GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

A project report on GAS INSULATED SUBSTAION (GIS) Submitted in partial fullfillment of requirements for the award of degree of DIPLOMA ENGINEERING ( ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING )

To GTU Under the Guidence of Prof. Mitesh Tadvi

Department of Electrical Engineering SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC, BHOLAV BHARUCH, GUJARAT , INDIA

SHRI K.J. POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in the project report on GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION
Has been carried out By MITAL K. SHAH 096450309001 PARYANAK G. DAVE 096450309008 ROHIT D. WAGH 096450309010 BHAVIN S. OZA 096450309023 DARSHIT R. SHAH 096450309034 JIGAR M. SOLANKI 096450309035 NACHIKET M. BHAGAT 096450309040 SACHIN C. PARMAR 096450309073 DATTESH V. VASAVA 096450309109 RAJ N. JETHWA 096450309 In a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance As partical fullfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of the

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROF. MITESH TADVI (GUIDE)

Head of the department (Mrs. Bina Pandya )

Pricipal (prof. )

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On completion of my seminar, it gives us feeling of great pleasure and satisfaction. Hence we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude towards those who made this possible. Words cannot express the zeal of ecstasy while depicting our deep sense of, gratitude to oue esteemed knowledge guid Prof. MITESH TADVI who inspires us to undertake this seminar. His dynamic guidence and continous interest kept us going in spite of all the difficulties. His technical guidence, knowleageble and dynamic approch is the corner stone. This dissertation is impossible to complete without his most valuable suggesion and guidence . We also thankful for all staf member of electical department for their kind support at various stages of the work

THANK YOU.
MITAL K. SHAH PARYANAK G. DAVE ROHIT D. WAGH BHAVIN S. OZA DARSHIT R. SHAH JIGAR M. SOLANKI NACHIKET M. BHAGAT SACHIN C. PARMAR DATTESH V. VASAVA RAJ N. JETHWA

ABSTRACT

Conventional substations requires, small installation size, protection against atmospheric pollution and moisture, noiseless operation, nonexplosive and flame resistant, reduced maintenance, minimal radio interference, but totally enclosed substations using SF6 gas as insulation that are also known as GIS is now in widespread use in the electrical power industry. The first GISs were put in operation in 1967 in Switzerland and Germany. The GIS in Germany is still in operation, whereas the GIS in Switzerland were decommissioned after 35 years of operation without major fault or gas leak.

1.Introduction
Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact,multicomponent assembly enclosed in a ground metallic housing in which the primary insulating medium is compressed Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)gas. Conventional substations requires, small installation size, protection against atmospheric pollution and moisture, noiseless operation, non explosive and flame resistant, reduced maintenance, minimal radio interference, but totally enclosed substations using SF6 gas as insulation that are also known as GIS is now in widespread use in the electrical power industry. Gas insulated substations are particularly suitable for underground construction beneath public buildings.Gas insulated substation mainly used for a power transmission system or a sub-station system, of which outgoing bus bar is shortened to reduce consumption of the outgoing bus bar.

1.1 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas: A colorless, odorless, non-toxic, liquefied gas. Shipped as a liquid under its own vapor pressure. Sulfur Hexafluoride gas, which is itself inert. It disassociates in the presence of an RF field to form reactive fluorine ions. SF6 acts as insulation between live parts & the earthed metal closure. The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at pressure is approximately three times of air. pace requirement is only 10 to 25 percent of what is required is a conventional substation. atmospheric that

SF6 can be prepared from the elements through exposure of S8 to F2. It does not react with molten sodium, but reacts exothermically with lithium. Of the 8,000 tons of SF6 produced per year, most (6,000 tons) is used as a gaseous dielectric medium in the electrical industry. It has a much higher dielectric strength than air or dry nitrogen. This property makes it possible to significantly reduce the size of electrical gear.

1.2 Properties of SF6:

1.3 SF6 gas as insulating and arc-quenching medium:

Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is employed as insulation in all parts of the installation, and in the circuit-breaker also for arcquenching. SF6 is an electronegative gas, its dielectric strength at atmospheric pressure is approximately three times that of air. It is incombustible, non-toxic, odourless, chemically inert with arcquenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at the same pressure. Commercially available SF6 is not dangerous, and so is not subject to the Hazardous Substances Order or Technical Regulations on Hazardous Substances (TRGS). New SF6 gas must comply with IEC 60376 (VDE 0373 Part 1). Gas returned from SF6 installations and apparatus is dealt with in IEC 60480 (VDE 0373 Part 2). SF6 released into the atmosphere is considered a greenhouse gas. With its contribution to the greenhouse effect below 0.1%, the proportion of SF6 is low compared to that of the better known greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc.). The gas pressure is monitored in the individually sealed gas compartments and in the circuit-breaker housing. The low gas losses (below 1 % per year) are taken into account with the first gas filling. Automatic make-up facilities are not necessary. The isolating gas pressure is generally 350 to 450 kPa at 20C.In some cases this can be up to 600 kPa. The quenching gas pressure is 600 to 700 kPa. Outdoor apparatus exposed to arctic conditions contains a mixture of SF6and N2, to prevent the gas from liquefyin

DESIGN OF GIS:

SPECIFICATION OF GIS: The range of application of SF6 gas-insulated switchgear extends from voltage ratings of 72.5 up to 800 kV with breaking currents of up to 63 kA, and in special cases up to 80 kA. Both small transformer substations and large load-centre substations can be designed with GIS technology. GIS equipment is usually of modular construction. All components such as bus bars, disconnectors, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers, cable terminations and joints are contained in earthed enclosures filled with sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6). Up to ratings of 170 kV, the three phases of GIS are generally in a common enclosure; at higher voltages the phases are segregated. The encapsulation consists of non- magnetic and corrosion-resistant cast aluminum or welded aluminum sheet. The weight and size of the GIS equipment do not change appreciably with the voltage class as the bulk of the current carrying components and enclosures have identical dimensions for similar thermal and short time current. The additional insulation required for the next voltage class is achieved by increased gas density. Owing to these flexibilities, a few manufacturers offer the same equipment for two voltage classes (like 170/145 kV).Even when the GIS equipment is designed for an individual voltage class, the dimensions and weights of the equipment differ marginally Station arrangement

GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

Use SF6 Gas as the insulating and cooling medium instead of insulating oil. First units produced in 1967. Transformer applications: Distribution class units up to 400 MVA, 345 kV.

Primarily used in substations located in urban areas (including inside buildings, underground)
due to safety benefits.

Worlds largest Gas Insulated Transformer(GIT)

MERITS OF GIT OVER OIT

Nonflammability Gas insulated transformers , using incombustible SF6 gas as insulation and cooling medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from transformer room. Non Tank explosion -Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of internal fault. Compactness Since conservator or pressure relief equipment is not necessary, height of transformer room can be reduced approximately 2 2.5 meters. Easy installation oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gas-insulated transformer. Easy inspection and maintenance work -Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically monitored during periodically inspection.

BASIC MODULE OF GIS STATION:

TYPES OF MODULES IN A GIS Bus Bar Module: This module is equivalent to the Bus Bar arrangements in normal AIS station, and tappings are taken at different points. Line Module: In this module as shown in the second figure it has one Isolator, CB, One CT and One LA all built inside the closed chamber. Transformer Module : In this module as shown in the third figure it has one Isolator, Circuit Breaker and One CT all built inside the closed chamber. PT Module: For the sake of measuring the Bus Bar voltage at any time, the PT is connected to the Bus Bar through PT Module . Bus Coupler Module : In case if it is a two Bus Bar arrangement, for interconnecting those two buses Bus Coupler module is used.

Bus

module

line module transformer module

PT module

2. Components of GIS:
A typical GIS arrangement consists of 1.

Bus Bar 2. Disconnector 3. Main Earthing Switch 4. Current Transformer 5. Circuit Breaker 6. Current Transformer 7. Main Earthing Switch 8. Disconnector 9. Earthing Switch 10. Voltage Transformer 11. Bushing & Cable and boxes

Gas sections are used as spacers in order to minimize the range of trouble, allow for prompt repair, and monitor the gas effectively.

Circuit Breaker:
Under short circuit conditions, however, the current may reach tens of thousands of amperes at a power factor as low as 0.1. It is duty of a circuit breaker to interrupt such currents as soon as possible to avoid equipment damage.

Current Transformer:
Current transformer (CT) issued for measurement of electric current. Current transformers are also known as instrument transformers. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Voltage Transformer:
Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as Potential transformers" (PTs), are used in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present a negligible load to the supply being measured, to allow protective relay equipment to be operated at lower voltages, and to have a precise winding ratio for accurate metering.

Disconnector:
Disconnectors or isolators are used for electrical isolation of circuit parts. They are slow acting and operating at off load Disconnectors must be carefully designed and tested to be able to break small charging current without generating too-high over voltage,

Bus Bar:
According to the rating current Specified, the conductors Are made of copper or aluminum and the enclosures are made of mild or stainless steel, Or aluminum.

Earthing Switch:
Every earthing switch has a short-time current endurance function. They are divided into two types with each one having its own particular functions. The first is the maintenance earthing switch, and it is motor driven. The second, the high-speed earthing switch, can be motor drive-spring charged. Manual operation is possible for all types. High-speed earthing switch has a short circuit making current capability. The earthing switches can be used as primary injection terminals for checking voltages and currents.

Comparison between GIS & AIS:

Advantages Of GIS:

Compactness: The space occupied by sf6 installation is only 10% of that of conventional outdoor substation. High cost is compensated by the savings in the cost of space. Reduced Installation Time Protection from pollution Increased safety Superior Arc Interruption Explosion proof and Fire proof installation They generate no noise & have no radio interference It offer solutions including -Industrial areas where space & pollution problems -Mountain areas where ice & snow are major problem SF6 has been identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulations are being introduced in order to prevent its release into atmosphere.

Disadvantages of GIS:

High cost compared to conventional outdoor substation Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods as required to repair Requirement of cleanliness are very stringent This substations are generally indoor and needs separate building Procurement of gas and supply of the gas to the site is problematic VFTO (very fast transient over voltage) during switching operations or earth faults and transient enclosure voltages and particle contamination The life of GIS is affected by certain factors such as: conductive particles, partial discharges and contamination (decomposition products, water, etc.) However conducting contamination (i.e. aluminum, copper and silver particles) could seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-insulated system.

Disadvantages of AIS:
a) It requires huge amount of area .

b) Each and every component of substation is exposed to air and pollution. c) Particularly in coastal area all the insulators are exposed to air and saline contamination. d) e) f) g) Frequent flashovers and breakdown occurs. Maintenance cost is more. Installation time is also more. More concrete work is necessary.

CONCLUSION
GIS are necessary for EHV& UHV and some important areas to be studied include more conservative designs better particle control &

improved gas handling & decomposition product management GIS has small ground space requirements. techniques Achieving & maintaining high levels of availability requires a more integrated approach to quality control by both users and manufactures