Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf.

on Advances in Civil Engineering 2011

Conceptual Model of Integrated Geographical Information System for Bangalore

M. Raghunath1, B. Shankar2
Research Scholar and Senior Lecturer Government Polytechnic, Bangalore, India 2 Reader in Urban & Regional Planning and Corresponding Author Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore, India, e-mail: doddi43@gmail.com
1

Abstract- Geographical Information System (GIS) is an effective tool for metropolitan governance. In developing countries like India, metropolitan governments, planning authorities and parastatals viz. Water Supply Board, Housing Board, Transport Corporation etc., have executed GIS projects independently. Geographic Information System projects have been initiated in Bangalore Metropolitan City by the different stakeholders independently, without a common platform on resources and integration. In recent years, many municipalities in the World have been updating GIS implementation from stand-alone to integrated GIS systems with great concern for sharing and updating resources for their applications. An Integrated GIS approach combines spatial data and technology across the different departments of an organization or consortium of organizations coupling centralized management with decentralized database. GIS experiences of Bangalore City showcase the need of conceptual Integrated GIS Model for effective planning and good governance from Metropolitan Region to ward level. Index Terms- Integrated GIS, Planning, Spatial, Enterprise, Metropolitan City

I. INTRODUCTION Geographic Information System has been in use in local governments, since many years for isolated application such as tax collection, utility services and town planning etc. An Integrated GIS involves a large scale data, and provides an information and operational framework for major portions of the activities and applications within an organization or consortium of organizations. An integrated approach refers to looking at the entire organization as a single entity that provides a framework for integration of all the functional requirements at various levels from the lowest level of governance, Ward level to Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC) level. It encourages common efforts towards inter- and/or intra-departmental collaborative activities such as collection, sharing and analysis of data, sharing of information and avoid redundancy. An Integrated GIS not only extends vertically upwards to the Metropolitan Planning Committee level, state and central governments, but also extends horizontally to line agencies, stakeholders, parastatals and other organizations. A. BACKGROUND OF B ANGALORE Bangalore, the state capital is the third largest metropolitan 2011 ACEE DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.12 36

city has population of about 9.5 million asper provisional figures of Census and it had increased from 5.7 million in 2001. It is well known Information Technology hub and popularly called as Silicon City of India. The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, (BBMP) is the local city government spreads over 800 sq-kms. BBMP consists of 192 city wards with an average population of 20000 in each ward. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is the Planning Authority, and has an extent of 1279 sq-kms to include the area under BBMP jurisdiction. The Bangalore Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (BMRDA), established in 1985, has its jurisdiction over Bangalore Metropolitan Region covering Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural and Ramanagaram districts excluding Local Planning Area of BDA. The BMRDA is the planning, coordinating and supervising authority for proper and orderly development of Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) and it has extent of 8005 sq-kms. The Government of Karnataka has to constitute Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC) as the per the mandate of Seventy Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act of Indian Constitution. II. GIS INITIATIVES IN BANGALORE The Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority had engaged Indian Resource Information and Management Technologies (INRIMT), Hyderabad for preparation of structure plan for the BMR 1994. The INRIMT developed a base map in 1:250,000 scale using topographic sheets of Survey of India covering the boundaries of BMR. Data layers covering topographical, geological, and metrological; and transportation features were digitised for preparation of thematic maps. The Bangalore Development Authority has also initiated GIS under Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (IUEIP), covering four layouts (neighbourhoods) in 1998. The utility department namely Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) has also initiated GIS project and engaged the Strategie-Conceptions-Erudes (SCE), French consultants for developing spatial database for its water distribution system in 1999. Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP), the local city government had initiated GIS project in selected wards in 2002.

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 A. BANGALORE METROPOLITAN R EGION DEVELOPMENT A UTHORITY (BMRDA) The Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority established the GIS centre in 2001 for housing a spatial base map of 1:50000 scales, which included land use/land cover, drainage, water bodies, irrigation systems, contours and slopes, land geomorphology and soils, roads, rail, electricity networks and administrative boundaries and for the preparation of structure plans including local development plans. B. BANGALORE MAHANAGARA PALIKE (BMP) The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has initiated a pilot GIS project in two wards of BMP in 2002, covering two layers viz. property and road. The objective was to develop the customized GIS software and the Management Information System (MIS). The Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre (KSRSAC) has initiated another pilot project in Ward No.64 of BMP in 2004 covering 15 features namely, roads, properties, storm water drain, cross drainage works, streetlights, trees, public taps, location of water tanks, public taps and bore-wells etc., covering four important departments, revenue, health, horticulture and engineering departments using Quick Bird satellite image of 0.6m spatial resolution which was captured in 2004. Subsequently, the BMP extended the geo-database model of spatial data for 29 wards of BMP with the assistance from the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), involving KSRSAC as coordinating agency in the first phase of the project. The data validation was completed in few wards, but the model has not covered the aspects of solid waste management, emergency services, crime, education, health, election, property management, poverty, housing and other metropolitan functions, which are of utmost importance for governance and urban planning. C. BANGALORE WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) initiated GIS for its water supply and sanitary services in the year 2001. The base map was prepared using aerial photographs in a scale 1:2000 supplied by NRSA. It covered an area of 290 sq.kms including 4000km of water pipelines, 3000km of sewerage lines and 320,000 consumer connections with 98% of attribute data collected directly from the field. The employees database and the billing system were integrated with GIS. D. BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (BDA) The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) has initiated Metropolitan Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) project in partnership with Groupe-SCE agency, with funding from Indo-French Protocol from the French Indian Government. The project was an unique spatial data vehicle developed for Greater Bangalore to support the task of Master Plan revision, and to assess the physical infrastructure requirement by employing multidisciplinary approach using Information Technology(IT) tools and GIS 2011 ACEE DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.12 37 The Digital Urban Spatial Repository (DUSR) comprises of a digital geo-referenced large scale map (scale 1:2000) covering an area of 1500 sq.kms, 553 villages, 55,000 parcels, 650000 buildings etc. in 12 geo-databases. Attribute data was gathered from BWSSB, BBMP, the Slum Clearance Board and others 27 stakeholders including 1991 & 2001 Census. The database model of DUSR was not yet commissioned due to ongoing development of IT applications.It is evident that the stakeholders such as BMRDA, BBMP, BDA, BWSSB, BMTC etc. have executed GIS projects applications. The governing principle and challenge of MSDI project was to build a sustainable urban Geographical Information System along with a renewed approach to city planning. It was aimed to collect, organize and standardize all kinds of data in a mega urban database ranging from satellite images to building footprints cater to needs of public, private and stakeholders.The database acted as spatial repository of spatial memory of the territory. The intertwining of scales (metropolitan, city, ward, village, parcel, building), dates, issues (urban planning versus urban management) and the variety of actors made the MSDI project a showcase of GIS technology applied to a complex mega city of Bangalore. The main challenge and principle of the MSDI project was to build a sustainable urban geographical information system through the creation, collection, organization and standardization of huge amounts of data from over 30 public and private sources to form a mega urban spatial database and make use of this GIS to modify and streamline the planning process thereby making it highly efficient. This spatial repository would become a common asset to the stakeholders acting as the spatial memory of the territory. The MSDI project was the first GIS project of this scale that the BDA has undertaken. Therefore, the choice of using simpler personal geodatabases instead of larger geodatabase along platforms like Oracle, was made in order to avoid complexity of managing databases for the clients.
T ABLE I. LIST
OF PERSONAL GEODATABASES

MSDI

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 independently without having any common spatial reference except the MSDI initiative.The first GIS project was initiated by BMP was yet to be commissioned and might not meet the present day challenges of temporal, administrative, functional, technical, jurisdictional and institutional transformations. However, some of the huge amount of field data already collected and validated could be used appropriately. II. NEED FOR INTEGRATED GIS The GIS projects were initiated by few authorities in Bangalore Metropolitan city not covering all the functional requirements and also without much thought towards collaboration or sharing of spatial and attribute data. The first GIS project initiated by Bangalore Mahanagara Palike was restricted to roads and properties. The second pilot project of BMP initiated by involving KSRSAC and NRSA covered 15 features of few departments in BMP. Some of the line departments such as BWSSB, BMTC, BESCOM etc., have developed GIS integrating with MIS system limiting to their few departmental needs.The GIS developed by BDA and BMRDA were not compatible in terms of spatial resolution. Formation of statutory Metropolitan Planning Committee as a coordinating agency for all the stakeholders within the jurisdiction of the Bangalore Metropolitan Region is under the consideration of Government of Karnataka in the context of implementation of 74th CAA. If it is done, BBMP has to bear additional responsibilities in terms of city planning, service delivery and local governance. The planning, coordinating, resource mobilization and management tasks in metropolitan area become difficult in the absence of robust integrated GIS.It is therefore inevitable to have a coordinated and integrated GIS System with sound technologies not only to reduce the cost but also to increase the effectiveness in service delivery and good urban governance at all levels of organizational hierarchy. The experiences of other municipalities in the world have proved that an Integrated GIS would be appropriate model for metropolitan Bangalore. III. SWOT ANALYSIS OF GIS PROJECTS IV. STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATED GIS MODEL The strategy for developing conceptual model of Integrated GIS was as follows: 1. Developing an organization-wide bottom-up GIS approach using standards and consistent methodologies that address the needs of all units of the organization at all levels of hierarchy. 2. Migrating existing GIS applications and data to current GIS technology capable of supporting all potential users in a cohesive manner 3. Integrating GIS data and services with other information systems within the organization as part of an overall organization wide information systems solution adapting the GIS staffing structure to support the enterprise approach 4. Training the IT and GIS staff to design, develop and maintain the enterprise GIS resources 5. Training staff in the departments new to GIS in the effective use of GIS specific to their business needs. V. PROPOSED CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATED GIS MODEL FOR BANGALOLRE The proposed Integrated GIS is a hierarchical model catering to the needs of the metropolitan ranging from basic unit from ward to the metropolitan planning committee level. The model addressed all the functional requirements of all the stakeholders in metropolitan governance at various levels viz. ward level, ward committee level, zonal level and city and regional levels. Since, the governance and administrative divisions are based on the agglomeration of wards; the model was flexible to address the needs of all the functional and governance requirements at various levels of metropolitan governance. The model integrated data structures of all functions on the common base map of DUSR developed by BDA. The data model was a distributed network model of Wide Area Network (WAN) as shown in Annexure 1. The spatial data and the attribute data which were necessary for the functioning of BBMP, should be replicated in an intermediate server from the DUSR of BDA. The central server at the central office needed to be replicated and synchronized with the database from intermediate servers for improving data access speed. The GIS coordinator would control the central server and coordinate with the zonal GIS units. He would also facilitate the data to be updated back in the DUSR repository and publish the relevant GIS information to public accessing through Internet. The central data repository needed to be replicated and synchronized to zonal servers. The replication may be in full or partial with respect to changes in the database. The administrators, at the zonal offices maintain the zonal servers and coordinate various departments for data viewing, editing and updating the central server. Each ward client could be connected to zonal server. Each department would have an access to view, edit and update the database in the zonal server with respect to their respective domain through field or office staff directly. In order to reduce the load on the 38

2011 ACEE DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.12

Poster Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 communication network, a separate server could be maintained by each zone for viewing and editing and another replica server for updating and synchronizing with the central server. Thus, zonal offices should be made responsible for the constant updating and maintenance of geo-database and the central office would have a robust and updated version of the geo-database. This could be published for use of all the stakeholders including the public for effective planning and governance functions. CONCLUSIONS The GIS projects were executed independently by BBMP, BDA, BWSSB, BMTC and other stakeholders without having any common spatial data reference. Also, the GIS projects initiated by the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike were not implemented effectively due to administrative, functional, technical, jurisdictional and institutional complexities and challenges. The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has had grown magnanimously both in terms of population and area. Thus, the responsibility and quantum of services to be delivered have drastically increased due to administrative, functional, and institutional changes. Therefore, BBMP is compelled to adopt geospatial technology to cope up with service delivery and timely decision making. The proposed Conceptual Model of Integrated GIS would not only cater to the decentralized governance from ward, ward committee, and metropolitan planning committee but also cater to administrative /organisational set up of metropolitan functions including stakeholders and citizen for achieving better planning, good urban governance and management. REFERENCES
[1] Subash S. & Arun Padaki (2003), Enterprise GIS for MunicipalitiesAn Integrated Approach, Map India Conference. [2] ESRI White Paper (2007), Enterprise GIS for Local Government, ESRI, New York. [3] Commissioner, BDA (2003), Metropolitan Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI), Map India Conference 2003 [4] BWSSB(2002), Computerized Mapping, GIS Development and Utilities Computerization for Bangalore Water Supply &Sewerage Board, Bangalore. [5] ESRI White Paper (2003), Enterprise GIS for Municipal Government, ESRI, New York. [6] Aranya, Rolee (2003), Globalization and Urban Restructuring of Bangalore, India, 39th ISOCARP Congress [7] Bangalore Mahanagara Palike(2006), BMP GIS Project, Bangalore. [8] James Heitzman (2003), Geographic Information Systems in Indias Silicon Valley: The Impact of Technology on Planning Bangalore, Contemporary South Asia, 12(1), 57-83 [9] Linda Tomaselli (2004), The Enterprise Model of GIS and the Implications for people and organizations, Alabama. [10] Mostafa Radwan M., et.al, Designing an Integrated Enterprise Model to Support Partnerships in the Geo-Information Industry, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands [11] ESRI White Paper (2007), An Overview of Distributing Data with Geo-databases, ESRI, New York. [12] Safe Software Inc., Data Replication and Data Sharing Integrating heterogeneous spatial Databases, Safe Software Inc, Canada

BIOGRAPHIES M. Raghunath received the Bachelors degree in Civil Engineering from the B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore and Masters degree in Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems from the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun. He is working as Senior Lecturer, Government Polytechnic, Bangalore, India and his research areas are Geographic Information System. B. Shankar received the B.E. degree in Civil Engineering in 1984, M.U.R.P degree in Urban and Regional Planning in 1989 and Ph.D degree in 1997 from the University of Mysore, Mysore. He is working as Reader in Urban and Regional Planning at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore. His research interests include heritage conservation, planning legislation, city planning, community participation and geographic information system. ANNEXURE . 1

2011 ACEE DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.12

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