Baphomet

Baphomet
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For other uses, see Baphomet (disambiguation)

The 19th century image of a Sabbatic Goat, created by
Latin words SOLVE (dissolve) and
Baphomet (/'bfemct/, from
is an imagined pagan deity
revived in the 19th century as a figure of
Satan, it represents the duality of male and female, as well as Heaven and Hell or night
and day signified by the raising of one arm and the downward gesture of the other. It
can be taken in fact, to represent any of the major harmonious dichotomies of the
cosmos. It first appeared in 11th and 12th century Latin and
of "Mahomet", the Latinisati
pagan idol in trial transcripts of the
century. The name first came into popular
century, with debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the
Templars.
[2]
Since 1855, the name Baphomet has been associated w
Goat" image drawn by Eliphas Lvi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
search
Baphomet (disambiguation).

The 19th century image of a Sabbatic Goat, created by Eliphas Lvi. The arms bear the
(dissolve) and COAGULA (congeal).
, from medieval Latin Baphometh, baffometi, Occitan
(i.e., a product of Christian folklore concerning pagans),
revived in the 19th century as a figure of occultism and Satanism. Often mistaken for
e duality of male and female, as well as Heaven and Hell or night
red in 11th and 12th century Latin and Provenal as a corruption
Latinisation of "Muhammad",
[1]
but later it appeared as a term for a
pagan idol in trial transcripts of the Inquisition of the Knights Templar in the early 14th
century. The name first came into popular English-speaking consciousness in the 19th
Since 1855, the name Baphomet has been associated with a "Sabbatic
Eliphas Lvi.
. The arms bear the
Occitan Bafometz)
concerning pagans),
. Often mistaken for
e duality of male and female, as well as Heaven and Hell or night
as a corruption
but later it appeared as a term for a
in the early 14th
speaking consciousness in the 19th
ith a "Sabbatic

Contents
1 History
2 Alternative etymologies
3 Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall
4 Eliphas Lvi
o 4.1 Goat of Mendes
5 Aleister Crowley
6 As a demon
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History
The name Baphomet appears in July 1098 in a letter by the crusader Anselm of
Ribemont:
Sequenti die aurora apparente, altis vocibus
Baphometh invocaverunt; et nos Deum
nostrum in cordibus nostris deprecantes,
impetum facientes in eos, de muris civitatis
omnes expulimus.
[3]

As the next day dawned they called
loudly upon Baphometh while we
prayed silently in our hearts to God; then
we attacked and forced all of them
outside the city walls ...
[4]

A chronicler of the First Crusade, Raymond of Aguilers, calls the mosques
Bafumarias.
[5]
The name Bafometz later appears around 1195 in the Occitan poem
"Senhors, per los nostres peccatz" by the troubadour Gavaudan.
[1]
Around 1250 in a
poem bewailing the defeat of the Seventh Crusade by Austorc d'Aorlhac refers to
Bafomet.
[6]
De Bafomet is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan
translation of Ramon Llull's earliest known work, the Libre de la doctrina pueril, "book
on the instruction of children".
[7]

Two Templars burned at the stake, from a French
When the medieval order of the
France, on October 13, 1307, Philip had many
arrested, and then tortured into confessions. Over 100 different charges had been leveled
against the Templars. Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that
were leveled against the Cathars
kidnapped Pope Boniface VIII
spitting and urinating on the c
historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such en
fabrication".
[9]
The "Chinon Parchment
the cross," says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of
humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the
Saracens, where they were taught how to commit
with the heart".
[10]

The indictment (acte d'accusation)
all the provinces they had idols, that is to say, heads, some of which had three faces,
others but one; sometimes, it was a human skull ... That in their assemblies, and
especially in their grand chapte
saying that this head could save them, that it bestowed on the order all its wealth, made
the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."
The name Baphomet comes up in several of these confessions. Peter Partner states in his
1987 book The Knights Templar and their Myth
their main charges was their supposed worship of a heath
'Baphomet' ('Baphomet' = Mahomet = Muhammad)."
changed from confession to confession. Some Templars denied any knowledge
Others, under torture, described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with
three faces.
[13]
The Templars did possess several silver
including one marked capud
the actual head of Hugh de Payns
unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.
Templar Encyclopedia, argues that this is significant: "There is no mention of Baphomet
either in the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents".
Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, said that their superior showed him an
idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, nam
wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, "that he
worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla,' which was," he says, "
Saracenorum," a word taken from the Saracens. A templa
the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, "Adore
this headthis head is your god and your Mahomet."
Modern scholars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of
Baphomet was an Old French
interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of
the Outremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, an
this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.
Two Templars burned at the stake, from a French 15th century manuscript
When the medieval order of the Knights Templar was suppressed by King
, on October 13, 1307, Philip had many French Templars simultaneously
into confessions. Over 100 different charges had been leveled
were leveled against the Cathars
[8]
and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier
Pope Boniface VIII and charged him with near identical offenses of heresy,
spitting and urinating on the cross, and sodomy. Yet Malcolm Barber observes that
historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total
Chinon Parchment suggests that the Templars did indeed spit
y were taught how to commit apostasy "with the mind only and not
The indictment (acte d'accusation) published by the court of Rome set forth ... "that in
especially in their grand chapters, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour,
the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."
[11]

comes up in several of these confessions. Peter Partner states in his
The Knights Templar and their Myth, "In the trial of the Templars one of
their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as a
'Baphomet' ('Baphomet' = Mahomet = Muhammad)."
[12]
The description of the object
changed from confession to confession. Some Templars denied any knowledge
The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads as reliquaries
capud LVIII
m
,
[15]
another said to be St. Euphemia,
[16]
Hugh de Payns.
[17]
The claims of an idol named Baphomet were
unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.
[18][19]
Karen Ralls, author of the
, argues that this is significant: "There is no mention of Baphomet
or in other medieval period Templar documents".
idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a
worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla,' which was," he says, "
," a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in
this head is your god and your Mahomet."
[21]

holars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of
Old French corruption of the name Muhammad, with the
, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, an
this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.
[22]
Alain Demurger
15th century manuscript
was suppressed by King Philip IV of
Templars simultaneously
into confessions. Over 100 different charges had been leveled
and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier
and charged him with near identical offenses of heresy,
observes that
ormity rests upon total
suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on
"with the mind only and not
published by the court of Rome set forth ... "that in
rs, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour,
comes up in several of these confessions. Peter Partner states in his
, "In the trial of the Templars one of
head known as a
The description of the object
changed from confession to confession. Some Templars denied any knowledge of it.
reliquaries,
[14]

[16]
and possibly
The claims of an idol named Baphomet were
Karen Ralls, author of the Knights
, argues that this is significant: "There is no mention of Baphomet
or in other medieval period Templar documents".
[20]

ed Raymond Rubei, described it as a
worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla,' which was," he says, "verbum
r of Florence declared that, in
holars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of
, with the
, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that
Alain Demurger,
however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their
enemies.
[23]
Helen Nicholson writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"
the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy
falsely believed that Muslims were
with mahomet becoming mammet
worship is attributed to Muslims in several
the gods Bafum e Travagan
in 1300.
[25]
In the Chanson de Simon Pouille
called Bafumetz.
[26]
Partner's book provi
dialect by a troubadour who is thought to have
reference to some battles in 1265 that were not going well for the Crusaders:
And daily they impose new defeats on us: for God, who used to watch on our behalf, is
now asleep, and Muhammad [Bafometz] puts forth his power to
Alternative etymologies

Promotional poster for Lo Taxil
adapts Lvi's invention.
While modern scholars and the
name Baphomet was a probable Old French version of "Mahomet",
etymologies have also been proposed:
In the 18th century, speculative theories arose that sought to tie the Knights
Templar with the origins of
Illuminist
[29]
Friedrich Nicolai
Beschuldigungen welche dem Tempelherrenorden gem
dessen Geheimni (1782), was the first to claim that the Templars were
Gnostics, and that "Baphomet" was formed from the
baphe metous, to mean
"attached to it the idea of the image of the supreme God, in the state of quietude
attributed to him by the
Raynouard, and "supposed that the Templars had a secret doctrine and initiations
s the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their
the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Muslims."
[23]
Medieval Christians
hat Muslims were idolatrous and worshipped Muhammad as a god,
mammet in English, meaning an idol or false god.
worship is attributed to Muslims in several chansons de geste. For example,
Travagan in a Provenal poem on the life of St. Honorat
Chanson de Simon Pouille, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is
Partner's book provides a quote from a poem written in a
who is thought to have been a Templar. The poem is in
now asleep, and Muhammad [Bafometz] puts forth his power to support the Sultan.
Alternative etymologies

Lo Taxil, Les Mystres de la franc-maonnerie dvoils
While modern scholars and the Oxford English Dictionary
[27]
state that the origin of the
name Baphomet was a probable Old French version of "Mahomet",
[12][22]
etymologies have also been proposed:
Templar with the origins of Freemasonry.
[28]
Bookseller, Freemason and
Friedrich Nicolai (17331811), in Versuch ber die
Beschuldigungen welche dem Tempelherrenorden gemacht worden, und ber
(1782), was the first to claim that the Templars were
Gnostics, and that "Baphomet" was formed from the Greek words
, to mean Taufe der Weisheit, "Baptism of Wisdom".
attributed to him by the Manichean Gnostics", says Franois Juste Marie
, and "supposed that the Templars had a secret doctrine and initiations
s the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their
Medieval Christians
and worshipped Muhammad as a god,
r false god.
[24]
This idol-
. For example, one finds
St. Honorat, completed
, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is
des a quote from a poem written in a Provenal
been a Templar. The poem is in
support the Sultan.
[12]

maonnerie dvoils (1886),
state that the origin of the
[22]
alternative
Bookseller, Freemason and
Versuch ber die
acht worden, und ber
(1782), was the first to claim that the Templars were
words ,
, "Baptism of Wisdom".
[30]
Nicolai
Franois Juste Marie
, and "supposed that the Templars had a secret doctrine and initiations
of several grades" which "the Saracens had communicated ... to them."
[31]
He
further connected the figura Baffometi with the pentagram of Pythagoras:

What properly was the sign of the Baffomet, 'figura Baffometi,' which was depicted on
the breast of the bust representing the Creator, cannot be exactly determined.... I believe
it to have been the Pythagorean pentagon (Fnfeck) of health and prosperity: ... It is
well known how holy this figure was considered, and that the Gnostics had much in
common with the Pythagoreans. From the prayers which the soul shall recite, according
to the diagram of the Ophite-worshippers, when they on their return to God are stopped
by the Archons, and their purity has to be examined, it appears that these serpent-
worshippers believed they must produce a token that they had been clean on earth. I
believe that this token was also the holy pentagon, the sign of their initiation (
).
[32]

Emile Littr (18011881) in Dictionnaire de la langue francaise asserted that
the word was cabalistically formed by writing backward tem. o. h. p. ab an
abbreviation of templi omnium hominum pacis abbas, 'abbot' or 'father of the
temple of peace of all men.' His source is the "Abb Constant", which is to say,
Alphonse-Louis Constant, the real name of Eliphas Lvi.
Arkon Daraul proposed that "Baphomet" may derive from the Arabic word
Abu fihama(t), meaning "The Father of Understanding".
[33]
"Arkon Daraul"
is widely thought to be a pseudonym of Idries Shah (19241996).
Dr. Hugh J. Schonfield (19011988),
[34]
one of the scholars who worked on the
Dead Sea Scrolls, argued in his book The Essene Odyssey that the word
"Baphomet" was created with knowledge of the Atbash substitution cipher,
which substitutes the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet for the last, the second
for the second last, and so on. "Baphomet" rendered in Hebrew is ;
interpreted using Atbash, it becomes , which can be interpreted as the
Greek word "Sophia", or wisdom. This theory is an important part of the plot of
The Da Vinci Code. Professor Schonfield's theory however cannot be
independently corroborated.

Joseph Freiherr von Hammer

Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
figures found on a number of supposed 13th century Templar artifacts (such as cups,
bowls and coffers) with the Baphometic idol.
In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese Orienta
Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall
Templi, qua Gnostici et quidem Ophiani,
per ipsa eorum Monumenta
Knights Templars, like the Gnostics and
and of moral Impurity, by their own Monuments"), which presented an elaborate
pseudohistory constructed to discredit
Freemasonry itself.
[36]
Following Nicolai, he argued, using as archaeological evidence
"Baphomets" faked by earlier scholars
Grail romances, that the Templars were
Gnostic idol called Baphomet.
His chief subject is the images which are call
and collections of antiquities, as in Weimar ... and in the imperial cabinet in Vienna.
These little images are of stone, partly hermaphrodites, having, generally, two heads or
two faces, with a beard, but, in other
accompanied by serpents, the sun and moon, and other strange emblems, and bearing
many inscriptions, mostly in Arabic.... The inscriptions he reduces almost all to
which] ... is, according to him, not the
Prunikos of the Ophites, which was represented half man, half woman, as the symbol of
wisdom, unnatural voluptuousness and the principle of sensuality.... He assert
those small figures are such as the Templars, according to the statement of a witness,
carried with them in their coffers.
baptism of fire, or the Gnostic baptism
was interpreted by the Ophites, in an obscene sense, as
Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall

Purgstall (1774-1856) associated a series of carved or engraved
bowls and coffers) with the Baphometic idol.
In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese Orienta
Purgstall, Mysterium Baphometis revelatum, seu Fratres Militi
Templi, qua Gnostici et quidem Ophiani, Apostasi, Idoloduli et Impuritatis convicti,
per ipsa eorum Monumenta
[35]
("Discovery of the Mystery of Baphomet, by which the
Knights Templars, like the Gnostics and Ophites, are convicted of Apostasy, of Idolatry
constructed to discredit Templarist Masonry and, by extension,
"Baphomets" faked by earlier scholars
[citation needed]
and literary evidence such as the
Grail romances, that the Templars were Gnostics and the "Templars' head" was a
Gnostic idol called Baphomet.
His chief subject is the images which are called Baphomet ... found in several museums
two faces, with a beard, but, in other respects, female figures, most of them
many inscriptions, mostly in Arabic.... The inscriptions he reduces almost all to
which] ... is, according to him, not the of the Greeks, but the Sophia
of the Ophites, which was represented half man, half woman, as the symbol of
wisdom, unnatural voluptuousness and the principle of sensuality.... He assert
carried with them in their coffers. Baphomet signifies , baptism of Metis,
Gnostic baptism, an enlightening of the mind, which,
was interpreted by the Ophites, in an obscene sense, as fleshly union.... the fundamental
1856) associated a series of carved or engraved
In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese Orientalist Joseph
Mysterium Baphometis revelatum, seu Fratres Militi
Apostasi, Idoloduli et Impuritatis convicti,
("Discovery of the Mystery of Baphomet, by which the
, are convicted of Apostasy, of Idolatry
and, by extension,
and literary evidence such as the
and the "Templars' head" was a
ed Baphomet ... found in several museums
respects, female figures, most of them
many inscriptions, mostly in Arabic.... The inscriptions he reduces almost all to Mete[,
Sophia, Achamot
of the Ophites, which was represented half man, half woman, as the symbol of
wisdom, unnatural voluptuousness and the principle of sensuality.... He asserts that
baptism of Metis,
, which, however,
.... the fundamental
assertion, that those idols and cups came from the Templars, has been considered as
unfounded, especially as the images known to have existed among the Temp
rather to be images of saints.
Hammer's essay did not pass unchallenged, and F.J.M. Raynouard published an "Etude
sur 'Mysterium Baphometi revelatum'".
had been deceived by "the paraphernalia of ...
and Partner agreed that the images "may have been forgeries from the occultist
workshops."
[40]
At the very least, there was little evidence to tie them to the Knights
Templarin the 19th centur
objects,
[citation needed]
which were catalogued as "Baphomets" and credulously thought to
have been idols of the Templars.
Eliphas Lvi

Le Diable, from the early eighteenth century
Later in the 19th century, the name of Baphomet became further associated with the
occult. In 1854, Eliphas Lvi
and Rituals of High Magic"), in which he included an image he had drawn himself
which he described as Baphomet and "The Sabbatic Goat", showing a winged humanoid
goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head betw
This image has become the best
the Baphomet to be a depiction of the absolute in symbolic form and explicated in detail
his symbolism in the drawing that served as the fro
The goat on the frontispiece carries the sign of the
point at the top, a symbol of light, his two hands forming the sign of
unfounded, especially as the images known to have existed among the Temp
rather to be images of saints.
[37]

sur 'Mysterium Baphometi revelatum'".
[38]
Charles William King criticized that Hammer
had been deceived by "the paraphernalia of ... Rosicrucian or alchemical
tner agreed that the images "may have been forgeries from the occultist
in the 19th century some European museums acquired such pseudo
have been idols of the Templars.
[41]

, from the early eighteenth century Tarot of Marseilles by Jean Dodal.
Eliphas Lvi published Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie
goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns (illustration, top
This image has become the best-known representation of Baphomet. Lvi considered
his symbolism in the drawing that served as the frontispiece:
[42]

The goat on the frontispiece carries the sign of the pentagram on the forehead, with one
point at the top, a symbol of light, his two hands forming the sign of occultism
unfounded, especially as the images known to have existed among the Templars seem
criticized that Hammer
alchemical quacks,"
[39]

tner agreed that the images "may have been forgeries from the occultist
y some European museums acquired such pseudo-Egyptian
by Jean Dodal.
et Rituel de la Haute Magie ("Dogmas
illustration, top).
known representation of Baphomet. Lvi considered
on the forehead, with one
occultism, the one
pointing up to the white moon of
Geburah. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is
female, the other male like t
which we had to unite with those of our goat because he is one and
The flame of intelligence shining between his horns is the magic light of the universal
balance, the image of the soul elevated above matter, as the flame, whilst being tied to
matter, shines above it. The beast's head expresses the horro
materially acting, solely responsible part has to bear the punishment exclusively;
because the soul is insensitive according to its nature and can only suffer when it
materializes. The rod standing instead of genitals symbolizes eter
covered with scales the water, the semi
following above the volatile. Humanity is represented by the two breasts and the
androgyne arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences.
Lvi's depiction is similar to that of the
with correspondences different from those later used by
Mathers, "equated the Devil Tarot key with
caduceus, rising like a phallus from his
fame, does not match the historical descriptions from the Templar trials, although it may
also have been partly inspired by
in Brittany and Saint-Merri
wings, female breasts, horns and the shaggy hindquarters of
well as Viollet-le-Duc's vivid
the same time as Lvi's illustration.
Goat of Mendes
Lvi's now-familiar image of a "Sabbatic Goat" shows parallels with works by the
Spanish artist Francisco Goya
version ca. 1821-23, El gran cabrn
their dead infant children to a seated goat. In
Cult in Western Europe, the devil was said to appea
Candle between his Horns".

Francisco Goya, Witches' Sabbath
Lvi called his image "The Goat of
account
[47]
that the god of Mendes
with a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great
reverence by the Mendesians, and how in his time a woman publicly copulated with a
goat.
[48]
E. A. Wallis Budge
At several places in the Delta, e.g. Hermopolis, Lycopolis, and Mendes, the god
and a goat were worshipped;
pointing up to the white moon of Chesed, the other pointing down to the black one of
. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is
female, the other male like the ones of the androgyne of Khunrath, the attributes of
which we had to unite with those of our goat because he is one and the same symbol.
matter, shines above it. The beast's head expresses the horror of the sinner, whose
materializes. The rod standing instead of genitals symbolizes eternal life, the body
covered with scales the water, the semi-circle above it the atmosphere, the feathers
androgyne arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences.
is similar to that of the Devil in early Tarot cards.
[43]
Lvi, working
with correspondences different from those later used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor
Devil Tarot key with Mercury," giving "his figure Mercury's
, rising like a phallus from his groin."
[44]
Lvi's depiction, for all its modern
also have been partly inspired by grotesque carvings on the Templar churches of
in Paris, which depict squatting bearded men with bat
wings, female breasts, horns and the shaggy hindquarters of a beast,
[45][unreliable source
's vivid gargoyles that were added to Notre Dame de Paris
the same time as Lvi's illustration.
familiar image of a "Sabbatic Goat" shows parallels with works by the
Francisco Goya, who more than once painted a "Witch's Sabbath
El gran cabrn now at the Prado, a group of seated women offer
their dead infant children to a seated goat. In Margaret Murray's survey of
, the devil was said to appear as "a great Black Goat
between his Horns".
[46]

Witches' Sabbath, 1821-1823.
Lvi called his image "The Goat of Mendes", presumably following Herodotus
that the god of Mendesthe Greek name for Djedet, Egypt
th a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great
E. A. Wallis Budge writes,
At several places in the Delta, e.g. Hermopolis, Lycopolis, and Mendes, the god
and a goat were worshipped; Strabo, quoting (xvii. 1, 19) Pindar, says that in these
, the other pointing down to the black one of
. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is
, the attributes of
the same symbol.
r of the sinner, whose
nal life, the body
circle above it the atmosphere, the feathers
Lvi, working
Samuel Liddell MacGregor
," giving "his figure Mercury's
Lvi's depiction, for all its modern
carvings on the Templar churches of Lanleff
, which depict squatting bearded men with bat
unreliable source]
as
Notre Dame de Paris about
familiar image of a "Sabbatic Goat" shows parallels with works by the
Witch's Sabbath"; in the
now at the Prado, a group of seated women offer
's survey of The Witch-
Black Goat with a
Herodotus'
was depicted
th a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great
At several places in the Delta, e.g. Hermopolis, Lycopolis, and Mendes, the god Pan
, says that in these
places goats had intercourse with women,
was said to have taken place in the open day. The Mendisians, according to this last
writer, paid reverence to all goats, and more to the males than to the females, and
particularly to one he-goat, on the deat
throughout the whole Mendesian district; they call both Pan and the goat Mendes, and
both were worshipped as gods of generation and fecundity.
the cult of the goat of Mendes with that of
and the Satyrs. The goat referred to by all these writers is the famous Mendean Ram, or
Ram of Mendes, the cult of which was, according to
the king of the IInd dynasty.
Historically, the deity that was venerated at Egyptian Mendes was a
Banebdjed (literally Ba of the lord of
the soul of Osiris. Lvi combined the images of the
refigured the ram Banebdjed
Anep and inseminator in the district of Mendes".
Aleister Crowley

Lvi's Baphomet image employed in the later 19th century to suggest Baphomet
worship by Freemasons.
The Baphomet of Lvi was to become an important figure within the cosmology of
Thelema, the mystical system established by
century. Baphomet features in the Creed of the
congregation in The Gnostic Mass
the Lion, Mystery of Mystery, in His name BAPHOMET."
In Magick (Book 4), Crowley asserted that Baphomet was a divine androgyne and "the
hieroglyph of arcane perfection":
The Devil does not exist. It is a false name invented by the Black Brothers to imply a
Unity in their ignorant muddle of dispersions. A devil who had unity would be a God...
'The Devil' is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes..
serpent, SATAN, is not the enemy of Man, but He who made Gods of our race,
places goats had intercourse with women, and Herodotus (ii. 46) instances a case which
goat, on the death of which public mourning is observed
both were worshipped as gods of generation and fecundity. Diodorus (i. 88
the cult of the goat of Mendes with that of Priapus, and groups the god with the Pans
Ram of Mendes, the cult of which was, according to Manetho, established by
the king of the IInd dynasty.
[49]

Historically, the deity that was venerated at Egyptian Mendes was a ram
of the lord of djed, and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was
. Lvi combined the images of the Tarot of Marseilles Devil card and
Banebdjed as a he-goat, further imagined by him as "copulator in
Anep and inseminator in the district of Mendes".

Baphomet image employed in the later 19th century to suggest Baphomet
, the mystical system established by Aleister Crowley in the early twentieth
century. Baphomet features in the Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church
The Gnostic Mass, in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and
the Lion, Mystery of Mystery, in His name BAPHOMET."
[50]

, Crowley asserted that Baphomet was a divine androgyne and "the
hieroglyph of arcane perfection":
'The Devil' is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes..
and Herodotus (ii. 46) instances a case which
h of which public mourning is observed
i. 88) compares
groups the god with the Pans
, established by Kakau,
ram deity
"the Lord of Mendes"), who was
Devil card and
goat, further imagined by him as "copulator in
Baphomet image employed in the later 19th century to suggest Baphomet
in the early twentieth
Gnostic Catholic Church recited by the
, in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and
, Crowley asserted that Baphomet was a divine androgyne and "the
'The Devil' is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes... This
knowing Good and Evil; He bade 'Know Thyself!' and taught Initiation. He is 'The
Devil' of the Book of Thoth, and His emblem is
hieroglyph of arcane perfection... He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter
is ayin, the Eye, so that he is Light; and his
goat whose attribute is Liberty.
For Crowley, Baphomet is further a representative of the spiritual nature of the
spermatozoa while also being symbolic of the "magical child" produced as a result of
sex magic. As such, Baphomet represents the Union of Opposites, especially as
mystically personified in Chaos
with the sperm and egg united in the
Crowley proposed that Baphomet was derived from "Father
Confessions he describes the circumstances that led to this etymology:
I had taken the name Baphomet as my motto in the O.T.O. For six years and more I had
tried to discover the proper way to spell this name. I knew that it must have eight letters,
and also that the numerical and literal correspondences must be such as to exp
meaning of the name in such a ways as to confirm what scholarship had found out about
it, and also to clear up those problems which archaeologists had so far failed to solve....
One theory of the name is that it represents the words
wisdom; another, that it is a corruption of a title meaning "Father Mithras". Needless to
say, the suffix R supported the latter theory. I
It totalled 729. This number had never appeared in my Cabbalistic working and
therefore meant nothing to me. It however justified itself as being the cube of nine. The
word , the mystic title given by Christ to
has this same value. So far, the Wizard had shown great qualities! He had cleared up the
etymological problem and shown why the Templars should have given the name
Baphomet to their so-called idol. Baphomet was Father Mithras, the cubical stone which
was the corner of the Temple.
As a demon

The Devil in the Rider-Waite Tarot deck
Lvi's Baphomet is the source of the later
design.
[53]
The concept of a downward
upon by Lvi in his discussion (without illustration) of the Goat of Mendes arranged
within such a pentagram, which he contrasted with the
Devil' of the Book of Thoth, and His emblem is BAPHOMET, the Androgyne who is the
of arcane perfection... He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter
, the Eye, so that he is Light; and his Zodiacal image is Capricornus, that leaping
Liberty.
[51]

while also being symbolic of the "magical child" produced as a result of
. As such, Baphomet represents the Union of Opposites, especially as
Chaos and Babalon combined and biologically manifested
united in the zygote.
[citation needed]

Crowley proposed that Baphomet was derived from "Father Mithras". In his
he describes the circumstances that led to this etymology:
[52]
and also that the numerical and literal correspondences must be such as to exp
One theory of the name is that it represents the words , the baptism of
say, the suffix R supported the latter theory. I added up the word as spelt by the Wiz
, the mystic title given by Christ to Peter as the cornerstone of the Church,
called idol. Baphomet was Father Mithras, the cubical stone which
was the corner of the Temple.
Waite Tarot deck.
Lvi's Baphomet is the source of the later Tarot image of the Devil in the Rider
The concept of a downward-pointing pentagram on its forehead was
within such a pentagram, which he contrasted with the microcosmic man
, the Androgyne who is the
of arcane perfection... He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter
image is Capricornus, that leaping
while also being symbolic of the "magical child" produced as a result of
. As such, Baphomet represents the Union of Opposites, especially as
combined and biologically manifested
". In his
[52]

and also that the numerical and literal correspondences must be such as to express the
he baptism of
as spelt by the Wizard.
as the cornerstone of the Church,
called idol. Baphomet was Father Mithras, the cubical stone which
in the Rider-Waite
on its forehead was enlarged
man arranged
within a similar but upright pentagram.
[54]
The actual image of a goat in a downward-
pointing pentagram first appeared in the 1897 book La Clef de la Magie Noire by
Stanislas de Guaita, later adopted as the official symbolcalled the Sigil of
Baphometof the Church of Satan, and continues to be used among Satanists.
Baphomet, as Lvi's illustration suggests, has occasionally been portrayed as a synonym
of Satan or a demon, a member of the hierarchy of Hell. Baphomet appears in that guise
as a character in James Blish's The Day After Judgment. Christian evangelist Jack Chick
claims that Baphomet is a demon worshipped by Freemasons, a claim that apparently
originated with the Taxil hoax.
[55]
Lo Taxil's elaborate hoax employed a version of
Lvi's Baphomet on the cover of Les Mystres de la franc-maonnerie dvoils, his
lurid paperback "expos" of Freemasonry, which in 1897 he revealed as a hoax
satirizing ultra-Catholic anti-Masonic propaganda.
See also
History of the Knights Templar
Knights Templar legends
Mahound
Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
Notes
1. ^
a

b
ab Luy venseretz totz los cas/Cuy Bafometz a escarnitz/els renegatz outrasalhitz ("with his
[i.e. Jesus'] help you will defeat all the dogs whom Mahomet has led astray and the impudent
renegades"). The relevant lines are translated in Michael Routledge (1999), "The Later
Troubadours", in The Troubadours: An Introduction, Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd.
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 112.
2. ^ "In the 19th century a fresh impetus was given to the discussion by the publication in 1813 of
Raynouard's brilliant defence of the order. The challenge was taken up, among others, by the
famous orientalist Friedrich von Hammer-Purgstall, who in 1818 published his Mysterium
Baphometis revelatum, an attempt to prove that the Templars followed the doctrines and rites of
the Gnostic Ophites, the argument being fortified with reproductions of obscene representations
of supposed Gnostic ceremonies and of mystic symbols said to have been found in the Templars'
buildings. Wilcke, while rejecting Hammer's main conclusions as unproved, argued in favour of
the existence of a secret doctrine based, not on Gnosticism, but on the unitarianism of Islam, of
which Baphomet (Mahomet) was the symbol. On the other hand, Wilhelm Havemann
(Geschichte des Ausganges des Tempelherrenordens, Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1846) decided in
favour of the innocence of the order. This view was also taken by a succession of German
scholars, in England by C. G. Addison, and in France by a whole series of conspicuous writers:
e.g. Mignet, Guizot, Renan, Lavocat. Others, like Boutaric, while rejecting the charge of heresy,
accepted the evidence for the spuitio and the indecent kisses, explaining the former as a formula
of forgotten meaning and the latter as a sign of fraternit!" Encyclopdia Britannica, 1911.
3. ^ Migne, p. 475.
4. ^ Barber and Bate, p. 29.
5. ^ Michaud, p. 497.
6. ^ The quote is at Austorc d'Aorlhac.
7. ^ The other chapters are De la ley nova, De caritat, and De iustitia. The three folios of the
Occitan fragment were reunited on 21 April 1887 and the work was then "discovered". Today it
can be found in BnF fr. 6182. Clovis Brunel dated it to the thirteenth century, and it was
probably made in the Quercy. The work was originally Latin, but medieval Catalan translation
exists, as does a complete Occitan one. The Occitan fragment has been translated by Diego Zorzi
(1954). "Un frammento provenzale della Doctrina Pueril di Raimondo Lull". Aevum 28 (4):
34549.
8. ^ Barber 2006, p. 204.
9. ^ Barber 2006, p. 306.
10. ^ Martin, p. 138.
11. ^ Michelet, p. 375.
12. ^
a

b

c
Partner, pp. 3435.
13. ^ Read, p. 266.
14. ^ Martin, p. 139.
15. ^ "Per quem allatum fuit eis quoddam magnum capud argenteum deauratum pulcrum, figuram
muliebrem habens, intra quod erant ossa unius capitis, involuta et consuta in quodam panno
lineo albo, syndone rubea superposita, et erat ibi quedam cedula consuta in qua erat scriptum
capud LVIII
m
, et dicta ossa assimilabantur ossibus capitis parvi muliebris, et dicebatur ab
aliquibus quod erat capud unius undecim millium virginum." Procs, vol. ii, p. 218.
16. ^ Barber 2006, p. 244.
17. ^ "It is possible that the head mentioned was in fact a reliquary of Hugh of Payns, containing his
actual head." Barber 2006, p. 331.
18. ^ National Geographic Channel. Knights Templar, February 22, 2006, video documentary
written by Jesse Evans.
19. ^ Martin, p. 119.
20. ^ Karen Ralls, Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places,
Events, and Symbols of the Order of the Temple (New Page Books, 2007).
21. ^ Wright, p. 138. Cf. Barber 2006, p. 77; Finke, p. 323.
22. ^
a

b
Barber 1994, p. 321.
23. ^
a

b
Barber 2006, p. 305.
24. ^ Games and Coren, pp. 143-144.
25. ^ Fraud, p. 2.
26. ^ Pouille, p. 153.
27. ^ The OED reports "Baphomet" as a medieval form of Mahomet, but does not find a first
appearance in English until Henry Hallam, The View of the State of Europe during the Middle
Ages, which also appeared in 1818.
28. ^ Hodapp, pp. 203208.
29. ^ McKeown, Trevor W. "A Bavarian Illuminati Primer".
http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/illuminati.html. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
30. ^ Nicolai, vol. i, p. 136 ff. Nicolai's theories are discussed by Thomas De Quincey in "Historico-
Critical Inquiry into the Origin of the Rosicrucians and the Free-Masons". London Magazine.
January, February, March, and June 1824.
http://books.google.com/books?id=uhaaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA444. See also Partner, p. 129: "The
German Masonic bookseller, Friedrich Nicolai, produced an idea that the Templar Masons,
through the medieval Templars, were the eventual heirs of an heretical doctrine which originated
with the early Gnostics. He supported this belief by a farrago of learned references to the
writings of early Fathers of the Church on heresy, and by impressive-looking citations from the
Syriac. Nicolai based his theory on false etymology and wild surmise, but it was destined to be
very influential. He was also most probably familiar with Henry Cornelius Agrippa's claim,
made in the early sixteenth century, that the medieval Templars had been wizards."
31. ^ Michaud, p. 496.
32. ^ "Symbols and Symbolism". Freemasons' Quarterly Magazine (London) 1: 27592. 1854.
http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA284&id=XFgDAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false. p.
284.
33. ^ Daraul, Arkon. A History of Secret Societies. ISBN 0-8065-0857-4.
34. ^ Hugh J. Schonfield, The Essene Odyssey. Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8BP, England:
Element Books Ltd., 1984; 1998 paperback reissue, p.164.
35. ^ Hammer-Purgstall (1818). "Mysterium Baphometis revelatum". Fundgruben des Orients
(Vienna) 6: 1120; 44599.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LrFEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
36. ^ Partner, p. 140.
37. ^ "Baphomet", Encyclopedia Americana, 1851.
38. ^ In Journal des savants. 1819. pp. 15161; 22129.
http://www.archive.org/details/journaldessavant1819acaduoft. (Noted by Barber 1994, p. 393,
note 13.) An abridged English translation appears in Michaud, "Raynouard's note on Hammer's
'Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum'", pp. 494-500.
39. ^ King, p. 404.
40. ^ Partner, p. 141.
41. ^ Hans Tietze illustrated one, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, in "The Psychology
and Aesthetics of Forgery in Art". Metropolitan Museum Studies 5 (1): 119. August 1934. p. 1.
42. ^ "Le bouc qui est reprsent dans notre frontispice porte sur le front le signe du pentagramme,
la pointe en haut, ce qui suffit pour en faire un symbole de lumire; il fait des deux mains le
signe de l'occultisme, et montre en haut la lune blanche de Chesed, et en bas la lune noire de
Gburah. Ce signe exprime le parfait accord de la misricorde avec la justice. L'un des ses bras
est fminin, l'autre masculin, comme dans l'androgyne de Khunrath dont nous avons d runir
les attributs ceux de notre bouc, puisque c'est un seul et mme symbole. Le flambeau de
l'intelligence qui brille entre ses cornes, est la lumire magique de l'quilibre universel; c'est
aussi la figure de l'me leve au-dessus de la matire, bien que tenant la matire mme,
comme la flamme tient au flambeau. La tte hideuse de l'animal exprime l'horreur du pch,
dont l'agent matriel, seul responsable, doit seul jamais porter la peine: car l'me est
impassible de sa nature, et n'arrive souffrir qu'en se matrialisant. Le caduce, qui tient lieu
de l'organe gnrateur, reprsente la vie ternelle; le ventre couvert d'cailles c'est l'eau; le
cercle qui est au-dessus, c'est l'atmosphre; les plumes qui viennent ensuite sont l'emblme du
volatile; puis l'humanit est reprsente par les deux mamelles et les bras androgynes de ce
sphinx des sciences occultes." Lvi, vol. i, pp. 211-212.
43. ^ " Le ciel de Mercure, science occulte, magie, commerce, loquence, mystre, force morale.
Hiroglyphe, LE DIABLE, le bouc de Mends ou le Baphomet du temple avec tous ses attributs
panthistiques." Lvi, vol. ii, p. 352.
44. ^ Place, p. 85.
45. ^ Jackson, Nigel & Michael Howard (2003). The Pillars of Tubal Cain. Milverton, Somerset:
Capall Bann Publishing. p. 223.
46. ^ Murray, p. 145. For the devil as a goat, see pp. 63, 65, 68-69, 70, 144-146, 159, 160, 180, 182,
183, 233, 247, 248.
47. ^ Herodotus, Histories ii. 42, 46 and 166.
48. ^ Herodotus, Histories ii. 46. Plutarch specifically associates Osiris with the "goat at Mendes."
De Iside et Osiride, lxxiii.
49. ^ Budge, vol. ii, p. 353.
50. ^ Helena; Tau Apiryon. "The Invisible Basilica: The Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church: An
Examination". http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/creed_egc.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
51. ^ Crowley, Aleister; Mary. Desti, Leila. Waddell (2004). Magick: Liber ABA, Book Four, Parts
I-IV. Hymenaeus. Beta (ed.). York Beach, Me.: S. Weiser. ISBN 0-87728-919-0
9780877289197.
52. ^ Crowley, Aleister (1929). The Spirit of Solitude: an autohagiography: subsequently re-
Antichristened The Confessions of Aleister Crowley. London: Mandrake Press.
53. ^ "Since 1856 the influence of Eliphas Lvi and his doctrine of occultism has changed the face
of this card, and it now appears as a pseudo-Baphometic figure with the head of a goat and a
great torch between the horns; it is seated instead of erect, and in place of the generative organs
there is the Hermetic caduceus." Waite, part i, 2.
54. ^ "Le pentagramme levant en l'air deux de ses pointes reprsente Satan ou le bouc du sabbat,
et il reprsente le Sauveur lorsqu'il lve en l'air un seul de ses rayons.... En le disposant de
manire que deux de ses pointes soient en haut et une seule pointe en bas, on peut y voir les
cornes, les oreilles et la barbe du bouc hiratique de Mends, et il devient le signe des
vocations infernales." Levi, vol. i, pp. 93-98.
55. ^ "Leo Taxil's confession".
References
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Barber, Malcolm; Bate, Keith (2010). Letters from the East: Crusaders,
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0-7546-6356-0.
Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: or, Studies in
Egyptian Mythology. II volumes. London: Methuen & Co.
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Crowley, Aleister (1974). The Equinox of the Gods. New York: Gordon Press.
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Egyptians, being the Equinox, Volume III, No. V. London: Ordo Templi Orientis.
Crowley, Aleister (1996-12). The Law is for All: The Authorized Popular
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King, C. W. (1887) [1864]. The Gnostics and their Remains. London: David
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Lvi, Eliphas (1861) [1855]. Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. II volumes
(2nd ed.). Paris: Hippolyte Baillire.
Martin, Sean (2005). The Knights Templar: The History & Myths of the
Legendary Military Order. ISBN 1-56025-645-1.
Michaud, Joseph Francois (1853). The History of the Crusades. Volume III.
Trans. W. Robson. New York: Redfield.
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Michelet, Jules (1860). History of France. Volume I. Trans. G.H. Smith. New
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Migne, Jacques Paul (1854). Godefridi Bullonii epistolae et diplomata; accedunt
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nepage&q&f=false.
Murray, Margaret (1921). The Witch Cult in Western Europe: A Study in
Anthropology. Oxford University Press.
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Tempelherrenorden gemacht worden, und ber dessen Geheimni; Nebst einem
Anhange ber das Entstehen der Freymaurergesellschaft. II volumes. Berlin
und Stettin. http://books.google.com/books?id=3dsFAAAAQAAJ.
Partner, Peter (1987). The Knights Templar and Their Myth. ISBN 0-89281-273-
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Paxton, Lee (2010). "Truth and Metaphor".
Philips, Walter Alison (1911).
Britannica (11th ed.). C
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Place, Robert M. (2005).
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Pouille, Simon de (1968). Baroin, Jeanne. ed.
Geste. Geneva: Librairie Droz.
Read, Piers Paul (1999).
Spunda, Franz. Baphomet: Der geheime Gott der Templer: ein alchimistischer
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Waite, Arthur (1911).
http://www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/pkt/index.htm
Wright, Thomas (1865).
Middle Ages of Western Europe"
Worship of Priapus. London: J. C. Hotten.
texts.com/sex/wgp/index.htm
External links
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ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Paxton, Lee (2010). "Truth and Metaphor". Retreat From Reality
Philips, Walter Alison (1911). "Templars". In Chisholm, Hugh.
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Templars.
Place, Robert M. (2005). The Tarot: History, Symbolism and Divination
York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. ISBN 1-58542-349-1.
ille, Simon de (1968). Baroin, Jeanne. ed. Simon de Pouille: Chanson de
. Geneva: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02428-0.
(1999). The Templars. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306
Baphomet: Der geheime Gott der Templer: ein alchimistischer
86552-073-1.
(1911). The Pictorial Key to the Tarot. London: W. Rider.
texts.com/tarot/pkt/index.htm.
Wright, Thomas (1865). "The Worship of the Generative Powers During the
Middle Ages of Western Europe". In Knight, Richard Payne. A Discourse on the
. London: J. C. Hotten. http://www.sacred-
texts.com/sex/wgp/index.htm.
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Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baphomet". Encyclopdia Britannica
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Source Material: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet
More Info: http://www.ocultura.org.br/index.php/Baphomet -
http://hermetic.com/baphomet/ - http://thelemapedia.org/index.php/Baphomet

Baphomet

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