1.1.

Wastewater Treatment Methods Considered The following are the possible wastewater treatment technologies that have been considered for the proposed development. The associated advantages and disadvantages are presented for each option. Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: Wastewater treatment methods

Treatment Advantages Process Waste stabilization No power requirements ponds Very low operations and maintenance requirements No mechanical installations Very simple method of treatment

Disadvantages High land requirement Odour nuisance, particularly from the anaerobic ponds if incorporated in the system Sensitive to temperature variations Requires relatively flat or gentle slopes to avoid extensive excavations May require special lining to avoid groundwater contamination High land requirement Requires relatively flat or gentle slopes Requires specific aquatic plants Appropriate for small institutions/developments, not for large wastewater treatment High O&M requirements

Constructed wetlands

Have substantial capacity for wastewater treatment

Aerated lagoons

Activated sludge process

Trickling filters

Detention time less than in stabilization ponds Less land requirement as compared to stabilization ponds Any degree of treatment is possible Final effluent is clear and odourless Low land requirement Freedom from odour nuisance Freedom from nuisance due to flies Recommended for treatment of sewage from large communities (not small works) Durability in all weather conditions and in the presence of corrosive effluents Does not upset for variation of hydraulic or organic loading Low O&M cost

Sensitive to organic loading particularly for industrial wastes which result in bulking of sludge High O&M requirements High skilled management Sensitive to shock loading Produces large quantity of sludge whose disposal is a problem Limitation in volumetric loading Significant loss of head Nuisance due to flies

Treatment Process Oxidation ditches Rotating biological contractors On-site treatment systems e.g. septic tanks, latrines

Advantages Relatively low land requirement Can withstand hydraulic and organic shock loads Low land requirement Low land requirement Low capital cost Low O&M cost Easy to construct

Disadvantages High O&M requirements High O&M requirements

Applicable only at household levels and small institutions High potential to contaminate ground water Need for periodic desludging Nuisance due to odours and flies The operations and maintenance requirements/costs mentioned above are associated predominantly with the power consumption by the electromechanical installations.