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M u
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN..................................................................................................5
1.1. Du Thi.....................................................................................................................5
1.1.1. u im Ca Du Thi.....................................................................................5
1.1.2. Nhc im........................................................................................................5
1.2. M NHN:................................................................................................................5
1.2.1.nh ngha:..........................................................................................................5
1.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M: .........................................................................................5
1.3. Phn Loi.................................................................................................................11
1.3.1 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cht Lm c........................................................11
1.3.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng ............................................................13
1.3.3. Phn Loi M Theo NLGI...............................................................................15
1.4. Cng Dng Ca M Nhn ......................................................................................17
1.4.1 Tc Dng Bi Trn B Mt Chi Tit ...............................................................17
1.4.2.Tc Dng Bo V B Mt Chi Tit...................................................................17
1.4.3 Tc Dng Lm Kn Cc Mi Lp Ghp :..........................................................18
1.5. nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c...............................................................................18
1.5.1 nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c........................................................................18
1.5.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Khc.................................................................19
1.6. Cc Ch Tiu Cht Lng Ca M Nhn...............................................................20
1.6.1 Tnh n nh Ton Din Ca M Nhn...........................................................20
1.6.2. Xc nh Kim T Do V Acid Hu C T Do (TBN v TAN)....................22
1.6.3 Sch Ca M Nhn.....................................................................................23
1.6.4.Mt S Tnh Nng S Dng Khc Nh M Nhn...........................................24
CHNG 2: M HNH THIT B...................................................................................27
2.1 M Hnh Thit B......................................................................................................27
2.2 Nguyn Tc Hot ng............................................................................................28
2.2.1.Cc Thng S Chnh Khi S Dng Thit b:....................................................28
2.2.2.Hot ng:........................................................................................................29
2.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B.......................................29
CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM........................................................................................30
3.1. Ngha M Nhn....................................................................................................30
3.2. Dng C Th Nghim...............................................................................................31
3.3. Quy Trnh.................................................................................................................32
3.4. Bo Co Kt Qu.....................................................................................................34
3.4.1 Nhn Xt...........................................................................................................34
3.4.2 Hiu Xut Ca Qu Trnh.................................................................................36
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................37
M U
Du m nhn c tm quan trng rt ln trong cuc sng. N c ng dng trong vic
bi trn cc chi tit chuyn ng, gim ma st, gim mi mn, n mn cc chi tit Du
bi trn c ng dng vi s lng ln, phm vi s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin n cn b
hn ch trong mt s iu kin lm vic nh bi trn cc trc c nhit rt cao , v tr
chu ti ln Ti cc v tr ny ngi ta thay th du bi trn bng m bi trn .Ngay nay
m bi trn cng c s dng vi s lng tng i ln , n b sung thm nhng tnh
cht, tc dng m du bi trn khng c. C nhiu ngun nguyn liu v phng php
sn xut cc loi m bi trn vi cc cng dng khc nhau.
Sn xut m bi trn t nht thi l mt quy trnh mi m cha c s dng rng ri
.Trong thc t quy trnh ny mi c lm th cng . Nht sau mt thi gian s dng b
bin tnh, gim cht lng v c thi ra .Lng nht thi ra l rt ln nu khng s l s
nh hng rt nhiu n mi trng , n cng c s dng trong mt s cng vic khc
,tuy nhin hiu qu cha cao . tn dng lng nht ny ngi ta nghin cu v a ra
quy trnh sn xut m nhn t nht thi. Tuy m c sn xut t nht thi cht lng
cha cao nhng n cng gp phn em li nhiu li nhun v tc dng khc.
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu,nghin cu quy trnh v c s hng dn ca cc thy
c chng em hon thnh v hiu bit thm v quy trnh ny.Do thi gian c hn, cha
c c st vi thc t ,kin thc cn hn ch ,y li l mt quy trnh mi m, nguyn
liu v mt s ha cht cn thit cha y nn quy trnh v sn phm chng em lm ra
cn nhiu sai st v cht lng cha cao.
Chng em rt mong c s ch dn thm v kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn!
NHN XT
(Ca ging vin hng dn)
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3
NHN XT
(Ca ging vin phn bin hoc b mn)
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4
1.2. M NHN:
1.2.1.nh ngha:
M bi trn l loi sn phm c nhiu dng t rn cho n bn lng do s phn b
ca cc tc nhn lm c cht bi trn dng dung dch v cc thnh phn khc c a
vo to nn cc c tnh ca m.
1.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M:
1.2.2.2 Cht Lm c:
Cht lm c hay cn gi l pha rn, pha phn tn chim hm lng t 20-25%. Cht
lm c trong m to thnh khung c cu trc khng gian. Khung ny c lm thm
t bi pha lng l du nhn chnh n lm nn cc tnh do ca m. Du nhn lp y cc
khong rng, khe h hoc ch trng trong khung cu trc khng gian ca cht lm c v
b gi li ti c gi li nh lc ht mao dn. Cu trc ca m c 2 loi: cu trc th
v cu trc tinh. M c cu trc xuyn sut ton b dy ca m, cu trc ny chnh l
cu trc ca cc phn t nh nht ca cht lm c to nn. Do c tc ng c hc t bn
ngoi nh lc, kh bt, khuy trn lm cho th khi ca m b ph v, to ra cu trc
th. Cc ht n l hay cc s m trong cu trc th c th nhn thy bng mt thng hay
khi phng i ln mt cht. Chnh v th cu trc th ca m to ra hnh dng bn ngoi
ca m. Cu trc th ca m c 3 dng: dng ht, dng x v dng trn. Cu trc ca m
ph thuc vo thnh phn, cng ngh sn xut v gia cng c hc ca m. Bn cht t
nhin ca cht lm c ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh hnh thnh cu trc m. Tuy vy
6
gim hng loi cc tnh cht quan trng nh:gii hn bn , tnh n nh c hc , nhit
nh git . Nu m tng tc vi mt lng nc va phi th s to vi nc th nh
tng,c th bo v b mt c bi trn chng tc nhn n mn tt hn m canxi. M
canxi c tnh n inh cao vi nhit nh git trn 103oC,nhit s dng hu hiu nht
i vi m natrio t 20 n 110oC.
M canxi natri l m x phng phc hp canxi-natri ,n bao gm c hai tnh cht
ca hai loi m kiu trn.N c s dng nhit <100oC,t nhy cm vi nc v
m so vi natri. Tuy vy loi m ny vn l loi tan tt trong nc v thng c s
dng nhng ni c tc vng quay ln.
M liti c sn xut nhiu do nhit nh git cao ,it tan trong nc ,t x phng
liti ngi ta s dng cc loi m dng nhit thp n cc loi m dng nhit
cao .Khong nhit m m liti c php s dng l t -60oC n 140oC ,m liti c tnh
n nh c hc v tnh n nh keo tt.
M xa phng nhm c sn xut t hn cc loi m trn,chng c sn xut t x
phng nhm ca acid stearic v leic vi du nhn c nht cao,y l loi m chu
nc ,bm dnh tt,tnh n nh c hc cao song tnh chu nhit km.Do vy dng bo
v cc b mt thng xuyn c tip xc vi mi trng c m cao hoc nc.
M bari c tnh cht tng t nh m liti nhng tri hn v mt chu nc ,chu
nhit . Loi m ny dng bi trn cc thit b tu ngm.
M ch c kh nng chu ti trong cao.Thng thng, m ch khng ch s dng ring
cho x phng ch lm pha rn m kt hp vi cc loi x phng khc hoc l vi cc
hydrocacbon,hay gp hn l m ch xerezin v m ch natri.
M gc sp l loi m dng cho cc hp cht hydrocacbon rn lm pha ca m la
xerezin,parafin v hn hp ca chng. L loi m c kh nng chu nc v bo v
tt,nhc im ca m ny l kh nng chu nhit v chu xng km. M gc sp chim
khong 10% lng m ni chung.
M hu c vi cht lm c l hp cht hu c ca flo , clo , cc loi polyme,
polyuretan, cc dn sut ure , este phc hploim ny c sn xut vi khi lng
khng nhiu, ch dung nhng trng hp c bit nh nhit cao ,nhit tht v mi
trng n mn mnh hoc cn phi c nhng tnh cht c bit nhng khng ph hy
cc cht kt cu , c tnh nht ,nhit c bit cao
M v c dng cht lm c l cc n cht hoc hp cht v c nh
silicagen,disulfit molipdat,tham grafit,t st...chng sn xut m c tnh cht c bit
m x phng v m hydrocacbon khng th c c. cc loi m ny c tnh cht rt tt
9
Cht c ch
c im
Diphenylamine
R tin
Phenyl-alpha-napthylamine
Dioctyldiphenylamine
Phenothiazine
Polymerictrimethylldihydroquinoline
2,6-di-tert-butyl-r-methylphenol
Tnh nng
% khi lng
10
Cht ph gia
2-10
Dibezyl disulphide
vi chlorinated parafins
bn mng
0,1-5
di-isopropyl
dilauryl hydrogen
Chng r
0,5-5
Sodium petroleum
sulphonates,
barium
dinonylnapthalene
sulphonate
Kh hot tnh ng
0,05-1
2mercaptobenzothiazole
Ci thin nht
0,1-1
Polymethacrylates
Chng to ta
0,001
Du silicone
To dnh
0,5-2
Polymers
Chng mi mn
0,1-2
Tricresyl phosphate,
hoc
zinc
dialkyldithiophosphate
Tnh k nc
0,1-2
Oleic
To mu
0,05-0,5
Perfumes
Bo v mi mn
0,5-3
Nonylphenoxyacetic
acid,
ethylene-diamine
sulphonate,
barium
sulphonate
b)
1.3.1.4 M nhn gc hu c.
Nhm m ny c cht lm c l cc cht hu c rn, c b mt ring kh ln, chu
c nhit cao v khng nc tt. Trong nhm ny nhiu loi m c thnh phm l du
khong hoc du tng hp vi cc cht lm c khc nhau :
12
M nhn nng chy thp : cc loi m nhn ny c nh git t 40-70 oC, dng cho
cc loi my mc c nhit lm vic thp, c cc loi m Chiatim 201,203,205 ca Lin
X c.
M chiatim 201,203 c pha thm ph gia chng oxy ha, chng mi mn tng
ng vi m Aeroshell 6B (hng shell) ,m beacon P290(hng Esso) dng cho cc thit
b cng sut nh ,nhit thp.
M chiatim 205 c cht lm c l xerezin, dng vng m chn du,mi ni ren
v cc thit b d hng lm vic mi trng n mn.
M nhn nng chy trung bnh :m ny c im nh git t 65-100oC, c th dng
khi nhit lm vic 80oC, thnh phm gm du nhn v x phng canxi.
nc ta trc y thng dng m YC-2 c nh git 75oC, xuyn kim 25oC
t 230-290mm,thch hp cho cc v m di gm t,cc cutsin ma st nh.Tng
ng vi YC-2 c cc nhn hiu
Hng shell c m Undergease2,Undergease3
Hng BP c m BP Grearse C2
Hng Castrol c m Castrol Heavy
Hng du ca Hunggary c m 90
Ngoi YC2- cn c YCC-A (cn gi l m ch),v c pha thm 10% bt grapht nhm
tng thn tnh bm dnh v chu lc c nhit nh git l 77oC v xuyn kim 25oC l
250mm, m ny dng lp xe,dy cp phanh,b phn chuyn ng my ko tng ng
c cc nhn hiu:
Hng shell c m loi Barbaria2,3,4
Hng du Hunggari c loi ZG-80
M nhn c nhit nng chy cao
Nhm m ny c nhit nh git trn 100oC, co1 thnh phn du nhn v cht lm
cc5 l x phng natri (hoc hn hp natri-canxi). Loi m ny chu nhit tt,chu nc
km.
nc ta trc y thng dng 2 loi m nhn thuc loi ny l YT-2 v m nhn
BYT (m 1-13), NK-50, m YT-2 c nhit ti thiu l 1500C, nhit s dng khng
qu 1300C, dng cho mt in, bi my ko v xe in, khng dng ni m t, nhn
hiu tng ng:
- Hng shell: m Natrita-3
- Hng esso: m Andox-C
14
Cp
NLGI
xuyn kim
ASTM 250C/0.1 ml
Dng ngoi
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
000
445-447
Na lng
00
400-430
Cc mm
355-385
Rt mm
310-340
Mm
256-295
Mm va
15
220-250
Rn va
175-205
Rn
130-160
Rt rn
85-115
Cc rn
16
Loi m
(cht lm c)
Nhit s
dng cao
nht (0C)
Nhit nh
git thp nht
(0C)
Kt cu
Kh nng
chu nc
X phng
Nhm
82
>80(*)
Nhn,mn
Tt
107
188
Mn
Tt
2 X phng Bari
3
X phng
Canci
77
82
Mn
Tt
X phng chc
Canci
150
260
Mn
Tt
X phng Liti
150
190
Nhn, si
Kh n tt
6 X phng Natri
120
170
Xu n tt
V c
120
Khng chy
Mn
Tuyt ho
Hu c
160
160
Nhn
Tuyt ho
17
22
1.6.3.1. Nc Trong M
Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 3183-79, ASTM D95
Nc c mt t l nht nh trong m nhn v iu cn thit cho vic to thnh
cu th ca m, nhng nu lng nc vt qu gii hn cho php th s nh hng
khng tt n tnh n nh c hc ca m, lm gim kh nng bo v kim loi ca m, gy
tc hi n mn. Ty tng gc m m lng nc cho php khc nhau theo % khi lng
so vi m.
- M gc x phng Canxi lng nc cho php l 1,.0 3.0%
- M gc x phng Canxi-Natri lng nc cho php l 0.3-0.5%
- M gc x phng Natri lng nc cho php l 0.5%
- M gc x phng sp khng cho php c nc.
ASTM D95 dng nh lng nc trong m cng nh cc sn phm du m khc
bng phng php chng ct.
TCVN 3183-79 dng xc nh nc trong m theo phng php nh tnh
23
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1.6.4.2. Rn c Ca M Nhn
Tiu chun xc nh TCVN-5853-1995, ASTM D217
rn c ca m bi trn c nh gi qua xuyn kim. xuyn kim l ln
su ca chp nn kim kh c khi lng qui nh ri trong 5 giy vo mt khi m th
nghim c nho u, nhit 250C. Mi n v xuyn kim tng ng vi
ln su 0.1mm. Xc nh xuyn kim theo tiu chun TCVN-5853-1995 hoc ASTMD217 trong dng c chuyn dng.
xuyn kim nh l biu hin m rn c v ngc li. xuyn kim phn no ty
vo t l v c tnh ca cht lm c, t l cht lm c cng nhiu th xuyn kim nh
v ngc li. Loi m gc x phng ca acid bo c xuyn kim ln hn xuyn kim
ca m gc x phng acid khng no. xuyn kim cng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca loi
du dng ch bin m, du c nht ln th m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.
Da vo xuyn kim lm c s chn m dng cho thch hp vi iu kin s
dng c th, nh ni c p lc ln th phi dng m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.
Ngoi ra cn xc nh xuyn kim ca khi lng m chu 100000 ln chy gi,
ngha l m trng thi gn vi trng thi ca ng c. Ch tiu ny biu hin cho bn
lm vic ca m, ch tiu ny ca m cng thp chng t bn lm vic ca m cng cao
v ngc li. ng nhin xuyn kim nh vy cao hn xuyn kim xc nh theo tiu
chun ASTM D217.
25
Khi lng m hao ht th nghim theo tiu chun ny khng vt qu gii hn cho
php, thng l 2gam.
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1
12
13
4
5
2
7
9
10
11
2.2.2.Hot ng:
Sau khi cho 500ml nht thi vo cc bnh gia nhit ( 300ml vo bnh gia nhit trn v
200ml vo bnh gia nhit di), ta tin hnh cho thit b hot ng.
Cm phch vo ngun in 220V, m cng tc gia nhit trn v di ng thi m
lun cng tc bng hin th. Lc ny ng h o thi gian cng bt u hot ng.
Ta tip tc cho vo bnh gia nhit di ( bnh khuy) cc thnh phn iu ch m nh
acid stearic, NaOH vi khi lng thch hp thc hin qu trnh x phng ha. ng
thi m lun cng tt khuy cho cnh khuy hot ng.
Ta iu chnh nhit trong bnh khuy ( qu trnh x phng ha) khong 1300C.
Bnh gia nhit trn c gi nhit n nh khong 1100-1300 ( gn vi nhit x
phng ha)
Sau khong 1h qu trnh to bt trong x phng ha c hn ch, lc ny ta m van
y bnh gia nhit trn cho ton b lng nht trong bnh chy xung bnh khuy.
ng thi ng cng tc gia nhit trn.
Ta nng nhit trong thng khuy ln 1800 v cho thit b hot ng ch ny
trong thi gian khong 1h.
Sau 1h ta tip tc cho cho vo bnh khuy cc ph gia cn thit nh glyxerol,
glyxerin tng hot tnh cn thit cho m v tip tc gia nhit thm 0.5h.
Thit b hot ng trong ton b thi gian khong 2.5h-3h th ta ngng hot ng dn
dn. u tin ta ng cng tt gia nhit v cho nhit trong bnh khuy gim dn (va
khuy va gim nhit), thc hin qu trnh lm ngui. Sau khi nhit trong bnh khuy
gim n mc thch hp ta ng tc c cc cng tt v tho phch cm in.
M np bnh khuy v ly sn phm.
V sinh thit b.
2.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B
Nhit trong bnh gia nhit trn c gi n nh trong khong 1100-1300 bng
cch: dng nhit k xc nh nhit trong bnh, khi nhit trong bnh ln qu cao ta
tt gia nhit trn cn khi nhit gim xung thp ta m li gia nhit ( gia nhit trn).
Mi n v trn ng h o thi gian tng ng vi 6 pht.
Khng c dng sai lch khi lng cc cht tham gia qu nhiu v gia nhit qu
cao trnh hin tng tro bt ln np bnh khuy.
Nhit thch hp khi ly sn phm ra thng th gn vi nhit phng hoc cao
hn mt cht.
29
CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM
3.1. Ngha M Nhn
-Tc dng bi trn b mt chi tit.
30
-Giy thm.
70 g axit steric
25 g NaOH 95%
ml Glycol
ml Glyxerin
ml Cylycol
Nguyn liu v cc cht ph gia trong quy trnh sn xut m tin hnh trn 100 ml
nht:
Gm c.
-Dung dch NaOH 25 %
Glyxerin,Glycol,Cylycol,SiO2 pha vi nuc ct vi t l 1:3 vi 5 (g) SiO2 v 15(g)
nc.
Stt
NaOH
Axitstearic Nht
(ml)
8
100
Glyxerin
(ml)
Cylycol
(ml)
SiO2
(ml)
10
12
100
10
10
100
10
12
100
15
12
100
17
12
100
18
13
100
20
20
100
20
15
100
10
20
14
100
11
20
13
100
Glyco
l
Ch tiu im
nh git(oC)
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
150
>190oC
>180oC
1
1
1
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3.4. Bo Co Kt Qu
3.4.1 Nhn Xt
- m thnh phm c mu vng sng, bng, t mn cn thit, m khng qu mn
v qu cng.
Sau khi m c vt ra, nhit h xung nhit phng tin hnh ly mu em
i o cht lng:
- qu trnh kim tra cht lng da vo 2 thng s l ch yu
+ im nh git
+ xuyn kim
o im nh git ca m theo tiu chun ASTM D566. m trong bi thi nghim o
c nhit khong 2000C.
Xc nh nhit nh git (ASTM D 566)
Thit b o nhit nh git c m t trn hnh 2.2.
Trnh t xc nh:
Nhi y m vo cc, gt bng ming, ch khng to bt kh.
Ly que kim loi lun vo cc t di ln sao cho lp m ch dnh vo thnh cc.
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Mtt
Mlt
36
5.
V Tam Hu, Nguyn Phng Tng. Hng dn s dng nhin liu du m - NXB
Khoa Hc V K Thut 2000.
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