ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING PRACTICAL

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF EFFICACY UNDERSTAND INVERSE SQUARE LAW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN PROVIDE ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING, THEIR BENEFITS, CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF COLOUR RENDITION UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF COLOUR TEMPERATURE UNDERSTAND HOW DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES GENERATE WHITE LIGHT

I NTRODUCTION
From open fires, to earthenware pots full of oil with wicks through to the manufacture of candles, gas lighting and more latterly electrical lighting; first arc lighting, then the incandescent lamp tomorrow the L.E.D.? The human race has used all manner of technologies to provide artificial illumination, and lengthen the working day. Artificial lighting is any form of lighting which is not sunlight. Artificial lighting adds utility to buildings, providing both aesthetic and practical improvements to architecture. Artificial lighting represents a major component of building energy consumption and so we should be aware of the different types of artificial lighting technologies. This practical workshop aims to provide an introduction to different lighting technologies, their characteristics and energy performance. Artificial lighting also has energy implications beyond the energy consumed by the lights themselves. The energy dissipated by lights is a contributing factor to space heat gain and space cooling load in many commercial buildings. (Chantrasrisalai & Fisher) through quantitative measurement of the heat and light produced by different technologies

I NVESTIGATING I NVERSE S QUARE L AW

YOU

WILL NEED:

Optics Bench & Brackets To Support Components Bulb, Battery & Connecting Wire Sheet of Black Card Sheet of White Card Photometer

E X PE R I M E N T A L M E T H O D
The following needs to be carried out in a room that can be made dark. We are going to experimentally evaluate the diagram below; which gives us a representation of Inverse Square Law. Inverse square law states that the light that can be measured at a given distance from a bulb, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of the luminous flux.

First, set up the bulb at one end of the optics stand. Make the room dark, and connect the bulb to the battery to illuminate it. We are going to measure the light level at a variety of different distances from the bulb. The photosensor of the photometer is unidirectional which means that it only measures light hitting it from the distance it is facing. Therefore position it with the sensor facing towards the bulb, and the soldered connections to the rear facing away. The photometer can be adjusted to operate in different light levels. The range button can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the photometer. Move the sensor from the photometer along the length of the optics stand, allowing a fair distance from the bulb; and use the range control, to find a position and setting at which the meter on the photometer reads 1. Measure the distance between the centre of the bulb and the Photometer sensor using the scale on the optics bench. This will be our 3xD position. Divide this measurement by 3 and using the scale on the bench, make measurements at D and 2xD Look at the relationship between the measurements at D, 2xD and 3xD. The next stage of the experiment, is to take the black piece of card, and make a shadow mask with a 1 centimetre square aperture in the middle of the card. Position this aperture at the D measurement on the optics bench. Now hold the white sheet of card at the 2xD and 3xD positions; and at each time look at the light which is cast on the sheet, draw a line to mark the boundary between light and darkness and measure the area of the light squares. (Note there is actually a bit of a cheat here, in that the wavefront will spread spherically from a point source but we are measuring a flat plane, just to keep the measurements simple!).

Illuminance (lux)

L 4

L 9

9A 4A A

I NVESTIGATING L IGHT & C OLOUR T EMPERATURE

YOU WILL NEED
Spectrascopes Range of different artificial light sources

E X PE R I M E N T A L M E T H O D
We are going to use a spectroscope to evaluate the colour components of a range of different light sources. We know that white light is composed of a spectrum of different colours an incandescent lamp produces light across the spectrum, as the white hot filament releases thermal energy in the form of photons, when connected to a source of energy. Conversely, other light sources, for example fluorescent lamps, produce signatures in the spectra a purple line can be seen; this is the purple light emitted by the mercury vapour as it is excited; however, this purple light then needs to hit phosphors; which vary depending on the type of lamp. These phosphors in turn emit light, but rather than the uniform spectrum we observe with incandescent lamps; we see a number of well defined colour bands often red, green and blue in triphosphor lamps, with very little in-between. By looking at the spectra emitted by different light sources, we can understand the mechanisms used by different technologies to produce light. Furthermore, we can also make judgements about how well these light sources are able to render other colours.

Spectrascope

Light Source

Different light sources produce Light Source different characteristic spectra. There are clues about colour rendition and how the light is produced from these spectra.

WHAT

I S A S PE C T R O S C O PE ?

A spectroscope in essence consists of a slit through which light can pass and a diffraction grating or prism. The diffraction grating or prism splits white light into its constituent components. We are going to use a crude and simple spectroscope to make a comparative analysis of a handful of different light sources. The spectroscope will take the form of a tube which we look through and point towards the light.

I NVESTIGATING L AMP E FFICACY

YOU WILL NEED:
Range of light bulbs Mains lead with appropriate electrical fittings for bulbs Insulated Box With Reflective Interior Thermometer Photometer

E X PE R I M E N T A L M E T H O D
We will be appraising the efficacy of a range of different bulbs; We will be measuring the energy that the bulbs consume using an energy meter; using a light meter, we can then appraise the amount of light the bulb produces. Furthermore we can then monitor the temperature inside the box and compare it to the outside temperature (and for really advanced analyses; the box is of known construction and surface area). Using these measurements, we can look at how much of the electrical energy is transformed into useful energy in the form of light emitted; and how much is wasted as heat.

The flow of electrons to the bulbs will be measured using a plug-in energy meter.This meter will give an indication of the power (the rate of doing work) and the energy (the total amount of work done).

Heat
(Measured Using Thermometer)

The inside of the box is highly reflective to ensure light from all directions is reflected towards the sensor.

Electricity
(Measured Using Energy Meter)

Light
(Measured Using Photometer) The box is insulated and of known construction so that the heat loss through the walls can be calculated.

Luminous Efficacy =

Light (Lumens) Power (Watts)

LEVELS

OF

ANALYSIS

Using this simple apparatus we can make a number of different levels of analysis. The simplest is just a comparison between different bulbs this could take the form of a ranking this bulb experimentally proved to be more efficient than this one. A more sophisticated analysis might look at the heat loss through the box calculate or simulate this to work out how much heat the bulb is emitting and construct a Sankey diagram, or similar to show how the electrical energy is being transformed into heat and light.