CDMA2000 is the evolution of the original IS-95 cdmaOne system.

CDMA2000 has a number of evolutions of which the first was CDMA2000 1X, sometimes also called CDMA2000 1XRTT. CDMA2000 1X which is also standardised as IS-2000 supports circuit-switched voice, and has the capability to provide up and sometimes beyond 35 simultaneous call per sector and as such it doubles the capacity of the original IS-95 networks. It also enables the transmission and reception of data at rates up to 153 kbps in both directions. It was recognized by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as an IMT-2000 standard in November 1999.

CDMA2000 evolution
The aim of the CDMA2000 is to provide a migration path from the original cdmaOne / IS-95 system through the CDMA2000 1X format to further high speed formats. These different standards have all been standardised under the IS-format and a diagram of the migration path is given below:

CDMA2000 Evolution The CDMA2000 1X format is the basic 3G standard, but in what is termed CDMA2000 1xEv, there are further developments. There are basically two routes for the evolution that were initially proposed, only one of which was deployed: CDMA2000 1X EV-DO: The first of these known as CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (EVolution Data Only or as is becoming more widely known Evolution Data Optimised) is something of a sideline from the main evolutionary development of the standard. It is defined under IS-856 rather than IS-2000, and as the name indicates it only carries data, but at speeds up to 3.1Mbps in the forward direction and 1.8 Mbps in the reverse direction, the speed in the reverse link being upgraded as part of Release A of the standard. The first commercial CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network was deployed by SK Telecom (Korea) in January 2002. CDMA2000 1X EV-DV: The second is CDMA2000 1X EV-DV (Evolution Data and Voice). The idea was that this system would carry both data and voice services. It was never deployed as the EV-DO system was deployed in preference and there was no requirement for a data and voice service as voice could be carried on DO as either VoIP or by falling back to the CDMA2000 1X format.

CDMA2000 1XRTT and 3XRTT

The CDMA2000 1XRTT and 3XRTT terms refer to what are termed "Radio Transmission Technologies". The original IS-95 and deployments of CDMA2000 utilised the 1.25 MHz channel spacing. This provided what is effectively the first phase of the 3G development and roll out. However to enhance the performance beyond that possible using the technologies such as 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV, the channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz was deemed insufficient for even higher data rates. Accordingly by

increasing the bandwidth, higher data rates were possible. The further evolution of the CDMA2000 system involves utilising channel bandwidths of 3 times the standard 1.25 MHz bandwidth under what was termed 3XRTT. Further bandwidth increases to 5X, 7X and so forth could in theory be contemplated. For CDMA2000 1XRTT technology, a Spreading Rate 1 (SR1) was used where the signal was spread to occupy a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. Here the spread rate was the same as that used for IS-95, i.e. 1.2288 Mcps. For 3XRTT technology, Spreading Rate 3 (SR3) was used. Here the spreading rate was 3.6864 Mcps. It was found that if the spreading rate remained the same but the data rate increased, as happens with video downloads and other 3G applications, the processing gain decreased. Accordingly the coverage and signal strength needed to be improved to match the new conditions. By increasing the spreading rate, the performance could be boosted without the need for improvements in coverage.

CDMA2000 1X overview
There are a number of updates and changes that were introduced to improve the performance of CDMA2000 1X, IS2000 over cdmaOne IS-95. However in all cases backward compatibility is maintained, allowing both IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobiles to access the same base stations. This provided a cost effective upgrade path for both users and operators. For CDMA2000 1X, several new methods of coding and spreading were used and these enabled much higher capacities to be achieved. Walsh Codes: The first major change in CDMA2000 1X was that the Walsh Codes used were increased from 64 bits for IS-95 to 128 bits for CDMA2000 1X. In addition to this, CDMA2000 1X used more error coding functions as well and used turbo codes rather than the convolutional codes used for IS-95. This enabled higher speed data to be sent. In addition to this interleaving and symbol repetition were used to provide the various data rates. Turbo codes: Turbo codes were introduced into CDMA2000 1X. They were a new class of error correction codes that enabled transfer rates over a noisy channel to approach the "Shannon" limit. The turbo coding principle was first proposed in 1993 by Professors Claude Berrou and Alain Glaxieux. Originally their claims that the codes could double throughput for a given power were treated with scepticism, but their findings were eventually proved to be true. Turbo coders use powerful interleavers that reduce the susceptibility of a data stream to random and impulsive noise. By working on "soft" bits from a radio receiver, the Turbo codes enable the decoder to extract the maximum level of data from the noisy signals. Turbo codes require two encoders and two decoders per link. These blocks operate in parallel and work synergistically. They also used an iterative process to reduce the amount of processing required, but despite this they still require more processing power than previous coding systems such as convolutional codes. Spectrum efficiency: Apart from the improvements in the spreading and channel generation, there were also changes in the air interface itself. The IS-95 forward link used a form of QPSK where the data on both the I and Q channels are the same. However for CDMA2000 1X the I and Q channels were different, and this gave the advantage that half the bandwidth could be used for the same number of chips, or twice the number of chips can be sent in the same bandwidth. While this did make the reception more sensitive to phase errors, other improvements included an improved system of forward power control and forward transmit diversity.

Reverse link upgrades:

Similarly there were significant changes on the reverse link where

several new channels were added. These included a pilot channel as well as supplemental data channels and a control channel for signalling. Additionally, similar to the forward link the reverse link used Walsh Codes to differentiate between the different channels. A further change was that the format of the carrier modulation was changed. With the reverse link now transmitting multiple channels the use of OQPSK would not prevent zero crossings. To achieve this, the modulation format was changed to a scheme known as Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OCQPSK). This form of modulation required a number of stages. First the channels to be transmitted were split so that some take the I path and others take the Q path. Next they were scrambled along with the Walsh code spreading. In the scrambling process the probability of zero crossings was identified and using a scheme known as Orthogonal Variable Spreading Function (OVSF) the probability of zero crossings was reduced. Accordingly the channels were spread with a Walsh Code sequence and summed with the correct gain to produce the I and Q sequences. These were then further spread by a long PN code with its mobile specific long mask to identify the mobile and these I and Q sequences were modulated onto the carrier. Although particularly complicated, this form of modulation did have fewer zero crossings and the power amplifier in the mobile did not have to be run in a linear mode, thereby saving battery power.

Summary
The CDMA2000 1X system gave many significant advantages over the original IS-95 scheme. Enabling higher data rates it also allowed improvements in performance as well as improvements in spectrum efficiency that enabled operators to gain a higher return on the spectrum. Also users saw improvements in performance.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO cell phone system is a standard that has evolved from the CDMA2000 mobile phone system and it is now firmly established in many areas of the world. The letters EV-DO sometimes referred to as EVDO stand for Evolution Data Only or Data Optimised. From the 1xEV-DO title it can be seen that it is a data only mobile telecommunications standard that can be run on CDMA2000 networks. The concept of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is that is a packet data only carrier - voice can be carried either by using Voice over IP, VoIP, or by using a fall-back to a CDMA2000 1X carrier. The fall-back mode is the one that tends to be used more widely as most operators have a CDMA2000 1X system in place.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Basics

The CDMA2000 1x EV-DO cell phone system is defined under IS-856 (TIA-856) rather than IS-2000 (TIA-2000) that defines the other CDMA2000 standards. The EV-DO, IS-856 standard has undergone several revisions since it was first launched: EV-DO Release 0 (Rel. 0): EV-DO Revision A (Rev. A): in data rates. This was the first release of the EV-DO standard. This revision of the standard introduced a significant increase

EV-DO Revision B (Rev. B): The EV-DO Rev. B version of the standard introduced a number of updates including multicarrier operation as a software upgrade and higher order modulation with the introduction of new hardware. These two upgrades can be undertaken separately. EV-DO Advanced: This software only upgrade introduced a number of smart features into the EV-DO standard. EV-DO Revision C (Rev.C): This is the Ultra-Mobile Broadband standard. This is not now being pursued as the evolution from EV-DO is now to LTE for 4G services. It can be seen that the data rates have risen considerable with successive releases and revisions of the EV-DO standard.

Data rates for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO forward channel forms a dedicated variable-rate, packet data channel with signalling and control time multiplexed into it. The channel is itself time-divided and allocated to each user on a demand and opportunity driven basis. A data only format was adopted to enable the standard to be optimised for data applications. If voice is required then a dual mode phone using separate 1X channel for the voice call is needed. In fact the "phones" used for data only applications are referred to as Access Terminals or ATs.

EV-DO tabular summary

The table below gives an overview of the capabilities of the different releases and revisions of the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard.
CDMA2000 1XEV-DO RELEASE / REVISION Rel. 0 MAX DOWNLINK DATA RATE (AVERAGE THROUGHPUT) 2.4 Mbps (300-600 kbps) Rev. A 3.1 Mbps (600-1400kbps) Rev. B software 9.3 Mbps MAX UPLINK DATA RATE (AVERAGE THROUGHPUT) 153.4 kbps (70-90 kbps) 1.8 Mbps (500-800kbps) 5.4 Mbps The first release of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. 1.25 MHz FDD channels. Backwards compatible with EV-DO Rel. 0. 1.25 MHz FDD channels. These figures are for operation in a 5 MHz FDD channel and for the EV-DO Rev. B software upgrade. The software upgrade provides the multi-carrier facility. Figures are for the software upgrade only. DO Rev. B hardware 14.7 Mbps 5.4 Mbps These figures are for operation in a 5 MHz FDD channel and for the EV-DO Rev. B hardware upgrade as well as the software upgrade. The hardware upgrade allows higher order modulation (up to 64QAM) to be used. DO Advanced 19.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps Figures for 4 x 1.25 MHz FDD channels COMMENTS

While many of the upgrades are implemented by software upgrades at the base station, new handsets, or Access Terminals, ATs are required to be able to utilise the features and data rates available. However ATs are normally replaced relatively frequently and as a result the new features are steadily taken up over time.

The channel structure within CDMA2000 1xEV-DO has been optimised to allow high speed data transmission. Accordingly the EVDO channel structure is different to that of other CDMA2000 systems.

Forward link EVDO channels

A number of EVDO channels are transmitted in the forward direction to enable signalling, data and other capabilities to be handled. These channels include the Traffic channel, MAC channel, Control channel and Pilot. These are time division multiplexed. Traffic Channel: This channels uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation for data rates up to 1.2288 Mbps. For higher data rates, higher order modulation techniques are used in the form of 8PSK with 3 bits per symbol or 16QAM with 4 bits per symbol. The levels

of the I and Q symbols are chosen so that the average power becomes 1. The Incoming data to be used as the modulation comes from the from the turbo coder and is scrambled by mixing it with a Pseudo Random Number (PN) sequence. The initial state of the PN is derived from known parameters, and is unique for each user. Every packet starts at the same initial value of the PN sequence. At the beginning of the transmission to each user, there is a preamble that contains the user ID for the data. Its repeat rate is determined by the data rate because lower data rates require higher repeat values. However even at its largest, the preamble will fill no more than half the first slot. Control Channel: This channel carries the signalling and overhead messages. Pilot: The differentiator between the cell and the sector is still the PN offset of the pilot channel and the pilot signal is only gated on for 192 chips per slot. Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel: This channel carries a number of controls including the Reverse Power Control (RPC), the Data Rate Control (DRC) Lock, and the reverse activity (RA) channels.

EV-DO reverse Link

The EVDO channels for the reverse link have a structure similar to that for CDMA2000. The following channels are transmitted in addition to those used with 1X: Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel: Channel. This indicates the data rate of the Reverse Data

Acknowledgement (Ack) Channel: This channel is transmitted after the AT detects a frame with the preamble detailing it to be the recipient of the data. Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel: This channel contains a four bit word in each slot to allow the choice of 12 different transmission rates.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B is an enhanced for of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO standard that provides much high data download rates than the previous forms of EV-DO, as well as enhancing efficiency of the system for operators. The EV-DO Rev B enhancements have been launched on a number of networks, although users need the Rev B handsets or dongles to be able to take advantage of the improvements. Although there are a number of changes that are included in the EV-DO Rev B updates, speeds up to 14.7 Mbps can be achieved in the downlink

EV-DO Rev B basics

The EV-DO Rev B upgrade to the standard CDMA2000 EV-DO scheme incorporates a number of changes over the Rev A system. These enable the system to provide a much higher level of performance, allowing more effective operation for video streaming, gaming and other high data applications. The main updates to the system to achieve the required EV-DO Rev B performance are: Carrier aggregation / carrier bundling: the specification for EV-DO Rev B enables carriers to be aggregated to enable higher data rates to be carried. Typically it is envisaged that two or three carriers will be aggregated in view of the spectrum limitations, but more can be added if required. Carrier aggregation improves the peak data rates for individual users to be increased along with the average throughput rates. This is because of the statistical nature of the data capacity usage and the creation of a larger data pipe. Higher order modulation: The EV-DO Rev B standard allows the use of higher order modulation - up to 64QAM - this enables higher data rates to be achieved.. This can be used where the link quality is sufficiently good to allow the use of this modulation, otherwise lower order modulation schemes are used. Reduced latency: Using a technique called Statistical Multiplexing across the aggregated carriers the level of latency is reduced. The technique uses the multiple carriers and resulting additional capacity to reduce packet wait times. This improves the level of latency for sensitive services such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web browsing. Hybrid frequency re-use: EV-DO Rev B utilises a system known as hybrid frequency reuse. This provides a reduction in levels of interference from the adjacent sectors especially to users at the edge of the cell. It has the effect of increasing the data rates that can be provided. Improved support for asymmetric data flow: One of the major issues with any system using paired frequency spectrum is the asymmetric data flow - more data flows in the downlink than in the uplink. The EV-DO Rev B has additional support to enable more efficient utilisation of the resources.

EV-DO Rev B performance

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B provides some significant increases in performance over the previous versions of EV-DO.

EV-DO RELEASE / REVISION Rel. 0 Rev. A Rev. B (MultiCarrier only) Rev. B (MC + H/W upgrade)

DOWNLINK DATA RATE (PEAK) 2.4 Mbps 3.1 Mbps 9.3 Mbps

UPLINK DATA RATE (PEAK) 153 kbps 1.8 Mbps 5.4 Mbps

CHANNEL CONFIGURATION 1.25 MHz FDD 1.25 MHz FDD 5 MHz FDD

14.7 Mbps

5.4 Mbps

5 MHz FDD

EV-DO Rev B migration

The migration from Rev A to EV-DO Rev. B can be undertaken in two stages. This approach was adopted to provide operators with the most effective upgrade path for their individual requirements. These two stages or phases are outlined below: Rev. B software upgrade: The main upgrade in this section is the multi-carrier facility. Rev. B hardware upgrade: The main upgrade in this section is the move to 64QAM to provide higher data rates on each channel when link conditions are suitable.

DO Advanced is the next state in the evolution of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO beyond the Rev. B. DO Advanced brings a number of new features that not only improve the performance as seen by the user, but also improve the efficiency of the network for the operator, and allow improvements that bring in additional revenue. The upgrade required for DO Advanced is simply a software upgrade, making the change exceptionally easy for the operator. While new devices will be able to take full advantage of the improvements brought about by the introduction of DO Advanced, existing devices will also see an improvement.

Overcoming network loading problems with DO Advanced

One of the key issues with any cellular network is that of load balancing - the loading is inherently uneven and it changes according to the time of day. It is often found that a fully loaded sector is surrounded by lightly loaded ones. CDMA2000 EV-DO Advanced incorporates a number of measures to ensure that the load is evened out across the network. This will not only improve the situation for the operator, but also for the user. To allow the improvement of the network performance DO Advanced incorporates three main techniques, referred to as Smart Network techniques: Network Load Balancing: This feature of DO Advanced off-loads users on the edge of heavily loaded sectors to any lightly loaded neighbouring sectors. This will only be achieved if the performance can either be maintained or improved. Off-loading not only alleviates congestion over the radio access network, but also within the backhaul elements of the network. In this way it improves the overall network capacity. Demand Matched Configuration : This DO Advanced feature controls the power levels of the different sectors and also the different carriers. The power level is based upon the amount of load they carry. In scenarios where the loading is uneven, the transmit power of the second and third carriers of lightly loaded sectors is reduced to minimize interference, and this in turn increases the capacity of highly loaded neighbouring sectors as a result of the lower interference levels. Distributed Network Scheduler: This DO Advanced feature increases data rates for users,

especially at the edge of the cell in "hot-spot" deployment situations, by assigning the most suitable carriers to them, without sacrificing the gains achieved through Multicarrier. In such scenarios, the secondary carriers will most likely be the appropriate carriers to assign as they will have larger coverage area because of lower interference.

DO Advanced - Enhanced Connection Management

Enhanced Connection Management, ECM, is another key feature within ED-DO Advanced. ECM manages bursty applications such as push/pull mobile email, as well as device enhancements to improve performance without impacting infrastructure or standards. ECM optimizes the process of allocation and de-allocation of resources to such applications and improves the usage of access and paging channels, resulting in support for a large number of simultaneous connected devices.

DO Advanced summary
The transition to EV-DO Advanced is a very simple implementation for the operator. It simply consists of a software upgrade. As many software upgrades can be implemented remotely, the DO Advanced upgrade can be a very cost effective way of improving the performance of the network without major investment in new hardware.