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GFP GFP-F
GFP Frame
GFP-F Ethernet Encapsulation
C2

The complete GFP frame. Used for both GFP-Framed & GFP-Transparent modes of operation. (GFP-F and GFP-T respectively).

(Generic Frame Procedure - Framed)

Framed GFP encapsulates bursty client trafc such as Ethernet and also RPR. The received client signal frame is mapped in its entirety into one GFP frame. GFP-F works relative to client frame boundaries (e.g.: 1 SONET frame per GFP-F frame).

Pointers H4
POH

SDH/SONET Frame

Core Header

PLI PLI cHEC cHEC

PTI(3 bits) PFI(1 bit) EXI(4 bits)

PLI

Payload area Length Indicator field. Indicates number of bytes in the GFP Payload Area

Ethernet Frame
Preamble SFD Destination Address Source Address VLAN Tag Length/Type Data
Preamble: SFD: Dest. Addr: Used to sync the network interfaces Start of frame delimiter The MAC address of the recipient

Next Generation SONET/SDH Service Encapsulation Methods

IP
Ethernet Ethernet Fibre Chan Ethernet Ethernet RPR PPP/HDLC LAPS GFP-T GFP-F

cHEC Core Header Error Control field. CRC-16 error control. Single bit error corrections and multi-bit detection PTI PFI EXI UPI CID Payload Type Identifier specifies client data or management frame Payload FCS Identifier indicates presence (1) or absence (0) of payload FCS Extension Header Identifier indicates NULL, Linear or Ring extension User Payload Identifier set according to client signal Optional Channel ID (Linear extension)

UPI

Payload Header

GFP Payload

Payload Header
FCS

tHEC tHEC CID Spare eHEC eHEC

Source Addr: The MAC address of the sender VLAN Tag: Length/Type: Used to group traffic for switching Length of data field (46 to 1500 bytes) or indicator of protocol carried Customer data (IP, video, etc.)

Core Header

GFP-F Frame

tHEC 2 byte Type HEC for single error correction over Type eHEC Extension HEC for single error correction

Length/Type

Destination Address

Preamble

VLAN Tag

Source Address

Data

SFD

FCS

Payload Information

Payload Information Payload FCS

Data:

Ethernet Frame

Payload FCS

Payload FCS Payload FCS Payload FCS

FCS

FCS:

Frame check sequence

STS-nc/AU-nc

VCat

LCAS

GFP-T

GFP-T Formation and the Superblock

Incoming 8B/10B signal decoded back to 8B Re-coded using 64B/65B (leading bit used to indicated presence of control character)

GFP-T Fibre Channel Encapsulation

Take eight 8 byte plus one flag bit block and group. 8 Flag bits moved to form 1 BYTE at end
Take 8 blocks

GFP-T Fibre Channel Encapsulation

C2

GFP Superblock

65 bits

POH

(Generic Frame Procedure -Transparent)

GFP-T works at the byte-level for low-latency applications such as Fiber Channel transport for SAN networking. GFP-T creates a superblock structure that combines multiple 64B/65B codes along with a CRC-16, for the purposes of providing payload octet alignment and error control over the bits in the superblock. The block-coded client characters are decoded and then mapped into a xed-length GFP frame and then transmitted without waiting for the reception of an entire client data frame.

Pointers H4

SOH/RSOH P O LOH/MSOH H

Payload

SONET/SDH

1 flag BIT added per 8 bytes

#1

#8

#n

SDH/SONET Frame
Superblock 11
Take 11 superblocks and add GFP framing Optional pFCS

Input Client Characters

Flag Bit

64-Bit (8-Octet) Field

D1 0 aaa C1 D2 D1 D3 D2 D1 D4 D3 D2 D1 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 0 ggg C7 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1

Jitter
OTU Payload FEC OTN

8 *64B/65B blocks formed leading bits repositioned into trailing byte plus CRC-16 added to form superblock
Re-coded back to 8B

All Data
Flag bit 1 block 65 bits (8 bytes plus flag bit)
Superblock 1
Overhead

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

GFP

N superblocks constructed and GFP frame added

GFP-T with 3 superblocks

Start of Frame Frame Header

2148 bytes

2 byte CRC-16 added to form a SUPERBLOCK

8B/10B Code GFP Headers 8*64/65B blocks Trailing byte Superblock CRC-16 Optional pFCS No. of bytes

Data
2112

Fibre Channel
Eight 64/65B Blocks (64 data bytes plus one flag byte)

Take eight 8 byte plus one flag bit block and group. 8 Flag bits moved to form 1 BYTE at end

7 data 1 control 6 data 2 control 5 data 3 control 4 data 4 control 3 data 5 control 2 data 6 control 1 data 7 control 8 control

1 aaa C1 0 bbb C2

1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 0 ccc C3

1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 1 ccc C3 0 ddd C4

1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 1 ccc C3 1 ddd C4 0 eee C5

End of Frame

CRC

1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 1 ccc C3 1 ddd C4 1 eee C5 0 fff C6 1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 1 ccc C3 1 ddd C4 1 eee C5 1 fff C6 1 aaa C1 1 bbb C2 1 ccc C3 1 ddd C4 1 eee C5 1 fff C6

24

1 ggg C7 0 hhh C8

VCAT

(Virtual Concatenation)
VCAT is specied by ITU-T G.707 and enables end-to-end connections that precisely match the client requirements without wasting bandwidth. High-order VCAT provides a 52Mb/s (STS-1) or 155Mb/s (AU-4) resolution. Low-order VCAT provides a 1.5Mb/s (VT 1.5) or 2Mb/s (VC-12) resolution. VCG members need not be in adjacent channels and can take different paths through the network, so ingress and egress elements must be able to tolerate up to 256 ms of differential delay between VCG members.

Contiguous vs Virtual Concatenation

Contiguous Concatenation
One payload travels one route through network Each element must recognize contiguous structure Payload sizes not efficient for data payloads

SONET: STS-nc SDH: VC-3-nc or VC-4-nc container structure

C2 H4
1-n columns fixed stuff

Contiguous Concatenation
Payload area for client data

Identifying High Order VCG (VCAT Group) Members

H4 byte has a sequence indicator to identify each member of the VCG
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 H4 Byte Bit 4 Sequence indicator MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB (bits 5-8) Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Sequence indicator SQ MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator SQ LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB (bits 5-8) Reserved ("0000") Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 1st multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1st multi- 2nd multiframe frame number number

Re-align High Order VCAT Containers to Remove Delay

H4 byte also has a 2-stage multi-frame indicator which allows for compensation of differential delays up to 256ms
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 H4 Byte Bit 4 Sequence indicator MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB (bits 5-8) Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Sequence indicator SQ MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator SQ LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB (bits 5-8) Reserved ("0000") Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 1st multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1st multi- 2nd multiframe frame number number

Identifying Low Order VCG Members

Z3/K4 byte bit 2 has a sequence indicator to identify each member of the VCG
Bit number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame count Sequence indicator

Virtual Concatenation
May take diverse routes thru network Intermediate nodes dont need to recognize virtual structure Payload sizes much more efficient for data payloads

One column of path overhead

Service Ethernet ATM Fast Ethernet Fiber Channel Gbit Ethernet

Data Rate 1000Mb/s 200Mb/s 100Mb/s 25Mb/s 10Mb/s

Contiguous Concatenation SONET STS-1 STS-1 STS-3c STS-12c STS-48c SDH VC-3 VC-3 VC-4 4c VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-16c

Efficiency 20% 50% 67% 3 33% 42%

Virtual Concatenation SONET VT-1.5-7v VT-1.5-16v STS-1-2v STS-1-4v STS-1-21v SDH VC-12-5v VC-12-12v VC-3-2v VC-3-4v VC-4-7v

Efficiency ~90% 98% 100% 100% 95%

100 Base-T Fast Ethernet mapped into STS-1-2v (VC-3-2v)

100 Base-T

Ethernet mapped into independent STS-1s

Bandwidth Efficiency

67%

Efficiency Increase

100%

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

STS-1 #2 / VC-3 #2

Virtual Concatenation
STS-1 #1 / VC-3 #1

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2

n-1 n

n+1

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2

n-1 n

V5 J2 N2 K4

Re-aligning Low Order Containers to Remove Delay

Bit number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame count Sequence indicator

n+1

Z7/K4 byte bit 2 has a frame count which allows for compensation of differential delays upto 512 ms in 32 x 16 ms steps

LCAS

High Order LCAS Control Packet in H4

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 H4 Byte Bit 4 Sequence indicator MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multi-frame indicator MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multi-frame indicator LSB (bits 5-8) CTRL GID ("000x") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") CRC-8 CRC-8 Member status Member status RS-ACK Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000"), to extend Seq. Ind. Sequence indicator MSB (bits 1-4) Sequence indicator LSB (bits 5-8) 2nd multi-frame indicator MSB (bits 1-4) 2nd multi-frame indicator LSB (bits 5-8) CTRL GID ("000x") Reserved ("0000") Reserved ("0000") CRC-8 CRC-8 Member status Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 1st multi-frame indicator (bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1st multi- 2nd multiframe frame number number

Low Order LCAS Control Packet in Z7/K4 [2]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MFI

LCAS: ADD multiple members

Note 1 NMS LCAS control packet

LCAS
So

mem (EOS) mem (new)

n-1

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
RSAck GID

(Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

LCAS is specied by ITU-T G.7042 and is a protocol for a standards based hitless scheme to increase or decrease the capacity of a VCAT link between the source (Transmitter) and sink (Receiver). LCAS uses a control packet within the H4 byte for High Order and within the Z7/K4 byte for Low Order links.
LCAS control packet

SQ

CTRL

Reserved

MST

CRC-3

Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Note 6 Note 7 Note 8 Note 9

Add Cmnd

Sk

mem (new)
a +1

LCAS: Planned removal of members 4 and 5 out of 6

Note 1
NMS LCAS So mem Sk
4

Sk

Sk

mem Sk

mem (EOS)
6

Sk

14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

n-1

New LCAS functions

CTRL=ADD MST=OK CTRL=NORM RS-Ack inverted MST=OK CTRL=EOS RS-Ack inverted

CTRL=ADD connectivity check

Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Note 6 Note 7

Decrease cmnd

LCAS Protocol: Source State Machine

Start
IDLE: Not provisioned NORM: Provisioned to participate DNU: Provisioned to participate; failed path ADD: In process of being added REMOVE: In process of being deleted

LCAS Protocol: Sink State Machine

FEOS FNORM

LCAS Control Packet Fields

MFI: Equal for all members of the VCG, incremented each frame. Used to realign the payload for and to determine the differential delay between members of the same VCG. SQ: Sequence no assigned to a specific member. Each member of the same VCG is assigned a unique sequence number, starting at 0. CTRL: Used to transfer information from So to Sk. Used to synchronize the Sk with the So and provides the status of the individual member of the group.
Value msblsb Command Remarks This is an indication that this end uses fixed bandwidth (non-LCAS mode) 0000 FIXED This member is about to be added to the group 0001 ADD 0010 NORM Normal transmission End of Sequence indication and Normal transmission 0011 EOS This member is not part of the group or about to be removed 0101 IDLE Do Not Use (the payload) the Sk side reported FAIL status 1111 DNU

CTRL=IDLE SQ>3 MST=FAIL MST=FAIL RS-Ack inverted

CTRL=IDLE SQ>3

CTRL=EOS SQ=3

CTRL=EOS connectivity check

OK
FADD FIDLE MADD MREMOVE

IDLE
MADD
Member 4 Member 5
MST CTRL OK NORM OK NORM OK IDLE SQ 4 4> 3> MST OK OK OK

Start

CTRL=NORM

Decrease cmnd

Note
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Initial Condition NMS issues Add command to So and Sk LCASC So (a) sends CTRL = ADD and SQ = n; So (a+1) sends CTRL = ADD and SQ =n+1 Sk (a+1) sends MS=OK to So So (n1) sends CTRL = NORM; So (a+1) sends CTRL = EOS and SQ = n RS-Ack bit inverted due to change in sequence Sk (a) sends MST=OK to So So (a) sends CTRL = EOS; So (a+1) sends CTRL = NORM RS-Ack bit inverted due to change in sequence

Member n
CTRL EOS EOS EOS EOS NORM NORM NORM NORM NORM SQ n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1 MST OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

Member a (new)
CTRL IDLE IDLE ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD EOS EOS SQ FF FF n n n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1 MST FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL OK OK OK

Member a+1 (new)

CTRL IDLE IDLE ADD ADD EOS EOS EOS NORM NORM SQ FF FF n+1 n+1 n n n n n MST FAIL FAIL FAIL OK OK OK OK OK OK

RS-Ack
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

Note
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Member 6
CTRL EOS EOS EOS SQ 5 5 3 MST OK OK OK

n+1

GID: Identification of the VCG. All members of the same VCG have the same value in the frames with the same MFI. CRC: CRC check is performed on every control packet after it has been received, and the contents rejected if the test fails MST: Status of all members of the same VCG spread across multiple control packets, an MST multiframe. RS-Ack: When a renumbering of the sequence numbers or a change of the number of the members is detected at the Sk, a notification to the So per VCG has to be performed by toggling the RS-Ack bit..

CTRL NORM Initial Condition NMS issues Decrease command to So LCASC NORM IDLE So (3) sends CTRL = IDLE, SQ > 3 So (4) sends CTRL = IDLE, SQ > 3 So (5) sends SQ = 3 IDLE Sk (unwanted) sends MST = FAIL to So IDLE Sk (unwanted) sends MST = FAIL to So RS-Ack bit inverted due to change in sequence IDLE NMS issues Decrease command to Sk LCASC IDLE

SQ 3 3> 3>

RS-Ack
0 0 0

ADD
(MST) ROK

FAIL
MREMOVE

IDLE

NORM
(MST) ROK (MST) RFAIL

REMOVE
MREMOVE

Provisioned to participate in the VCG

Deleted from Concatenated Group

Not Provisioned to participate in the VCG

3> 3> 3> 3

FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL

IDLE IDLE IDLE IDLE

3> 3> 3> 3

OK FAIL FAIL FAIL

EOS EOS EOS EOS

3 3 3 3

OK OK OK OK

1 1 1 1

DNU
Added to Concatenated Group

IDLE: Not provisioned OK: Incoming signal experiences no failure condition or receives and acknowledges a request for addition FAIL: Incoming signal experiences some failure condition or request for removal received and acknowledged

New LCAS functions

RPR

RPR Mapping Structure for Ethernet into Next Generation SONET/SDH

Ethernet frame Pseudo Wire or MPLS frame (optional) RPR frame
DA SA VLAN Payload SERVICE LAYER CONTROL PLANE

RPR Extended Data Frame Format Field Locations

16 bits TTL RI FE FT SC WE P

(Resilient Packet Ring)

RPR is specied by IEEE 802.17 and is a Layer 2 Technology, which provides a new RPR data link layer. It is physical layer agnostic and its major benets include bandwidth efciency using a shared ring technology with both rings carrying working trafc. Ease of management with no manual provisioning and automatic topology discovery plus carrier class protection & resiliency for packet switched services.

DA SA
TTL BASE EF FI HEC DA Extended SA Extended PS SO RES

Header

Payload

TTL: RI: FE: FT: SC: WE: P:

Time To Live (8) Ring Identifier (1) Fairness Eligible bit (1) Base Frame Type (2) Ring Service Class (2) Control Wrap Eligible bit (1) Parity bit (1)

RPR Control Frame

TTL Base Ring Control Destination Address
Time-to-Live: Decremented at each hop (8) As per data frame (8) IEEE assigned MAC of dest station (48) IEEE assigned MAC of source station (48) Initial TTL value on transmission (8) As per data frame (8) Header Error Control: CRC over previous fields (16) Type of Ctrl Frame: 1= Station configuration discovery, 2 = Topology/Protection 3=OAM4=Vendor specific (8) Indicates version of the control algorithm, currently = 0 (8) Variable length field containing control info consistent with the Control Type field. Frame Check sequence covering the Control Payload (32)

RPR Fairness Frame

TTL Ring Control Source Address Fairness Header Fairness Rate FCS
Time-to-Live: Decremented at each hop (8) As per data frame (8) IEEE assigned MAC of source station (48) Information about this message, singlechoke and multichoke defined (16) Advertised Fair Rate (16) Frame Check sequence covering the Control Payload (32)

RPR Header Core Header

Payload

FCS

802.17 MAC

DA: Destination Address (48) SA: Source Address (48) TTL BASE: initial value of TTL field (8) EF: FI: PS: SO: RES: HEC: DA Ext: SA Ext: Protocol Payload FCS: Extended Frame bit (1) Flooding Indication (2) Ext Passed Source bit (1) Ring Control Strict Order bit (1) Reserved (2) Header Error Correction (16) DA Extended (48) SA Extended (48) Protocol Type (16) Contains data Frame Check Sequence (32)

RPR MAC Header

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Source Address ttlBase Extended Ring Control HEC Control Type Control Version

Next Gen SONET/SDH GFP frame

Payload Core Header

Core Header

PHY Protocol Type

RPR Idle Frame

TTL Ring Control Source Address Idle Payload FCS
Time-to-Live: Decremented at each hop (8) As per data frame (8) IEEE assigned MAC of source station (48) Reserved for future use. All zeroes (16) Frame Check sequence covering the Control Payload (32)

Next Gen SONET/SDH GFP, VCAT, LCAS

Payload
Pseudo Wire (PWE3) Header MPLS Header Optional Control Word Label EXP/CoS S Pseudo Wire Demultiplexor TTL

Payload Area Trailer

Control Payload FCS

FCS

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