Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences: School of Education

Guide to Harvard Referencing

You need to use citations and references in your academic work. To do this, the School of Education requires you to follow the Harvard referencing style. This is a brief guide to Harvard referencing, based on Cite them right (2010 edition) by Pears and Shields, and gives examples from the main types of literature that Education students use. Cite them Right is available to view in full text online via the Universitys e-resources.

1. What are citations? How to cite

You include citations within the text of your assignment at points where you have used someone elses work. By including the citation, you are acknowledging that specific individual or organisation as the source of the statement, evidence or argument you have presented. Your citation always includes the author and year of the source. If you have copied words directly from your source, this is a quote. The words you have copied must be in quotation marks and your citation must include the page on which the words you have copied appear. For example:
Within our thinking about parents of children with special needs, we perhaps need to focus more on the role of fathers as they can often be overlooked (Wall, 2011, p. 38).

If you take specific information from your source and put it into your own words, this is a paraphrase. You do not need quotation marks but you should still indicate which page you got the information from:
Wall (2011, p. 38) suggests that teachers and early years professionals need to include fathers more when supporting children with special needs.

If you have summarised the whole argument of your source then there is no need to include the page number as the information you are using comes from across the whole source:
Black and Wiliam (1998) argue that formative assessment is crucial to raising educational achievement and standards.

The author can be a person or an organisation. If it is an organisation, use their name as the author. If you use a work that has two or three authors, include all of their surnames in your citation. For a work with four or more authors, you can cite the first author listed in the work followed by et al., which means and others. There are examples of this in section 4 of this guide. Most educational research sources will have both an author and a date. However, if you need to cite something where you cannot identify an author, use the title of the source as the author. If you cannot identify the year, use (no date).

2. Word count
Consult your Module Handbook, rather than Cite them Right, for information on citations and your word count.

3. What are references? How to reference

References provide your reader with full details for each of the sources you have cited. References are listed at the end of your assignment, in alphabetical order, by the authors name. Do not number or bullet-point your references. If you use more than one work by the same author, list them by date, with the earliest first. Full references are made up in different ways, depending on the type of material you have used. The examples below show what you need to include, when to use italics and abbreviations, and what punctuation to use.

4. Referencing different types of material

a. Books Book by a single author:
Savage, J. (2011) Cross-curricular teaching and learning in the secondary school. Abingdon: Routledge.

Book by two or three authors:

Muijs, D. and Reynolds, D. (2011) Effective teaching: evidence and practice. 3rd edn. London: Sage.

Book by four or more authors: When referencing a work by four or more authors, cite the first author listed in the work followed by et al. (meaning and others). Then include all of the authors in the reference so that they all receive credit for their published work.
Citation: Cohen et al. (2011, p. 139) state that the National Curriculum has been subject to intense debate since its introduction. Reference: Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. and Wyse, D. (2010) A guide to teaching practice. 5th
rev. edn. Abingdon: Routledge.

b. Chapter in an edited book In an edited book the different chapters are written by different authors. The editor is responsible for bringing the chapters together into the book. When you use a chapter from an edited book, you should cite the author(s) of the chapter and reference the specific chapter.
Citation: Froebel pioneered the realization that we learn from the time we are born (Bruce, 2011, p. 59). Reference: Bruce, T. (2011) Froebel today, in Miller, L. and Pound, L. (eds.) Theories and approaches to learning in the early years. London: Sage, pp. 55-70.

c. Electronic books (E-books) To reference an e-book, you omit the place of publication and the publisher and instead include the name of the E-book collection [Online]. Then include the first part of the internet address and the date you accessed the e-book:
Allen, M. (2010) Misconceptions in primary science. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http:// www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 23 May 2011).

d. Journals To reference an article in a journal, you include the title of the article in inverted commas and the title of the journal in italics. Then include details of the volume and issue and the page range of the article. Article in a printed journal:
Waite, S. (2011) Teaching and learning outside the classroom: personal values, alternative pedagogies and standards, Education 3-13, 39 (1), pp. 65-82.

Article in an electronic journal which is part of an e-journal collection: Most journal articles available through the library web pages are part of e-journal collections, such as Education Research Complete or InformaWorld. You should include the name of the journal collection, the first part of the internet address and the date accessed.
Myhill, D. and Jones, S. (2009) How talk becomes text: investigating the concept of oral rehearsal in early years classrooms, British Journal of Educational Studies, 57 (3), pp. 265-284. Education Research Complete [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 23 May 2011).

e. Websites Your citation includes the author of the website. If the author is an organisation, use the organisations name. The internet address of the website goes in the reference, not in the citation.
Citation: The Association of Teachers and Lecturers (2011) offer practical suggestions on dealing with
behaviour issues in the classroom.

Reference: Association of Teachers and Lecturers (2011) Pupil behaviourbuilding positive relationships with pupils. Available at: http://www.new2teaching.org.uk/tzone/Students/placement/behaviour.asp (Accessed: 19 May 2011).

You will normally be able to reference a web page that is an image, sound or video in the same way as a web page that is written text just like in the example above. Otherwise, there are more detailed suggestions for specific formats in Cite them Right (Pears and Shields, 2010). f. Government publications Before the name of the government department, you should indicate the government of which it is a department. Mostly, you will access government publications online, as in the example below.
Citation: Securing Level 1 in mathematics (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and
Families, 2010) sets out to...

Reference: Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families (2010) Securing Level 1 in mathematics [Online]. Available at: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/ pri_maths_0004110_bkten.pdf (Accessed: 24 May 2011).

Many documents published by the DfE are research projects written by individual named authors. Although they look like standard Government publications, these documents will often have a declaration on the title page, stating that they are the views of the authors, and do not necessarily match the views of the DfE. In this case, you should cite and reference the individual author(s):
Citation: The study (Howard et al., 2011) investigates the strategies schools use to deal with bullying. Reference: Howard, S., Grigg, D., Pozzoli, T., Tippett, N. and Sadeghi, S. (2011) The use and
effectiveness of anti-bullying strategies in schools [Online]. Available at: https://www.education.gov.uk/ publications/eOrderingDownload/DFE-RR098.pdf (Accessed: 24 May 2011).

g. Acts of Parliament (UK Statutes) For all Acts of Parliament since 1963 use the citation and reference format below. For earlier Acts of Parliament, see Cite them Right (Pears and Shields, 2010, p. 37).
Citation: The requirement for a Local Safeguarding Children Board in each childrens services authority was established in s13 of the Act (Great Britain. Children Act 2004). Reference: Great Britain. Children Act 2004: Elizabeth II. Chapter 31 (2004). London: The Stationery
Office.

h. StudySpace If you use a document from a module, then you should reference it, showing the author, year, the title of the document in inverted commas and the name of the module in italics.
Broad, E. (2010) Being a Teacher. The reflective professional [Online]. Available at: http:// lms.kingston.ac.uk (Accessed: 23 May 2011).

5. Secondary referencing
If you use information that has been referred to in something that you have read, it is called secondary referencing as you have not read the original work. Your text must make it clear that you have not read the original but are referring to it from another source. The citations below show different ways you can do this.
In 1997, Burnett and Wichman found evidence that primary teachers...own anxieties about
mathematics can often be passed on to the children they teach (Haylock, 2010, p. 5). Haylock (2010, p. 5) underlines the importance of Burnett and Wichmans 1997 research findings Mathematics anxiety can be passed from teacher to pupil (Burnett and Wichman, 1997, cited in Haylock, 2010, p. 5).

In the examples above, the writer used research findings by Burnett and Wichman from 1997. Because they found this information on page 5 of a book by Haylock (2010), their citation is (Haylock, 2010, p. 5). They would include only the Haylock (2010) source in their reference list, not the work by Burnett and Wichman, as they have not read that work.

6. Further support with referencing

Pears and Shields (2010) provide a complete guide and further examples of citations and references. If you would like help with any aspect of referencing, please contact: Nightingale Centre Helpdesk: 020 8417 5384/0 PGCE courses, BA(Hons) Primary, Early Years and CSNIE, FdA Early Years, MaL and CSEN: Faye Sisson: f.sisson@kingston.ac.uk 020 8417 5385 MA, EdD, Professional Studies and ICCIP courses: Monica Elengorn: m.elengorn@kingston.ac.uk 020 8417 5385

Reference
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kingston University Information Services, v1 September 2011