.~CKNOWLEDGMENT is hereby made for permis~onto quote from the following works: Lenin: A Biography, by David Shub.

Copyright, 1948, by David Shub and reprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc. The Growth of the American Republzc, by S. E. Morison and H. S. Commager. Copyright, 1932, 1937, 1942, by Oxford Univers~tyPress, Inc. "The White Man's Burden" from The Five Nations by Rudyard Kipling. Copyright, 1903, by Rudyard Kipling, reprinted by permission of Mrs. George Bambridge, Methuen & Company, and Doubleday & Company, Inc. Three W h o Made a Revolution, by Bertram D. Wolfe, by permission of the Dial Press, Inc. Copyright, 1948, by Bertram D. Wolfe. World Population, by A. N. Cam-Saunders. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Preface
to the Third Edition

-w7
L. C. catalog card number: 65-11962

THIS IS A BORZOI
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A.

BOOK, KNOPF, INC.

0 0

Copyright 1950, @ 1956, 1965 by ALFRED A. KNOPF, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief pasages and reproduce not more than three illustrations in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper. Manufactured in the United States of Amesica and distributed by Random House, Inc. Published in Canado by Random House of Canada. Limited. 24, 1950.

P U B L I S HE D J U L Y

R E PRI N TED S E V E N TIMES

SECOND

EDITION, REVISED, RESET,

WITH NEW MAPS,

AND PRINTED FROM NEW

PIATES,

1956.

RE P RI N T ED THIRTEEN TIMES.

THIRD EDITION,

1965

E A R E P L E A S E D to offer a third edition of A History of the Modern World, which was first published by one of us in 1950, but which, since the substantial revision of 1956, has become increasingly our joint product. Every word has once again been reviewed and some changes have been made throughout. Parts of Chapter IX on the French Revolution have been rewritten and a near Chapter XXI on the contemporary era has been added. In this new final chapter, to conform with the increase of knowledge and clarification of perspectives, developments from the end of the Second World IVar to 1965 are included. T o some extent, for the same reasons, the treatment of the wl~ole twentieth century has been retouched. T h e Bibliography has been thoroughly revised and brought up to date. Fundamentally, since the work has gained general acceptance, it remains little changed in scope and character from the second edition. The book is still designed to set forth the modern history of Europe and European civilization as a unit, and in its later chapters attempts to tell the story of an integrated, or at least interconnected, world. Emphasis falls on situations and movements of international scope, or on what Europeans and their descendants have done and faced in common. National histories are therefore somewhat subordinated, and in each national history the points of contact with a larger civilization are most fully treated. Historic regional differences within Europe, as between East and West, are brought out, and the history of the Americas is woven into the story at various points, as are developments of the last century in Asia and Africa. A good deal of institutional

vi

Preface

history is included. There is not much on the fine arts, imaginative literature, or pure philosophy, but considerable space is given to the history of ideas, not only in special sections devoted to ideas, but throughout the book in close connection with the account of institutions and events. Social and economic development bulks rather large. Since our own age is one in which much depends on political decision, we think of this volume as political history in that matters of many kinds, such as religion, economics, the broadest sens-in welfare, and international relations, have presented themselves as public questions requiring public action by responsible citizens or public persons. Nor do we hesitate, living in the present age, to dwell at some length on war and revolution. T h e greater wars and revolutions have perhaps had more profound consequences than are generally acknowledged. In any event, they are good examples of movements that transcend individual nations and affect the course of modern history as a whole. T h e illustrations are reproductions of paintings, most of them well known, dating from the fifteenth century to the twentieth. They are chosen, not so much to illustrate art as art, as to give life and body to certain general ideas that recur in the text. For example, the idea of "class" and of the landed aristocracy, middle class, laboring class, and peasantry, is conveyed in four paintings of women, by Gainsborough, Copley, David, and Millet. Many persons, professional colleagues and others, have been helpful to us over the years since the book's first appearance. Some contributed ideas to the first and second editions. Others have called our attention to errors or misconceptions which we have tried to rectify according to our best judgment. Mr. Theodore R. Miller has again designed the maps and prepared several new ones. T h e staff of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., has provided help and encouragement at every stage. For expert assistance in the preparation of the present edition we are especially indebted to Shirley Colton. T o her and to Esther Palmer we make acknowledgment for the moral support and domestic peace that form the background of such a work.

Contents

Chapter I: T H E RISE O F EUROPE

Ancient Times: Greece, Rome, and Christianity T h e Early Middle Ages: The Formation of Europe 3. T h e High Middle Ages: Secular Civilization 4. The High Middle Ages: The Church
1. 2.

PAGE

Chapter 1 : T H E REVOLUTION IN T H E CHRISTIAN 1 CHURCH, 1300-1560

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. lo. T h e Decline of the Church T h e Renaissance in Italy The Renaissance outside Italy The New Monarchies Protestantism Catholicism Reformed and Reorganized

Chapter 1 1 T H E WARS O F RELIGION, 1560-1648 1:

12.

The Opening of the Atlantic The Commercial Revolution 13. The Crusade of Catholic Spain: The Dutch and English 14. The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France 15. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48: The Disintegration of Germany
11.

Chapter N: H E ESTABLISHMENT O F WEST-EUROPEAN T LEADERSHIP

16. The Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power 17. T h e Dutch Republic 18. Britain: The Puritan Revolution

132