Application of Soft Computing Techniques For Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity
Uruya Weesakul , Kunio Watanabe , and Natkritta Sukasem
a
b
a*
Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, JAPAN c Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO
Article history: Received 1 August 2010 Received in revised form 20 September 2010 Accepted 27 September 2010 Available online 12 October 2010 Keywords: Groundwater; Artificial Neural Network (ANN); Genetic Algorithm (GA)
A B S T RA C T
Being a good quality water resource, groundwater was over used during the last three decades to serve high water demand due to rapid growth in Bangkok and its vicinity. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok results in land subsidence problem and groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast. This study applied a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model as an alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting of groundwater table. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells, amongst 92 wells, 12 years (1997-2009) data was analyzed with land use map. GA was used to divide groundwater basin into sub-regions. Comparison between capability of GA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of groundwater level reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model might be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy (9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential area and industrial area (9-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as period of record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
2010 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses: wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642 Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf
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1. Introduction
Rapid growth of Bangkok and its vicinity in population, business, industries and tourism results in increasing in water demand dramatically. Groundwater, as another good quality water resources was over-abstraction during the last three decades in order to fulfill such high requirement. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok and its adjacent 6 provinces area (Nonthaburi, Pranakhon Si Ayutthaya, Patumthani, Samut-Prakan, Samut-Sakorn and Nakhonpatom so called, Greater Bangkok area) results in land subsidence problem (AIT, 1982) as well as groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast (Ramnarong, 1983 and Ramnarong, 1991).
Several studies were conducted in order to investigate appropriate measurement to alleviate such problems, for example: mitigation of groundwater crisis and land subsidence in Bangkok (Ramnarong and Buapeng, 1991), groundwater resources of Bangkok and its vicinity: impact and management of groundwater and land subsidence in the Bangkok Metropolitan area and its vicinity (JIGA, 1995) and groundwater impact beneath a major metropolis: the Bangkok experience (Ramnarong, 1996) etc. A number of attempt were implemented in order to remedy the problems such as control of groundwater use (mainly in the critical zone) to reduce groundwater abstraction since 1983, effective use of groundwater Act of 1977 (since June 1978) and enforcement of groundwater charges policy since 1985, (Ramnarong, 1999). Due to such measurement and policy, presently, the groundwater situation in greater Bangkok seems to be gradually recovered (Limskul and Koontanakulvong, and Phien-wej et. al, 2006). Particularly, the strict policy on pricing measures in the year 2003 can alleviate over-abstraction problem resulting in gradually increasing in groundwater level in greater Bangkok area (as shown in Figure 6). However, it is still necessary to monitor and forecast fluctuation of groundwater level for management and warning system.
Several methods were proposed and manipulated for monitoring system for groundwater resources management in the area. For example, the three-dimensional groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and the one-dimensional consolidation model were successfully coupled and calibrated to simulate the piezometric levels and land subsidence in the Bangkok aquifer system. MODFLOW results can replicate the observed amount and variation of piezometric levels and land subsidence better than the quasi 3-D model results (AIT, 1998). Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was applied to monitor groundwater level for management system in greater 54
Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
Bangkok area, the results reveal that ANN can be applied very well to interpret artificial effect and natural effect to groundwater system, therefore, it is very appropriate tool for monitoring and management environmental and engineering problem (Watanabe and Weesakul, 2004).
However, it seems that the various models already developed require either a number of data or mathematical skill for complicate manipulation, it is interesting to try to use a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model requiring only monthly data with short term record length (less than 10 years record) to analyzed and forecast a fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok area. Therefore, this study tries to propose a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model to apply to monitor and forecast fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok area and its vicinity, as another alternative tool for groundwater resources monitoring and management system.
2. StudyAreaandDataCollection
2.1 StudyArea
Bangkok has no distinctive geological feature. The area consists entirely of alluvial deposits, which accumulated during the Pleistocene period until the present day. It consists of very finegrained sediment mainly grayish or brownish clay forming a very thick layer with some silt, sand or gravel lens. The deposits replenished every year by flooding of the Chao Phraya river. The land is somewhat flatten with the elevation averaging around 1-2 metres above MSL. The deposition took place somewhere around 25 million years ago and was part of the main central flood plain regime of Thailand. Groundwater trapped in void between gravel and sand grains of flood plain and lower terrace deposits, consisting of multiple aquifers from the depth of 40 meters. These aquifers are underlain and overlain by layer of relatively impermeable clays and typically known as confined aquifer. Water quality is normally suitable for drinking as well as household and industrial usages except in some areas and some aquifers, locally.
The ground surface of Bangkok is entirely underlined by blue to gray marine clay, 15-30 metres in thickness, known as the Bangkok Clay. Unconsolidated and semi-consolidated sediments overlying the basement have a total thickness of about 400 metres to more than 1,800 metres. From detailed study of logs of groundwater wells, Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) identified and named eight aquifers within 550 metres depth. These aquifers consist
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mainly of sand and gravel separated by clay beds. Details of these aquifers are as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Aquifers in Bangkok and its vicinity Aquifer name Bangkok Phra Pradaeng Nakhon Luang Nonthaburi Sam Khok Phaya Thi Thonburi Thickness (m) 30 20-50 50-70 30-80 40-80 40-60 50-100 Depth from ground elevation (m) 16-30 60-80 100-140 170-200 240-250 275-350 350-400
Amongst these aquifers, Pha Pradaeng (PD), Nakhon Luang (NL) and Nonthaburi (NB) aquifer are extensively utilized due to their availability of amount of water as well as their good quality. According to availability of groundwater table data, and present extensively use, groundwater from Nonthaburi (NB) aquifer was selected to be analyzed in this study.
2.2 DataCollection
The groundwater monitoring network in Bangkok was firstly established in 1987 under the comprehensive study program on groundwater and land subsidence. The network was aimed at monitoring potentionmetric and water quality in the three main aquifers of Phra Pradaeng (PD) Nakhon Luang (NL) and Nonthaburi (NB). A network of groundwater monitoring system consists of 279 monitoring wells, with 93 wells for PD, 94 wells for NL and 92 wells for NB. Groundwater table data from 92 wells of NB aquifer were collected in the study. Preliminary analysis of data reveals that only monthly data was recorded and some stations were just implemented for few years. Based on availability of data, only 43 monitoring wells were selected for further analysis in this study. Figure 1 shows distribution of location of these wells over landuse map of greater Bangkok area. Landuse map in 2007 was collected and used in the further clustering analysis.
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Kilome
Figure 1: Location of monitoring wells on land use map of greater Bangkok area.
3. AnalysisofGroundwaterTableFluctuation
3.1 AnalysisofCorrelationbetweenMonitoringWells
An agglomerative procedure was adopted in the study in order to investigate correlation of groundwater table fluctuation between monitoring wells so that the similar behavior of fluctuation can be grouped together. The result of analysis through correlation matrix reveals that monitoring wells can be roughly grouped into 3 categories. The first group (7 wells) has low correlation with correlation coefficient less than 0.9. The second group (26 wells) has medium correlation with correlation coefficient between 0.9 and 0.95. The last group (16 wells) has high correlation with correlation coefficient greater than 0.95. Table 2 shows classification of these monitoring wells in each group.
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Table 2 Classification of monitoring wells based on correlation coefficient and type of landuse
Correlation coefficient
<0.90
0.90
0.95
>0.95
Landuse type Low density residential area and agricultural area
NB61,NB86,NB88, NB89,NB90,NB91, NB92
NB02,NB35,NB46, NB47,NB64,NB82 -
NB24,NB38,NB58,NB63,
Medium density residential area
NB65,NB68,NB30,NB45, NB50,NB51,NB55,NB62, NB81,NB87 NB11,NB25,NB27,NB28, -
High density residential area and industrial area
NB29,NB32,NB36,NB42, NB53,NB54,NB56,NB57, NB59,NB66,NB76,NB83
3.2 ClusteringbyLanduseType
In order to be able to describe different behaviour of fluctuation of groundwater table in different groups (as shown in Table 2). Landuse type was introduced to investigate locations of wells in each group. It has been found that pattern of fluctuation of groundwater table in agricultural area is less correlated to each other since use of groundwater for agricultural purposes depends on amount of rainfall related to variation in climate situation. However, for medium density to low density residential area, fluctuation of groundwater table has higher correlation than agricultural area (0.900.95), since water supply system from surface water is quite well distributed and behaviour of water use in the area is more predictable. The highest correlation between wells was found in high density residential area and industrial area where behavior of water use is quite certain and predictable. Table 2 shows classification of group of wells based on type of landuse.
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4. DivisionofGroundwaterFlowSubbasinUsingGAModel
Genetic algorithms (GA) is traditionally a procedure for operational similarities with the biological and behavioral phenomena of living beings. In the last decade a flourishing literature has been devoted to their application to real problems, after the pioneering work by John Holland (1975). The basic of the method can be found in Goldberg (1989). Various application can be found in Chambers (1995).
Kilomete
Figure 2: Groundwater flow sub-basin for low density residential area and agricultural area with low correlation coefficient (<0.9).
It is interesting to use GA model as a tool to describe groundwater flow region resulting in division of groundwater flow sub-basin. Groundwater monitoring wells in each category as shown in Table 2 were analyzed by using GA model. Each monitoring well in each group (Table 2) was then tested as a target well to be predicted by its neighboring wells with in the same group. The resulted weighted coefficients () in linear equation of GA were used as indicator to group monitoring wells within the same sub-basin. After successive processes of GA, for all wells in each category, division of groundwater flow sub-basins can be identified as shown in Figures 2 to 5.
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Kilometres
Figure 3: Groundwater flow sub-basins for low density residential area and agricultural area with high correlation coefficient ( >0.9).
Kilometers.
Figure 4: Groundwater flow sub-basins for medium density residential area. 60

Kilomete
Fig. 5. Groundwater flow sub-basins for high density residential area and industrial area
5. Forecasting of Groundwater Table Fluctuation Using GA and ANN Models

In order to test capability of GA model for forecasting groundwater table fluctuation, GA model was used to analyze fluctuation of groundwater table fluctuation of each monitoring wells in each sub-basin (as shown in Figures 2 to 5) by using monthly groundwater data from 1997 to 2003 (7 years) as calibration period. Then monthly groundwater data from 2004 to 2009 (6 years) was used for testing of performance of GA model in forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table. Relative error between forecasted and observed groundwater table was adopted as indicator to evaluate performance of model. ANN model was also used in the same manor for the purpose of comparison with GA model. Figure 6 illustrates an example of results by comparison between observed and forecasted groundwater table by GA and ANN models at monitoring well located at Chatu Chak district, Bangkok (industrial area). It reveals that performance of GA model in forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table is not much difference from ANN model. Table 3
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summarizes the results of all cases, it has been found that ANN model can predict groundwater table better than GA model for all cases, with average relative error of 9.64% for ANN model and average relative error of 15.37% for GA model. However, considering simplicity of GA model and short-term data record length requirement, GA model is an appropriate alternative tool for forecasting groundwater table with acceptable accuracy, particularly for insufficient groundwater data area.
Table 3: Comparison of performance of GA and ANN models in forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table.
Relative error (%) Landuse type Monitoring well GA model Calibration 1997-2003 Low density residential area and agricultural area <0.90 Medium density residential area 0.900.95 High density residential area and industrial area >0.95 Average NB53,NB54,NB66, NB76 10.51 15.37 5.19 9.64 8.4 11.3 4.59 8.25 NB35,NB46,NB47, NB82 NB24,NB38,NB58, NB63,NB65 NB30,NB50,NB55, NB81,NB62 NB11,NB27,NB32, NB42,NB59 10.66 19.74 6.8 11.79 10.98 13.98 2.79 5.16 5.63 9.17 3.05 6.51 9.08 11.67 4.28 8.64 NB88,NB89,NB90, NB91,NB92 18.32 Prediction 2004-2009 26.41 ANN model Calibration 1997-2003 9.65 Prediction 2004-2009 17.49
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-22 Groundwater level depth from assumed ground elevation(m.) -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 1997
Calibrat
Predi
Observed GA model ANN model

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year
Figure 6: Comparison between observed and forecasted groundwater table by GA and ANN models at Chatu Chak, Bangkok (NB0042).
6. Conclusion
A simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model was proposed to be used as another alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok area its vicinity. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells amongst 92 wells in the area, during 12 years (1997-2009) was analyzed with landuse map. GA was used to divide the area into sub-regions of groundwater basin. Comparison between capability of GA and ANN models reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model can be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy (with 9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential area and industrial area (9%-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as short period of record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
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7. Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the research collaboration between Saitama University and Thammasat University under the International Collaborative Graduate Program on Civil and Environmental Engineering (ICGP). Groundwater data was kindly provided by Department of groundwater resources. All these supports are gratefully acknowledged.
8. References
Asian Institute of Technology. Investigation of land subsidence caused by deep well pumping in the Bangkok area, phase IV : extension of subsidence observation network ; Research report. Division of deotechnical and transportation engineering. Thailand 1982 Asian Institute of Technology. FEM quasi-3D modeling of responses to artificial recharge in the Bangkok multiaquifers system. Environmental modeling and software 1998; 14: 141-151. Chambers L. Practical Handbook of Genetic algorithms,Vols. 1 and 2.CRC Press. 1995 Department of Mineral Resources (DMR). Groundwater resources in the Bangkok area: development and management study comprehensive report. Nation environment broad Bangkok Thailand 1982 Goldberg D.E. Genetic algorithms in search. Optimization and machine learning. AddisonWesley 1989 Holland J.J. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, MI .1975 Japan International Cooperation JICA. The study on management of groundwater and land subsidence in the Bangkok metropolitan area and its vicinity. Report submitted to Department of Mineral Resources and Public Works Department, Kingdom of Thailand 1995; 1-1 -11-5. Limskul K. Koontanakulvong S. Groundwater pricing in greater Bangkok area. Water resources systems research unit, Faculty of engneering, Chulalongkorn university.Thailand. 2004 Phien-wej N. Land subsidence in Bangkok Thailand. Engneering geology 2006; 82: 187-201. Ramnarong, V. and Buapeng, S. Groundwater resources of Bangkok and its vicinity impact and management. Proceedings of a national conference on geologic resources of Thailand potential for future development Bangkok, Thailand 1992; 2: 172-184. Ramnarong,V. and Buapeng S. Mitigation of Groundwater crisis and land subsidence in Bangkok: J. Thai geosciences. 1991; 2: 125-137. Ramnarong V. Evaluation of groundwater management in Bangkok: positive and negative. Groundwater in urban environment: Department of mineral resources, Bangkok, Thailand 1999 64
Ramnarong V. Groundwater depletion and land subsidence in Bangkok. Proceedings of conference on geology and mineral resources of Thailand, Department of mineral resources, Bangkok, Thailand 1983 Ramnarong, V. Groundwater impact beneath a major metropolis: the Bangkok experience. Proceedings of inaugural conference on groundwater and land-use planning, Fremantle, Australia 1996; 107-117. Watanabe K. and Weesakul U. Hydrological monitoring system based on the ANN: Application to the groundwater management, Proceedings of the 9th nation convention on civil engineering,Thailand 2004; INVITED-1-6.
Dr. Uruya Weesakul is Associate Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University. She received her B.Eng. (Civil Engineering) with Honors from Khonkhen University, Thaialand. She received M.A. (Water resources Engineering) from Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand). Also, she focused on remote sensing and gained M.A. (Remote sensing) GDTA , Toulouse (France). Later, she received her PhD (Mechanical and Civil Engineering) from University of Montpellier II (France). Her current research interests involve hydrological process in tropical southeast Asian area. Currently, Dr. Uruya Weesakul is the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Thailand. Dr. Kunio WATANABE is Professor of the Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Japan. He received D.Eng. from University of Tokyo. He was JICA Expert at Thammasat University, Thailand (19971998). Dr. WATANABE is specialized in ground water engineering, ground environmental engineering, and geology.
Natkritta Sukasem was a graduate student at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University. She received her B.Eng. from Kasetsart Univesity, Thailand. She is interested in analysis of groundwater table fluctuation.
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Application of Soft Computing Techniques For Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity

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International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem

Landuse type Low density residential area and agricultural area

NB61,NB86,NB88, NB89,NB90,NB91, NB92

NB65,NB68,NB30,NB45, NB50,NB51,NB55,NB62, NB81,NB87 NB11,NB25,NB27,NB28, -

High density residential area and industrial area

NB29,NB32,NB36,NB42, NB53,NB54,NB56,NB57, NB59,NB66,NB76,NB83

Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem

Figure 4: Groundwater flow sub-basins for medium density residential area. 60

5. Forecasting of Groundwater Table Fluctuation Using GA and ANN Models

Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem

Observed GA model ANN model

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