Kenyas MDGs Progress Report, 2011

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Kenyas MDGs Progress Report, 2011

9/30/2011 Authored by: B. W. Namano

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AG AIACC AIDS CBS CFCs DAC DOMC DOTS FAO FPE GDP GNI HIV HQ ITN KNBS KU Attoney General Assessment of Impact and Adaptations to Climate Change Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Central Bureau of Statistics Chlorofluorocarbons Development Assistance Committee Division of Malaria Control Directly Observed Treatment Short Course Food and Agriculture Organization Free Primary Education Gross Domestic Product Gross National Income Human Immunodeficiency Virus Head Quarter Insecticide Treated Net Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Kenyatta University

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) LDCs MDGs MOH MP MTCT NCAPD NER ODA OECD ODP ORC PCR PPP TB UN UNAIDS UNICEF UNDP Least Developed Countries Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Health Member of Parliament Mother To Child Transmission National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development Net Enrolment Rate Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ozone-depleting Opinion Research Corporation company Primary Education Completion Rate Proportion of population Tuberculosis United Nations United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Childrens Fund United Nations Development Program

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) UNEP UNSD WHO United Nations Environmental Program United Nations Statistical Division World Health Organisation

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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illennium Development Goals (MDGs) curve out a clear blueprint for most

global development activities in the past decade.

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MDGs articulated matters of global concern and stirred the much needed commitment

that would consolidate the world towards progressive development. This apparent awareness and drive drawn from MDGs have so far helped increase the

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number of people accessing clean water and sanitation amenities hence freeing many from deadly and debilitating diseases. In addition, MDGs have helped reduce maternal and infant deaths, save lives, increase gender parity, ensured that children attend schools and increased literacy levels. In some countries, policies based on MDGs standards have helped reduce poverty levels, shrink socio-economic disparity and accelerate sustainable development. Even so, with 11 years passed and only 4 left to the MDGs target date, much is yet to be

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done in protecting the most vulnerable from the devastating effects of conflicts, natural disasters or volatility in prices for basic needs and energy among other crises. This independent report simply relays the turbulences observed and progress made by

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Kenya when it comes to the MDGs indicators. The Author responds to the general need of having an overview of things a decade after

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the nations adoption of the Millennium Declaration.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BACKGROUND

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n September 2000, 147 Heads of State and Government representatives from 189

countries met, at the United Nations HQ, and adopted the Millennium Declaration.

From this declaration came the Millennium Development Goals and targets. (Alliance 2015, 2011, p. 2) The Declaration outlines the central concerns of the global community - peace, security,

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development, environmental sustainability, human rights and democracy - and articulates a set of inter-connected and mutually reinforcing goals for sustainable development. (United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 2003, p. 1) The Declaration indulges UN member states to work towards the following 8 goals: 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achievement of universal primary education 3. Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women 4. Reduction of child mortality 5. Improvement in maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability 8. Developing a global partnership for development. MDG monitoring takes place at the global and country levels: global and country levels.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) At the global level, the UN Secretary-General reports annually to the General Assembly

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on the progress made towards a sub-set of the MDGs; and more comprehensively every five years. At the country level, the UN Country Team supports the government in monitoring

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progress and preparing MDG Reports; this is done under the auspices of the UNDP. (Assessment of Impact and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), 2011, p. 1)

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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he research and authorship of this report was done independently without any

organizational affiliation or vested economic or political interest.

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The information, statistics and comments used to finalize this report were researched and

derived from sources at the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), MDG Status Reports, Central Bureau of Statistics, government technical departments and various institutions official websites

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................................................................. ii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v Background ........................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... x List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ................................................................... 4 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education ..................................................................... 7 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women ................................................... 10 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality ......................................................................................... 16 Goal 5: Improve maternal health....................................................................................... 19 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases ................................................... 20 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability .................................................................... 25 Goal 8: Develop a global part ner ship for development.................................................... 33
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Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 36 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 44 About the Author............................................................................................................... 53

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) LIST OF TABLES

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Table 1 Target 1.............................................................................................................................. 4 Table 2 Summary of the 200809 KDHS report on HIV and AIDS related Knowledge ............ 21 Table 3 Proportion of land area covered by forest in Kenya (percent) ........................................ 25 Table 4 Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area in Kenya (percent) ................................ 26 Table 5 Marine areas protected to territorial waters in Kenya (percent) ...................................... 26 Table 6 Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area in Kenya (percent) ......... 26 Table 7 Slum population in urban areas ....................................................................................... 32 Table 8 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 population........................................... 34 Table 9 Personal computers per 100 inhabitants .......................................................................... 34 Table 10 Internet users per 100 inhabitants .................................................................................. 34 Table 11 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ..................................................................... 36

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1 Children in Kenya under 5 severely underweight (%) ..................................................... 5 Figure 2 Primary and Secondary School Enrollment in Kenya, 2001-2009 .................................. 8 Figure 3 Primary School Net Enrolment Ratio by Gender in Kenya, 2002-2007 .......................... 8 Figure 4 Primary School Primary Education Completion Ratio by Gender in Kenya, 2002-2007 9 Figure 5 Gender Parity Index in Primary and Secondary Level Enrolments. (UNSD, 2011) ..... 10 Figure 6 Kenya's Primary School Net Enrolment Ratio by Gender, 2002-2007.......................... 11 Figure 7 Kenya's Primary School Completion Ratio by Gender, 2002-2007 ............................. 12 Figure 8 Share of Women in Wage Employment in the non-Agricultural sector, 1990-1997. (UNSD, 2011) ........................................................................................................................ 13

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Figure 9 Seats Held by Women in National Assembly (%) ......................................................... 14 Figure 10 Under Five Mortality Rate improving per 1000 live births. ........................................ 16 Figure 11 Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1000 live births). .......................................................... 17 Figure 12 Children 1 Year Old Immunized against measles, 1990-2009 (percentage) ............... 18 Figure 13 Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live births ........................................................ 19 Figure 14 People living with HIV in Kenya, 15-49 years old, percentage .................................. 22 Figure 15 TBs prevalence rate and death rate per 100,000 Kenyans, 1990-2009....................... 24 Figure 16 Kenya's TB treatment success rate under DOTS (percentage) from1994 to 2008 ...... 24 Figure 17 E ner gy use in Kenya (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $),
3 TU U3 T

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1990-2008. ............................................................................................................................. 27
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Figure 18 E ner gy use trend in Kenya (kg of oil equivalent per capita), 1971-2006 ................... 28
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Figure 19 Electrical e ner gy use trend in Kenya, (Million KWH) 1995-2008............................ 29

3TU U3T

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Figure 20 Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) trends in Kenya, metric tons of CO2 per capita (CDIAC), 1990-2008 ............................................................................................................. 30
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Figure 21 Proportion of Kenyas population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural ........................................................................................................... 31

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Figure 22 Proportion of Kenyas population with sustainable access to an improved sanitation; urban, rural and total .............................................................................................................. 31

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Figure 23 Debt service as percentage of exports of goods and services and net income ............. 33 Figure 24 Telephone lines per 100 inhabitants............................................................................. 34

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Kenyas MDGs Progress Report, 2011

INTRODUCTION

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fter adopting the Millennium Declaration, Kenya initiated MDG implementation

process in September 2002; it was 2 years late.

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An MDG-based planning process in Kenya was officially launched on 12th May 2004;

around 4 years after adopting the Millennium Declaration of September 2000. Kenyas debut MDG Progress Report was officially launched (3 years after adopting the

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Millennium Declaration) in July 2003. Since then, other reports have been released e.g. The MDG-based national planning process in May 2004, The Millennium Development Goals Needs Assessment and Costing Report in 2005, MDGs Status Report for Kenya in 2005, 2007 among others. Here are some of the global MDG highlights according to UNs Millennium

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Development Goals Reports: Despite the 2008-2009 economic downturn, exacerbated by the food and energy

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crisis, the global poverty rate is expected to fall below 15 percent (well under the 23 percent target). However, this reduction (which translates to over 920 million people living under the international poverty line) mainly reflects rapid growth in Eastern Asia, especially China. On the contrary, 65.9 per cent of the Kenyan population would be living below the poverty line by 2015.
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When it comes to universal primary education, sub-Saharan Africa has the best

record of improvement; Kenya included.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In 1990, 12.4 million children died under the age of 5 worldwide but this figure

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declined to 8.1 million in 2009. The under 5 mortality rate in Kenya was at least 74 out of 1000 live births in 2010, a drop from 99.1 in 1990.
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Globally, deaths from malaria dropped from nearly 985,000 in 2000 to 781,000 in

2009. According to Hon. Beth Mugo (2009), About 28 million Kenyans are at risk of being affected by malaria, which accounts for 30 percent of outpatient visits and 15 percent of all hospital admissions. (Division of Malaria Control (DOMC),Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD), 2009, p. viii)
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Sub-Saharan Africa leads in declining rates of new HIV infections. Globally, 2.6

million people were newly infected with HIV in 2009.Tthis figure was 2.7million in 2008 and 3.5 million in 1996 when new HIV infections were at their peak.
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Globally, deaths attributed to TB have fallen by more than one third since 1990.

In Kenya, TB death rate per year per 100,000 populations (mid-point) was 18 in 1990 and 15 in 2009; a mere reduction of 17 per cent.
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In 1990, 250 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to clean water but

this figure nearly doubled (492 million) in 2008. Worldwide, approximately 1.8 billion people gained access to clean drinking water since 1190 to 2008. In 1990, 61.5 per cent (91 per cent urban, 32 per cent rural) of Kenyans had access to clean water. This rose to 67.5 percent (83 per cent urban, 52 per cent rural) in 2008.
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Over 2.6 billion people still lack access to flush toilets or other forms of improved

sanitation. In 2008, only 31 per cent of Kenyans could access these amenities.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The worldwide NER in primary school was 89 per cent in 2009 (82 per cent in

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1999). Children from the poorest households, in rural areas and girls are those most likely to be out of school. In Kenya, the total NER was 83.3 percent (82.3 per cent boys, 83.8 per cent girls) as of 2009; a significant increase since 1999 when it stood at 63 per cent (62.5 per cent boys, 63.5 per cent girls)
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Sub-Saharan Africa still leads in cases of malnourishment. As of 2008, 16.4 per

cent of children (under 5) were either severely or moderately malnourished in Kenya; a 0.1 per cent reduction since 2003.
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By the end of 2009, worldwide cellular subscriptions per 100 people had reached

the 50 per cent mark. Well, 61.63 out of 100 Kenyans had a cell phone as of 2010.
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Forestation Reforestation and environmental conservation efforts seem to have

eased the global rates of deforestations. Kenyas forest cover seems to dwindle every day. Generally, many countries are moving forward courtesy of their political commitment

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and increased funding from multiple sources. As of 2005, Kenya exhibited the potential to meet some of the goals e.g. goals 2 (Achieve Universal Primary Education) and 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases). (Ministry of Planning and National Development, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland, 2005, p. 5) However, Kenya can also attest to the harsh realities of unmet commitments, deficient

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resources, unaccountability, impunity and reluctant dedication to sustainable development that have created shortfalls in achieving many targets.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) 1) Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day 3) 2)
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Indicators for monitoring progress Proportion of population below $1

(PPP) per day

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Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of

poverty
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Share of poorest quintile in national

consumption

By 2015, the number of people in developing countries living on less than $1.25 a day is projected to fall below 900 million. (United Nations (UN), 2011, p. 7) The following table derived from UNSD (2011) data sources sums up Kenyas situation in line with Target 1 of the MDGs. Table 1 Target 1
Year 1992 1994 1997 2005 Percentage Poverty Gap Ratio at $ 1 a day (PPP) 15.4 9.3 4.6 6.1 Population Bellow Poverty Line (%) Urban Rural Total 47.91 44.81 29.01 46.81 40.31 49.21 52.91 52.31 33.72 49.12 45.92

According to President Mwai Kibaki, (2005) In Kenya, as at 2003, 56 per cent of the population was still living below the poverty line with a projection that at the current trend,

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 65.9 per cent of the Kenyan population would be living below the poverty line by 2015. (Ministry of Planning and National Development, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland, 2005, p. 4) 4) Prevalence of underweight children

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Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

under-five years of age

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Proportion of population below

minimum level of dietary energy consumption

7.1 6

6.7 5 4.1

1993

1998

2000

2003

2008

Children under 5 severely underweight, percentage

Figure 1 Children in Kenya under 5 severely underweight (%) This figure illustrates the Prevalence of underweight children, under-five years of age, in Kenya for the years 1993, 1996, 2000, 2003 and 2008. According to UNSD (2011), 33 percent of the Kenyan population was undernourished in 1991. This proportion dropped by only 2 percent in 1996 but rose up to 33 percent in 2001.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The latest data (regarding this fifth indicator of the MDGs) shows that 31 percent of the Kenyan population was undernourished in 2006. (UNSD, 2011)

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PR IMARY EDUCATION Targets (from the Millennium

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Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration)
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Target 3:

5)

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Net enrolment ratio (NER) in primary

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Ensure that, by 2015, children 6)

education
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everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who

reach grade 5 7)
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Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds

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According to Njihia (2011), Kenyan public primary schools enrolled about 10 million

pupils in the year 2010; an increase from 5.8 million pupils in the year 2002; Free Primary Education (FPE) was introduced in 2003. (Kenyatta University (KU), 2011, p. 1)
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10,000,000

7,500,000

5,000,000

2,500,000

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Primary School

Secondary School

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Figure 2 Primary and Secondary School Enrollment in Kenya, 2001-2009
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This figure illustrates the enrolment of students from 2001 to 2009 in Kenyas Primary

and Secondary School institution. In addition, upon the introduction of Free Day Secondary Education in 2008, the primary

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to secondary school transition rate hit an all time high of 72% in the year 2011. (KU, 2011) The data used to derive the above figure implies that the average enrolment rates are

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357,319.55 for Primary School pupils and 91,955.88 for Secondary School Students per year. If all factors are held constant, more pupils and students are bound to enroll in future. NERs have also progressively increased from 77.3 percent (boys 76.5%, girls 78.0%) in

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2002 to 91.6 percent (boys 94.1%, girls 89.0%) in 2007. (Ministry of Education, November 2008, p. 18)
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100

75

50

25

0 Boys Girls

2002 76.5 78

2003 80.8 80

2004 82.2 82

2005 83.8 82.6

2005 86.5 86.5

2007 94.1 89

Figure 3 Primary School Net Enrolment Ratio by Gender in Kenya, 2002-2007

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The Primary Education Completion Ratio (PCR) rose from 62.8 percent (65.5% boys,

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 60.1% girls) in 2002 to 68.2 in 2003 and further to 81.0 percent (86.5% boys, 75.7% girls) in 2007. (Ministry of Education, November 2008, p. 18)
100

75

50

25

0 Boys Girls
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2002 65.5 60.1

2003 71.3 65.2

2004 80.3 72.1

2005 82.4 72.8

2005 81.6 71.1

2007 86.5 75.7

Figure 4 Primary School Primary Education Completion Ratio by Gender in Kenya, 2002-2007
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Around 2000, the ratio of school attendance of children aged 10-14 who have lost both

biological parents to school attendance of non-orphaned children of the same age was 0.74. Around 2008, this ratio was at 0.95. (United Nations (UN), 2011, p. 40)

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN Targets (from the Millennium
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Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration) 8)
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Ratios of girls to boys in primary,

secondary and tertiary education

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Target 4: 9)
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Ratio of literate females to males of 15-

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Eliminate gender disparity in primary and 24 year-olds

secondary education preferably by 2005 10) Share of women in wage employment in

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and to all levels of education no later than the non- agricultural sector 2015 11) Proportion of seats held by women in
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national parliament
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Primary Level Enrolment 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.95

Secondary Level Enrolment

0.99 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.93 0.88

0.98

0.92

1999

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Figure 5 Gender Parity Index in Primary and Secondary Level Enrolments. (UNSD, 2011)

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In the year 2000, the Gender Parity Index in Tertiary Level Enrolment stood at 0.54. This

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held constant through 2001 to 2002. As of 2005, the ratio rose slightly to 0.6 and 0.7 in 2009. (UNSD, 2011) NERs have also progressively increased from 77.3 percent (boys 76.5%, girls 78.0%) in

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2002 to 91.6 percent (boys 94.1%, girls 89.0%) in 2007.

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100

75

50

25

0 Boys Girls

2002 76.5 78

2003 80.8 80

2004 82.2 82

2005 83.8 82.6

2005 86.5 86.5

2007 94.1 89

Figure 6 Kenya's Primary School Net Enrolment Ratio by Gender, 2002-2007

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In addition, the Primary Education Completion Ratio (PCR) rose from 62.8 percent

(65.5% boys, 60.1% girls) in 2002 to 68.2 in 2003 and further to 81.0 percent (86.5% boys, 75.7% girls) in 2007.
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

100

75

50

25

0 Boys Girls

2002 65.5 60.1

2003 71.3 65.2

2004 80.3 72.1

2005 82.4 72.8

2005 81.6 71.1

2007 86.5 75.7

Figure 7 Kenya's Primary School Completion Ratio by Gender, 2002-2007

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According to UNICEF (2011), Kenya had an average literacy rate of 92.5 percent (93 %

female, 92 % male) as of 2004-2008. According to UNSD (2011), the Share of Kenyan Women in Wage Employment in the

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non-Agricultural sector has been on a slow but steady increase since 1990. This can be seen from the figure below.
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

40 35 30 25

20 15 10 5 0 1990 21.4 1991 22.2 1992 24.2 1993 23 1994 25.5 1995 26.6 1996 29.4 1997 32.2

Women (%)

Figure 8 Share of Women in Wage Employment in the non-Agricultural sector, 1990-1997. (UNSD, 2011)
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In the years 1990, only 1.1 percent of parliamentarians were women. In 1992 this rose to

3 percent. The number of seats held by women in the National Assembly has been on the increase over the years. (UNSD, 2011) This following figure gives the percentage of Seats Held by Women in National

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Assembly since 1990 to 2011. In 2008, the 7.2 percent shown above was for women directly endorsed by the electoral commission before any was appointed to one of the 12 seats or the 2 ex-officio seats. (UNSD, 2011)

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

12 10 8 % 6 4 2 0 Women (%)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 3.6 3.6 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.2 9.8 9.8 9.8

Figure 9 Seats Held by Women in National Assembly (%)

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Kenyas new Constitution, promulgated in August 2010, is gender sensitive and thus,

women friendly. This is so because according to the constitution (2010): a) The Judicial Service Commission in discharging its mandate is to promote gender
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equality-Article 172 Clause 2 (b). b) Political parties are to observe gender parity (Article 91 (f)).
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c) Article 27 (8) of Kenyas Constitution states, the State shall take legislative and
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other measures to implement the principle that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender. d) According to Article 81 (b), not more than two-thirds of the members of elective
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public bodies shall be of the same gender. In addition, under the Principles of devolved government i.e. Article 175 (c), no more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the same gender.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) e) To further foster gender equality, the National Commission on Gender Act, 2011
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established a National Commission on Gender in accordance with Article 59(4) of the Kenyan Constitution. (The Proposed Constitution of Kenya, 2010)

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Targets (from the Millennium

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Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration) 12) Under-five mortality rate

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Target 5 13) Infant mortality rate

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Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 14) Proportion of 1 year-old children

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2015, the under-five mortality rate immunized against measles

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According to the data obtained from UNSD (2011), the trend in Kenyas under-five

mortality rate can be summarized as below. (UNSD, 2011)

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125 100 75 50 25 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Under Five Mortality Rate improving per 1000 live births

Figure 10 Under Five Mortality Rate improving per 1000 live births.
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This figure gives the number of deaths of infants under the age of five year per 1000 live

births in the same year, from 1990 to 2010. This is in accordance with indicator 13 of the MDGs

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Kenyas infant mortality rate (children under one year) can be relayed as in the figure

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bellow.
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68.74 67.99 67.24

63.36 62.62 61.47

59.26 57.44

56.01

54.7

53.49 52.29

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1000 live births)

Figure 11 Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1000 live births).

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This figure gives the number of deaths of infants under the age of one year per 1000 live

births in the same year, from 2000 to 2011. This is in accordance with indicator 14 of the MDGs. The average percentage of Kenyan children 1 year old immunized against measles from

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1990 to 2009 is 78.2 percent; the highest being 84 percent (from 1992 to 1994) and the lowest (72 percent) in the year 2003. The following figure illustrates this trend.
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

100

75

50

25

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Immunized (%)

Figure 12 Children 1 Year Old Immunized against measles, 1990-2009 (percentage)

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This figure gives the percentage proportion of Kenyan children under 1 year immunized

against measles, from 1990 to 2009. (UNSD, 2011) This is in accordance with indicator 15 of the MDGs.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH Targets (from the Millennium

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Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration)
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Target 6

15) Maternal mortality ratio

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Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and

16) Proportion of births attended by

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2015, the maternal mortality ratio

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skilled health personnel

580 530

560 460 380

1990

1995

2000

2005

2008

Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births

Figure 13 Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live births

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The figure above relays the trend in Kenyas Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live

births as observed by UNSD between 1990 and 2008. (UNSD, 2011) This is in accordance with indicator 16 of the MDGs.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALAR IA AND OTHER DISEASES Targets (from the Millennium
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Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration) 17) HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old

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Target 7 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse

pregnant women 18) Condom use rate of the contraceptive

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the spread of HIV/AIDS

prevalence rate 19) Number of children orphaned by

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HIV/AIDS

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The 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) findings indicated that 6.7

percent of Kenyan adults (8.7 % women, 4.6 % men) were infected with HIV. (Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) [Kenya], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Kenya] and ORC Macro, 2004, pp. 17, 20) The same findings showed that 58 percent of the women and 70 percent of the men knew

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that AIDS could be prevented by using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful partner. In addition, only 72 percent of the women knew that HIV could be transmitted to infant by breastfeeding. (CBS, 2004, p. 20) According to UNs MDG Report (2011), a survey conducted in 2005/2009 revealed that

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73 percent of Kenyan women and 79 percent of the men (aged 15-24) know that they could reduce their risk of getting HIV by using a condom every time they had sexual intercourse (United Nations (UN), 2011, p. 38)

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Plus, only 64 percent of the men and 40 percent of the women in Kenya (aged 15-24)

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reported using a condom during higher-risk sex in 2005/2009 (UN, 2011, p. 39). In the 200809 KDHS (2010), KNBS reports on the HIV and AIDSrelated Knowledge

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as relayed below. (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2010, p. 3) Table 2 Summary of the 200809 KDHS report on HIV and AIDS related Knowledge
200809 Women Men 92 93 75 81 90 92 87 87 69 8 70 4.3

Kenyans that know ways to reduce the risk of getting HIV by: a) Having one sex partner b) Using condoms Knows a healthy-looking person can have HIV Knows HIV can be transmitted to infant by breastfeeding Knows risk of MTCT can be reduced by mother taking special drugs during pregnancy HIV Prevalence
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According to UNs MDG Report (2010), only 25 percent of young Kenyan women (aged

15-24) used a condom in there last higher-risk sexual encounter in 2000. This figure rose to 40 percent in 2007 (UN, 2010, p. 43). According to the MDG Status Report for Kenya (2007), The number of HIV/AIDS

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orphans has been growing steadily from 27,000 in 1990 to 1.2 million in 2002 and further to 2.4 million by 2007. (Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland, 2008, p. 27) In the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2010), there were 1500 thousand

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Kenyans with HIVAIDs as of 2009. Of these, 760 thousand were women above 15 years and 180 thousand were children bellow 15 years. (UNSD, 2011) Around 2000, the ratio of school attendance of children aged 10-14 who have lost both

193B

21

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) biological parents to school attendance of non-orphaned children of the same age was 0.74. Around 2008, this ratio was at 0.95. (UN, 2011, p. 40) Kenyas HIV/AIDS prevalence trend from 1991 to 2009 for persons between 15 to 49

194B

years can be illustrated in the figure below.

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12.5

10

7.5

5 People living with HIV, 15-49 years old,

2.5

0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Figure 14 People living with HIV in Kenya, 15-49 years old, percentage 20) Prevalence and death rates associated
37B 196B

Target 8 with malaria Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse 21) Proportion of population in malaria
38B

197B

the incidence of malaria and other major risk areas using effective malaria diseases prevention and treatment measures

22

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In 2008, there were 30,307 officially notified cases of malaria per 100,000 Kenyans. In

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the same year, approximately 53 out of 100,000 children between 0-4 years died of malaria. On average, 81 persons died of malaria in the same year for the same sample size. (UNSD, 2011) In 2000, only 3 percent of Kenyan children (under the age of 5) were sleeping under

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insecticide-treated nets (ITN). As of 2003, this figure rose to 5 percent (CBS, 2004, p. 12) and by 2008/2009, it was at 46 percent (UN, 2010, p. 47). By 2010, 47 percent of children (under 5) were sleeping under ITNs (KNBS, 2010, p.

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3). This may seem like improvement but is far below the 2006 government target of 60 percent mosquito net use (CBS, 2004, p. 12). 22) Prevalence and death rates associated
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with tuberculosis 23) Proportion of tuberculosis cases

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detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)

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In 2007, 26 out of 100 000 Kenyans died due to TB among the HIV-negative people

while 38.9 died among the HIV-positive, for the same sample size. (UNSD, 2010) The mid-point values that indicate TBs prevalence rate and death rate per 100,000

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Kenyans from 1990 to 2009 were used to generate the following figure.
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23

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

500

400

300

Tuberculosis death rate per year per 100,000 population (midpoint) Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population (midpoint)

200

100 33 36 38 36 36 36 36 28 20 20 19 15 18 16 17 18 20 22 25 29 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Figure 15 TBs prevalence rate and death rate per 100,000 Kenyans, 1990-2009
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The above figure graphically illustrates the prevalence and death rates associated with

TB in Kenya from 1990 to 2009.

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73

75

77 65

77

79

80

80

79

80

80

82

85

85

85

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Kenya's TB treatment success rate under DOTS, percentage

Figure 16 Kenya's TB treatment success rate under DOTS (percentage) from1994 to 2008

24

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

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Targets (from the Millennium

207B

Indicators for monitoring progress

Declaration) 24) Proportion of land area covered by

41B 208B

Target 9 forest Integrate the principles of sustainable 25) Ratio of area protected to maintain
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209B

development into country policies and biological diversity to surface area programmes and reverse the loss of 26) Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1
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environmental resources GDP (PPP)

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The proportion of land area covered by forest in Kenya has declined steeply over the past

two decades. According to UN data, Kenya had a 6.5 percent forest cover in 1990 but as of 2010, this was only 6.1 percent. (United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), 2009) Table 3 Proportion of land area covered by forest in Kenya (percent)
Year Proportion of land area covered by forest (%) 1990 1995 2000 2010

6.515092947 6.293706294 6.188284078 6.091647046

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According to MDG Status Report (2007), Kenyas total land area is about 582,650 km2

of which 569,250 km2 constitutes land while water takes the rest of about 13,400 km2. (Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland, 2008, p. 1) Therefore, indicator 25 (Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to

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25

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) surface area) can be relayed in 3 parts as follows: Table 4 Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area in Kenya (percent)
Series 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Percentage 11.67 11.75 11.75 11.75 11.75 11.76 11.76 11.76 11.76 11.76

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The percentage proportion of protected terrestrial area in Kenya has held constant over

the past 2 decades with an average of 11.76 percent (UNSD, 2011). Table 5 Marine areas protected to territorial waters in Kenya (percent)
Series Percentage 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.99 5.99 10.47 10.47 10.47 10.47 10.47 10.47

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Total marine area protected in Kenya was at its least percentage (5.22 %) from 1990

to1994. This figure rose slightly to 5.99 percent in 1995 where it held constant through to 1999. In 2000, the percentage marine area protected in Kenya increased tremendously to 10.47 percent. This percentage has since stagnated to date (UNSD, 2011). Table 6 Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area in Kenya (percent)
Series Percentage 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 11.5 11.53 11.53 11.6 11.61 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.73

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In general, the terrestrial and marine areas protected in Kenya stands at an average of

11.67 percent over the past 2 decades. The maximum being 11.73 percent (2000 to 2010) and the least being 11.5 percent in 1990 (UNSD, 2011). According to UN data sources, Kenyas average Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per

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26

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $) is 339.4356323 10 (UNSD, 2011). The bar graph bellow relays the nations energy use per $1,000 GDP from 1990 to 2008.
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400

Max= 348.4655058

300

200

100

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $)Go to

Figure 17 Energy use in Kenya (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $), 1990-2008.
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According to The World Bank (2010), Kenya used an average of 476.67 kg of Energy

(oil equivalent) per capita from 1971 to 2006. (UNSD, 2010). The succeeding line graph gives Kenyas energy use trend from 1971 to 2006.

27

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

500 Max= 491.0064675 475

450

Min= 453.7723001

425 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

Figure 18 Energy use trend in Kenya (kg of oil equivalent per capita), 1971-2006
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In 2004, 81 percent of Kenyas population used was using solid fuels according to the

UN (2011). As of 2007, this dropped to 75 percent. (UNSD, 2011). In this same regard, the use of electric energy has been on a steady increase over the

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years. Back in 1995, Kenya consumed about 3747 Million KWH but as of 2008, the figure was more than double i.e. 7055 Million KWH. (UNSD, 2011)
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28

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

7500 6441 5000 6772

2500

0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Electrical energy, Million KWH

Figure 19 Electrical energy use trend in Kenya, (Million KWH) 1995-2008 27) Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)
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and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) 28) Proportion of population using solid
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fuels

222B

In 1990, Kenyas CO2 emission was 5823 thousand metric tons. These emission levels

have increased over the past 2 decades and as of 2008, Kenya emitted 10392 thousand metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere (UNSD, 2011).
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29

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), metric tons of CO2 per capita (CDIAC)

Figure 20 Carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 ) trends in Kenya, metric tons of CO 2 per capita (CDIAC), 1990-2008 29) Proportion of population with
46B 224B

Target 10 sustainable access to an improved Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people water source, urban and rural

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without sustainable access to safe drinking 30) Proportion of urban population with
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water access to improved sanitation

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Clearly, fewer people in the urban centers seem to be accessing clean water contrary to

the upward trend seen with the rural folks (UNSD, 2011). When it comes to sanitation facilities, theres generally an upward trend in both the

227B

urban and the rural areas.

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30

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

100 75 50 % 25 0 Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, urban Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, rural 1990 91 1995 89 2000 87 2005 85 2008 83

32

38

43

48

52

Figure 21 Proportion of Kenyas population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
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40 30 % 20 10 0 Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, urban Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, total 1990 24 1995 25 2000 26 2005 27 2008 27

27

28

30

31

32

26

27

29

30

31

Figure 22 Proportion of Kenyas population with sustainable access to an improved sanitation; urban, rural and total

31

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Target 11 31) Proportion of households with

48B 231B

230B

By 2020, to have achieved a significant access to secure tenure (owned or

improvement in the lives of at least 100 rented) million slum dwellers

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On average, 54.8 percent of Kenyas urban population dwells in slums. The slum

population figures have been on the increase despite the nations effort to introduce cheaper housing facilities and upgrade the slum areas. Table 7 Slum population in urban areas
Series Slum population in urban areas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2344776 2847731 3379459 4044152 4370412

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32

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

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30 25 20

28.6 26.3 23.5 20.7 18.9 17 17.2 12.9 12.4 13 12.3 13.6 14.4 9.4 7.3 6.7 5.8 4.6 4.7

15 12.8 10 5 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Figure 23 Debt service as percentage of exports of goods and services and net income
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In 1990, the employment-to-population ratio in Kenya was 66.1 percent (70.4 percent

men, 62 percent women) However, these figures dropped significantly to 55 percent (61.2 percent men, 49.1 percent women) in 2005. (UNSD, 2011)

33

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

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1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.86 0.81 0.8 1.24

1.68 1.68

1.14

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 24 Telephone lines per 100 inhabitants Table 8 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 population
1993 1994 1995 1998 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 0.01 0.01 0.04 1.87 7.34 12.95 20.09 30.28 42.4 49.07 61.63

Table 9 Personal computers per 100 inhabitants

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2001 2004 2005 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.34 0.54 1.13 1.37

Table 10 Internet users per 100 inhabitants

1995 1998 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 0.05 0.62 3.02 3.1 7.53 7.95 8.67 10.04 20.98

34

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) CONC LUS ION

237B

238B

id you know that by 2008, it was apparent that no African country was likely to

achieve all of its goals by 2015..? (Chapter 2: Millennium Development Goals)

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From the illustrations and data relayed in this report, it is evident that there are

measurable changes to a majority of the MDGs indicator in Kenya; courtesy of steps taken by the nation under the auspices of the international community. However, most of these changes are either indecisive or just insignificant if not negative. According to Sha Zukang (2010), The Millennium Development Goals are still

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attainable. The critical question today is how to transform the pace of change from what we have seen over the last decade into dramatically faster progress. (United Nations (UN), 2010, p. 5) Since this is NOT a sanctioned report, there are no recommendations proposed in it.

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Instead, suggestions can be deduced from the report if analyses are performed.

35

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) APPENDIX Table 11 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
242B

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

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arget Goals and Targets

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244B

(fro illenni (from the Millennium Decl Declaration)

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monito Indicators for monitoring progress ndi

Eradicat povert Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 1. Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per
49B

247B

Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
51B 50B

day a
0F

2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

248B

Target 2:

Halve, between 1990 and

4. Prevalence of underweight children under52B

2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

249B 53B

five years of age 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

uni ima educati tio Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary educat
54B

250B

Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015,

a For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available.

36

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
251B 56B

7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who

55B

reach grade 5 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds

Promot equalit ity empo Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 9. Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary
57B

252B

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later
253B 59B

and tertiary education 10. Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24

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year-olds 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector 12. Proportion of seats held by women in
60B

than 2015

national parliament
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chil ild Goal 4: Reduce child mortality 13. Under-five mortality rate
61B

255B

Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

14. Infant mortality rate

62B

15. Proportion of 1 year-old children

63B

immunised against measles

256B

Impro prov erna health Goal 5: Improve maternal health

37

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
258B

257B

16. Maternal mortality ratio

64B

17. Proportion of births attended by skilled

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health personnel

mal Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 18. HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old
66B

259B

Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

pregnant women 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive

67B

prevalence rate b
1F

20. Number of children orphaned by

68B

HIV/AIDS c
2F

21. Prevalence and death rates associated with

69B 260B

Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

malaria 22. Proportion of population in malaria risk

70B

areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures d

3F

Amongst contraceptive methods, only condoms are effective in preventing HIV transmission. The contraceptive prevalence rate is also useful in tracking progress in other health, gender and poverty goals. Because the condom use rate is only measured amongst women in union, it will be supplemented by an indicator on condom use in high risk situations. These indicators will be augmented with an indicator of knowledge and misconceptions regarding HIV/AIDS by 15-24 year-olds (UNICEF WHO).
b

To be measured by the ratio of proportion of orphans to non-orphans aged 10-14 who are attending school. d Prevention to be measured by the % of under 5s sleeping under insecticide treated bednets; treatment to be measured by % of under 5s who are appropriately treated.
c

38

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with
71B

tuberculosis 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected

72B

and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)

261B

env ronmen sust nabil Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest
73B

262B

Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources

26. Ratio of area protected to maintain

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biological diversity to surface area 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP
75B

(PPP) 28. Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and

76B

consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels
77B

263B

Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water 30. Proportion of population with sustainable
78B

access to an improved water source, urban and rural

39

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in 31. Proportion of urban population with access
79B

264B

to improved sanitation 32. Proportion of households with access to

80B

the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

265B

secure tenure (owned or rented)

Dev oba par nersh dev Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

266B

Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system

273B

Some of the indicators listed below are

monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked countries and small island developing States.

267B

Includes a commitment to

274B

Official development assistance

good governance, development, and poverty reduction both nationally and internationally

33. Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of

81B

OECD/DAC donors gross national income 34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable
82B

ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)

268B

Target 13: Address the special needs of the least developed countries

35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC

83B

donors that is untied

40

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 36. ODA received in landlocked countries as

84B 269B

Includes: tariff and quota free

proportion of their GNIs 37. ODA received in small island developing

85B

access for least developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction

States as proportion of their GNIs

275B

Market access

38. Proportion of total developed country

86B

imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and LDCs, admitted free of duties 39. Average tariffs imposed by developed
87B

270B

Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing States

countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries 40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD
88B

countries as percentage of their GDP

271B

(through the Programme of

41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build

89B

Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the

trade capacity e
4F

276B

Debt sustainability

OECD and WTO are collecting data that will be available for 2001 onwards.

41

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) 42. Total number of countries that have reached
90B

their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

272B

Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative,

91B

US$ 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of

92B

goods and services

277B

Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth 46. Proportion of population with access to
94B

45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each

93B

sex and total f

5F

278B

Target 17: In co-operation with

affordable essential drugs on a sustainable

An improved measure of the target is under development by ILO for future years.

42

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries basis

279B

Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per

95B

100 population 48. Personal computers in use per 100

96B

population and
280B

Internet users per 100 population

43

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BIBLIOGRAPHY

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). (2011, August 24). People living with HIV/AIDS. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++HIV+&d=SOWC&f=inID%3a102%3bcrID%3a 75 Alliance 2015. (2011). Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Retrieved August 31, 2011, from Alliance 2015: http://www.alliance2015.org/fileadmin/user_upload/MDGs.pdf Assessment of Impact and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC). (2011). Millennium Development Goals and Targets. Retrieved August 31, 2011, from AiACC Project: http://www.aiaccproject.org/meetings/Trieste_02/trieste_cd/Resource_Materials/Mill enium_development_goals.pdf Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) [Kenya], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Kenya] and ORC Macro. (2004). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003: Key Findings. Calverton, Maryland: CBS, MOH and ORC Macro. Chapter 2: Millennium Development Goals. (n.d.). Retrieved Augusrt 25, 2011, from United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP): http://www.unep.org/dewa/africa/kenyaatlas/PDF/KenyaAtlas_Chapter2.pdf Deaths due to tuberculosis among HIV-positive people (per 100 000 population). (2010, November 19). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++HIV+&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3aMD G_0000000018%3bCOUNTRY_ISO_CODE%3aKEN

44

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Division of Malaria Control (DOMC),Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD). (2009). 2007 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey. Nairobi. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2009, August 25). Forest area. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+forest&d=FAO&f=itemCode%3a6661%3bcountr yCode%3a114 Industrial Commodity Statistics Database. (2011, June 21 ). Electrical energyN Data. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+energy&d=ICS&f=cmID%3a171000%3bcrID%3a404 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2011, May 12). Indicator 6 - CoManagement of Tuberculosis and HIV Treatment. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++tuberculosis&d=UNAIDS&f=inID%3a23%3bc rID%3a74 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2010). 200809 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS); Fact Sheet. Nairobi, Kenya. Kenyatta University (KU). (2011). International Conference :Educational reforms and innovation in enhancing quality and equity. Kenyatta University, Educational Management, Policy & Curriculum Studies, Nairobi. Ministry of Education. (November 2008). The Development of Education; National Report of Kenya. Nairobi.

45

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Ministry of Planning and National Development, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland. (2005). MDGs Statu Report for Kenya. Nairobi. Ministry of Planning and National Development, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland. (2005). Millennium Development Goals Needs & Costs. Nairobi. Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland. (2008). MDGs Statu Report for Kenya. Nairobi. Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, UNDP Kenya, Government of Finland. (2008). Millenium Development Goals; Status Report for Kenya - 2007. Nairobi. The Proposed Constitution of Kenya. (2010, May 6). Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya: The AttorneyGeneral. The World Bank. (2010, February 12). Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+energy&d=WDI&f=Indicator_Code%3aEG.USE .PCAP.KG.OE%3bCountry_Code%3aKEN The World Bank. (2010, February 12 ). Forest area (sq. km). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+forest&d=WDI&f=Indicator_Code%3aAG.LND. FRST.K2%3bCountry_Code%3aKEN United Nations (UN). (2010). MDG_Report_2010_Progress_Chart_En.pdf. Retrieved August 31, 2011, from mdgs.un.org: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2010/MDG_Report _2010_Progress_Chart_En.pdf

46

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

United Nations (UN). (2011). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011. New York. United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2003). Millennium Development Goals National Reports; a Look Through a Gender Lens. New York . United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), kg CO2 per $1 GDP (PPP) (CDIAC). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+Carbon+dioxide+emissions+&d=MDG&f=serie sRowID%3a788%3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), metric tons of CO2 per capita (CDIAC). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+Carbon+dioxide+emissions+&d=MDG&f=serie sRowID%3a751%3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand metric tons of CO2 (CDIAC). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+Carbon+dioxide+emissions+&d=MDG&f=serie sRowID%3a749%3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Children under 5 severely underweight, percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+underweight&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a560 %3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $). Retrieved September 2011, 19, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+energy&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a648%3bco untryID%3a404

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Malaria death rate per 100,000 population, ages 0-4. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++malaria&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a664%3b countryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Malaria death rate per 100,000 population, all ages. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++malaria&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a663%3b countryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Marine areas protected to territorial waters, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+protect&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a786%3bco untryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 19). Notified cases of malaria per 100,000 population. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++malaria&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a644%3b countryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+poverty&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a583%3bc ountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Population below national poverty line, total, percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+poverty&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a581%3bc ountryID%3a404

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+poverty&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a582%3bc ountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Population undernourished, percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+undernourished&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a 566%3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Population using solid fuels, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+solid+fuel&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a712%3 bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Poverty gap ratio at $1 a day (PPP), percentage. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Kenya+poverty&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a584%3bc ountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2009, August 29). Proportion of land area covered by forest, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+forest&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a567%3bcou ntryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, rural. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data:

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http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+water&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a667%3bcou ntryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, urban. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: ttp://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+water&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a666%3bcoun tryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+sanitation&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a670%3 bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+sanitation&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a670%3 bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, total. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+sanitation&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a668%3 bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, urban. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data:

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http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+sanitation&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a669%3 bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+protect&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a616%3bco untryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29 ). Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+protect&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a784%3bco untryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Tuberculosis death rate per year per 100,000 population (mid-point). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++tuberculosis&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a647 %3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population (mid-point). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++tuberculosis&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a617 %3bcountryID%3a404 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2011, August 29). Tuberculosis treatment success rate under DOTS, percentage. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++tuberculosis&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a618 %3bcountryID%3a404

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World Health Organization (WHO). (2010, November 19). Deaths due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative people (per 100 000 population). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya++HIV+&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3aMD G_0000000017%3bCOUNTRY_ISO_CODE%3aKEN World Health Organization. (2010, November 19). Proportion of population using improved drinking-water sources (%). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UN Data: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=kenya+water&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3aWHS 5_122%3bCOUNTRY_ISO_CODE%3aKEN

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) velopment ABOUT THE AUTHOR

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he author, B. W. Namano, holds a BSc degree in Instrumentation and Control

Engineering from Egerton University. He conducts research and authors reports

and articles on issues relating to development, policies, governance, democracy, constitutional politics and civil society among others. Among his latest publications is a report dubbed Implementation of the Consti Constitution; an

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Independent Status Report released on 27 August 2011, exactly one year after the promulgation of Kenyas contemporary constitution.

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B. W. Namano. Email: bwnamano@gmail.com

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