Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research 1(4): 201-213 (2011) ISSN 2249-3379 Nano-medicine based drug delivery

system Akash Yadav*, Meenal Ghune, Dinesh Kumar Jain College of Pharmacy, Indore Professional Studies (IPS) Academy, Knowledge Village, Agra-Bombay Road, Rajendra Nagar, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), India. *Corresponding author: akash.ipsa@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. The aim of nanomedicine is the improvement of healthcare for the benefit of the patient. Nanomedicine is an important and rapidly growing field, which is emerging from the application of nanotechnology to healthcare. The generally recognized categories include diagnostics, imaging, medical devices, drug discovery, drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine can offer impressive resolutions for various life threatening diseases. Disease areas which can be expected to benefit most from nanotechnology within the next few years are cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, the lungs, blood, neurological (especially neurodegenerative) diseases, diabetes, inflammatory/infectious diseases, Parkinsons or Alzheimers disease and orthopedic problems. Keywords: Nanomedicine, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanobiosensor, nanorobotics. INTRODUCTION: Nanomedicine, an offshoot of nanotechnology, refers to highly specific medical intervention at the molecular scale for curing disease or repairing damaged tissues, such as bone, muscle, or nerve. Nanotechnology is a collective term referring to technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1-100 nm. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, too small to be seen with a conventional laboratory microscope. It is at this size scale - about 100 nanometers or less that biologicalmolecules and structures inside living cells operate. Therefore, nanotechnology is engineering and manufacturing at the molecular scale.

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Nanorobotics Ummat A.1, Dubey A.1, 2, Sharma G.1, Mavroidis C.1, * 1 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 360, Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. 2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA

* Author for correspondence: Email: mavro@coe.neu.edu, Tel: (617) 373-4121; Fax: (617) 373-2921 Keywords: Nanorobotics, Molecular Motors, Nanomachines, Nanodevices, Nanomotors, Bionanotechnology Abstract This chapter focuses on the state of the art in the field of nano-robotics by describing various molecular level systems and associated design and control issues. Nano-robots are controllable machines at the nano (10-9) meter or molecular scale that are composed of nano-scale components. With the modern scientific capabilities, it has become possible to attempt the creation of nanorobotic devices and interface them with the macro world for control. There are countless such machines that exist in nature and there is an opportunity to build more of them by mimicking nature. Even if the field of nanorobotics is fundamentally different than that of macro robots due to the differences in scale and material, there are many similarities in design and control techniques that eventually could be projected and applied. A roadmap towards the progression of this field is proposed and some design concept and philosophies are illustrated. Two types of control mechanisms are given with examples and further hybrid mechanisms are proposed. There are many applications for nanorobotic systems and its biggest impact would be in the area of medicine.

Prajapati Parimal M et al. IRJP 2 (4) 2011 56-60 IRJP 2 (4) 2011 Page 56-60 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article DRUG DELIVERY BY NANODIAMONDS Prajapati Parimal M1*, Patel Krunal R1, Ganatra Maulik H1, Solanki Anil S1, Sen Dhrubo Jyoti2 1I K Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Himmatnagar, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India 2Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India Article Received on: 17/02/2011 Revised on: 28/03/2011Approved for publication: 20/04/2011 *Parimal Prajapati, Email: swami.parimal@gmail.com ABSTRACT Nanomaterials less than 100-thousand-millionths of a meter in size have the potential to radically change current drug delivery technique with early trials showing the ability of nanomaterials to moderate the release of highly toxic chemotherapy drugs and other therapeutics with both reduced side effects and improved targeting. A nanodiamonds application in biology and nanoscale medicine highlights how nanodiamonds have emerged in clinical and medical relevance through assisting in the processes of drug delivery, cellular interrogation and detection. These nanomaterials can shuttle chemotherapy drugs to cells without producing the negative effects of today's delivery agents. Clusters of the nanodiamonds surround the drugs to ensure that they remain separated from healthy cells until they reach the cancer cells, where they are released. More benificial part is that these nanodiamonds have been shown not to induce inflammation in cells once they have done their job. Nanodiamonds are the diamond crystals less than 100 thousands million of meter in size. Delivery of drug using this system reduces the side-effects and improves the targets. KEYWORDS: Nanodiamond, TNT, Graphite shell, Biocompatibility, Myriad INTRODUCTION Nanodiamond is an allotrope of carbon. Nanodiamonds are carbon-based materials approximately 2 to 8 nanometers in diameter. Each nanodiamond's surface possesses functional groups that allow a wide spectrum of compounds to be attached to it, including chemotherapy agents.

Copyright 2005 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Vol.2, 125, 2005 Current Status of Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics Robert A. Freitas, Jr. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, California, USA Abstract-Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body. In the relatively near term, nanomedicine can address many important medical problems by using nanoscale-structured materials and simple nanodevices that can be manufactured today, including the interaction of nanostructured materials with biological systems. In the mid-term, biotechnology will make possible even more remarkable advances in molecular medicine and biobotics, including microbiological biorobots or engineered organisms. In the longer term, perhaps 1020 years from today, the earliest molecular machine systems and nanorobots may join the medical armamentarium, finally giving physicians the most potent tools imaginable to conquer human disease, ill-health, and aging. Keywords: Assembly, Nanomaterials, Nanorobot, Nanorobotics, Nanotechnology.

IEEE ICECS Intl Conf. on Electronics, Circuits and Systems Tel-Aviv, Israel, December 2004 NANOROBOTIC CHALLENGES IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, DESIGN AND CONTROL Adriano Cavalcanti1, Lior Rosen2, Luiz C. Kretly1, Moshe Rosenfeld3, Shmuel Einav2 1Electrical and Computer Eng. School, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil 2Dept. of Biomedical Eng., 3Dept. of Fluid Mechanics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel adrianocavalcanti@ieee.org, lior@eng.tau.ac.il, kretly@dmo.fee.unicamp.br, rosenf@eng.tau.ac.il, einav@eng.tau.ac.il ABSTRACT Ongoing developments in molecular fabrication, computation, sensors and motors will enable the manufacturing of nanorobots - nanoscale biomolecular machine systems. The present work constitutes a novel simulation approach, intended to be a platform for the design and research of nanorobots control. The simulation approach involves a combined and multi-scale view of the scenario. Fluid dynamics numerical simulation is used to construct the nanorobotic environment, and an additional simulation models nanorobot sensing, control and behavior. We discuss some of the most promising possibilities for nanorobotics applications in biomedical problems, paying a special attention to a stenosed coronary artery case. Keywords: Biomedical computing, control systems, coronary stenosis, mobile robots, nanomedicine, nanorobots, nanotechnology. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper describes a study for developing nanorobotics control design to deal with many of the challenging problems in biomedical applications. The problem we consider here is mainly focused on nanomedicine [10], where the biomedical interventions and manipulations are automatically performed by nanorobots. While these nanorobots cannot be fabricated yet, theoretical and simulation studies defining design strategies, capabilities and limitations, will supply better comprehension of nanorobots behavior and the nanoworld [4][5]. In recent years, the potential of a new interdisciplinary field of science has motivated many governments to devote significant resources to nanotechnology [16][22].

Future Effect of Nano-medicine on Human Generation

Ashish Dadhich(B.Tech*), Prateek Haksar(M.Tech**)
*(Department of Elecronics and Communication, Bhartiya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sikar (India) Email: ashishd.dadhich@gmail.com) ** (Department of Digital Communication, Bhartiya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sikar (India) Email: haksar.prateek@gmail.com) Bhartiya Institute Of Engineering And Technology NH No11 Jaipur-Bikaner By-Pass Near Sanwali Circle Sikar Pin 332001 (Rajasthan,India) (Accepted in IJERA***)

ABSTRACT Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body. In the mid-term, biotechnology will make possible even more remarkable advances in molecular medicine including microbiological engineered organisms. In the longer term, perhaps 1020 years the earliest molecular machine systems and nanorobots may join the medical armamentarium, finally giving physicians the most potent tools imaginable to conquer human disease, ill-health, and aging. Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. The aim of nanomedicine is the improvement of healthcare for the benefit of the patient. Nanomedicine is an important and rapidly growing field, which is emerging from the application of nanotechnology to healthcare. Nanomedicine can offer impressive resolutions for various life threatening diseases in child (nano drug addicted next generation). Keywords nanomaterials DNA, Nanomedicine, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanobiosensor, nanorobotics,

I. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the key technologies of the 21st century and is expected to enable developments across a wide range of sectors that can benefit citizens and improve industrial competitiveness. There is as yet no common definition of nanotechnology. The nanometer scale is usually set at 1 to 100 nm and nanotechnology makes use of the new properties of materials at this scale that differ from those at a larger scale. Recent advances in the capabilities to manipulate atoms and molecules have pushed the development of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a generic term used for a broad range of different activities and applications ranging from energy production and storage, manufacturing, information technologies to medicine. For that reason often the plural form nanotechnologies is used.