MAE 4500

Manufacturing Methods
Assignment #1
Solutions
Review Questions:
a. Define allowance, tolerance, and fit.
b. Give examples where the following fits are used: RC5, LC3, LN2, FN3.
c. Make a sketch to show a typical surface roughness one would obtain from a stylus
instrument traversing perpendicular to the lay of a turned surface.
(i) Indicate relative magnifications;
(ii) Show the centerline;
(iii) Show the roughness width;
(iv) Show the waviness width and height;
(v) Define Ra , Rq , and Rt (in words or equations).

Solution:

a. Allowance is the difference in dimensions required for proper functioning

(interference, clearance).

Tolerance is the permissible difference between maximum and minimum limits of

size
[or : difference between the maximum and minimum allowable dimension]
[or: the inaccuracy permitted in the dimension of a part].

Fit is the functional difference in the dimension of mating parts

[or: the position of the tolerance zone relative to the basic dimensions of mating
parts].

b. RC5: class 5 running and sliding fit can be used in Piston and Cylinders
LC3: class 3 location clearance fit can be used in shaft and bushing
LN2: class 2 location interference fit can be used in key and slot fixture
FN3: class 3 force and shrinkage fit can be used in shaft and bearing to transmit
motion.
c.

v. Ra = arithmetic average height of aperities [Eq. (3-4)]

Rq = root-mean-square average height of asperities [Eq. (3-5)]
Rt = maximum peak-to-valley height.
1. A guide shaft and a bushing assembly (Figure 1) are to be used as a part of a
device. Positioning accuracy is important for this application, but ease of
assembly is also required. The shaft is to have a high accuracy location fit
class with the reamed bushing hole into which it fits. Design the assembly:
a) Select an appropriate class of fit for this design
b) Make a sketch of the shaft and the hole, and dimension them.
c) Do an allowance analysis.

Shaft

Bushing

1.2”

FIGURE. 1
Manufacturing Design Solution 1:
(a) Class 1 location fit (LC1) has been selected for this design because of
position accuracy and ease of assembly that are needed for this
application. On the tolerance chart, the amount of tolerance for LC fits
increases with class number. This is an open ended design problem, so
choices of LC and LT will be acceptable selections.
(b) Design of the assembly
Class 1 location fit (LC1):
Clearance Hole Shaft
0.0 +0.6 0.0
1.0 0.0 -0.4
Basic hole size = minimum acceptable hole size = 1.2000"
Basic shaft size = maximum acceptable shaft size
= min. hole size – min clearance
= 1.2000 – 0.0 = 1.2000"
Hole tolerance = maximum – minimum = 0.0006 – 0.0000 = 0.0006
Shaft tolerance = maximum – minimum = (0.0) - (-0.0004) = 0.0004
Largest hole = Smallest hole + hole tolerance = 1.2000 + 0.0006 = 1.2006"
Smallest shaft = largest shaft – shaft tolerance = 1.2000 - 0.0004 = 1.1996"
(c) Allowance Analysis
Max. clearance = largest hole – smallest shaft = 1.2006 – 1.1996 = 0.0010"
From Table, max clearance = 0.0010"
Min. clearance = smallest hole - largest shaft = 1.2000 – 1.2000 = 0.0000"
From Table, min clearance = 0.0000"
Therefore the design satisfies the standard requirement.

1.2000 +−00..0000
0004

Shaft

Bushing

1.2000 +−00..0006
0000
2. A 1.10” turbine blade pin is to fit a slot in a turbine hub in order to precisely
positioning it into a jet engine system. This requires assembly with a slight
interference. A class 3 fit is prescribed.
(a) Draw the slot and the blade pin and dimension them.
(b) Make analysis of the allowances.

Solution:
a) +0.0000
1.1017 − 0.0005

Pin

+0.0008
1.1000 −0.0000

Slot

b) Since the key is to be used for locating a positioning block with slight
interference, an LN3 fit will be used. From the tables the following
tolerances are found:

Limits of
Interference Slot Key
+0.4 +0.8 +1.7
+1.7 0.0 +1.2

Slot tolerance = 0.0008 – 0.0000 = 0.0008

Key tolerance = 0.0017 – 0.0012 = 0.0005
Basic slot size = Smallest Slot size = 1.1000”
Largest Slot = Smallest Slot + Slot tolerance = 1.1000 + 0.0008 = 1.1008”
Basic Key size = Largest Key size = Smallest slot size + max. Interference
= 1.1000 + (0.0017) = 1.1017”
Smallest Key = Largest Key – Key tolerance = 1.1017 – 0.0005 = 1.1012”

Allowance Analysis

Minimum Interference = Largest Slot – Smallest Key

= 1.10008 – 1.1012 = -0.0004”
Maximum Interference = Smallest Slot – Largest Key
= 1.1000 – 1.1017 = - 0.0017”
(Max interference is 0.0017”)
+0.0008
Slot 1.1000 −0.0000

+0.0000
Key 1.1017 −0.0005
3. Design a working plug and snap gages to check the bushing and shaft diameters in
Problem 1 assuming high production volume is required. Give detail drawings of the
gages, indicate the type of material used and describe the surface roughness of the
important surfaces. Use a CAD system in your presentation.

Manufacturing Design Problem Solution 2:

Gage tolerances for the gages will be 10% of the working tolerances of the
hole and shaft. Wear allowances will be 5% of the working tolerances.

Plug Gage (for checking the hole)

GO gage gage tolerance = 10% of working tolerance
=10% (0.0006) =0.00006"
wear allowance = 5% of working tolerance
=5% (0.0006)=0.00003"
gage size = Basic size + wear allowance
= 1.2000 + 0.00003 = 1.20003"
Plus tolerance = +0.00006"
Minus tolerance = -0.00000"

NO GO gage gage size = maximum acceptable hole size = 1.2006"

Plus tolerance = +0.0000"
Minus tolerance = -0.00006"
Surface Roughness = (working tolerance/30) = (gage tolerance)/3
= 0.00006"/3 = 20µin
Snap Gage (for checking the shaft)
GO gage gage tolerance = 10% of working tolerance
= 10% (0.0004)=0.00004"
wear allowance = 5% of working tolerance
= 5%(0.0004)=0.00002"
gage size = maximum acceptable shaft size – wear allowance
= 1.20000 – 0.00002 = 1.19998"
Plus tolerance = +0.00000"
Minus tolerance = -0.00004"
NO GO gage gage size = minimum acceptable shaft size = 1.19960"
Plus tolerance = +0.00004"
Minus tolerance = -0.00000"
Surface Roughness = (gage tolerance)/3 = 0.00004"/3 = 13µ in

The tolerances can be achieved by finish turning and boring. The gages can be
made of aluminum for economic reasons; the high production volume dictates a
chromium coating to the important surfaces.
 20µ 20µ

+ 0.00006 + 0.00000
1.20003 − 0.00000 1.20060 − 0.00006

Figure 1 Plug gage. (All dimensions in inches)

+ 0.00000 + 0.00004
1.19998 13µ 13µ 1.19960 − 0.00000
− 0.00004

Figure 2 Snap gage. (All dimensions in inches)