PART-A What is Project Identification?

Project Identification is an activity in Project Management that is a repeatable process to document, validate, rank, and approve candidate projects. Project Identification is a repeatable process for documenting, validating, ranking and approving candidate projects within an organization. The key feature of this activity is recognizing that identifying candidate projects is something that an organization should do on a regular basis, not just once each year. Further, when examining projects for approval, it is vital to also examine the resource capacities and capabilities available for assignment. It is futile to assign a major new project requiring extensive discovery of business requirements if no business analysts are available. In short, project Identification is the process of checking if candidate projects should be undertaken by the organization. Define project A project is a temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end (usually timeconstrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The Chartered Management Institute define a project as; an activity that has a beginning and an end which is carried out to achieve a particular purpose to a set quality within given time constraints and cost limits. Mention any two functions of DIC Counselling and guiding the entrepreneurs Issuing Provisional registration for Small Scale Industries, manually. Preparing technical feasibility report, whenever the financial institutions ask for. Issuing Permanent SSI registration for the industry which commenced production Conducting Entrepreneur Development Programme at selected institutes to the probable entrepreneurs. Conducting regular meeting with local SSI units to solve any particular problem of SSI. Assisting and guiding the entrepreneurs in exporting through the proposed Export Cell

What is the life cycle of a project? The Project Life Cycle refers to a logical sequence of activities to accomplish the projects goals or objectives. Regardless of scope or complexity, any project goes through a series of stages during its life. There is first an Initiation or Birth phase, in which the outputs and critical success factors are defined, followed by a Planning phase, characterized by breaking down the project into smaller parts/tasks, an Execution phase, in which the project plan is executed, and lastly a Closure or Exit phase, that marks the completion of the project.

Define women entrepreneur A "women entrepreneur" is any women who organizes and manages any enterprise, esp. a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. According to Government of India, a woman entrepreneur is defined as "an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman and having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. What is PERT? The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly abbreviated PERT, is a statistical tool, used in project management, that is designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project. First developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s, it is commonly used in conjunction with the critical path method or CPM. PERT is a method to analyze the involved tasks in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. What is cottage industry? Cottage Industry is a specialized form of small scale industry where the production of the commodity takes place in the homes and the labour is supplied by the family members only. The machineries or means utilized for the production of the commodities generally are the common ones used at homes. The basic characteristic feature of Cottage Industry is that it is basically unorganized in nature and come under the group of small scale industry type. Cottage industries are traditional. Most of the work is done in workshops or at homes that produce and manufacture wood carvings, pottery etc. Cottage industry is generally unorganized in character and falls under the category of small scale industry. They produce consumable products through the use of conventional methods. These types of industries originate in the country sides where unemployment and underemployment are widespread. In this way, cottage industries help the economy by engrossing a massive amount of remaining workforce of the rural areas. But on the flip side Cottage Industry cannot be considered as the mass producer of products. It faces major risks from medium or large industries which demand huge amount of capital investment for all types of hi-end technologies. The well-known organization like Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is working towards the development and endorsement of cottage industries in India. Other premier organizations are Central Silk Board, Coir Board, All India Handloom Board and All India Handicrafts Board, and organizations like Forest Corporations and National Small Industries Corporation are also playing an active role in the meaningful expansion of cottage industries in India. Distinguish between project formulation and project report The difference between project formulation and preparation of the detailed project report should be clearly understood. Project formulation is an investigating process, which precedes investment decisions. Its purpose is to present relevant facts before the decision makes to enable them to accept or reject the project. Therefore, the project idea is examined from the viewpoint of overall objectives, financial viability, technical feasibility and social impact. On the other hand, detailed project report preparation is a post-investment decision. It involves the preparation of detailed specifications and design, engineering drawings, site 2

investigation, foundations design and process design as well as time schedules for project implementation. Detailed project report (DPR) serves as the work plan for the implementation of a project whereas project formulation and pre-investment report (PIR) is the basis on which the investment decision is taken. Thus, project formulation always precedes detailed project report. Give the full form of NAYE National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs What is feasibility analysis? Feasibility literally means whether some idea will work or not. An analysis and evaluation of a proposed project to determine if it (1) is technically feasible, (2) is feasible within the estimated cost, and (3) will be profitable. Feasibility studies are almost always conducted where large sums are at stake. Consider your answer to the following questions. Can you ride a bicycle? Can you drive a car? Can you repair a car's transmission? Can you make lasagna? Can you snow ski? Can you earn an "A" in this course? Can you walk on the moon? As you considered your response to each of these questions, you quickly did some kind of feasibility analysis in your mind. Maybe your feasibility analysis and responses went something like this: Can you ride a bicycle? "Of course I can! I just went mountain bike riding last weekend with my best friend." Can you drive a car? "Naturally, I drove to school today and gasoline is sure expensive." Can you repair a car's transmission? "Are you kidding? I don't even know what a transmission is!" Can you make lasagna? "I never have, but with a recipe and directions I'm sure that I could. My mom makes the best lasagna, yum!" Can you snow ski? "I tried it once and hated it. It was so cold and it cost a lot of money." Can you earn an "A" in this course? "I think it would be easier to walk on the moon." Can you walk on the moon? "People have done it. With training, I think I could, and I would like to also."

PART-B What is the Role and Importance of Small Scale Industry in India? In a developing country like India, the role and importance of small-scale industries is very significant towards poverty eradication, employment generation, rural development and creating regional balance in promotion and growth of various development activities. It is estimated that this sector has been contributing about 40% of the gross value of output produced in the manufacturing sector and the generation of employment by the small-scale sector is more than five times to that of the large-scale sector. The small-scale industries have been playing an important role in the growth process of Indian economy since independence in spite of stiff competition from the large sector and not very encouraging support from the government. The following are some of the important role played by small- scale industries in India.

1. Employment generation: The basic problem that is confronting the Indian economy is increasing pressure of population on the land, and the need to create massive employment opportunities. This problem is solved to larger extent by small-scale industries because small- scale industries are labour intensive in character. They generate huge number of employment opportunities. Employment generation by this sector has shown a phenomenal growth. It is a powerful tool of job creation. 2. Mobilisation of resources and entrepreneurial skill: Small-scale industries can mobilize a good amount of savings and entrepreneurial skill from rural and semi-urban areas remain untouched from the clutches of large industries and put them into productive use by investing in small-scale units. Small entrepreneurs also improve social welfare of a country by harnessing dormant, previously overlooked talent. Thus, a huge amount of latent resources are being mobilised by the small-scale sector for the development of the economy. 3. Equitable distribution of income: Small entrepreneurs stimulate a redistribution of wealth, income and political power within societies in ways that are economically positive and without being politically disruptive. Thus small-scale industries ensures equitable distribution of income and wealth in the Indian society which is largely characterised by more concentration of income and wealth in the organised section keeping unorganised sector undeveloped. This is mainly due to the fact that small industries are widespread as compared to large industries and are having large employment potential. 4. Regional dispersal of industries: There has been massive concentration of industries m a few large cities of different states of Indian union. People migrate from rural and semi urban areas to these highly developed centres in search of employment and sometimes to earn a better living which ultimately leads to many evil consequences of over-crowding, pollution, creation of slums, etc. This problem of Indian economy is better solved by small- scale industries which utilise local resources and brings about dispersion of industries in the various parts of the country thus promotes balanced regional development. 5. Provides opportunities for development of technology: Small-scale industries have tremendous capacity to generate or absorb innovations. They provide ample opportunities for the development of technology and technology in return, creates an environment conducive to the development of small units. The entrepreneurs of small units play a strategic role in commercialising new inventions and products. It also facilitates the transfer of technology from one to the other. As a result, the economy reaps the benefit of improved technology.

6. Indigenisation: Small-scale industries make better use of indigenous organisational and management capabilities by drawing on a pool of entrepreneurial talent that is limited in the early stages of economic development. They provide productive outlets for the enterprising independent people. They also provide a seed bed for entrepreneurial talent and a testing round for new ventures. 7. Promotes exports: Small-scale industries have registered a phenomenal growth in export over the years. The value of exports of products of small-scale industries has increased to Rs. 393 crores in 197374 to Rs. 71, 244 crores in 2002-03. This contributes about 35% India's total export. Thus they help in increasing the country's foreign exchange reserves thereby reduces the pressure on country's balance of payment. 8. Supports the growth of large industries: The small-scale industries play an important role in assisting bigger industries and projects so that the planned activity of development work is timely attended. They support the growth of large industries by providing, components, accessories and semi finished goods required by them. In fact, small industries can breathe vitality into the life of large industries. 9. Better industrial relations: Better industrial relations between the employer and employees help in increasing the efficiency of employees and reducing the frequency of industrial disputes. The loss of production and man-days are comparatively less in small- scale industries. There is hardly any strikes and lock out in these industries due to good employee-employer relationship. Of course, increase in number of units, production, employment and exports of small- scale industries over the years are considered essential for the economic growth and development of the country. It is encouraging to mention that the small-scale enterprises accounts for 35% of the gross value of the output in the manufacturing sector, about 80% of the total industrial employment and about 40% of total export of the country.

What are the reasons for starting women entrepreneurship? (not a perfect answer) Women have owned and operated businesses for decades, but they were not always recognized or given credit for their efforts. Often women entrepreneurs were "invisible" as they worked side by side with their husbands, and many only stepped into visible leadership positions when their husbands died. But a variety of factors have combined in recent years to contribute to the visibility and number of women who start their own businesses. As women enter the workforce in ever-greater numbers, they gain professional experience, and managerial skills, both necessary to be successful entrepreneurs. Flexibility is also a factor in many women's decision to start a business. Entrepreneurship is often seen as an ideal way to juggle the competing demands of career and family. Finally, the disparity in the salaries and 5

wages that women earn as compared to men on average has been a factor in motivating some women to decide to establish their own businesses. Although the small businesses owned by women have traditionally been in the service sector, in recent years women entrepreneurs have been moving rapidly into manufacturing, construction, and other industrial fields. Women business owners still face greater difficulties in gaining access to commercial credit and bidding on government contracts than do their male colleagues, and pockets of resistance to women entrepreneurs remain strong in some industries and geographic regions. But millions of successful businesses launched and managed by women now dot America's business landscape, each a testament to the legitimacy of the aspirations and talents of the woman entrepreneur. Many studies indicate that women start businesses for fundamentally different reasons than their male counterparts. While men start businesses primarily for growth opportunities and profit potential, women most often found businesses in order to meet personal goals, such as gaining feelings of achievement and accomplishment. In many instances, women consider financial success as an external confirmation of their ability rather than as a primary goal or motivation to start a business, although millions of women entrepreneurs will grant that financial profitability is important in its own right. Women also tend to start businesses about ten years later than men, on average. Motherhood, lack of management experience, and traditional socialization has all been cited as reasons for delayed entry into entrepreneurial careers. Many women start a business due to some traumatic event, such as divorce, discrimination due to pregnancy or the corporate glass ceiling, the health of a family member, or economic reasons such as a layoff. As a result, the concentration of women business owners in the retail and service sectorsand in traditional industries such as cosmetics, food, fashion, and personal careis slowly changing. Explain the advantages of ISO 9000 The Benefits of ISO-9000 There has been so much written about the benefits of having ISO-9000 registration, there isn't enough space on this website to repeat it all. We will attempt to list some of the basic benefits here. 1. ISO-9000 forces an organization to focus on "how they do business". Each procedure and work instruction must be documented and thus, becomes the springboard for Continuous Improvement. 2. Documented processes are the basis for repetition and help eliminate variation within the process. As variation is eliminated, efficiency improves. As efficiency improves, the cost of quality is reduced. 3. With the development of solid Corrective and Preventative measures, permanent, company-wide solutions to quality problems are found. 4. Employee morale is increased as they are asked to take control of their processes and document their work processes.

5. Customer satisfaction, and more importantly customer loyalty, grows. As a company transforms from a reactive organization to a pro-active, preventative organization, it becomes a company people want to do business with. 6. Reduced problems resulting from increased employee participation, involvement, awareness and systematic employee training. 7. Better products and services result from Continuous Improvement processes. 8. Fosters the understanding that quality, in and of itself, is not limited to a quality department but is everyone's responsibility. 9. Improved profit levels result as productivity improves and rework costs are reduced. 10. Improved communications both internally and externally which improves quality, efficiency, on time delivery and customer/supplier relations. ALSO, Provides an opportunity to increase value to the activities of the organization Improve the performance of processes/activities continually Satisfaction of customers Attention to resource management

Implementation of statutory and regulatory requirements related to product/services Better management control

Explain the role of DIC in the promotion of SSI Role of DIC for the promotion of Small Scale & Cottage Industries: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Technical support for preparation of Project Report. Information on sources of machinery & Equipment. Priority in Power supply/ Telephone connection. Promotion of new Industrial Estates/ Growth Centres. Land/ Shed in Industrial Estate. Approval of Project Reports of special types. Promotion of Electronic Industries. Govt. Margin Money Loan under Additional Employment Programme.

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Training through Entrepreneurship Development Programme.

10. Assistance under State Incentives Scheme. 11. Allotment of Raw Materials.

12. Financial Assistance under Self Employment Schemes. 13. Financial assistance through Bank/ WBFC/ WBSIC/NSIC. 14. Assistance under Equipment Leasing Scheme through NSIC. 15. Marketing linkage with Central Govt./ State Govt. organisations/ undertakings. 16. Marketing assistance through WBSIC/NSIC/CEO. 17. Ancillary Industry tie-up with Govt. undertakings. 18. Marketing information. 19. Marketing assistance through participation in Exhibitions/ Trade Fairs/ BuyersSellers Meet etc. 20. Marketing assistance to Handicrafts Artisans through participation in Handicrafts Expo and Exhibition inside/ outside of the state. 21. Linkage with organisations like WBHDC/ WB State Handicrafts Co-operative Society Ltd./Development Commissioners ( Handicrafts ). 22. Attending problems related to SSI Registration/ Bank loan/ Marketing of production etc. More at http://www.hooghly.gov.in/industry/roll_of_dic.htm

What are the major causes of industrial sickness? External causes Internal causes 1. Internal causes: 1.Power Cuts: - lack of power electricity support - shortage in electricity 8

2.Erratic supply of inputs: - shortage of raw material - lack of transportation facility - high price 3. Demand & credit restraints: -no equal balance of demand and supply and lack of credit facility. - lack of credit facility - storage expanses - chance of out of fashion 4. Government policy. - change in government policy - lack of government support. - high authority to large unit External causes 1.Fault at the planning & construction stage: - wrong location area - absence of market analysis. - unbalance capital structure. 2. Financial problem: - unable to repay payment. - lack of financial support from bank & institution 3. Defective plant & machinery - lack of technical & professional skill - lack of technology - in efficient in machine. - high maintance 4. Entrepreneurial incompetence - lack of knowledge of market - lack of efficient professional skill 9

- lack of innovation 5. Management problem - inefficiency of management function - lack of expert opinion. 6. Labour problem: - lack of inefficient lab our - lack of coordination in work. - unsatisfied labour

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Define EDP. Explain problems in entrepreneurial development programmes. Entrepreneurial development programme may be defined as a programme designed to help an individual in strengthening his entrepreneurial motive and in acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his entrepreneurial role effectively. It is an attempt to develop person as entrepreneur through structural training. The main purpose of such entrepreneurial development programme is to widen the base of entrepreneurship by developing achievement motivation and entrepreneurial skills among the less privileged sections of society. An entrepreneurship development programme is, thus, based on the belief that individuals can be developed to entrepreneur by changing their outlook through an organized and systematic programme EDP is not merely a training programme. It is a process of:

Enhancing the motivation, knowledge and skills of the potential entrepreneurs. Arousing and reforming the entrepreneurial behavior in their day-to-day activities. Assisting them develop their own ventures or enterprise as a sequel to entrepreneurial action.

Problems in the Conduct of EDPs 1. No policy at the National Level: Government of India is fully aware about the importance of entrepreneurial development. But there is no provisional of a national policy on entrepreneurship. 2. Problems at the pre-training phase: Identification of business opportunities, finding and locating target group, selection of trainee and trainers etc. are basic problems faced by entrepreneurial pre-training phase. 3. Over-estimation of trainees: EDP agencies overestimate the skills and capabilities of the educated youth to become entrepreneur. 4. Duration of EDPs: Duration of most of the EDPs varies between 4 to 6 weeks, which is very short period to develop entrepreneurial skills in the participants. 5. Non-availability of infrastructural facilities: EDPs conducted in rural and backward areas suffer interior infrastructural facilities like proper class room, suitable guest speakers, boarding and lodging etc. 6. Improper methodology: The course contents of EDPs are not standardized. 12

7. Mode of selection: There is no uniform procedure adopted by various agencies for the identification of prospective entrepreneurs. Organizations conducting EDPs prefer those persons who have some project ideas of their own and thus this opportunity is not provided to all the interested candidates. 8. Non-availability of competent faculty: Non availability of competent teachers causes failure of this programme. 9. Poor response of financial institutions: Entrepreneurs are not able to offer collateral security for the grant of loans. Banks are not prepared to play with the public money and hence they impose various conditions for the grant of loans. Those entrepreneurs who fail to comply with the conditions are not able to get loan and hence their dream of setting up their own enterprises is shattered. Helpful attitude of lending institutions wills go a long way in stimulating entrepreneurial climate.

PART-C What are the problems faced by Women Entrepreneurs and measures to solve them. Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few problems can be detailed as; 1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women. 2. The financial institutions are skeptical (Doubting) about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The bankers put unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get loan to women entrepreneurs. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), "despite evidence that womans loan repayment rates are higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995b). 3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their ventures be it a formal bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in developing nations have little access to funds, due to the fact that they are concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money (Starcher, 1996; UNIDO, 1995a). The women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand.

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4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher, 1996, p. 8).The financial institutions discourage women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become housewives again. The result is that they are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan from relatives and family friends. 5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to make a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success is depends on the support the family members extended to women in the business process and management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations. 6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management skills. They have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done, especially, the marketing and sales side of business. Here there is more probability for business fallacies like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit. Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which women have been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even when they are otherwise in control of an enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area. 7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time, due to lack of organisational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face constraints from competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even different regions and states are less found in women compared to male entrepreneurs. This shows the low level freedom of expression and freedom of mobility of the women entrepreneurs. 8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation skills are the basic requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from different souse with discount prices is the factor that determines the profit margin. Lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials and low-level negotiation and bargaining skills are the factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business adventures. 9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India is found at low level compared to male population. Many women in developing nations lack the education needed to spur successful entrepreneurship. They are ignorant of new technologies or unskilled in their use, and often unable to do research and gain the necessary training (UNIDO, 1995b, p.1). Although great advances are being made in technology, many women's illiteracy, structural difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent the technology from being beneficial or even available to females ("Women Entrepreneurs in Poorest Countries," 2001). According to The Economist, this lack of knowledge and the continuing treatment of women as second-class citizens keep them in a pervasive cycle of poverty ("The Female Poverty Trap," 2001). The study indicates that uneducated women do not have the knowledge of measurement and basic accounting. 10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into business. Low-level education provides low-level self-confidence and self-reliance to the women folk to engage in business, which is continuous risk taking and strategic cession making profession. Investing money, maintaining the operations and ploughing back money for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude, courage and confidence. Though the risk tolerance ability of the women folk in day-to-day life is high compared to male members; 14

in business, it is found to be opposite to that. 11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members. The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement motivation among women folk to engage in business operations and running a business concern. 12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas. How to Develop Women Entrepreneurs? Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into account for effective development of women entrepreneurs. 1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmes. 2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from government part. 3. Adequate training programme on management skills to be provided to women community. 4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making. 5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management. 6. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops. 7. Training on professional competence and leadership skill to be extended to women entrepreneurs. 8. Training and counselling on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success. 9. Counselling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs. 10. Continuous monitoring and improvement of training programmes. 11. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability. 12. Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part. 13. To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women training programme should be organised that taught to recognize her own psychological needs and express them. 14. State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs. 15

15. Women's development corporations have to gain access to open-ended financing. 16. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures. 17. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at local level. 18. Repeated gender sensitisation programmes should be held to train financiers to treat women with dignity and respect as persons in their own right. 19. Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to be provided by state run agencies. 20. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale of products made by women. 21. A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state. 22. District Industries Centres and Single Window Agencies should make use of assisting women in their trade and business guidance. 23. Programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women are to be extended at local level. 24. Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through welldesigned courses, which build confidence through behavioural games. 25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in small scale and large-scale business ventures. 26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organisations in women entrepreneurial training programmes and counselling.

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