Bibliography Primary Sources Arrest for Sneezers. Evening Public Ledger 4 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web.

11 Nov. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1918-10-04/ed-1/seq1/;words=arrest+spitting? date1=1918&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=arrested+for+sp itting&y=18&x=19&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=3>. We learned from this article that the government was trying to prevent the spread of influenza by ordering all the police officers in Chicago to arrest anyone caught sneezing or coughing in public without a handkerchief. Body removal. N.d. News and Record. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. <http://www.newsrecord.com/content/2009/10/23/image/flu_1918_102509>. This picture shows Red Cross members removing a body, which shows that people died fro the influenza. Crowded Sleeping Area during World War I. N.d. Naval History and Heritage Command. N.p., 30 Dec. 2005. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h02000/h02654.jpg>. We used this picture to help us understand what it was like during the influenza pandemic of 1918. Deaths and New Influenza Cases Falling Off Here. Evening World [New York] 24 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1918-10-24/ed-1/seq11/;words=Influenza+INFLUENZA+deaths+DEATHS? date1=1918&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=New+York&date2=1918&proxtext=infl uenza+deaths&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=0>. In this newspaper, we

found how many people died and how many people were infected on October 23 and 24 of 1918. This is important, because the people that wrote the newspaper thought that influenza was going away, but instead there was going to be a second wave of influenza coming. Evening Public Ledger [Philadelphia] 19 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1918-10-19/ed-1/seq2/;words=influenza+INFLUENZA+Influenza? date1=1918&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basi c&state=Pennsylvania&date2=1918&proxtext=influenza&y=8&x=12&dateFilterType=yea rRange&page=24&page=3&page=2&index=0>. Within this newspaper, we found that political campaigns are being affected by the Spanish Flu, and that they may be cancelled. It also had information like that there were 1332 new influenza cases that day, and that there were 103 less cases the day before. Evening Public Ledger [Philadelphia] 12 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1918-10-12/ed-1/seq2/;words=influenza+Influenza? date1=1918&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20& searchType=basic&state=Pennsylvania&date2=1918&proxtext=influenza&y=8&x=12&da teFilterType=yearRange&page=24&page=3&page=2&page=1&index=3>. This newspaper had information like which parts of the U.S. were hit the hardest by the influenza. We also found that there were too many corpses to bury for the gravediggers, and that the doctors are dying too. Evening Public Ledger [Philadelphia] 9 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1918-10-09/ed-1/seq-

2/;words=influenza+INFLUENZA+Influenza? date1=1918&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20& searchType=basic&state=Pennsylvania&date2=1918&proxtext=influenza&y=8&x=12&da teFilterType=yearRange&page=24&page=3&page=2&page=1&index=4>. We found that there were too many bodies, and had to have prisoners dig graves. Also, it informed us that Gloucester had 12 more influenza deaths. Gomez, Maria Prats, et al. Interview. We Heard the Bells - 1918 Flu Pandemic Trailer. USGOVHHS, 2010. Youtube. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/USGOVHHS#p/u/8/8NRTC1BlHg0>. This interview informed us of how the living conditions were during the influenza of 1918. This is important because then we would know how people living during the Spanish Flu were coping, how they were feeling, and what they were thinking. Grip Breaks Citlys Death Rate Record. Evening Public Ledger [Philadelphia] 5 Oct. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1918-10-05/ed-1/seq1/;words=influenza+Influenza? date1=1918&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Pennsylvania&date2=1918&proxtext=in fluenza&y=8&x=12&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=5>. From this site, we learned what people were told to do with influenza infected people. Also, we learned that every death record was broken by the influenza of 1918. Letter carrier in New York wearing mask for protection against influenza. New York City, October 16, 1918. 1918. National Archives at Coll. Park, MD. National Archives and Record Administration. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-

epidemic/records-list.html>. This image is important, because we learned that people wore the masks everywhere, including at their jobs. Policemen in Seattle wearing masks made by the Red Cross, during the influenza epidemic. 1918. National Archives at Coll. Park, MD. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/records-list.html>. This image is important, because it shows that everyone was required to wear masks in an attempt to stop the spread of the influenza. Remembering a Killer: Survivors Recall 1918 Influenza Epidemic. FluTrackers. N.p., 19 Mar. 2007. Web. 15 May 2012. <http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?p=71444>. We learned from this website what survivors remember about the influenza and what people did to try to prevent the influenza. We also learned what scientists theorize happened to make the wave of influenza so deadly. Spanish Influenza Situation Shows Improvement-37 Deaths. Pullman Herald 1 Nov. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085488/1918-11-01/ed-1/seq1/;words=influenza+INFLUENZA+deaths+DEATHS? date1=1918&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Washington&date2=1918&proxtext=infl uenza+deaths&y=20&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=3>. We learned from this newspaper that 37 people dying was insignificant to the millions that died worldwide. It was considered an improvement. Typist Wearing Mask, New York City. 1918. National Archives at Coll. Park, MD. National Archives and Records Association. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/records-list.html>. This is an image

of a typist wearing a mask during the influenza pandemic. This is important, because it shows that they were willing to try anything to prevent the spread of the virus. Vicks Vaporub. Advertisement. The Jasper News 7 Nov. 1918: n. pag. Chronicling America. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90061052/1918-11-07/ed1/seq-9/;words=VAPORUB+VICKS+VapoRub+Vicks? date1=1918&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=vicks+vaporub &y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=0>. This is an advertisement disguised as an article, that claims to help cure influenza. It also includes some symptoms and treatments of influenza.

Secondary Sources Billings, Molly. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. Stanford. N.p., Feb. 2005. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/#top>. We found information on the mortality rates of getting influenza before and after the Spanish Flu from this website. We also found the estimated deaths in the U.S. and the percentage of the people who got infected, and that America was short on physicians to take care of all the sick, so medical students took care of people too. Campbell, Ballard C. Influenza Pandemic, 19181919. American History Online. N.p., 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/default.asp? ItemID=WE52&NewItemID=True>. We learned from this source that about 20 million people died in India alone, while 50-100 million people died worldwide. Also, we learned that school stopped in some places, grave diggers refused to work so families had to dig the graves for their dead friends, and factory work slowed due to most people being absent.

Also, young adults were the most susceptible to this disease and so many thousand orphans were made. CH 105 - Chemistry and Society. csbsju. N.p., 26 Jan. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. <http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/Chem%20and %20Society/Influenza/1918%20Pandemic.htm>. This site is helpful, because we learned about how many people died in the U.S. due to influenza compared to how many people died compared to deaths from wars. We also learned about how many people died in the U.S. per month in different years, and where influenza first hit in the U.S. and where it spread afterwards. This website has a graph showing death rates of different age groups in different years. Collier, James Lincoln. The Forgotten Pague. Vaccines. Tarrytown: Benchmark Books, 2004. 77-87. Print. This section of the book was important, because we learned that not many people know about this pandemic even though it killed so many people that the dead were stacked beside the streets, because there werent enough people to bury them. Another important fact is that the influenza was so severe that the life expentacy of people in the United States dropped twelve years. Dynasty: Influenza Virus in 1918 and Today. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. N.p., 29 June 2009. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2009/Pages/dynasty_flu.aspx>. We learned from this website that the influenza virus has 8 genes and two of those are the surface proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Also, we learned that there are 144 possible HN combinations. This website was made by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is a reliable site.

Fujimura, Sara Francis. The Great Flu of 1918. Pan American Health Organization. N.p., Mar. 2003. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. <http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number18_article5.htm>. We learned from this website what some people believe will happen if another influenza virus experiences a major antigenic shift. We also learned what some of the countrys nurses and doctors were experiencing. Gomez, Maria Prats, et al. Interview. We Heard the Bells - 1918 Flu Pandemic Trailer. USGOVHHS, 2010. Youtube. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/USGOVHHS#p/u/8/8NRTC1BlHg0>. We learned from this interview how and why the influenza of 1918 spread so quickly. We learned how people tried to figure out why the virus was so deadly. Gregory, Michael J. Viruses. Clinton Community College. Clinton Community Coll., 2011. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. <http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio %20102/bio%20102%20lectures/viruses/viruses.htm>. We found information about viruses and the basic components of them on this website, which is important because the influenza of 1918 was a virus. Hendrick, Bill. Vitamin D Stops the Flu. Dr Pinna. N.p., 22 June 2010. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://drpinna.com/vitamin-d-stops-the-flu-6515>. This website was helpful to our research, because it has a diagram of a virus with labeled parts. Hunt, Margaret. Basic Virology. Microbiology and Immunology. The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina, 1 July 2010. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/intro-vir.htm>. We learned from this website about the different parts of a virus such as the capsid and genetic materials.

The Influenza Epidemic of 1918. National Archives and Records Administration. United States Government, n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenzaepidemic/records-list.html>. This source was helpful to us, because we learned that onefifth of the population of the world was attacked by this deadly virus. Also, we learned that the virus had two phases. The first appeared in late spring 1918 and people infected with this got better within a couple days with few deaths reported. The second phase appeared again that same year in the fall and was the deadlier one that killed about 50 million people. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. Discovery. Discovery Channel. 26 Feb. 2009. Television. We learned the course of the influenza in the U.S. and how it affected the people. Li, James. Discovery of Viruses. Viruses. Sir Winston Churchill High School, 2004. Web. 15 May 2012. <http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/lija4j0/public_html/history.htm>. This website was very helpful to our research, because we learned when many different discoveries about viruses were made. We also learned from this website who made these discoveries and who confirmed or improved on these discoveries. Maniotis, Andrew, and Rebecca Carley. Dr. Maniotis Vaccine Pandemic Historic Timeline. Health Freedom USA. Natural Solutions Foundation, 29 July 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?p=3198>. In this website, we found how ineffective the vaccine used to prevent influenza was, and how it actually killed many soldiers. We also found information on a brief history of where in the U.S. the influenza first appeared. The differences between the deaths of both sexes, citizens, and soldiers were shown here. The Pandemic of Influenza in 1918-1919. Navy. The Navy Department Library, 29 Dec. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/influenza%20pan.htm>. We learned from this website the amount of deaths and death rates for all age groups in the

years before, during, and after the influenza. We learned that during the influenza, less people 75 and up died than the year before. Also, we learned that more males died during the influenza of 1918 than females. rcn. N.p., 22 Aug. 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html#Taubenberger>. This website is important to our research, because we learned that even though scientists have sequenced the eight genes of the 1918 influenza virus it is still not understood why it was so deadly. Scientists reconstructed the 1918 virus and it killed mice faster then any other human flu tested. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Laura Silverstein, Nunn. Flus Impact on History. The Flu and Pneumonia Update. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 2006. 13-24. Print. We learned from this book source that scientists first thought that influenza was caused by bacteria, because they had not yet invented the electron microscope. We also learned that animals, such as birds, pigs, and horses can carry the influenza virus. Syringe 2 With Drops. 22 July 2008. Flickr. Yahoo, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/8499561@N02/2756332192/in/photostream/>. This is an image of a syringe with an vaccine in it. It was important to us because people back in 1918 didnt have effective vaccines.