School of Engineering and Energy

ENG349 Power Electronic Converters and Systems

Assignment 1 2012(Total 100 marks) Due Monday Week 7, 5pm Question 1: (10%) In general, a periodic signal x(t), with period T can be expanded as
x t X av
n 1

X n cos n X n cos

2 nt T n 1 Show that the rms value of x(t) is: X av

X rms

2 X av

1 2

2 Xn n 1

Reviewing the definition of the rms value (below) we need to evaluate the integral over one period of the function x(t)2.

X rms

1 x(t )2 dt T 0
2 2 av

x(t )

2 X av
n 1

X n cos(n 0t

)
n 1

X n cos(n 0t

Noting that the integrals of products of two different frequency components are individually zero, the required integration reduces to:
1 T
T 2 X avdt 0 0 n 1 T 2 X n cos 2 (n 0t n

X rms

)dt

And we obtain the result:

X rms

2 X av

1 2

2 Xn n 1

Question 2: (10%)
A second-order circuit is shown in Figure 1 below. What function does the circuit fulfill? Show that if

then the magnitude response of this circuit can be written as

L + vin C R vo -

Figure 1. Second order circuit Magnitude response for the second order low pass filter
1 H( ) Vo ( ) Vin ( ) j C j L 1 (1
2

1 R 1 1 R
2

1 j L ( j CR 1) 1 R 1 1
2

1 LC j L R

j C H( )

LC )

L R

1 2

LC

( LC )

L2

R2

With L 2CR 2
2

LC

L2

R2

And hence

H( ) 1
With
1
c

1
4

( LC ) 2

LC 1
4

H( ) 1

ANS: Replace all elements by their respective impedances in the circuit diagram:

Now, KCL at the output node:

The magnitude of this transfer function is

In order to obtain an expression of the required form, we need to eliminate the the expression under the square root operator. We can do this by setting:

terms from

This leaves

where the cut-off frequency is given by

Question 3: (Diode) (25%)

Consider the battery-charging circuit shown in Figure 2 below in which vs(t) = 20 sin (200 t), R = 80 , VB = 12V, and the diode is ideal. (a) Calculate the current i(t) (b) Plot the current i(t) and voltage vs(t) using ICAP. (c) Determine the average charging current for the battery. (Hint: The average current is the charge that flows through the battery in one cycle divided by the period.)
R + i(t) vs(t) VB
-

Figure 2 [Hambley P10.52] (a) When vS < 12V diode is OFF and so no current flows: i(t) = 0 When vS > 12V diode is ON with i(t) = (vS 12)/80 = (20 sin 200 t - 12) / 80 In the cycle from 0 to 1/100 = 0.01 = 10msecs the diode turns on at a time that satisfies 20 sin 200 tON = 12 tON = (1/200 ) sin-1(12/20) = 1.024ms The diode then turns off at time tOFF = T/2 - tON = 5 1.204 = 3.976ms ICAP Simulation:
D1 unknow n
2 2 1

R1 80
4

V2

V1

1 v(2)

2 i(r1)

10.0

160m

-10.0

120m

-30.0

i(r1) in amperes

Plot1 v(2) in volts

80.0m

-50.0

40.0m

-70.0

3.00m

9.00m

15.0m time in seconds

21.0m

27.0m

Note: for the graph above v(2) is the source voltage vs and ir the current through the resistor. A diode with N=1E-4 has been used in the simulation (ideal diode) (b) The average current is given by
T

Iav

(1/T)

i(t) dt
3.976m

Iav

(1/0.01)
1.024m

[ 20 sin 200 t - 12]/80 dt

3.976m

(100/80) [ -(20/200 ) cos 200 t - 12t ]

1.024m

1.25 [ - 31.83x10-3 x(-0.8001) - 12x3.976x10-3 + 31.83x10-3 x 0.8001 + 12x1.024x10-3 ] 1.25 [ 0.02547 - 0.04771 + 0.02547 + 0.01229] 1.25 x 15.52x10-3 19.4mA

= = =

Question 4: (20%)
The voltage source for the circuit in Figure A generates the periodic pulse signal shown in Figure 3B below.

(a) Find the average value for the output voltage, VO,av. (b) Calculate the peak-to-peak variation in the capacitor voltage, VOr and check your result with ICAP. iC 20
+ vin
25 F

vO -

Figure A v in (V) 24

12

8 s 10 s Figure B

(a)

(b) For the first 8 ms, the capacitor current is given approximately by

Then

VO is the ripple voltage.

1 vout

21.68

21.64

plot1 vout in volts

21.60

21.56

21.52

3.966m

3.970m

3.974m time in seconds

3.978m

3.982m

Ripple measured with ICAP is 38.2 mV. The wider the simulation time step the greater the deviation from the calculated results.

Question 5: (35%)
A single-phase, half-wave rectifier is supplied from a 240V, 50Hz supply. Assume the diode used in the rectifier to be ideal. a) First this circuit is operated with a 10 the load voltage. (5%) resistive load. Sketch the circuit and

b) Calculate the average load voltage and current. (5%) For the remainder of the exercise the circuit is operated with a load consisting of a 10 resistor in series with a 0.1H inductor, as shown in Figure 3. While the diode is conducting the circuit is described by the following differential equation:
L diL dt RiL VM sin t

c) Solve this equation and find an expression for iL(t). (10%) d) Plot iL using a program of your choice for the interval 0<t<20ms. (5%) e) Determine the conduction angle of the diode. (5%) f) Calculate the average load voltage (Vs,ave) and current (IL,ave). (5%)

iin

D1 +

iL + vR -

R vin vS L Figure 3 Half wave rectifier with inductive load

+ vL -

Answer a): ICAP Schematic and Simulation results:

D1 unknow n
1 1 2 2

V1

R1 10

1 v(1)

2 v(2)

3 i(r1)

160 120 80.0 40.0 0

320

v(2), v(1) in volts

Plot1 i(r1) in amperes

160 0 -160 -320 2.00m 6.00m 10.0m time in seconds 14.0m 18.0m 3 2 1

D
V s =339Sin ( t)

iL R =10

V s =339Sin ( t)

iL
VL

Answer b) =0; = ; the average load voltage:

Hence, the average load current

Answer c): The solution is the sum of transient and steady state response: iL (t ) iLtr (t ) iLss (t )

iLtr (t ) I 0e t / Where I0 is the initial value of iLtr(t=0) And is the time constant of the circuit equal to L/R. The steady state response is obtained using phasor analysis (amplitudes rather than rms values are used): Vin 90 Vin 90 I Lss L Z R 2 ( L) 2 tan 1 R In the time domain the steady state solution becomes: Vin iLss (t ) sin( t ) Z The complete solution for iL(t) the becomes: iL (t ) iLtr (t ) iLss (t )
Vin sin( t ) Z The initial condition is used to determine I0: Vin I0 sin( ) Z With the values given: Vin=339V Z=33 -72.3 I0=9.8A iL (t ) 9.8 Ae t / 9.8 A sin( t 72.3 ) With =L/R=10ms. I 0e
t/

Answer d) ICAP Simulation

D1 unknow n
1 1 2 2

R1 10 V1
3

L1 0.1

1 v(1)

2 v(2)

3 i(l1)

40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0

320

v(2), v(1) in volts

Plot1 i(l1) in amperes

160 0 -160 -320 2.00m 6.00m 10.0m time in seconds 14.0m 18.0m 3 2 1

Excel Plot:

Answer e) The conduction angle Hence =265 .

of the diode is equivalent to t1=14.72ms, where iL(t1)=0.

D
V s =339Sin ( t)

iL R =10 VL L = 0.1H

V s =339Sin ( t)

iL VL

Answer f) as =0o and =265 : Hence,

and