcrsdorffite by not
;

giving the reactions for sulphur. Arsenical Pyrites, see 161.

Division
2.

Give on charcoal, or in an open radish odor of selenium.

,

tube, the

horse

Selenide of mercury =HgSe 2 Onofrite Hg (S.Se) and selcnide of mercury and lead (Selenqueck-

silberblei)=3PbSfe-f HgSe, yield metallic mer cury on being heated with Sd in a closed glass
tube
tallic
(

91); the latter yields a globule of me lead on being heated on charcoal with Sd.

Clausthalite=PbSe.

Color

lead-gray

volatile

without previous fusion, depositing first a slight gray, then a white, and finally a greenish-yellow
coating
of lead.
;

with Sd yields with

Color

difficulty globules

Xaumannite=AgSe.
silver.

readily and yields with

Bx

melts iron-black; a globule of pure

Berzelianitc=Cu 2 Se and Eucairite Cu 2 Se-fAgSe.

Color of the former silver-white, of the latter
lead-gray. Distinguished from the other min erals of this division by giving copper-reactions.

Division

3.

Give in an open tube a white or grayish sublimate, which is fusible into colorless drops, indicative

of tellurium, see

11.

The

assay-piece used for this experiment ought not

It

to be very small.

must

also be borne in

mind

frequently evolve an odor of selenium, owing to a small

that the minerals of this

division

10*

114

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

percentage of selenium w.hich they contain as adventitious constituent.

The minerals
a.

of this division

may

be subdivided

according to their color.

Ores of tellurium of tin-white or silver-white

color.
is volatile

Native Tellurium, fuses readily and

out leaving a residue. Hessite=AgTe, and Altaitc
in nitric acid
;

with

= PbTe

both soluble

the former yields with a globule of metallic silver. Some varieties of sylvanite, see 151.
b.

Sd on Ch

Ores of tellurium of lead-gray or steel-gray

color.

123. Tetradymite, see see 151. Sylvanite,

Nagyagite=Pb, Au, Te,

S.

Color blackish lead-gray.

its

Distinguished from the preceding by

sulphuric acid.

solution

in nitric acid giving a copious precipitate with

Division

4.

Give copious antimonial fumes on charcoal (see 16). The fumes possess sometimes the odor of sulphur
ous acid or arsenic.

Native Antimony, distinguished by

its

tin-white

115; Zinkenite, see color; Stibnitc, see see Jamesonite, 170; Bournonite, see

170;
170.

The pow dercd

r
"

stibnite,

on being

heated with

hydrate of potassa, assumes a yellow color, while the latter three minerals, which are steelBournonite, on being gray, do not change color. treated with nitric acid, imparts to the solution^ a sky-blue color, and gives copper-reactions on
Zinkenite 71. being treated as described in and Jamesonite are converted into white powders by treatment with nitric acid without imparting
a color to the acid
;

they are distinguished by

5,

their hardness, that of zinkenite being =3.

that

of jamesonite=2.5.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

115

Closely resembling the above in their chemical behavior are the following rare minerals Plu:

mosite, see
kronite, see

170

Boulangerite, see
;

120

Geo-

170

Plagionite, see

170; Kilbri206; Polyte-

kenite; Steinmannite. Discrasite, see 198 ; Stephanite, see

lite=S, Sb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Cu ; some varieties of 3 Tetrahedrite, see 138 ; Miargyrite =AgS, SbS
.

Discrasite does not give a sulphur-reaction, all the others do. Polytelite gives a copper-reac 73. tion on being treated as described in

Miargyrite, streak dark cherry-red; stephanite, streak black. Miargyrite and stephanite, hard-

ness=2.5;

Polytelite, hardness=3.5.

All the

minerals of this subdivision give a globule of sil 105. 104 or ver on being treated as described
3 Wolfsbergite (antimonial copper) Cu S, SbS does not give a globule of silver, but yields a globule of metallic copper on being treated with Sd on
;

charcoal.

Ullmannite, see

193;

Berthierite,

see

116;

Breithauptite=Ni Sb. All yield a magnetic globule with continued heat. Breithauptite is distinguished from the other two by not giving
Division<$.

a sulphur-reaction. Give with Sd on Ch a sulphur-reaction, but do not

give the
divisions.

general reactions of the

preceding

503. Silver Glance, Galena, see 169.

Cinnabar, see

90.

Manganblende=MnS. Color iron-black, The pulverized mineral evolves green.

retted

streak

sulpha,

hydrogen with hydrochloric

acid.

Hauerite

MnS

2
.

brownish-red.
in a matrass.

brownish-black, streak Yields sulphur on being heated

Color

116

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

Copper Glance, sec 131; Stromeyerite, see 208; Tin Pyrites, see 210; Copper Pyrites, see
135; Purple Copper, see

136;
3
;

Cuban=Cu

S,

Wittichite=3Cu S, BiS Aikinite (acicu3 lar bismuth)=3Cu 2 S, BiS 3 -f 2(3PbS,BiS ); Gru 3 3 2 nauite =BiS +10Ni S Cuproplumbite=Cu S, 2PbS. All these minerals are partially soluble
;

Fe S

in nitric acid, the solution possessing a sky-blue

or green color; on addition of water to the con

centrated solution a white precipitate is produced, if the mineral under examination was wittichitc,
grunauite, or aikinite. [To distinguish these add to the acid solution sulphuric acid:

three,

a precipitate indicates aikinite; wittichite gives the copper-reaction on being treated as described in 73, grunauite not.] Copper pyrites and

cuban are distinguished from the others by their

brass-yellow color; purple copper
terized
is

also charac

by

its

color.

maining four minerals,

acid;

To distinguish make a solution

the

re

in nitric

add sulphuric
;

acid: a precipitate indicates

cuproplumbite

if

no precipitate

add hydrochloric acid:

Stromeyerite; to

is produced, a precipitate indicates

distinguish between copper210. 137 and glance and tin pyrites, see Millerite, see 194; Linnseitc, see 130; Iron

158; Marcasitc, see 159; StcrnFe. The members of this sub bergite=S, Ag, division fuse to globules which are attracted by
Pyrites, see

the magnet. They are readily distinguished by the characteristics given in Chapter III. Stcrn104, bergite, by the treatment described in
yields a globule of silver.

Marcasite and iron

pyrites can only be distinguished talline form.

by

their crys

Bismuthine, see

125.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Division
6.

117

Do not exhibit the properties of the preceding divisions.

Amalgam,
see
188.

Native Bismuth, see

Hematite, see
Magnetite, see
156.

122.

157.
.

Wolfram=MnO,FeO,Wo 3
brownish-black.

Color dark grayish or

The pulverized Fusibility=3. mineral on being boiled with aqua regia assumes gradually a yellowish color.

Samarskite=Nb03 FeO,
,

3
,

YO.

Color velvettl*?

black.

pulverized mineral with hydrate of potassa, boiling the fused mass with hydrochloric acid, filtering, and
fusing

Fusibility =4.

By

concentrating the solution by boiling with addi tion of tin foil: the liquid assumes a fine blue

which does not pass into red on addition of is the case with compounds containing titanium), but becomes paler and gradually dis
color

water (as
appears.

dark varieties=3MnO.Si03 3HO. Rhodonite, Yields water on being heated in a matrass. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of
,

silica.

Some

varieties of psilomelane, see

183.

Lievrite and Allanite,

.

some

varieties, see p.

123
re

CLASS

III.

Plattnerite=Pb0 2 Color iron-black; easily duced to metallic lead. Red Copper, some varieties, see 142. INFUSIBLE, OR FUSIBILITY ABOVE 5.
1.

Division

Give with borax, in small quantities, the manganese

reactions.

The members
Braunite, see

of this division are distinguished from each otherprincipally by their physical properties.

182; Hausmannite, see

melane, see
Unite,

183; Pyrolusite, see

181; Psilo 180; Frank-

some
,

Mn

HO.

varieties, see 186; Manganite= Color steel-gray to iron-black streak

;

118

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL
;

OF
4
;

dark reddish-brown
in a matrass.

hardness 3

yields water

Division

2.

Heated on charcoal in reduction-flame, become mag

netic.

Hematite, see

156.

157. Franklinite, see 18G; Magnetite, see Titaniferous iron, see 162 some varieties of Rutil
;

Division

3.

and Arkansite (see below); some varieties of Limonitc ( 155), and Blende ( 212). Minerals resembling those of Division 2. Chromic Iron, see 127.

Molybdenite=MoS
hardness= 1.5.

2
;

Graphite=C. Both very

soft,

Molybdenite, when heated in the forceps, colors the flame greenish; and gives a
sulphur-reaction
107.

when

treated as described

in

Arkansite=Ti0 2

Perofskite=CaO.Ti0 2

Both
111.

give the reaction for titanium as described Distinguished by crystalline form.

153. Iridosmine, see Tantalite and Columbite==MnO, FeO,
3

TaO NbO
,

3
,

WO

3
,

SnO
3
,

2
;

(TaO

WO

Yttro-tantalite==3(CaO.YO.FeO),

).

The

color of these minerals

is

iron-black; yttro-tantalite loses its color before

the Blp and becomes yellowish or white, that of the others remains unchanged. Acids affect

them but

little.

the same reaction as samarskite

Tantalite and columbite give when treated

with hydrate of potassa, &c.

Pitchblende.

(See p. 117.) Color usually velvet-black, lustre

greasy; partially soluble in nitric acid to a yel low liquid the solution gives a sulphur-yellow
;

precipitate with

ammonia.

GROUP
CLASS
I.

II.

MINERALS NOT POSSESSING METALLIC LUSTRE.

Native Sulphur. Completely volatile, burns with a blue flame and emission of sulphurous acid.

EASILY VOLATILE OR COMBUSTIBLE.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Realgar, see
Arsenolitc, see

119
120.

119; Orpiment, see

121.

Red Antimony, see

117;

Valentinite=Sb0 3 Color
.

white; does not change color with hydrate of potassa; does not evolve sulphuretted hydrogen

with hydrochloric
4

acid.
3 3
;

Sal-ammoniac=NH Cl Mascagnine=NH ,S0 -}2HO. Color white; both evolve ammonia with
hydrate of potassa; the former is volatile with out previous fusion, the latter intumesces.

CLASS

189. Cinnabar, see 190; Calomel, see FUSIBILITY 1 5; NOT, OR ONLY PARTIALLY, VOLATILE. Part I. Give with carbonate of soda on charcoal a metallic globule or a magnetic metallic mass.
II.
1.

Division

Give with carbonate of soda a globule of silver. 205 Ruby Silver, see 204 XanProustite, see
;
;

5 3 thocone=3AgS, AsS -f 2(3 AgS, AsS ), behaves from which it is distinguished by like proustite,

its

yellow streak.
Silver, see

Horn

Selbite=AgO,
effervescence.

CO

202. 199; lodyrite, see dissolves in nitric acid with

,

Division

2.

Give with carbonate of soda a globule of

lead.

The minerals
nitric

of this division
;

are

all

soluble in

acid

the solution gives a copious pre

Mimetlne

cipitate with sulphuric acid. PbCl 3 (3PbO,

AsO
5

Hedyphane=

PbCl-f 3(3[PbO.CaO], [As0 .P0 5 ]). ^The for mer completely, the latter partially reduced to
metallic lead with evolution of arsenical fumes.

Pyromorphite, see Minium, see 168

chroite

175.
;

= 3PbO,2Cr0

Crocoisite, see
3
.

171

Mclano3 5
,
,

Aneoxene=V0 AsO
(

PbO, ZnO.

Crocoisite

and melanochroite give

67).

the chromium-reaction

The

latter three,

on being boiled with hydrochloric acid, give an emerald-green solution on adding alcohol to the
;

120

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

or

liquid, concentrating by heat, pouring off from the residue, and then adding water the liquid assumes a sky-blue color if the mineral was
:

arseoxene.

Linarite=PbO.S0 3 -fCuO.HO
its
;

is

characterized by

deep azure-blue color. 172 Cerasine, sec Cerusite, see

hillite,

111
2

Lead-

see

173; Lanarkite

= PbO.C0

-f

PbO.

SO

3
.

All soluble in nitric acid with efferves

;

cence

leadhillite

and lanarkite leave an insolu

ble residue of sulphate of lead. The solution of cerasine gives with nitrate of silver a precipitate

of chloride of silver.

Mendipite
0.

= PbCl+2PbO

Matlockite=PbCl-f Pb
;

Dissolve in nitric acid without effervescence

the solution gives a precipitate with nitrate of

silver.

Anglesite, see

174.
129.
3
.

Wulfenitc, sec

Scheeletine=PbO,W0
brown,
lustre-

resinous.

Color yellow, yellowishSoluble in abundant

quantity of hydrochloric acid, leaving a yellowish3 green residue (WO ). With sulphuric acid the pulverized mineral assumes a bright lemon-

yellow

color.
3

Yauquelinite, see

118; Vanadinite=2 PbO, TO with PbCl-f 2PbO. Color of the former blackishgreen, olive-green of the latter brown, yellowish. Both impart to the borax-bead an emerald-green
;

color.

Both are soluble

is

in nitric acid

the solu

tion of vanadinite
tate
not.

with nitrate

yellow and gives a precipi That of vauquelinite of silver.

Division

3.

When

flame blue

moistened with hydrochloric acid, color the ; and give with nitric acid a solution

which, on addition of an excess of ammonia, as sumes an azure-blue color.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Section
1.

121

Give on charcoal a strong arsenical odor.

Olivenite, see
14t.

Tyrolite, see

148

Chalcophyllite=8CuO.As0
;

Color green. Both decrepitate violently and yield much water chalcophyllite dissolves

23HO.

ammonia without leaving a residue. Liroconite=As0 5 ,P0 5 ,CuO,A10 3 ,HO. Color skyblue. Does not decrepitate loses 22 per cent,
in
;

of water on ignition.

Euchroite
5

= 4CuO. AsO

-f

7HO

Erinite

= 5CuO.

As0 -f2HO.

Color of both emerald-green. The

Section

2.

former loses by ignition 18^ per cent, of water, the latter only 5 per cent. Do not give an arsenical odor on charcoal.

Atakamite, see
Cyanosite, see

141.

3HO

Covelline=CuS.

3CuO.S0 3 145; Brochantite These three minerals

give a sulphur-reaction ( 107); cyanosite is soluble in water, the other two not. Color of covelline

dark indigo-blue, of brochantite emeraldsee

green.

Red Copper,
rite=CuO.

142

The

color of the latter

Melaconite=CuO two

Tenois

dark

All three dissolve steel-gray to black. in acids without effervescence (except

varieties of melaconite). Malachite, see 143; Azurite, see

readily

impure

144; Mysorin Color blackish-brown; does not All three dissolve yield water in a matrass. readily in acids with effervescence.

= CuO.C0

Phosphocalcite, see

146

Libethenite=4CuO.P0 5
all

+ HO;

Ehlite=5CuO.P0 5 +3HO; Tagilite=4

Are
readily soluble
in

CuO.P0 5 + 3HO.
nitric acid

without effervescence; the (slightly solution gives a precipitate with acetate acid) of lead. Phosphocalcite loses 14 per cent, of water on ignition, the others less (from 7
11

122

ELDERIIORST
Libethenite
lite is

MANUAL

OF
;

dark olive-green

ehlite

and
-f

tagi-

emerald-green.

Chalcolite=3CuO,

TO + 2(U
5

3
,

PO

24

HO.

Color emerald-green.

Dissolves in nitric acid to

a yellowish-green liquid; on addition of ammonia in excess, a bluish-green precipitate is formed,

Division

4.

the supernatant liquid being blue. Impart to the borax-bead a blue color. Erythrinc, see

Division

5.

When fused

131 Annabergitc, see 196. on charcoal in reduction-flame, give a

;

To observe well
mineral,

black metallic magnetic mass. the magnetic character of the fused

Section

1.

it is advisable to expose a pretty large assay-piece to the action of the reduction-flame. Evolve a strong arsenical odor on being fused. 166 Pitticite=Fe 2 3 As0 5 -f Scorodite, see
;
,

HO

Beudantitc

=3

FcO.As0 5 +3 Fe

3
,

As0

-f 18

HO.

The pulverized minerals assume with hy drate of potassa a reddish-brown color. Scoro dite and beudantite occur crystallized pitticito
;

massive, rcniform. 3 5 Arseniosidcrite 5CaO, AsO -f 3(2FeO, AsO ) -f

1 1

HO.

Color yellowish-brown fibrous lustre silky.

;

Pyromeline=:NiO,
in water
;

SO HO, AsO Partly soluble the solution assumes a blue color on

3

addition of ammonia.

Section

2.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a per

Green

164; Botryogen=3FeO, 2S0 -f 3(Fe ,2S0 )-f 36IIO. Are soluble in water; similar botryogen leaves an ochreous residue.
3 2

ceptible residue, Vitriol, see

3 3

and without gelatinizing.

A
3 3
,

behavior show Copiapitc=2Fe 2

(color yellow), 9HO, color white.

5S0 +18IIO and Coquimbite=Fe 3S0 -f

3
,

Spathic Iron, see

163.
5

Hureaiilitc=3(5MnO,2P0 ) + 5FeO,2P0 +30IIO; 5 5 Triplite=4MnO.P0 +4FeO.P0 Fuse readily;

5
.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

123

moistened with sulphuric acid give the phos phoric acid reaction ( 35) with borax strong hureaulite yields much manganese-reaction
; ;

water, triplite none or very

little.

Triphiline=3 LiO,

P0

+6(3[FeO, MnO],
;

PO

shows a

similar behavior

tion is less decided.

On

the manganese-reac dissolving the mineral

in hydrochloric acid, evaporating the solution to

dryness, adding alcohol, heating the alcohol to ebullition and burning the vapor, the flame as

sumes a purple
Yivianite, see

color.

165; Anglarite=4
2

FeO.P0 5 +4HO

Dufrenite=2 Fe

.P0 +2^ HO; Cacoxene=2

6

FeO.P0

-f

12HO.

Fuse

with sulphuric acid

:

like the

manganese-reaction. matrass cacoxene 33 per cent. ; vivianite 28 per cent. anglarite 16 per cent. ; dufrenite 8^ per cent. Color of anglarite bluish-gray of dufrenite
; ;

and behave give no Yield much water in a

readily

preceding

leek-green of cacoxene ochre-yellow. 156. Hematite, see

;

Section

3.

With hydrochloric

acid form a jelly, or are readily decomposed with separation of silica. Cronstedtite 3 (FeO. MnO. MgO), SiO 3 -f Fe 2

>,

3HO.

Color black;

streak dark
3

leek-green;
3
2

yields water; gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.

Lievrite=3(3[FeO, CaO], Si0 )-f 2(AP0 Fe ), SiO 3 Allanite=3(CeO, CaO), Si0 3 +2([Fe 2 3 APO 3 ], SiO 3 ). Yield no water, or only a trace gelatinize with hydrochloric acid; allanite fuses with intumescence to a voluminous brownish or
3
,

blackish glass

lievrite

intumesces but slightly,

decrepitates and fuses to an iron-black bead. Hardness of allanite=6, of lievrite=5 6.

3 Pyrosmalite==Fe CP-fFe ,6HO+4([3FeO,2Si0 ] 2 SiO 3 ]). Does not gelatinize; fusi -f [3 MnO, 2

bility =2; gives the chlorine-reaction (

65).

124

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF
3

Allochroite[lime-iron-garnet]=3CaO,Si0

+Fe

3
,

Gelatinizes imperfectly fuses readily; dis tinguished from the preceding by absence of
.

SiO 3

cleavage.

Hismgerite

= (3FeO,Fe

[a variety of serpentine].

do not

gelatinize.

phous; the latter yield water in a matrass.

Si0 3 +xIIO; Xylotile Fuse with difficulty; The former is black, amor brown, fibrous, woody. Both
),

Some impure
Section
4,

varieties of Limonite, see

155.

But

by acids. 3 3 Crocidolite=3(NaO,MgO),4Si0 + 3(3FeO,2Si0 ) 3 3 -fxHO Arfvedsonite=:NaO,Si0 -f 3FeO,2Si0

.

little affected

Fusibility=l.T

2.

Color of crocidolite lavender-

blue or leek-green, fibrous, yields water in a mat rass arfvedsonite is black and yields no water.
;

[See also Hornblende and Tourmaline, below, some varieties of which become slightly magnetic after
fusion.]

Green Earth [a variety of pyroxene]. Fusibility 3; color celandine-green; hardness=l; earthy.

Acmite=NaO.Si0 3 -f Fe 2 O 3 ,2Si0 3 Hedenbergite [a 3 black pyroxene]=3Ca0.2Si0 3 -f 3Fe0.2Si0 Fu

;
.

sibility of the former=2, of the latter=2.6; form Both are cleavable. a black lustrous slag.

Almandinc[iron-garnet]=3FeO.Si0 +AF0 .Si0 Color red, red 7.5. Fusibility=3; hardness=7

3 3

3
.

dish-brown.

Not

cleavable.

Rhodonite, some varieties; see below.

Lepidolite,

some

varieties; see below.

Division

6.

Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions. 3 Color sulphur-yellow; earthy. Molybdine Mo0 Gives with the fluxes the reactions of molybdic

the solution

Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid is colorless, but turns blue on being stirred with an iron spatula.
acid.
;
,

3 s Eulytine=2 BiO 3 SiO with some phosphate and

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
fluoride of iron.
acid.

125

On

Gelatinizes with hydrochloric charcoal yields a globule of metallic

bismuth.
124. Bismutite, see Part II. With carbonate of soda on charcoal, give no metallic globule or magnetic metallic mass.

Division

1.

After fusion and continued heating on charcoal or in the forceps, have an alkaline reaction, and

change
Section
1.

to blue the

color of a moistened red

lit

mus-paper. Keadily and completely soluble in water.

Nitre=KO.N0 5 Nitratipe=NaO.N0
;

5
.

Deflagrate:
wire,

vividly on burning

coals.

Fused on platina

the former colors the flames bluish with a red

tint; the latter bright-yellow.

Xatron=NaO.C0
4HO.
tion,

-f

10HO Trona=2XaO.3C0
;

-f

The watery

solution has an alkaline reac

and effervesces on addition of hydrochloric

3

acid.

Glauber
3

Salt=XaO. S0 + 10HO; Thenardite= NaO.SO 8 Glaserite=KO.S0 3 Epsomite=MgO.

; ;

S0 +7HO; Potash Alum=KO.S0

-f 24HO.

-f A1

.3S0 3

The watery

solutions of these

min

erals give a copious precipitate

;

with chloride of

barium the solution of potash alum and epsomite

by carbonate of potassa [distin guished by reaction with solution of cobalt, 44] the concentrated solution of glaserite gives a
;

are precipitated

precipitate with bichloride of platina;

salt yields

glauber

much

water, thenardite none.

Common

Salt=Na-Cl. The watery solution gives a copious precipitate with nitrate of silver. Gives also the reactions for chlorine described
65, 66.

T Borax=lS a0.2B0 3 4-10IIO.

Gives the reaction

for boracic acid,

60.

Section

2.

Insoluble in water, or soluble with difficulty.

11*

126

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL
2

OF
2

Gay-Lussite=CaO.C0 4-NaO.C0 +6HO; Whith crite=BaO.C0 Dissolve in dilute hydrochloric

2
.

acid with effervescence

the former yields water,

3

the latter not.

Anhydrite=CaO.S0
;

3
;

Polyhalite = KO.SO + MgO.SO -f 2(CaO.S0 ) + 2110 Glauberite = NaO.SO -f CaO.SO

3
3 3 3 3
.

Gypsum=CaO.S0 +2HO;

Soluble in

much hydrochloric

acid in the solution

;

chloride of barium gives a precipitate.

yields
;

Gypsum
the rest

much

water, polyhalite

little,

none anhydrite is distinguished by superior hardness=3.5 polyhalite is distinguished from

;

its solution giving a yellow pre with bichloride of platina. cipitate 3 3 Barytes=BaO.S0 Celestine=SrO.S0 Insoluble

glauberite

by

in hydrochloric acid

when
green,

treated

as

give a sulphur reaction described Celestine 107.

;

colors the flame

35.

red,

34

barytes yellowish3
;

Fluor=CaF; Cryolite=3NaF-f APF

colite=2CaO.As0 +6IIO.
5

Pharma-

Do

not effervesce

with acids, and give no sulphur reaction. Pharmacolite evolves- arsenical odor on charcoal
the other two give fluorine reaction,
bility of fluor=3, of cryolite=l.
3 behaves like Chiolite=3XaF-|-2Al F occurs only massive granular; white
2
,

76.

Fusi

cryolite;
cryolite is

distinctly crystalline

and cleavable

in 3 directions.

Division

2.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a per ceptible residue ; some also soluble in water ;

Ammonia Alum = NIPO. SO + APO 3S0 3 -f 24HO; Goslarite=ZnO.S0 +7HO. Both soluble
3 S
.

not gelatinizing.

Heated in water; give sulphur reaction, 107. on charcoal and treated with solution of cobalt, the former assumes a blue, the latter a green,
color,

44, 45.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

127
3
;

Sassolin=B0 3 ,3HO

Boracite=3MgO,4B0
3

HyGive
is

droboracite=3(CaO.MgO),4B0 +18HO.
the boracic acid reaction,
60.
;

Sassolin

soluble in alcohol, the others not

boracite yields

no water, while the others do. Manganblende and Hauerite give strong manga
nese reaction; see
p. 115.

Wagnerite=MgF+3MgO.P0

PO ) + Ca(Cl,F).
5

Apatite 3(3CaO. Moistened with sulphuric acid,

;

impart a pale bluish-green-color to the flame. 3.5 (with intumes Fusibility of wagnerite=3
cence)
;

wagnerite

of apatite==5 (without intumescence) is soluble in dilute sulphuric acid

apatite not.

LiO, NaO, APO Amblygonite With bility =2; hardness=6.

Uranite

3
,

PO

5
,

F.

Fusi

difficulty soluble
3

in concentrated sulphuric or hydrochloric acid.

SCaO.PO 5

-f

2(3U

.P0 5)

24.HO.

Fuses readily, yields water, and gives with fluxes the reactions of sesquioxide of uranium. See Table II.
Division
Section
3.

Soluble in hydrochloric acid,

jelly.

forming a perfect

1.

Give water in a matrass.

Datholite

3(CaO.B0
little

-f

3Ca0.4Si0 3

-f 3

HO.

Yields but

water,

and gives the boracic

Fusi-

acid reaction,

60.

Natrolite=NaO.Si0 3 +AP0 3 .Si0 3 -f2HO.

bility=2, does not intumesce hardness Scolecite= CaO. SiO 3 -f APO 3 SiO 3 3HO
;
.

=5

5.5.

tite

= 3CaO. 2Si0 +
3

3 3 3(AP0 2Si0 )
.

Laumon-f 12HO.

Scolecite,

on being heated, curls up

like a

worm

and

melts to a bulky, shining slag, which in the inner flame becomes a vesicular slightly
finally

translucent bead; hardness=5.5. Laumontite intumesces and fuses to a white translucent enamel hardnesses.
;

128

ELDERIIORST
Nearly related

MANUAL

or

to scolccite

behavior, are Mcsolite Phillipsite ==

and showing a similar and Thomsonite.

3 3 (CaO,KO).Si0 + APOlSiO -f 5HO. with slight intumescence; occurs Fusibility =3,

Section

2.

usually in twin crystals. Giving only traces or no water

in a matrass.
3
;

Helvin=MnO, MnS

2
3
.

(MnO. BeO. FeO), SiO

Tephroite=3MnO.Si0
ganese-reactions.

Distinguished from the

other minerals of this

hardncss=6 ness=5.5 G.

section by giving man Color of helvin wax-yellow, G.5; of tcphroitc ash-gray, hard-

3 Hauyne and Lapis LasuliSiO^APO CaO, KG,

,

S0 3 ,S,
tion,

are of azure-blue color; give sulphur-reac 10T. Fusibility of the former=4.5, of

3
,

the latter=3.

Nosean and Skolopsite=Si0 3 A1 2

,

CaO, NaO,

of gray or brownish color; give sulphur107. reaction, Fusibility of nosean=4.5; of

,

SO

skolopsite=3 (with intumescence

Sodalite

NaO. Si0 + 3 (APO SiO ); 3 ZrO 3 CaO, XaO, FeO, 01, give Eudialyte=Si0 The former fuses 65. the chlorine-reaction,

like idocrase).
3 3
,

NaCl

-f 3
,

to a transparent colorless glass, the latter to a grayish-green scoria or opaque glass.

3 Wollastonite=3CaO, SiO
.

The hydrochloric

acid

solution gives no, or only a very slight, precipi

tate with ammonia. Eukolite=Si0 3 NbO 3
,

ZrO

3
,

CaO, XaO.

By

boiling the hydrochloric acid solution with tin, it assumes a fine blue color on reaching a certain

degree of concentration.

See also Wohlerite.

,

3 3 3 Nepheline=2 (NaO.KO), SiO + 2 (APO SiO ); 3 3 3 Meionite=3CaO. Si0 + 2 (APO SiO ); Melli,

lite

=
3

2 (3

Fe

),

3 3 [CaO. MgO.NaO], SiO ) -f (APO 3 acid solution is The hydrochloric SiO

.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
precipitated

129

by ammonia.

Meionite fuses with

Division

4.

intumescence, the others quietly. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica, without forming a perfect jelly. (It is

sometimes necessary to treat the finely pulverized mineral with concentrated acid.)
Section
1.

Giving water in a matrass.

Apophyllite

8(CaQ.Si0 ) -f 16HO 3 3 Pectolite=3([NaO. KO]. SiO ) -f 4(3CaO. 2Si0 ) 3 + 3 HO; Okenite==3CaO,4Si0 -f 6HO. The
-f
;

= K0.2Si0

shape of gelatinous lumps. acid solution gives no, or onlv a slight, precipitate with- ammonia. Pectolite Fusi yields but little water, the others much.

silica separates in the

The hydrochloric

bility of apophyllite=1.5, forming, a

white ve

sicular

glass;

of

okenite=2.5
2
.

3,

forming a
3

porcelain-like mass.

Analcime=3 Na0.2Si0 3

-f

3(Al

,2Si0

)+6H(X

Gelatinizes like the preceding; in the acid solu tion ammonia produces a copious precipitate:
3 2 3 3 ), Si0 -f 2(3[MgO.Fe]), Pyrosclerite=(AP0 .Cr 3 SiO -f IJ HO Chonikrite 2 APO 3 SiO 3 -f 3(3
;
.

[MgO.CaO.FeO], SiO

+ 6HO, are distinguished

from the other minerals of this section by their inferior hardness=2.5 3. The former gives with fluxes the reactions of oxide of chromium,
67 and 68.

Brc wsterite

Sr O. Ba

),

Si O 3
its

+ AP O

8
,

3 Si O 3

5HO

characterized

by

hydrochloric acid

solution giving a precipitate with sulphuric acid. Stilbite=CaO.Si0 3 +AP0 3 .3Si0 3 -f5HO;Chabazite

= 3(CaO.NaO),2Si0

-f
3

3(AP0
3

.2Si0 3 )-f-18HO
3

Prehnite=2CaO.Si0

+AP0 .Si0 + HO.

Fuse
Preh-

with intumescence to enamel-like masses.

nite yields but little water, losing by ignition only 4.3 per cent. the others lose from 15 to 20
;

per cent.
I

130

ELDERHORST

MANUAL
;

OP

Meerschaum, see below Deweylite==2MgO.Si0 3 -j3HO. Distinguished by being much less fusible than the preceding (fusibility=5); the former
absorbs water with great avidity, the latter not.
Section
2.

Giving only traces or no water in a matrass.

3 3 3 Tachylyte=3(FeO.CaO.NaO), 2Si0 -f APO SiO
,
.

Fuses readily to a black shining

ness==6.5
or light.
;

glass.
3

Hard-

color black.
T
3

Scapolite=3(Ca0.jS aO),Si0

+3(AP0

.Si0 3 ). Col

Hardness=5

5.5.

Fuses with intu

glass.

mescence to a white, vesicular

W6hlerite=Si0 3 ,Nb0 3 ,Zr 2

,CaO,NaO. Fusibility

3,

forming a yellowish enamel.

chloric acid solution gives the

eukolite.

The hydro same reaction as

An-

Labradorite

= (CaO.NaO),
3

Si0 3 -f APOlSiO 3
3

+3(AP0 ,Si0 ). Fusibility without intumescence, forming a color less glass; hardness of the former=6, of the
orthite=3CaO,Si0

=3

4,

Iatter=6

T.

Cleavage perfect.
varieties)
;

Lime Garnet (some

SiO
3
.

= 3CaO, Si0

-f

APO

3
,

Fusibility=3
111.

not cleavable.

Sphene, some varieties, see below.

reactions,

Gives titanium-

Division

5.

Little affected by

hydrochloric acid ; give with fluxes

3 3
: 3

the manganese-reactions.

Carpholite=Si0 ,AP0 ,FeO,MnO,Fe curs only in radiated and stellated

straw-yellow
;

,HO.

Oc
Color

tufts.

silky.

Yields water.
.

3 3 3 Manganese Garnet=3MnO.Si0 -fAP0 .Si0 Col

or brownish-red

fus-es

without intumescence

not cleavable.

Epidote (some varieties)

= 3CaO,

Si0 3 -f 2([AP0 3

Mn

.Fc

J,SiO

).

mesces.
black.

Cleavable.

Fusibility=2 2.5, Color cherry-red to reddish3

.

intu-

Rhodonite=3MnO,2Si0
intumescence.

Color rose-red

Fusibility =3, without cleavable.

;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
Division
6.

131

Not belonging

to either
3
.

of

the

preceding divisions.

Scheelite=CaO,W0

Soluble in Fusibility =5. a residue of tungstic hydrochloric acid, leaving acid, which is soluble in ammonia, and which

gives with

SPh
;

tho characteristic reaction of

tungstic acid

see Table II.

Lepidolite=KO,LiO,F,AP0
SiO
3
,

APO

3
,

CaO,

HO

SiO 3 Euphyllite= SiO 3 APO 3 Margarite

, ;

Fusibility of lepidolite=2 gives the 89. lithia-reaction, Fusibility of euphyllite=

;

CaO, HO.

4.5,

to colorless

Color of euphyllite white of margarite=4. of margarite grayish, reddish-white,

j

All three possess perfect cleavage. yellowish. 3 3 2 3 3Si O ) 3 (Li O. NaO), 2 SiO -f 4 (A1 Petalite

2 3 Spodumene= 3(LiO.NaO), 2Si0 -f 4(A1 3 2Si0 ), do not possess as perfect a cleavage

3
,

as

the preceding, and greater hardness

hardness
7.

of petalite=6

6.5,

of spodumene=6.5

Both

89. Spodumene fuses give the lithia-reaction, with intumescence to a glassy globule petalite fuses to a white enamel
;

3 (CaO.MgO), 2Si0 3.5 Diallage Fusibility characterized by its pearly metallic lustre; cleaves
.

easily in one direction.

Harmotonie=BaO,Si0

Dis from the other minerals of this di tinguished vision by yielding water in a matrass. Occurs usually in twin crystals.
;

+AP0 ,2Si0 +5HO.

3

Axinite=SiO s ,Al 2 O3 ,CaO,FeO,MnO,B0 3 Tounnaline=Si0 3 APO 3 FeO, KO,NaO,LiO,B0 3 Give

, ,
.

the reaction of boracic acid,

61.

Axinite fuses

readily with intumescence to a dark-green glass. Different varieties of tourmaline show different
fusibility.

Hardness of axinite=6.5
7.5.

of tour

maline^
;

Diopside (white augite) SCaO, 2S10 -f- 3MgO, 3 2Si0 3 Augite 3CaO, 2Si0 -f 3(MgO. FeO),

132

ELDERHORST
.

MANUAL
;

OF

diopside fuses to a whitish, Color of augite black augite to a black glass. or dark-green of diopside pale-green or gray, or colorless.
;

2S10 3 Hardness=6

Tremolite

= CaO.Si0 -f 3Mg0.2Si0 = CaO.Si0 -f 3(MgO.FeO),2Si0

3

3
;

Hornblende

Hardness=

5.5

fusibility=3

4.

Tremolite fuses to a white

or light-colored glass, hornblende to a black or gray glass the former is colorless or white, or
;

of light green, yellow, or gray color is green or black.

.

hornblende

3 2 Sphene=2(CaO,Si0 )-f CaO,3Ti0 Fusibility =3. Hardness=5 5.5. Gives the titanium-reaction,

111.

Imperfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid.

;

Orthoclase=KO.Si0 3 +AP0 3 ,3Si0 3 Albite=NaO, Si0 3 -f AF0 3 ,3Si0 3 Hardness=6. Fuse with
.

out intumescence

fusibility of orthoclase

= 5, of

albite=4

the latter colors the flame yellow.

Not

soluble in acids.

With

solution of cobalt

become blue on the edges, 44. Zoisite=3CaO.Si0 3 -f2(Al2 3 ,Si0 3 );Epidote==CaO, Si0 3 -}-2([AP0 3 .Fe 2 3 ], SiO 3 ). Hardness 6.5.

Fusibility

=3

3.5;

fuse

with

intumescence,

white or yellowish slag, epidote to a black or dark-brown slag. Color of zoisite gray,
zoisite to a

yellowish-gray, grayish-white
3

of epidote green.
;

Lime Garnet=3CaO,Si0 3 +Al 2 3 ,Si0 3 Idocrase= 2 3 3 .AP0 ,Si0 3 Pyrope=(MgO. 3CaO,Si0 -f (Fe
;

FeO. CaO),Si0 3 -f ( A1 2

= 6.5 7.5. = of pyrope=4.5.

3,

SiO 3 Hardness Fusibility of lime garnet and idocrasc

.

Cr 2

),

the others not.

Pyrope gives with the

Idocrase possesses cleavage, fluxes the

chromium-reactions.
(See, also, emerald, euclase, iolite, biotite,
covite.)

and mus-

Obsidian,

Pitchstone, Pearlstone, and

3

Pumice=
Fusi-

SiO s ,Al 2

,NaO,KO,HO,

are amorphous.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
bility= 3.5

133

4,fuse with intumescence to porcelain-

like masses, or

white vesicular glasses.

Lustre

of obsidian glassy, of pitchstone greasy, of pearlstone pearly pumice is characterized by its po

;

rosity.

CLASS

III.

Division

INFUSIBLE, OR FUSIBILITY ABOVE 5. 1. After ignition moistened with solution of cobalt and again ignited, assume a bright-blue color.

With

the hard, anhydrous minerals of this division, the color is best seen by reducing the substance
to a fine

solution of cobalt.
cooling.

powder and moistening this with the The color appears only after

Section

1.

Giving much water in a matrass.

Alunite=S0 3 ,AP0 3 KO, Si0 3 -f9HO. Give a

,

HO

Websterite=Al2 O 3

Websterite
acid
;

is

107. sulphur-reaction, soluble in hydrochloric readily

alunite not visibly affected.

(See, also,

ammonia alum, and potash alum.)

176.

Plumbo-Resinite, see
214. Calamine, see 4A1 2 3 Wavellite

3P0
;

A1 2

,P0 + 8HO
5

Peganite =

18HO

Gibbsite
3

2A1 2

,P0

+6

2 3 HO; Fischerite=2Al O ,P0 5 +2HO. Soluble to a great extent in hydrate of potassa. Give the reactions of phosphoric acid, 94 and 95. The former two occur usually in globular concretions

of radiated structure, the latter

crystalline.

two minutely Peganite loses on ignition 24 per

cent, of water, wavellite 27, fischerite 29, gibbsite, 35.

Diaspore

= APO HO
3
,

Clintonite
is

= SiO

3
,

APO

3
,

CaO, MgO, HO.

Diaspore
;

but

slightly sol
;

uble in hydrate of potassa clintonite insoluble the former loses on ignition 11| per cent, of Hardness of diaspore= water, the latter 4J.
6.5
7
;

of clintonite=4

5.

12

134

ELDERHORST
Allophane=3

MANUAL
,

OF

= 3 APO

APO 3 2 Si0 3 -fl5HO; Halloysitc 4Si0 3 +12HO; Ochran=AP0 3 SiO 3 3 3 -f6HO; Collyrite=3AP0 Si0 -f 15HO. De
3
,

composed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica. Hardness of allophane=3,

of the others
2. Halloysite loses on igni tion 16 per cent, of water, ochran 21, collyritc 33^.
,

=1

Pholerite=Al 2 3 Si0 3 -f 2HO Cimolite=AP0 3 3 3 3Si0 +3HO Kaolin=3AP0 4Si0 3 -f 6HO and 2AP0 3 ,3Si0 3 -f-6HO; are all very soft and earthy, and but little affected by acids lose on ignition from 12 to 16 per cent, of water. Nearly related
;
,

to these minerals

are the various varieties of

common

varieties of lithomarge (with 14 per cent, of water), and bole with 24 26 per the clays become plastic wit h cent, of water
clay,
;

some

water, the latter two not.

Section
2.

Giving

little or
,

no water
3
,

in a matrass.

Lazulite=P0 5

APO MgO,

FeO, HO.

Gives the
affected

reaction of phosphoric acid, 74. its blue color and becomes white.
acids.

Heated, loses

Not

by 3 With solution of cobalt Willemite=3ZnO, SiO Gela 44) becomes blue, and green in spots. (
.

tinizes

with hydrochloric acid.

2
3
3
3
,

SiO ) -f HO Agalmatolite=Si0 Myelin=2(Al APO 3 KO, HO Pyrophyllite=3MgO, 2Si0 3 -f 3 3 9 (APO Si0 )-f 9HO. Arc very soft, hardness=
;
,

Pyrophyllite is foliated like talc; before the Blp swells up and spreads out into fan-like
1
2.

shapes, increasing to about 20 times its former bulk. The others do not change before the Blp.

Myelin
acid
;

is

partially

decomposed by hydrochloric
,

agalmatolite not affected.

3 3 3 Muscovite=KO, Si0 -f 4(AP0 SiO ).

Cleavage

eminent

in

one direction

folia

elastic.

Does

not swell perceptibly before the Blp, fusible in

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
very thin laminae. Not affected by acids. ness=2.5.

135

Hard-

Disterrite (variety of clintonite), cleavable in one Hardness=4 5. Decomposed by direction.

concentrated sulphuric acid.

Andalusite=4Al
are but
little

,3Si0 ;Kyanite=3Al

affected

by

acids.

,2SiO Kyanite occurs

;

generally in bladed crystallizations hardness= Hardness of andalusite 7.5, but variety 6 7.

chiastolite varies in
2 3

hardness from 3 to
;

7.5.

2 3 3 Topaz=2Al F +5(Al ,Si0 ) Lithia Tourmaline 3 3 3 = Si0 BO AFO MnO, LiO, KO. Not affected
, ,

Not completely soluble in SPh, the becomes opalescent on cooling. Topaz on glass being ignited remains transparent and docs not tourmaline becomes white and swells. swell Topaz is cleavable in one direction. Hardness
by
acids.
;

= 8; tourmaline
.

is

not cleavable, hardness=6.5.

;

Corundum (sapphire)=A! 2 3 Chrysoberyl=Be(). A1 2 3 Not affected by acids. When pulverized,

slowly but completely soluble in does not opalesce on cooling.

SPh
;

the glass

Hardness of

chrysoberyl=8.5, of corundum=9 color of the former usually green, of the latter blue, red,
yellow, brown.

(Some
Division
2.

varieties of Spinel and Leucite assume a blue color with solution of cobalt.)
ignited,

Moistened with solution of cobalt and a green color.

It is sufficient to heat to redness.

assume
of

The minerals

this division give a coating of oxide of zinc

on

charcoal,

25.

Smithsonite, see

213.

2 ZincBloorn=(ZnO,C0 -fHO) + 2(ZnO,HO). Dis

solves readily in hydrochloric acid with efferves cence; the solution gives with ammonia a white
precipitate, soluble in

an excess of the reagent.

Yields water in a matrass.

136

ELDERHORST
Willemite

MANUAL
3
;

OP
214.

= 3ZnO,Si0

Calarnine, see

Gela-

tinize with hydrochloric acid.

Calamine yields
solution of cobalt

water, willemite not.

With

Division

3.

assume a green color only in spots. (See also Blende and Goslarite.) After ignition have an alkaline reaction, and change into blue the color of a moistened red litmuspaper.

Brucite=MgO, HO; Hydromagnesite=MgO,4HO 4- 3(MgO,C0 ). Yield much water in a matrass,

2

unlike the other minerals of this division.

cite dissolves in

Bru-

hydrochloric acid without effer vescence, hydromagnesite with effervescence; the concentrated solutions are not precipitated by
Lancasterite sulphuric acid. brucite and hydromagnesite.
is

a mixture of

Nemalite

is

fibrous variety of brucite, of silky lustre.

Calcite=CaO.

CO

2
;

Arragonite=CaO.

CO

2
.

Dis

solve readily and with effervescence in dilute cold hydrochloric acid; the concentrated (but not the dilute) solution gives a precipitate with

sulphuric acid. Arragonite before the Blp, calcite not.

falls

to

powder

Dolomite

= MgO.
2
.

CO +CaO. CO
2

2
;

Magnesite=

MgO. CO

Do

not, or but slightly, effervesce

with cold dilute hydrochloric acid, but dissolve readily on application of heat. The concentrated solution of the former gives a precipitate with sulphuric acid, that of the latter not.

similar behavior shows the Breunnerite=(MgO. FeO. MnO), CO 2 which on ignition becomes black and slightly magnetic and some varieties of Chalybite, see 185. 163, and Diallogite, see Strontianite=SrO.C0 2 ;Barytocaleite=BaO.C0 2 -f
, ;

CaO.CO

2
.

Dissolve with effervescence in dilute

hydrochloric acid; the solution, even if largely diluted with water, gives a precipitate with sul-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
phuric acid.

137

Strontianite colors the flame red,

Division

4.

35. 34; barytocalcite yellowish-green, (See also Yttrocerite.) Completely soluble, or nearly so, in hydrochloric or

nitric acid without gelatinizing or leaving a

ceptible residue

per

of

silica.

Chalybite, see
see
195.

163; Breunnerite, see preceding

division; Diallogite, see

185; Emerald Nickel, Dissolve in heated hydrochloric acid

w ith
r

effervescence.
;

2 3 ,HO. Become Limonite, see 155 Gothite=Fe black and magnetic in reduction flame. Dissolve in

Gb thite hydrochloric acid without effervescence. occurs crystallized and cleaves distinctly in one
direction; loses 10 per cent, on ignition; limonite
loses 14^ per cent. (See also Hematite

which

in

some

varieties

is

without metallic lustre; readily distinguished by

red streak.)
Blende, see

ockite=CdS.

212; Marmatite FeS-f-3ZnS; GreenDissolve in hydrochloric acid with

Give the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Greenockite gives on 107. sulphur-reaction, charcoal a coating of oxide of cadmium, 24, the
others of oxide of zinc,
after calcination
25.

Marmatite gives

with the fluxes the reactions

211.

of iron.

Wad,

see

184

Zincite, see

Earthy Cobalt, see

fusible.

133.

Some

varieties

are

Pitchblende

= TTO,l?0

3
;

Zippeite

= IPO + xHO.
3

Give with the fluxes the reactions of sesquioxide of uranium [Table II]. Give with nitric acid a yellow solution in which ammonia produces a
sulphur-yellow precipitate.
zippeite yellow.

Pitchblende

is

black,

Chrome Ochre=Cr
12*

3
.

Gives with fluxes

the

138

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

reactions of sesquioxidc of chromium [Table II]. Forms with hydrate of potassa a green solution.

Turquois

HO, CuO. Color sky-blue Gives the copper-reaction, 74. Yields much water in a matrass.
,

= P0 ,Al
5

and green.

Apatitc=3(3CaO.

PO

Ca

(01, F).

Gives the

94. phosphoric acid reaction, Fusibility =5. Soluble in nitric acid. Gives the fluorine-reac

tion,

76 (always
5

?)

Monazite=P0 ,CcO,LaO,ThO.

Infusible.

Gives

the phosphoric acid reaction, 94. Soluble in acid. Minute tabular crystals of hydrochloric

reddish-brown

color.
3
,

Childrenite= PO 5 Al 2

,FcO,MnO,IIO.
94.

Gives the
the fluxes

phosphoric acid reaction,

With

In gives the reaction of iron and manganese. hydrochloric acid soluble with difficulty. Yields

much

water.
2

Polycrase=Ti0 ,Nb0

&c. ,Fe ,Zr ,Ce-0 ,U but infusible. Color black. On Decrepitates, the pulverized mineral with hydrate of fusing potassa, boiling the fused mass with hydrochloric
,

acid, filtering,
foil,

and boiling the filtrate with tin the liquid assumes a blue color on reaching a certain degree of concentration ; the color dis

appears on addition of water. Fluoceritc=CeF. Gives the reactions of fluorine, 75, and of sesquioxide of cerium, Table II.
Division
5.

With hydrochloric acid

izing.

,behaves similarly. form a jelly, or are decom posed with separation of silica without gelatin

Yttroccrite=F,CaO,YO,Ce

Section

1.

Giving water in a matrass.

Dioptase
149.

= 3CuO,2Si0
Behave
3

-f

3HO

alike before the

Chrysocolla, see Blp the former

;

gelatinizes with acids, the latter not.

Thorite=3ThO,Si0

+ 3HO

Ccrite=3CeO,Si0

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

139
Color

3HO.
of

Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid.

thorite orange-yellow or black, hardness= of eerite, brown to red passing into 4.5 5
j

gray, hardness=5.5.

Chloropal=Fe

3 ,2Si0 -f 3HO. Color yellowishgreen, amorphous, of an opal-like appearance. Becomes magnetic by ignition gelatinizes. Small
;

pieces when thrown into a concentrated solution of hydrate of potassa lose the green color and

become dark-brown.
2

Hardness=2
3
;

3.
2
3
,

,Si0 -f 3HO Hisingerite=Fe Xylotile=Fe 3Si0 3 +3MgO,2Si0 3 -f 5110. Become magnetic

3

by

Hisingerite is black, imperfectly and cleavable in one direction xylocrystallized tile is light or dark brown, of fibrous, woody
;

ignition. chloric acid.

Readily decomposed by hydro

structure.

Meerschaum=MgO,Si0
hydrochloric acid
;

-f

2HO.
;

Gelatinizes with

absorbs water very light with great avidity; gives the magnesia-reaction with solution of cobalt, 44.

Schiller-Spar

HO)

= 3([MgO. FeO], SiO -f 2(MgO, 2 Chrysotile = 3MgO,2Si0 -f MgO,3HO.

3

Possess a metallic pearly lustre

massive, cleavable
tion
schiller-spar
;

the former

is

the latter fibrous.

By

igni

white.
acid,

becomes brown, chrysotile Both are decomposed by hydrochloric or more readily by sulphuric acid, without
3

gelatinizing.

Serpentine=2(3MgO,2Si0 )x 3(MgO,2HO). De composed by concentrated hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing. Usually massive and com 13 pact hardness=3 4; loss by ignition 12 per cent. Of similar composition, and showing
;

a similar behavior, are the following minerals, which, however, possess crystalline structure and

cleavage

Picrophyll, hardness=2.5, loss

by

ig.

HO

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OP

nition 10^ per cent.

loss

; Picrosraine, hardness=2.t, ignition 9 per cent. ; Marmolite, hardness 2.5 3, loss by ignition 15. T per cent. ; Kaemmererite, hardness=1.5 2, loss by ignition 13

by

per cent. (See also Chlorite and Kipidolite which are with difficulty decomposed by concentrated hydro
chloric acid.)
3 Antigorite=3(MgO.FeO),2Si0 -f MgO,HO Mon3 radite=4(3[MgO.FeO],2Sio ) + 3HO Neolite= 3 3MgO,2Si0 +HO. Decomposable by concen
;

trated hydrochloric

Loss by ignition 4
dite,

6 per cent.

acid without gelatinizing. Antigorite oc

;

curs in foliated masses, hardness=2.5

;

monra-

hardness=6 neolite in silky fibres or mas sive, hardness =1. (See, also, some varieties of Clintonite, hardness=
4-5.)
Section
2.

Giving only traces or no water in a matrass. SiO 3 YO,FeO,CeO,Be 2 3 Gehlenite= Gadolinite

3 3 2 2(3CaO,Si0 )-f2(AP0 .Fe

with hydrochloric acid. the Blp into cauliflower-like masses, and some times exhibits a vivid glow thin splinters fusi
;

Gelatinize ),Si0 Gadolinite swells before

.

ble

on the edges color black to blackish-green hardness=6.5 7. Gehlenite is also fusible in

; ;
;

very thin splinters; color gray to grayish-white hardness=5.5 6. 3 3MgO, SiO Chondrodite=2(3MgO, Chrysolite 3 SiO ) -f MgF. Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid.

Color of the former green, of the latter mostly Chondrodite gives the white, yellow, or brown.
fluorine-reaction,
t6.

Si0 3 ,MgO,FeO, Boltonitc (a variety of pyroxene) APO 3 Cleavage distinct in one direction. Color
.

yellow. Leucite

(See also Clintonite.)

3 3KO, 2Si0

-f

3(APO

,2Si0

).

Decom-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
posed by hydrochloric
as a fine

141

acid, the silica separating

powder; some varieties become blue

occurs usually in trapeColor grayish or white.
;

with solution of cobalt

zohedrons.

Division

6.

Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions. The remaining minerals which cannot be classed under any of the preceding divisions, may be
divided according to their hardness in two sec
tions.

Section

1.

Hardness below
Biotite

Y.
2 3

.Fe ),Si0 -t-3 (hexagonal mica)=(Al 3 Muscovite (oblique mica)= (MgO,KO),Si0

;

KO,Si0 -f 4(Al 2HO. Give little

loses at

,Si0

Talc=6MgO,5Si0
;

or no water in a matrass

talc

most 5 per cent. Cleavage eminent in Hardness of biotite=2.5 3, of muscovite=2 2.5, of talc=l 1.5. Biotite is
one direction.

decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid, the The laminae of biotite and muscoothers not.
vite are elastic, of talc not.
is

Soapstone or steatite
;

a massive, usually compact variety of talc very greasy to the feel, or like soap (see also

Pyrophyllite). 2 Chlorite 2(MgO,Al

6HO
Fe 2
3

Ripidolite = (MgO. FeO), SiO

3

-f

3(2[MgO. Fe], SiO

3

)
2

-f
3
.

-f

(A1

Loses by ignition 12 ),Si0 -j-4(MgO,HO. cent, of water. per Cleavage eminent in one
direction, laminae not elastic (chlorite often mas sive granular). Hardness of chlorite=2 2.5, of

ripidolite=l

2.

Decomposed by concentrated
acid.

hydrochloric acid with continued boiling, more

readily

by sulphuric

Ripidolite fuses with

(=5.5) to a grayish-yelk) w enamel, chlorite becomes black and slightly magnetic. A similar behavior shows the Chloritoid hardness=5.5 6.
difficulty
;

Bronzite

(hypersthene)

= 3MgO,

2SiO* -f- 3(CaO-

142

ELDERIIORST
;

MANUAL

OF

3 3 FcO), 2S10 Anthophyllite=FeO,Si0 +3MgO, of bronzite very perfect in one 2S10 3 Cleavage direction; anthophyllite cleaves in two directions.
.

The former
color,

is of clove-brown or pinchbeck-brown with a pearly-metallic lustre the lustre Hardof anthophyllite is much less perfect.
;

ness=5

5.5.

Wolframites*

is soluble in hydrate of potassa; solution gives with nitric acid a yellow pre the
,

WO

cipitate

which on boiling becomes lemon-yellow.

soft,

Occurs in

earthy, yellow masses.

.

3 Scheelite=CaO,W0 Fusibility=5 hardness = The pulverized mineral, on being boiled 5. 4.5

;

with nitric acid, leaves a lemon-yellow residue of tungstic acid. Gives the reactions of tungstic
Cassiterite, see

acid [Table II]. 209.

.

2 Anatase, Rutile, and Brookite=Ti0

Give the

reactions of titanic acid [Table II].

th<3

fusing pulverized minerals with hydrate of potassa, dissolving the fused mass in hydrochloric acid

On

and boiling the solution with metallic tin, it as sumes a violet color, which turns to red on addi
tion of water.

Color of anatase, various shades

into indigo-blue
;

of

brown passing
;

of rutile

mostly brownish-red or red, sometimes yellowish of brookite, hair-brown, yellowish or or black

reddish (variety arkansitc is iron-black). Hard ness of anatase=5.5 6,5; of G; of rutile=G
brookite =5.5
3

6,
3
2
7

Acschynite and Pyrochlore=Nb0 ,Ti0 ,Zr

,CaO, &c.

,Ce

the preceding with a certain potassa, &c., the solution on reaching degree of concentration assumes a fine blue color,

Treated

like

which, on addition of water, docs not change to red, but gradually disappears. Acschynite swells

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
;

143

before the Blp and turns yellow pyrochlore does not swell and becomes grayish. 3 Opal=Si0 -f xHO. Before the Blp yields water

and becomes opaque

fuses with carbonate of

soda to a clear bead, with effervescence. Infusi Boiled \vith hydrate of potassa, it dissolves ble.
completely or to a great extent; the solution gives a gelatinous precipitate with chloride of

ammonium.
brown or
salt of

Hardness
5
.

6.5.

Xenotime=3YO,P0
flesh-red.

Color, various shades of Hardness=4 5. Gives the

94.

phosphoric acid reaction,

to a colorless glass. [See also Childrenite

Infusible.

With

phosphorus dissolves with great

difficulty

and Orthoclase.]

Section

2.

Hardness=7, or above.
[See Cassiterite, Rutile, and Opal of the preceding section whose hardness sometimes approaches 7.]

Quartz

SiO 3

The various
infusible

varieties of quartz, as
flint,

rock-crystal,

amethyst, hornstone,

chalce

dony, &c., are

and unalterable before

effervescence.

the Blp, and fuse with carbonate of soda to a

transparent bead, with

Hard

ness^.
Iolite
3 2 3 SiO 3) (3[MgO.FeO], 2Si0 ) + 5(A1 2 2 3 3 3 .Fe Hardness= Staurotide=2(Al ), SiO
,
.

=2

T.5.

Do

carbonate of soda.
color
blue,

not fuse to a transparent glass with 5.5 Fusibility of iolite=5

Staurotide
;

grayish.

is

infusible

color brownish-red,

brown
2

crystals often cruci

form.

Beryl

= 3BeO, 2Si0 + A1
3
3
2

3
,

2Si0 3
3
;

Euclase

=2

SiO Phenacite=3BeO, (3BeO, Si0 ) + 2Al Si0 3 ;Zircon=Zr0 3 ,Si0 3 Hardness=7.5. Beryl and euclase turn milk-white with strong heat and become rounded on the edges; beryl crystal
,

lizes in

hexagonal prisms, and possesses pretty

244

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OP

distinct basal cleavage, color usually pale-green or emerald-green; euclase crystallizes in clino-

rhombic prisms and possesses distinct cleavage

in

two directions at right angles to each other color pale mountain-green passing into blue and white. Phenacite and zircon do no change be

fore the blow-pipe, excepting that zircon becomes colorless ; color red, yellow, or colorless, zircon

sometimes brown or gray; phcnacitc is a little (=8) than zircon. 3 Ouvarovite (lime-chrome-garnet) SCaO, SiO -f 2 3 3 Cr Infusible. Hardness 7.5 8. ,Si0 Gives with fluxes the chromium reactions
harder

[Table II].
Spinel

= MgO,
3
;

A1 2

3
;

Pleonastc

= (MgO. FeO),
3
.

A1 2
7.5

Gahnite=(ZnO.MgO),Si0

Hardness=

8.

crystals.

Occur almost exclusively in octahedral Spinel and pleonaste, when pulverized,

are soluble in salt of phosphorus; color of spinel of pleonaste black. Gahiiite red, blue, brownish
;

Js almost insoluble in

salt of phosphorus and borax; color dark-green or black. Kreittonite is a black spinel containing zinc and iron,

slightly magnetic before ignition.

Diamond= C.

Characterized by its hardness, which

surpasses that of corundum.

TABLES.
(145)

146

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE L

BEHAVIOE OF THE ALKALINE BEFORE THE

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

147

EARTHS AND THE EARTHS PROPER

BLOW-PIPE.
With

Bx

on Platinum Wire.

With

SPk on Platinum

Wire.

The Carbonate dissolves with ef fervescence to a limpid glass which, when in a certain state of saturation,

may

when

be made opaque by flaming; still more saturated, it be comes opaque on cooling, even with
out flaming.

As with Borax.

Presents the same phenomena as Barvta.

Presents the same phenomena as

Baryta.

Readily dissolved

to a limpid glass,

which becomes opaque by flaming.

Soluble in large quantities to a limpid glass which, when sufficient

The Carbonate

dissolves with effer vescence. On a large addition of Lime the glass crystallizes on cooling, but does not become enamel-white.

Lime is present, becomes opaque by flaming. When saturated, the

glass
ing.

becomes enamel-white on

cool

Readily soluble to a limpid glass,

It

behaves like Lime, but does not

which becomes opaque by flaming.

crystallize so well.

When

saturated,

it

becomes, on cool

ing, enamel-white.

Dissolves slowly to a limpid glass,

which remains so on cooling, and which cannot be made cloudy by

flaming.
large quantity of Alu mina makes the glass cloudy; on cooling, it then assumes a crystalline surface.

Soluble to a limpid glass, which

remains
stances.

clear under all circum If too much Alumina is added, the undissolved portion be comes translucent.

H8

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OP

TABLE L

CON-

BLOW PIPE ANALYSIS.

TINTJED.
With

149

Ex

on Platinum Wire.

150

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

II.

BEHAVIOR OF THE METAL-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

151

LIC OXIDES BEFOEE

With

THE BLOW-PIPE.
With

Bx

on Platinum Wire.

SPh

on Platinum Wire.

OH
to

OF1
to

Dissolves in large quantities

Dissolves with effervescence a limpid glass, which, while hot,

:

is

a limpid glass, which, while hot, appears yellowish, but after cooling,
colorless.

RF1 The glass, when treated only for a short time in the OF1, becomes
:

RF1: On Ch the saturated bead becomes at first cloudy, but after wards clear again, owing to the vola
tilization of the

slightly yellowish.

ticles of

on Ch grayish and cloudy from par reduced antimony. With tin it becomes gray or black.

reduced antimony. the glass becomes, after cooling, gray, even if but very little antimonious acid is present.
Treated with
tin,

With strong blowing it becomes clear

again.

small quantity is easily OF1: dissolved to a clear yellow glass,

which, on cooling, becomes colorless. On a large addition of oxide, the glass, while hot, is yellowish-red, becomes yellow on cooling, and when
cold
is

OF1 Readily dissolved to a lim pid yellow glass, which, on cooling, becomes colorless. When a greater quantity of oxide is present, the glass may be made enamel-white by naming, and on a still larger addi
:

opalescent.

RF1: On Ch the glass becomes at first gray and cloudy, the oxide is reduced to metal with effervescence, and the bead becomes clear again.

An

addition of tin accelerates the

process.

it becomes by itself enamelwhite on cooling. RF1 On Ch, particularly when tin is added, the glass remains colorless and limpid while hot, but becomes, on cooling, dark-gray and opaque.

tion

OF1 Soluble in large quantity to a limpid yellowish glass, becoming almost colorless on cooling. When highly saturated, it may be made enamel-white by flaming, and when still more oxide is present, it be comes by itself enamel-white on
:

OF1 Soluble in large quantity to a limpid glass which, while hot, is yellowish, but colorless when cold
: ;

when

saturated,

it

becomes enamel-

white on cooling.

cooling.

RF1

Placed on Ch,
;

it

ebullition

the oxide

is

reduced

enters into the

;

reduced metal vaporizes immediate ly and deposits a dark-yellow Ct.

RF1: On Ch the oxide becomes slowly and imperfectly reduced. The reduced metal deposits a very feeble Ct of dark-yellow color. The color is only clearly seen when the mass An addition of tin facili is cold. tates the reduction.

152

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

II.

CON

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

153

TINUED.
With

Ex

on Platinum Wire.

With SPh on Platinum Wire.

OF1: Soluble to a limpid glass of dark-yellow or red color, which changes on cooling to yellow. When highly saturated with oxide the glass becomes on cooling enamel-white.

OF1

As with Bx, but on

Becomes

cooling

colorless.

RF1: Perfectly
cold.

RF1

The yellow

colorless.

glass becomes

colorless, hot and never opaque on

becomes on and crystalline.

highly saturated bead cooling enamel-white

cooling, of oxide.

however large the amount

OF1: Dissolves but slowly, but colors intensively. If little of the oxide is present, the glass, while hot, is yellow; when cold, yellowishgreen with more oxide it is darkred while hot, becomes yellow on cooling, and when perfectly cold has
;

a fine yellowish-green color. RF1: The glass is green, hot and cold. The intensity of the color de

OF1 Soluble to a limpid glasn, which, while hot, appears reddish ; when cold it has a tine green color., RF1: As in OF1.
:

pends on the amount of oxide pre Tin causes no change. sent.

Colors very intensively. The smalt-blue, hot and cold. An excess of oxide im parts to the bead a deep bluish-black

OF1

glass appears pure

OF1 As with Bx, but for the same quantity of oxide the color is not
:

quite so deep.

color.

RF1: AsinOFl.

RF1: As inOFl.

A small addition of oxide OF1 makes the glass appear green while
:

but blue when cold. large quantity imparts to it a very deepgreen color while hot, becoming greenish-blue when cold. RF1 A glass containing a certain quantity of oxide becomes colorless, but on cooling becomes opaque and red (suboxide). On Ch the copper may be precipitated in the metallic state, the bead becoming in conse quence colorless. glass contain
hot,
:

OF1:
is

As with Bx, but

same amount of oxide the

not so deep.
:

for the coloration

RF1 glass containing a large quantity of oxide becomes darkgreen, which in the moment of re
frigeration

ing protoxide, when treated on Ch with tin, becomes on cooling browniah-red

changes suddenly to brownish-red and opaque. A glass containing but little oxide, when treated on Ch with tin, appears color less while hot, but becomes brown ish-red and opaque on cooling.
.

and opaque.

154

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OP

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

II.

_ CON-

On

Charcoal alone.

With Carbonate of Soda.

9.

TEROXIDE OF
GOLD.

When heated to igni tion it becomes reduced to metal in OF1 and KF1.
The metal fuses easily to a globule.

Does not dissolve in the

is easily reduced, in both flames. The metal

Sd, but

AuO

3
.

fuses readily to a globule. The Sd passes into the Ch.

OF1: Insoluble.

HF1:
duced
10.
;

On Ch

it

is

re

SESQUIOXIDE
OF IRON. Fe 2 3
.

OF1 Not changed. RF1 Becomes black washed with water to re and magnetic. move the adherent Ch
: :

the mass, when placed in a mortar, pul verized, and repeatedly

particles, yields a gray metallic powder which is attracted by the magnet.

OF1
11.

Does not dissolve

;

BlNOXIDE OF
IRIDIUM.
IrO 2
.

a red heat becomes the reduced reduced

;

At

Sd, but becomes reduced the metal can

in the

metal

is

infusible.

not be fused to a globule.

RF1: AsinOFl.

Minium, when heated on

platinum foil, blackens on increasing the tem perature it changes into yellow oxide, which final
;

OFl:

On platinum wire

ly fuses to a

yellow glass.

On Ch
12.

in

OF1 and RF1

OXIDE OF
LEAD.
PbO.

almost instantaneously reduced to metal which, with continued blowing,

vaporizes,

readily dissolved to a lim pid glass which, on cool ing, becomes yellowish

and opaque.

and covers the

Ch with

yellow oxide, surrounded by a faint white ring of carbonate. The Ct, when touched with the RF1, disappears, imparting to the flame an
azure-blue tinge.

11F1: On Ch reduced to metal which, with con tinued blowing, covers the Ch with oxide.

BLOW-PIPE AN ALYSI8.
7

155

TINTJED.
With

Bx

on Platinum Wire.

156

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

II.

CON-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

157

TINUED.
With

Bx

on Platinum Wire.

With

SPh

on Platinum Wire.

OF1

Colors very intensively.

while hot, is violet, on cooling it assumes a reddish tinge. When much manganese is added, the glass becomes quite black and opaque but the color can be seen when the glass, while soft, is flat tened with the forceps.
glass,
;

The

OF1: A considerable addition of manganese must be made to produce

a colored glass; it then appears, while and hot, brownish-violet, reddish-violet when cold, but never opaque. If the glass contains so small a quantity of manganese that it appears colorless, an addition of nitre will produce the characteristic
coloration.

glass becomes colorless. color was very dark, the phenomenon is best observed on Ch
:

RF1

The

If

the

RF1: Becomes very soon color

less.

with addition of

tin.

Dissolved in large quantities to a limpid glass which, while hot, appears yellow, but colorless on cooling. very large amount of acid causes the glass to appear darkyellow while hot, and opaline when
:

OF1

glass
hot,

OF1: Easily soluble to a limpid if but little of the acid is

;

yellowish-green while cold almost colorless. On Ch the glass becomes very dark, and on cooling assumes a beautiful
present
it is

but

when

green

color.

RF1: The glass, assumes a very RF1: A highly saturated bead dark, dirty-green color which, on becomes brown, and opaque when cooling, becomes beautiful brightstill more acid is present. green. The same on Ch tin deepens
cold.
;

the color a

little.

OF1
bead
pale

small quantity colors the

;

violet while hot

when

cold,

reddish-brown. More makes the coloration deeper.

:

oxide

RF1 The glass becomes gray and With con cloudy, or even opaque. tinued blowing the minute particles
reduced metal collect together and the glass becomes colorless. This takes more readily place on
of

Ch, especially when tin is added. The nickel then unites with the tin to a globule. 14

OF1: Soluble to a reddish glass which, on cooling, becomes yellow. A larger addition causes the glass to appear brownish-red while hot, and reddish-yellow when cold. RF1: On platinum wire not changed. On Ch with tin it becomes, at first, gray and opaque; with continued blowing the nickel be comes reduced, and the glass clear again and colorless.

158

ELDERHORST

MANUAL OF
TABLE
II.

CON-

Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

159

TINUED.
With

Bx on Platinum

Wire.

With

SPh

on Platinum Wire.

Reduced, but not the metallic particles cannot be fused to a globule.

:

OF1 and RF1

dissolved;

As with Bx.

Like Palladium.

Like Palladium.

OF1: In part dissolved, and in part reduced. On cooling, the glass becomes opalescent or milk-white, according to the amount of oxide
present.

RF1
gray,

The

glass at first becomes

OF1 Imparts to the bead a yel lowish color. When much of the oxide is present, the glass, when cold, is opalescent, and appears yel lowish at daylight, reddish at can
:

but afterwards

limpid

and

dle-light.

colorless.

RF1

As with Bx.

RF1 On Ch becomes at first gray, afterwards colorless. The Ch be comes coated with tellurous acid.
:

Soluble to a limpid and glass which, on Ch, be comes gray from reduced metal.

OF1:

colorless

As with Borax.

OF1:
less

very small quantity dis

solves slowly to a limpid

glass,

and

color
so

which

remains

on

cooling.

RF1:

From a highly

OF1 As with Borax. RF1: The glass, containing oxide,

:

saturated

suffers

no change.

glass a part of the oxide

may

be

reduced on Ch.

160

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OP

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order,

II.

CON-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

161

TITHED.
With

Bx on Platinum

Wire.

With

SPh on Platinum

Wire.

OF1: Easily soluble

to a

limpid

OF1

glass which, when containing a large quantity, appears yellow while hot, but becomes colorless on cooling. When containing a very large quan

glass which, when containing a large quantity, appears yellow while hot, but becomes colorless on cooling.

Easily dissolved to a limpid

RF1

enamel-white when cold. RF1: en containing but little titanic acid the glass becomes yel low -when more, dark-yellow to brown. A saturated glass becomes enamel-blue by flaming.
tity
it is

but, on cooling, reddens

Appears yellow

wliile hot,

and

finally

color. If iron is present the glass, on cooling, be

assumes a violet

comes brownish-red with tin on Ch the glass becomes violet, unless the amount of iron be very consid
;

erable.

OF1 Easily dissolved to a limpid and colorless bead, which when

:

OF1

Like titanic

acid.

RF1

A glass, containing but little

is not changed. When becomes yellow and, on cool

highly saturated, appears while hot.

:

yellow

tungstic acid,
it

more, ing, yellowish-brown.

On Ch

the

same reaction
less

produced with a saturated bead. Tin deepens

is

the colors.

On Ch with tin, deep ish-green. If iron is present the glass, green. on cooling, becomes brownish-red with tin on Ch the glass becomes blue or, .if the amount of iron is considerable, green.
;

RF1 With little blowing the glass appears, while hot, of a dirty green color, blue on cooling; with strong blowing it becomes, on cooling, blu

OF1
iron.

Behaves

When
:

glass may by flaming.

like sesquioxide of highly saturated the be made enamel-yellow

OF1

Dissolves to a limpid yellow

glass which,
IIF1:

on cooling, becomes
.

Behaves like sesquioxide of The green bead, when at a iron. certain point of saturation, may be made black by flaming. On Ch with tin it becomes dark-yellow.

RF1

yellowish-green

glass assumes a dirty green color which, on cooling, changes to a fine green. With tin on Ch the color deepens.

The

OF1 Dissolved to a limpid glass which, when the quantity of vanadic acid is small, appears colorless, when larger yellow, and which, on cooling,
:

becomes oreenish.

RF1 The glass, while hot, appears brownish, and assumes a fine green color on cooling.
:

Soluble to a limpid glass vanadic acid is present, appears dark-yellow while hot, and becomes light-yellow on
:

OF1

which,

if sufficient

cooling.

RF1

As with Borax.

14*

lea

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE
Metallic Oxides in Alphabetical Order.

II.

CON-

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

163

TINUED.
With

Ex on Platinum

Wire.

With

SPh

on Platinum Wire.

OF1: Dissolves readily, and in large quantity, to a limpid glass, which appears yellowish while hot ; on cooling it is colorless. When much of the oxide is present, the glass may be made enamel-white by flaming; and on a still larger addition it becomes enamel-white on
cooling.

As with Borax.

The saturated glass becomes and cloudy, and finally transparent again. On Ch the oxide
:

RF1

at first gray

becomes reduced, the metal vaporizes and coats the Ch with oxide.

164

ELDERHORST
TABLE III

MANUAL OP

THE METALLIC OXIDES ARRANGED THEY IMPART

IN

WITH BORAX
r.

OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE

Colorless Beads.
Silica,

Alumina, Binoxide of Tin,

"1

HOT
AND
COLD.
1

Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia, Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Oxide of Lanthanium, Oxide of Sil ver, Tantalic Acid, Niobic Acid, Tellurous Acid. Titanic Acid, Tungstic Acid,Molybdic Acid, Oxides of Zinc, Cadmium,

when
ing.

highly

saturated

opaque (white) by flam

when

feebly saturated.

Lead, Bismuth, and Antimony.

b.

Yellow Beads.
Titanic Acid, Tungstic Acid,
ides of Zinc,

Ox
and and

and Cadmium.
Lead,

Oxides

of

Bismuth,

HOT.

<

Antimony.
Sesquioxides of Cerium, Iron,

when highly saturated; on cooling colorless, and cloudy by flaming, when highly saturated on cooling colorless.
;

when

feebly
;

saturated

Uranium.
Sesquioxide of yellowish-green.

on cooling

colorless.

Chromium, when

fully saturated

when

cold,

Vanadic Acid
c.

when

cold, pale-green.

Bed

to

Brown

Beads.

f
f

TT

j 1

Sesquioxide of Cerium ; on cooling yellow, enamel-like flaming. Sesquioxide of Iron on cooling, yellow. Sesquioxide of Uranium ; on cooling yellow, enamel-yellow
;

by

by

flaming. Sesquioxide of Chromium; on cooling yellowish-green. Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Manganese on cooling yellowish-red.
;

{Oxide
d.

of Nickel (reddish-brown to brown); violet while hot. Sesquioxide of Manganese (violet-red); violet while hot. Oxide of Nickel, containing Cobalt; violet while hot.

Violet

Beads (amethyst-colored).
:

of Nickel on cooling, reddish-brown to brown. Sesquioxide of Manganese on cooling, violet-red. Oxide {Oxide of Nickel, containing Cobalt ; on cooling, brownish.
;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

165

WITH REFERENCE TO THE COLORS WHICH

TO THE FLUXES.
WITH BORAX
a.

IN

REDUCTION FLAME PRODUCE

Colorless Beads. Alumina, Binoxide of Tin. Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia, Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Oxides of Lanthanium and Cerium, TanSilica,

"j

when highly saturated cloudy by flaming,

HOT
AND
COLD.

talic

Acid.

Sesquioxide of Manganese; sometimes, on cooling, pale rosecolored.

Niobie Acid when feebly saturated. Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel, Tel;
.

"j

with with

strong blowing feeble blowing

;

HOT.

lurous Acid. Oxide of Copper

when highly

J gray. saturated on cooling opaque

d red.

b.

Yellow

to

Brown Beads.

HOT.

Titanic Acid (yellow to brown); when highly saturated onarnelblue by flaming. Tungstic Acid (yellow to dark-yellow) ; when cold brownish. Molybdic Acid (brown to opaque).

Yanadic Acid (brownish)

green when cold.

c.

Blue Beads.
;

HOT.

Oxide of Cobalt

retains

its

color on cooling.

d.

Green Beads.
;

HOT
p I/OLD.
HOT.

Sesquioxide of Iron (yellowish-green) especially when cold. Sesquioxide of Uranium (yellowish-green) when highly saturated black by flaming.
;

|^

Sesquioxide of

Chromium

(light to
hot.

dark emerald-green).

Yanadic Acid

brownish while

166

ELDERHORST

MANUAL

or

TABLE

III.

CON-

WITH BORAX
e.

IN

OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE:

;

Blue Beads.
;

HOT.

COLD

I
1

Oxide of Cobalt retains its color on cooling. Oxide of Copper (when highly saturated greenish-blue)
-while hot.

green
I

HOT.

cold blue or greenish-blue. N on cooling the color changes, according to in the proportion Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Co which the various ox balt or copper. ides are present, to Oxide of Copper, containing Iron or Nickel. light-green, blue, or
;

Oxide of Copper

Green Beads. when

yellow.
f

COLD.

\
(

Sesquioxide of Chromium, yellowish-green while hot. Vanadic Acid, greenish yellow while hot.
;

yellovr

to

red

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

l$f

TINUED.
WITH BORAX
e.

IN REDUCTION

FLAME PRODUCE:
blowing; blowing

Gray and Cloudy Beads.

J-

COLD.

Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,] with feeble Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel, with strong I Tellurous Acid. J colorless. Niobic Acid ; when highly saturated. (^
[

/.

Red and Opaque Beads.

COLD.

Oxide of Copper, when highly saturated; colorless while hot

168

ELDERIIORST

MANUAL

OF

TABLE

III.

CON-

WITH SALT
a.

OF PHOSPHORUS IN
Colorless Beads.

OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE:

HOT
AND
COLD.

Silicic Acid; soluble only in minute quantity. Alumina, Binoxide of .Tin soluble with difficulty. Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia, ] when highly saturated Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Oxbecome opaque by ide of Lanthanium, Tellurous Acid. j flaming. Acids of Tantalium, Niobium, Titan too highly satuium, Tungsten, Antimony; Oxides of Bismuth. Zinc, Cadmium, Lead,
;
>

b.

Yellow Beads.

Acids of Tantalium, Niobium, Titanmm, Tungsten, Antimony; Oxides of 1 Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Bismuth. J
m

Lh
i

h; S } orlcss

y 8aturated
coolin(r .

on

HOT.

Oxide of
,
"

Silver, yellowish Sesquioxide of Iron. Cerium.

"

when

cold opalescent.
1
J

when

feebly saturated

on cooling colorless.

"

"

Uranium

when

cold yellowish-green.

COLD.

Vanadic Acid, deep-yellow; when cold of a lighter shade. Oxide of Nickel while hot reddish.
-J
;

c.
f

Red
"

Beads.
1
j
"

Sesquioxide of Iron.

HOT.

Cerium.
;

when highly saturated; when cold yellow.

Oxide of Nickel, reddish; when cold yellow. Sesquioxide of Chromium, reddish when cold emerald-green. d. Violet Beads.
Sesquioxide of Manganese, brownish-violet; on cooling pale
reddish-violet. Oxide of Didymium
e.
;

HOT.

when

cold of a lighter shade.

HOT.
COLD.

\ \

Blue Beads. Oxide of Cobalt; when

Oxide of Copper
/.
;

cold of the

same

color.

green while hot.

Green Beads.
^
j

Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Cobait or Copper. Oxide of Copper, containing Iron or

{
j
j

on cooling the color changes, according to the proportion in which the various oxides are
present, to light-green, blue, or yellow.

HOT.

NickeL

~ COLD.

Oxide of Copper; when cold blue or greenish blue. Molybdic Acid, yellowish-green when cold of a lighter shade. Sesquioxide of Uranium, yellowish-green while hot yellow. Sesquioxide of Chromium, emerald-green while hot reddish.
; ;

BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.

169

TINUED.
WITH SALT
a.

OF PHOSPHORUS IN REDUCTION

FLAME PRODUCE

Colorless Beads.
but slightly soluble.
difficulty.
i_
)

Silica,

Alumina, Binoxide of Tin, soluble with

HOT
AND
COLD.

Baryta, Strontia, Lime, jMajjnesia, Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, ThorTa, Ox

ide of

hl when hl g1.1 ?
,

,LJI_

Lanthanium. J Oxides of Didymium, Cerium, Manganese.

come

grated P a(* lie b ? flaming.

be-

Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Bismuth. Tantalic Acid, Antimonious Acid, Tellurous Acid. Oxide of Nickel, on Ch.
b.

with continued blowing.

Yellow

to

Red

Beads.
;

TT

Sesquioxide of Iron; on cooling greenish, then reddisji. Titanic Acid, yellow on cooling violet. Vanadic Acid, brownish when cold emerald-green. Titanic Acid containing Iron. ) when yellow Tungstic j blood-red.
;
;
"
"
"

cold

Niobic
c.

"

brownish-red

when

cold

} deep-yellow.

Violet Beads.

Niobic Acid, blue color.

when highly

saturated

while hot of a pale dirtv-

Titanic Acid; yellow while hot.

d.

Blue Beads. Oxide of Cobalt of the same color when Tungstic Acid while hot brownish.
;
;

hot.

Niobic Acid, blue color.

e.

when very highly

saturated

while hot of a dirty-

Green Beads.
;

COLD

Sesquioxide of Uranium while hot less bright. Molybdic Acid while hot of a dirty-green color. * Vanadic Acid while hot brownish of Chromium while hot reddish. Sesquioxide
; ;
;

f.

Gray and Cloudy Beads.

;

COLD,

Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,) takes quickest place on Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel I Ch; with continued blowTellurous Acid. j ing colorless.
g.

Red and Opaque Beads.

COLD.

Oxide of Copper, when highly saturated, or with Tin on Ch

15

INDEX.
ACICULAR BISMUTH,
Acids, volatile, tests
116.

Antimony,

test for,

when in com

for, 26.
"

Acmite, 124.
Actinolite, 110. Aeschynite, 142. Agalniatolite, 134.

bination, 40. ores of, 63.

sulphides
28.

of,

test for,

sulphides

of,

test for,

Aikinite, 116. Albite, 132.

Allanite, 117, 123. Allophane, 134. Allochroite, 124. Almandine, 110, 124.
Altaite, 114. Alumina, tests for, 31, 146. Alunite, 133.

when
oxide

in

combina
27.

tion, 40.
of, test,

Apatite, 127, 138. Apophyllite, 129.

Apparatus, list Arseoxene, 119.

of,

21, 24.

Arfvedsonite, 124. Argentiferous sulphide of cop

per, 92.

Amalgam, 86, 117. Amalgams, test for,

Amblygonite, 127.

27, 29.

Ammonia,
"

test for, 27, 40. salts of, test for, 27.

Arkansite, 118. Arragonite, 136. Arsenates, test for, 34. Arsenic, metallic, tests
29, 30, 34. ores of, 64.
"

for,

27,

Ammonia-alum,
Analcime, 129. Anatase, 142.

126.

sulphides
28.

of,

test for,

Andalusite, 135. Anglarite, 123. Anglesite, 82, 120.

test for,

when

in

com

Anhydrite, 126. Annabergite, 89, 122. Anthophyllite, 142.

Anthracite, 95. Antigorite, 140. Antimonial copper, 115.
silver, 89.

bination, 41. test for, in arsenates

and

arsenites, 41.

Arsenical pyrites, 78, 113. copper, 71.

Arseniosiderite, 122. Arsenolite, 65, 119.

Arsenous
150.

acid, tests for, 27, 41,

96.

Antmionious
150.

acid, tests for, 27,

Antimony,
30, 34.

metallic, tests for, 29,

Asphaltum, Atakamite,

72, 121.
(171)

Augite, 131.

112
Axinite, 131. Azurite, 73, 121.

INDEX.

Bromic

silver, 90.

Bromyrite, 90.
Bronzite, 141. Brookite, 142.

BARIUM,

Baryta, Barytes, 126.

salts of, test for, 33. tests for, 146.

Brown coal, 96. Brown hematite,

Brucite, 136.

76.

Barytocalcite, 136. Berthierite, 64, 115. Beryl, 143. Berzelianite, 113, Beudantite, 122.
Biotite, 141.

CACOXENE,
Cadmium,

123. metallic, test for, 30. test for small quanti

ties of, 44. of, test for, 27. oxide of, tests for, 150.

Bituminous coal, 95. Bismuth, metallic,tests for,29,30. oxide of, change by

"

"

alloys

"

Calamine,

94, 133, 136.

heat, 29. tests for, 150. test for, when in com

"
"

Calcination of assays, 34.

Calcite, 136. Calcium, salts of, test for, 33. Calomel, 86, 119.

bination, 43. ores of, 65.

67. 66, 116.
85.

Capillary pyrites, 88.

Bismuth ochre,
Bismuthine,

Carbonic acid, test

Carpholite, 130.

for, 26.

Bismutite, 66, 125.

Black manganese,

Cassiterite, 92, 142. Celestine, 126.

Blende, 93, 118, 136, 137. Blow-pipe lamp, 21. Blue malachite, 73.

Cerasine, 81, 120.

Cerite, 138.

Cerium, oxide

of,

tests for, 152.

Bog manganese,
Boltonite, 140.

85.

Bone-ash, 24. Boracic acid, as reagent, 22.

tests for, 34, 43.

Cerusite, 81, 120. Chabazite, 129. Chalcolite, 121. Chalcophyllite, 121.

Boracite, 127. Borax, 125. as reagent, 23. Botryogen, 122. Boulangerite, 81, 114. Bournonite, 80, 114.
"

Chalcopyrite, 69. Chalybite, 78, 137.

Childrenite, 138, 143. Chiolite, 126. Chloantite, 113.

Chlorine, test for, 44. Chlorite, 140, 141.

Braunite, 85, 117. Breithauptite, 115. Breunnerite, 136, 137. Brewsterite, 129.
Brittle silver ore, 91. Brochantite, 121.

Chloropal, 139.

Chloro-bromide of Chondrodite, 140.

silver, 90.

Chonikritc, 129. Chrome ochre, 137.

Bromine, test

for, 44.

Chromic iron, 67, 118. Chromium, ores of, 67.

INDEX.

173

Chromium, oxide
45, 152.

of,

tests for,

Coquimbite, 122.

Corneous

Chrysoberyl, 135. Chrysoeolla, 74, 133.

Chrysolite, 140. Chrysotile, 139. Cryolite, 126.

Corundum,

lead, 81. 135.

Cimolite, 134.

Cinnabar, 87, 115, 119.

test for, 28. Clausthalite, 113. Clintonite, 133, 140.
"

Covelline, 121. Crocidolite, 124. Crocoisite, 83, 119. Cronstedtite, 123. Cryolite, 126. Cuban, 116.

Cupellation, process

of, 58.

Cuproplumbite, 116.

Cyanogen,

test for, 27.

Cobalt, test for, in arsenides, 45. in sulphides, 45.

" " " "

Cyanosite, 74, 121.

when

in

nation
"

combi with

DATHOLITE,
Diallage, 131.

127.
91.

"

metals, 45. nitrateof, as reagent, 122. oxide of, tests for, 152. ores of, 67.

Dark-red silver ore, Deweylite, 130.

Diallogite, 85, 136. Diamond, 144.

Cobalt bloom, 68. Cobalt pyrites, 68.

Cobaltine, 68, 113. Collyrite, 134. Columbite, 118.

Diaspore, 133. Dioptase, 138. Diopside, 131.

Discrasite, 89, 115. Disterrite, 135.

Common Common
"

coal, 95.
salt, 125.
for, in
"

Dolomite, 136.

Domeykite,
sulphides, 47. in combi

71, 133.

Copiapite, 122.

Dufrenite, 123.

Copper, test

Dufrenoysite, 81, 113.

when

nation with other metals,

46, 47.
"

EARTHY COBALT,
Ehlite, 121. Electrum, 113.

69, 137.

"

when

in

combi
with

Embolite, 89.

nation
tin, 60.
"

Emerald

nickel, 88, 137.

"

ores of, 69. oxide of, tests for, 152. as reagent, 22.
"

Epidote, 130. Epsomite, 125.

Erinite, 121.

"

Copper glance,
"

salts of, tests for, 33, 47. 70, 116.

nickel, 87, 113.

"

"

pyrites, 69, 116. vitriol, 73.

79.

Copperas,

Erubescite, 70. Erythrine, 68, 122. Eucairite, 114. Euchroite, 121. Euclase, 143. Eudialite, 128. Eukolite, 128.

15*

174
Eulytine, 124. Euphyllite, 131.

INDEX.
Graphite, 118.

Gray antimony,
"

63, 109.

Examination
"

in a closed glass tube, 26.

in

an open glass
tube, 28.
29.

"

on charcoal,

in the forceps, 32.

"

with borax and

salt

copper, 70. ore of manganese, 84. Green earth, 124. vitriol, 79, 122. Greenockite, 137. Grunauite, 116. Gypsum, 126.
"
"

of

phos

"

phorus, 34. with carbonate of

soda, 35.

HALLOYSITE,
Hardness, scale

134.

of, 62.

Harmotome,

131.
85, 117.

"

with solution of
cobalt, 37.

Hauerite, 115, 127.

Hausmannite, Hauyne, 128.

FISCHERITE,
Flaming, process

133.
of, 35.

Hedenbergite, 124.

Hedyphane,
Kelvin, 127.

119.

Fluocerite, 138. Fluor, 126. Fluor spar, as reagent, 23. Fluorine, tests for, 48. Fossil fuel, 95.

Hematite, 76, 117, 118, 123, 137. Heteromorphite, 81.

Hessite, 114.
Hisingcrite, 124, 139.

Franklinite, 86, 118.

Fusibility, scale
of,

109.

Horn Horn

quicksilver, 86. silver, 89, 119.

Hornblende, 124, 132.

GADOLINITE,
Gahnite, 144. Galena, 80, 115. Gay-Lussite, 126.

140.

Hureaulite, 122.

Hydroboracite, 126.

Hydromagnesite, 136. Hypersthene, 141.

Gehlenite, 140. Geocronite, 81, 115.

Gersdorffite, 88, 113. Gibbsite, 133.

IDOCRASE,
Iodine, test

132.

Ilmenite, 78. lodic silver, 90.

for, 50.

Glaserite, 125. Glauberite, 126. Glauber salt, 125. Glucina, tests for, 148.

lodyrite, 90, 119. lolitc, 143. Iridium, ores of, 75.

in

Gold, test
"

for,

when

combi

nation, 49. ores of, 74.

oxide of, tests for, 154. Iridosmine, 75, 118. Iron, metallic, as reagent, 24.
"
"

"

oxide

of,

tests for, 154.

test for,
"

when

in

combina
and

Goslarite, 126, 136. Gcethite, 137.

tion, 50, 51.

"

in sulphides

Graphic tellurium,

75.

arsenides, 50.

INDEX.
Iron, oxide
"
"

of,

tests for,
29.

54.

change by heat,

Liroconite, 121. Lithia, test for, 33.

"

in silicates, 52.

"

ores

of, 76.

Lithia-tourm aline, 135.

Iron garnet, 110, 124. Iron pyrites, 79, 116.

MAGNESIA, tests
Magnesite, 136.

for, 37, 146.

JAMESONITE,
KAOLIN,
134.

81, 114.

Magnetic iron
"

ore, 77.

Kerargyrite, 89. Kermesite, 64.

Kilbrikenite, 115. Kreittonite, 144. Kyanite, 135.

pyrites, 77. Magnetite, 77, 117, 118. Malachite, 72, 121. Manganblende, 115, 127. Manganese, test for, when
"

in

"

combination, 53. ores of, 84. oxide of, tests for,

156.

LABRADORITE,
Lanarkite, 120.

130.

Lapis lazuli, 128. Laumontite, 128. Lavendulan, 69.

Lazulite, 134. Lead, metallic, as reagent, 24. tests for, 30, 34. test for, when in combina
"

Manganese-garnet, 130. Manganite, 117.

Marcasite, 77, 116. Margarite, 131.

Marmatite, 137. Mascagnine, 119.

Matlockite, 120.

"

"

Meerschaum,

130, 139.

tion, 50, 51.

"

oxide
"

of,

change bv heat,
30.

Meionite, 128. Melaconite, 121. Melanochroite, 119.

Mellilite, 128.

tests for, 154.

of,

"

ores

of, 79.

"

phosphate

test for, 51.

Mendipite, 120. Mercury, metallic, tests

29.
44

for, 27,

Leadhillite, 82, 120.

Lead

vitriol, 82.

chlorides
26.

of,

test for,

Lepidolite, 124, 131. Leucite, 135, 140. Libethenite, 121, 122. Lievrite, 117, 123.

44

salts of, tests for, 27, 53. sulphide of, tests for,
27, 53.

Light-red silver ore, 91.

44

Lime, tests

for, 146.
44

ores of, 86. oxide of, tests for, 156.

test for, in 53.

Lime-garnet, 130, 132. Lime-chrome-garnet, 144. Lime-iron-garnet, 124. Limonite, 76, 118, 124, 137.
Linnaeite, 68, 116. Linarite, 120.

amalgams,

Mesolite, 128.

Meteoric iron, 76. Miargyrite, 115.

Millerite, 88, 116.

176

INDEX.
Nosean, 127.

Mimetinc, 119.
79, 119. Mispickel, 78.

Minium,

OBSIDIAN,
Ochran, 134.
of,

132.

Molybdenite, 118.

Molybdenum,
test for, 34.

compounds

Molybdic acid, tests for, 34, 156. Molybdine, 124. Monazite, 138. Monradite, 140. Muscovite, 134, 141. Myelin, 134. Mysorin, 121.

Okenite, 129. Olivenite, 73, 121. Onofrite, 113. Opal, 143.

Orpiment,

65, 119.

Orthoclase; 110, 332, 143. Osmium, oxide of, tests for, 158.

Osmium-indium,
Ouvarovite, 144.

75.

Oxygen,

test for, 26.

NAGYAGITE,

114.

Native antimony, 114.

arsenic, 64, 113. bismuth, 65, 117. copper, 69, 112.

PALLADIUM,
for, 158.

oxide

of,

tests

Pcarlstone, 132.
Pectolitc, 129. Peganite, 133.

gold, 74, 112. iron, 112.

lead, 112.

mercury, 86, 112.

palladium, 112. platinum, 75, 112.
silver, 89, 112.

Perofskite, 118. Peroxide of Nitrogen, test for, 26. Petalite, 131. Pharmacolite, 126. Phenacite, 143.
Philippsitc, 127. Pholerite, 134. Phosphate of lead, 82. Phosphocalcite, 73, 121. Phosphoric acid, tests for, 34,54. Phosphorus, salt of, as reagent,
23.

sulphur, 118. tellurium, 114. Natrolite, 127.

Natron, 125.

Naumannite, 113.
Neolite, 140. Nepheline, 128. Nickel, nitrate of, as reagent, 23. test for, when in combi
"
"

Pitchblende, 118, 137. Pitchstonc, 132.

Pitticite, 122.

"

nation, 54. ores of, 87. oxide of, tests for, 156.

Plagionite, 81, 115.

Platinum, ores
"

of, 75. of,

oxide

tests for, 158.

Nickel glance, 88. Nickel green, 89. Nickeliferous gray antimony, 88.
Nitratine, 125. Nitre, 125. Nitric acid, test

Plattnerite, 117. Pleonaste, 144.

Plumbic ochre,

80.

Plumbo
for, 54.

resinite, 83, 133.

Plumosite, 114.
26.

Nitrous acid,

"

Polybasite, 92, 113. Polvcrase, 138.

INDEX.
Polyhalite, 126.
Polytelito, 115. Potash alum, 125.

177

Potassa, tests for, 33, 55. 11 re bi sulphate of, as agent, 23. oxalate of, as reagent,
"

Scapolite, 130. Scheeletine, 120. Schcelite, 131, 142. Schillerspar, 139.

Scolecite, 127.

Scorodite, 79, 122.

Selbite, 119.

36.

Selenide of mercury, 113.

Selcnides, tests for, 28, 29.

Potassium, cyanide of, as reagent,

36.

Selenium, tests
34, 56.
i

for,

28, 29, 31,

Prehnitc, 129. Proustite, 91, 119. Psilomelane, 85, lit.

Selenquccksilberblei, 113. Serpentine, 139.

Silicates,

Pumice, 132. Purple copper,

behavior

of,

with

salt

70, 116. Pyrargyriie, 91.

of phosphorus, 56.
;

Pyrochlore, 142. Pyrolusiie, 84, 117. Pyromcline, 122.

Silicic acid, tests for, 35, 56. Silver, metallic, test for, 31.
"

test for,

when

in

combi

Pyromorphite, 82. Pyropc, 132.

Pyrophyllite, 134. Pyrosclerite, 129.

Pyrosmalite, 123. Pyrrhotinc, 77.

nation, 57, 58. chloride of, as reagent, 24. ores of, 89. oxide of, tests for, 158. Silver glance, 90, 115. Skopolite, 127. Smaltinc, 67, 113. Smithsonite, 94, 135.
" " "

QUARTZ,

143.
list of, 21, 24.
;

Soda, test for, 32. carbonate of, as .reagent, 24.

"

REAGENTS,

Sodalite, 127.

Realgar, 64, 119.

Red antimony, 64, 119. Red copper, 72, 117, 121. Red lead ore, 83. Red zinc ore, 93.
Rhodonite, 117, 124, 130,
Ripidolite, 140, 141. Ruby silver, 91, 119. Rutil, 118, 142.
1

Spathic iron, 78, 122. Specular iron, 76. Sphene, 130.

Spinel, 116, 144. Spodumcne, 131. Staurotide, 143. Steinmannite, 115. Stephanite, 91, 115. Sternbergite, 116. Stibnite, 63, 114. Stilbite, 129. Stromeyerite, 92, 116. Strontia, tests for, 146.
salts of, test for, 33, 36, Strontianite, 136. Sulphides, tests for, 28, 58.
"

:fcp
;

SAL-AMMONIAC,
Samarskite, 117.

119. Salt of phosphorus, as reagent, 23.

Sassolin, 127. Scale of fusibility, 110. Scale of hardness 63.

178

INDEX.
Triphiline, 123. Triplite, 122.

Sulphides, distinction of, from sulphates, 58. Sulphur, tests for, 28, 29, 58. Sulphuretted hydrogen, test for,
26.

Trona, 125. Tungstic acid, tests

160.

for,

36,

Sulphurous

acid, test for, 26.

Turquois, 138.
Tyrolite, 74, 121.

Supports, 22.
Sylvauite, 75, 114.

ULLMANNITE,

88, 115.

TACHYLYTE,
Ta^gilite, 121. Talc, 141. Tantalite, 118.

130.

Uranfte, 127.

Uranium,

test for, in presence of iron, 59, GO. oxide of, tests for, 160.

Tellurides, test for, 29. Telluric bismuth, 65.

YALENTINITE,
29, 31,

119.

Tellurium, tests
"

for, 27,

Yanadic

acid, tests for, 160.

75.

when
of,

in

com

Yanadinite, 120. Yauquelinite, 83, 120

Yivianite, 79, 123.

bination, 59. 114. Tellurous acid, tests for, 27, 34, 158.

ores

WAD,
Water

85, 137.

Wagnerite, 127.
of crystallization dration, tests for, 26. Wavellitc, 133.

Tennantitc, 71, 113. Tenorite, 121. Tephroite, 127. Test-paper, 24. Tctradymitc, 65, 114. Tetrahedrite, 70, 115. Thcnardite, 125.

and hy-

Webstcrite, 133. White arsenic, 64

iron pyrites, 77. lead ore, 81. Whitherite, 126.
"

Thomsonite, 128. Thorite, 138. Tin, metallic, as reagent, 31.

tests for, 31, 59.
"

Willemite, 134, 136 Wittichite, 116.

Wffihlerite, 130. Wolfram, 117. Wolframite, 142.

ores
"

of, 92.
of,

"

oxide

change by heat, 29. tests for, 37, 152.

Tin ore, 92. Tin pyrites,

93, 116.
for, 36, 160.

Wolfsbergitc, 115. Wollastonite, 128. Wulfenite, 84, 120.

Titanic acid, tests Titanic acid, tests

for,

when

in

XANTHOCONE,
Xenotime, 143.
Xylotile, 124, 139.

119.

combination, 60.
Titaniferous iron, 78, 118.

Topaz, 135.

Tourmaline, 124, 131.

Tremolite, 132.

YELLOW LEAD ORE

Yttria, tests for, 148.

84.

Yttro-cerite, 137. Yttro-tantalite, 118.

Zinc, oxide 162.

of,

tests

for,

37,

Zinc bloom, 135.

ZINC,
"

metallic, test for, 31. test for, when in combi

Zincite, 93, 137. Zinkenite, 81, 114.

"

"

nation, 61. ores of, 93. oxide of, change

heat, 28.

by

Zippeite, 137. Zircon, 143. Zirconia, tests for, 148. Zoisite, 132.

THE END.

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