MATHEMATICS MODULE (First Year High School) **A: The Set of Real Numbers During elementary grade, pupils

were taught about counting numbers {1, 2, 3, ...},also called as the set of natural numbers which is composed of positive whole numbers. Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3,...} are defined to be natural numbers, including zero, that does not contain a fraction or decimal. A set of whole numbers and negative numbers form the set of integers {...3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. There are also numbers which can be expressed in the form where x and y are integers

and y0. These are called rational numbers, and are comprise of integers, simple fractions, mixed numbers, finite decimals, or repeating decimals, whether positive or negative. However, not all numbers can be expressed in any of these forms. Such numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers are called irrational numbers. These are nonrepeating and non-terminating decimals. The set of rational and irrational numbers form the set of real numbers. On the real number line, there is a point for every real number and a real number for every point.

The real number system is represented below in a tree diagram. It shows how all of the sets of numbers relate to one another.

**B: Operations on Whole Numbers (A Recall) The four basic operations of arithmetic are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The main operations are addition and multiplication, while subtraction and division are the inverse operations of the former. Examples: A. Addition 1. 3 364 697 2 110 100 483 1 000 001 9 100 129 + 2 220 819 _ 110 190

2. 100 910 3. 3 728 110 293 586 1 231 102 192 584 457 294 3 832 927 203 345 + 223 459

4. 4 593 593 4 290 347 248 210 910

192 437

B. Subtraction 1. 987 765 - 223 459 948 312 C. Multiplication 1. 21 789 x 59 D. Division 1. 57 34 998 20 148

2. 8 738 320 - 4 829 329

3. 3 304 284 - 3 103 301

4. 982 736 -

2. 90 485 x

3. 99 999 99 x

4. 195 893 80

63

2. 87 78 735

3. 36

19 116

4. 73

E. Problem Solving 1. An organization plans to construct a reading center. The center will cost P 5,113, 745. Thirty-five stakeholders pledge to shoulder the expenses equally. How much will each of them should give? 2. Mr. And Mrs. Macero donated 1118 chairs to a school. How much did each chair cost if they paid P 544, 466 for all? 3. Mr. Laureano deposited P 108, 656 in his account in bank A, P 230, 998 in bank B, and P 389, 783 in bank C. How much did he deposited in all? 4. IUSECO Company loaned P 4, 256, 105 from a bank. At the end of the year, the company was able to pay P 3, 550, 000. How much does the company still have to pay?

**C: The Concept of Opposites The concept of opposites is commonly demonstrated in real life. In terms of direction, going south is the opposite of going north; in terms of length, short is the opposite of long; in terms of quantity, few is the opposite of many. In mathematics, opposites are denoted by the signs + (positive) and (negative). A + sign before a number z is read as positive z and denoted by +z, while a - sign before a number z is read as negative z and denoted by z. Zero is neither positive nor negative.

When a number is written without any sign, it is understood to be positive.

Remember: Any movement from the initial point on the number line going to the right is represented by a positive (+) sign, while a movement to the left is represented by a negative (-) sign. These numbers are sometimes called directed numbers or signed numbers. Examples: 1. An increase of P5 is denoted by +5, while a decrease of P5 is denoted by -5. 2. A direction of 2 blocks east is denoted by +2, while 2 blocks west is denoted by -2. 3. A deposit of P200 is denoted by +200, while a withdrawal of P200 is denoted by -200. **D: Fundamental Operations on Integers A. Addition of Integers To add integers with the same sign, add without regard to the signs. Then affix the common sign of the integers. To add two integers with different signs, consider the distance of each integer from zero. Subtract the shorter distance from the longer distance. In the answer, use the sign of the number farther from zero. Examples:
-26 -38 1. 12 + 26 +38 2. 12 + 3. - 26 -14 -12 + 26 14 4. -12 +

B. Subtraction of Integers To find the difference between two signed numbers, add the negative (or the opposite) of the subtrahend to the minuend. Examples: 1. 25
13 12 13 2. 25 - -12 3. -25 12 4. -25 -37 - - 12 -

37

C. Multiplication of Integers The product of two integers with the same sign is positive. The product of two integers with different signs is

negative. Example:
1. 4 x 3 = 12 2. -4 x 3 = -12 3. 4 x -3 = -12 4. -4 x -3 = 12

D. Division of Integers The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive. The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative. Example:
1. 30 6 = 5 2. -30 6 = -5 3. 30 -6 = -5 4. -30 -6 =5

**E: The Absolute Value of a Number The absolute value of a number is the distance on the number line between the number and zero without any regard to its direction. Thus, the absolute value of any number is nonnegative number. It is denoted by |a|, where a is any real number. Examples: 1. |-23| = 23 23 **F: Simplifying Numerical Expressions To obtain an accurate and simplified solution, it is important that some rules be followed. Remove grouping symbols like ( ), [ ], { } by simplifying first the enclosed expressions beginning from the innermost pair. 1. Perform the operations above the division bar first. Then do the operations below the division bar. 2. Perform all multiplication and division in order from left to right 3. Perform all addition and subtraction. Example: Simplify the following. 1. 2 + 3 [6 2 + (8 x 5) 4] 20 Solution: 2+3 [6 2 + (8x5) 4] 20 = 2+3 [ 3 + 40 4] -20 = 2+3 [ 3 + 10 ] -20 = 2+3 [ 13 ] 20 = 2+ 39 20 = 41 20 = 21 **G: Changing Fractions to Decimals 2. Solution: = = = = 3 + 9___ 6 x 2 12 2. |23| = 23 3. -|23| = -23 4. +|-23|=

12___ 12 12 __12__ 1 12

Any rational number can be changed from fractional form to decimal form. This is done by simply dividing the numerator by the denominator. Examples: A. Terminating decimals are fractions that when change to decimals give a finite number of digits 1. _4_ = 0.8 2. __3__ = 0.75 3. __1__ = 0. 125 4. __5__ = 0.3125 5 4 8 16

B. Non-terminating decimals/ repeating decimals - are fractions that when changed to decimals does not end in an infinite sequence of zeros 1. _1_ = o.333... The three dots (...) called ellipsis, in 0.333... indicates that the 3 digit 3 repeats indefinitely. Note that 0.333... can also be written as 0.3. 2. _5_ = 0.833 6 3. _14_ = 1.2727 repeats in the 11 **H. Operations on Fractions A. Addition and Subtraction of If a, b, c are integers, and b and Fractions then The digit 3 is repeated. So, _5_ = 0.833... 0.83 6 Here, not just one digit repeats. The number 27 quotient. So, _14_ = 1.2727... or 1.27. 11

0,

Steps in Adding/ Subtracting Fractions: Step 1: Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same Step 2: Add/ subtract the top numbers (the numerators). Put the answer over the denominator. Step 3: Simplify the fraction (if needed). Examples: 1. 3. 2. 4.

then

B.Multiplication and Division of Fractions If a, b, c and d are integers, where b 0 and and

0,

Steps in Multiplying/ Dividing Fractions: Step 1: Multiply the top numbers (the numerators). Step 2: Multiply the bottom numbers (the denominators). Step 3: Simplify the fraction if needed.

1.

Examples: 3.

2.

**I: Addition and Subtraction of Decimals Decimals are added and subtracted just like whole numbers: align the decimal points, add or subtract the numbers in columns, and insert the decimal point in the answer directly beneath the decimal points in the numbers being added or subtracted. Examples: 1. Add 0.005 and 9.684 Solution: 0.005 align + 9.684 add 9.689 affix decimal point point

2. Add 2.6125 and 10. 04 Solution: 2.6125

align

+ 10.04__ add 12.6525 affix decimal

3.

Subtract 10.634 from 37.428 Solution: 37.428 - 10.634 26.794

4. Subtract 3.121 from 16.4831 Solution: 16.4831 3.1210 13.3621

**J: Multiplication of Decimals In multiplication of decimals, multiply the numbers without considering the decimal points. Then, add the number of decimal places to the right-hand side of the decimal point in both factors, and the sum should be the number of decimal places in the product.

Examples: 1. Multiply 3.24 and 0.56 Solution: 3.24 2 decimal places places x 0.56 2 decimal places place 1944 + 1 620__ 1.8144 4 decimal places places

2. Multiply 6.25 and -8.6 Solution: 6.25 x -8.6_

2 decimal 1 decimal

3 750 + 50 00_ -53.750 3 decimal

**K: Division of Decimals Divide decimals like dividing whole numbers. However, a necessary step requires that any decimal division problem must be replaced with an equivalent one having a whole divisor before the division is applied. Example: Find the quotient: 3.666 23.5 Solution: Replace 3.666 23.5 by 36.66 235 where the divisor is a whole number. Apply the
long division process.

0.156

Multiply both the divisor and the dividend by 10 23 5__ 1 410 1 410_ 0 Check: 23.5 x 0.156 = 3.666. Divide as in whole numbers 13 16 Place the decimal point in the quotient directly 11 75__ above the decimal point in the dividend

**L: Properties of Real Numbers 1. Closure Property The closure property only states that the sum and product of two real numbers are also real numbers. If a and b are real numbers, then a+b is also a real number. If a and b are real numbers, then ab is also a real number. Examples: 1. The sum of the real numbers 8 and 5 is 13, which is also a real number 2. The sum of the real numbers 1/6 and 1/4 is 5/12, which is also a real number. 3. The product of the real numbers 8 and 5 is 40, which is also a real number. 4. The product of the real numbers 1/6 and 1/4 is 1/24, which is also a real number. 2.Commutative Property The commutative property only states that adding/ multiplying two real numbers will give the same sum/product no matter in what order the numbers are added/ multiplied. For any real numbers a and b, we have a+b = b+a. For any real numbers a and b, we have ab = ba. Examples: 1. 8 + 5 = 5 + 8 =13 2. (12.4 + 0.8) + 0.1 = (0.8 + 12.4) + 0.1 = 13.2 3. 8 x 5 = 5 x 8 = 40 4. (1/4 x 3/5) x 1/2 = (3/5 x 1/4) x 1/2 = 3/20 3.Associative Property The associative property only states that adding/multiplying three or more real numbers will give the same sum/ product no matter how the numbers are grouped. For any real numbers a , b , and c, we have (a+b)+c = a+(b+c). For any real numbers a , b , and c, we have (ab) c = a (bc). Examples: 1. (6+4)+8 = 6+(4+8) = 18 2. (8 x 1/2) x 20 = 8 x (1/2 x 20) = 80 4. Identity Property The identity property states that the sum of any given number and zero (0) is equal to the given number, and the product of any given number and one (1) is equal to the given number.

For any real number a, there exist a real number zero (0) such that a+0 = 0+a = a. The number zero (0) is called the additive identity. For any real number a, there exist a real number one (1) such that a x 1 = 1 x a =a. The number one (1) is called the multiplicative identity. Examples: 1. 0 + 7 = 7 x 1 = 14 2. 21 + 0 = 21 3. 1 x 7 = 7 4. 14

5. Inverse Property The inverse property only states that the sum of a real number and its opposite is zero, and the product of a nonzero real number and its reciprocal is one. For any real number a, there exist a negative real number -a such that a+(a) = (-a)+a = 0. The number -a is called the additive inverse of a. For any nonzero real number a, there exists a real number 1/a such that a x 1/a= 1/a x a =1. The number 1/a is called the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of a. Example: 1. 2/3 + (-2/3) = 0 2. 2/3 x 3/2 = 1 5. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition Multiplication is distributive over addition. For any real numbers a, b, and c, we have a(b+c) = ab + ac. Examples: 1. 7 (8 + 9) = (7 x 8) + (7 x 9) = 119 2. 0.1 (2.3 + 1.6) = (0.1 x 2.3) + (0.1 x 1.6) = 0.39 3. (-21) + 21 = 0 4. -21 x (1/21) = 1

**M: Constants, Variables, and Algebraic Expressions Definition of terms: a. Algebraic Expressions - An algebraic expression is one or more algebraic terms in a phrase. It can include variables, constants, and operating symbols, such as plus and minus signs. It's only a phrase, not the whole sentence, so it doesn't include an equal sign. Algebraic expression: 3x2 + 2y + 7xy + 5

In an algebraic expression, terms are the elements separated by the plus or minus signs. This example has four terms, 3x2, 2y, 7xy, and 5. Terms may consist of variables and coefficients, or constants.

b. Variables

- In algebraic expressions, letters represent variables. These letters are actually numbers in disguise. In this expression, the variables are x and y. We call these letters "variables" because the numbers they represent can varythat is, we can substitute one or more numbers for the letters in the expression. Coefficients are the number part of the terms with variables. In 3x2 + 2y + 7xy + 5, the coefficient of the first term is 3. The coefficient of the second term is 2, and the coefficient of the third term is 7. If a term consists of only variables, its coefficient is 1. Constants are the terms in the algebraic expression that contain only numbers. That is, they're the terms without variables. We call them constants because their value never changes, since there are no variables in the term that can change its value. In the expression 7x2 + 3xy + 8 the constant term is "8.

c. Coefficients

d. Constants

**N: Classification of an Algebraic Expression