HARNESSING INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES IN SUPPORT OF THE DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION OF FORMER COMBATANTS

Prepared by the ECHA Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration

Submitted to ECHA on 19 July 2000

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

I.

INTRODUCTION

At its meeting on 14 September 1999, the United Nations Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) established a Task Force on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) to be chaired by UNDP in order to develop guidelines on the institutional division of labour of DDR as well as a broad strategy for DDR. ECHA took this initiative on the basis of a discussion paper prepared by OCHA, which addressed the United Nations system's capacity to respond to requests for support in DDR operations. This discussion identified one of the core problems as the need to define a clear leadership and coordination framework in the context of DDR, especially when the Security Council is not engaged, and to develop ways of mobilising the broad range of expertise and resources available both within and outside of the United Nations system. The Task Force, in turn, convened a Working Group, comprised of experts from each relevant agency, which was asked to draft a paper with focus on the assignment of responsibilities in DDR efforts, with particular attention to the issue of demobilization, clarifying the process by which agreement will be reached on the assignment of tasks in specific situations. The following paper contains the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the ECHA DDR Working Group with regard to these questions of leadership and coordination in the context of DDR1, as well as operational matrices that outline potential responsibilities and capacities of UN and non-UN agencies in a DDR operation.2 This paper was considered and approved by the ECHA DDR Task Force on 12 July 2000, and formally submitted by the Task Force to ECHA on 19 July 2000 as a final document.

II.

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

The following broad conclusions and considerations are based on the comprehensive review of the assignment of responsibilities in a DDR context: 1. The disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants in countries emerging from conflict encompasses at least five distinct dimensions: political, military/technical, security, humanitarian and socio-economic. Every dimension of the DDR process needs to be integrated closely into the whole. 2. In addition to these five dimensions, it is essential to address DDR operations from a rightsbased approach. In particular, DDR strategies and approaches should include concepts enshrined in international law. It is also essential that gender-related issues are considered and mainstreamed in DDR programming and planning.
1

The ECHA Working Group on DDR would like to acknowledge the work undertaken by its consultant, the Praxis Group Ltd., funded by UNDP, in the research and development of this paper. 2 For more detailed information regarding the consultations and research undertaken to prepare this report, please refer to the Background Paper for Harnessing Institutional Capacities in the DDR of Former Combatants.

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

3. It is widely acknowledged that the main responsibility for the planning and execution of a DDR process should rest with the parties; the role of the international community is to provide support. The foundation of a successful process of DDR is the commitment of the parties in the conflict to this process. While this finding is fundamental and underlies the international communitys efforts in DDR, the purpose of this paper is to focus on clarifying the UNs process of assigning responsibilities in the DDR context to better support the efforts undertaken by the parties. 4. The DDR process itself consists of a large number of complex and interrelated tasks, including the introduction of DDR considerations into the negotiation of a settlement, the building of political and popular support for weapons collection programs and other peaceful alternatives to violence, military oversight of disarmament and demobilization, civilian support to demobilization and reinsertion into either a new army or civilian life, and above all, the productive reintegration of the former combatants into civil society. Each of these activities has to be developed with an eye to its implications in terms of the five dimensions outlined above. For a more detailed and operational overview of these interrelated tasks and agency capacities to address these, please refer to Table 1 of this document. 5. There are considerable variables in the backdrop against which support to a DDR process may be requested. The United Nations system may not always be required to take the lead, or it may be asked to lead only certain aspects of DDR support. There may or may not be a United Nations peacekeeping operation. There may or may not be a government in place. The United Nations system needs the flexibility to respond adequately under any of these scenarios, and to engage accordingly with relevant actors and partners outside of the UN system. 6. The diverse nature and the complexity of the DDR process require an equally diverse range of competencies on the part of the contributing actors, both UN and non-UN. There is a clear need for the capacity to provide guidance and leadership, so that individual capacities and competencies are best integrated into a concerted effort. 7. The availability of resources plays a key role in determining the success of a DDR process. Further awareness by Member States of these needs is essential for progress, together with renewed political will to address them, including through innovative funding arrangements. 8. It is essential to explore how other partners beyond the parameters of the UN system, including regional organizations, NGOs and the private sector, can make further contributions to the DDR process.

III.

RECOMMENDATIONS

These findings create the basis for three categories of recommendations to facilitate the clarification of leadership and coordination in a DDR context and to ameliorate the UNs capacity to respond to a DDR operation in partnership with external agencies. These three

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

categories are: A) Strategic Directives; B) Guidelines for Coordination; and C) Strengthening UN Capacity. A. Strategic Directives: It is recommended that the following strategic directives could contribute to the effective planning and delivery of DDR support: 1. Rights-based Approach: There are concerns important to the international community, and enshrined in international law that need to be reflected in the planning and design of DDR activities. While the dignity of all needs to be protected, particular attention should be paid to the rights and well being of children in armed conflict, as well as to the needs of vulnerable groups such as female combatants, families of demobilized soldiers, and disabled/chronically ill soldiers. To ensure a comprehensive approach, DDR programmes and strategies targeting children and other vulnerable groups need to be planned and implemented in close coordination with the overall DDR programme. Support to DDR activities should not be undertaken to the exclusion of other elements of humanitarian and development assistance. 2. Holistic Approach: The holistic approach advocated by the Working Group requires an extensive, front-loaded investment of people and money in the start-up phase of a DDR support operation (for example, the establishment of a multi-sectoral Country Team DDR Task Force as appropriate). The identification of implementation partners and the mobilization of resources, all have to be undertaken simultaneously in a very short timeframe. 3. Headquarters Support: Depending on the situation, responsibility for HQ level support for each DDR programme should be assigned to either the HQ Task Force for that peacekeeping operation where such an operation is deployed; or, alternatively, the appropriate Executive Committee (ECHA, ECPS, etc.). In the latter case, if required, the decision on which Committee takes responsibility should be taken by the DSG. 4. Planning Capacity: A robust analytical and planning capacity at the country level is essential in order to ensure that the support activities developed by the international community reflect the needs and competencies of the national institutions responsible for the DDR process, as well as the realities on the ground. The planning capacity should be located in the office of the SRSG or RC/HC, as appropriate. Agencies intending to take a major part in the DDR programme should make available qualified staff to the planning unit. 5. External Partners: For this purpose, it is essential that effective partnerships with organisations beyond the confines of the United Nations system need to be developed and strengthened. B. Guidelines for Coordination: Adherence to the principles and directives noted above requires effective coordination and integration of agency mandates and competencies. The following guidelines are recommended to strengthen coordination and the assignment of DDR responsibilities in 1) the context of no Security Council engagement, and 2) Security Council engagement:

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

Scenario 1: Where the Security Council is not engaged, and no peace-building or peacekeeping operation is deployed, but the United Nations system is providing support to a DDR process 1. If a Humanitarian Coordinator and/or Resident Coordinator (HC and/or RC) is present, this person should take the lead for the overall coordination responsibility for DDR, including children and vulnerable groups, and for mobilising the requisite support for the DDR activities. In situations where the HC and RC are not the same person, the HQ committee (ECHA, ECPS, etc.) designated to lead at HQ level, in consultation with the In-Country Task Force on DDR, will decide which official should lead on DDR. The HC and/or RC should establish a Country Team DDR Task Force, drawing upon representatives of the United Nations system organisations already in country with relevant experience and capacity. 3 It is essential that the DDR Task Force should include non-UN agencies with relevant expertise to ensure a comprehensive and coordinated approach among all relevant actors, both UN and non-UN, involved in the DDR process. Other non-operational actors like OSRSG/CAC or entities such as DDA where they do not have a field presence should be involved in an advisory capacity in the Task Forces work from headquarters. The distribution of labour among the members of the Task Force should be decided on the basis of competence and comparative advantage, taking into account the resources available.

2. If the Government appoints a lead agency for the DDR process other than the HC and/or RC, the lead agency should not replace the HC and/or RCs overall guiding role, but rather act as primus inter pares among the members of the Country Team reporting to the HC and/or RC. If the Government invites any agency to act as lead agency, the HC and/or RC will ensure effective Country Team collaboration with the lead agency as required. Scenario 2: Where the Security Council is engaged and/or a peace-building or peacekeeping operation is deployed 1. Lead responsibility for guiding DDR efforts falls to the head of such a mission, who, in accordance with the Secretary-Generals guidance on this issue, exercises authority over all United Nations entities in the field, and reports through the appropriate departments at Headquarters.

For more information regarding agencies capacity and experience, please refer to Table 1- Overview of Potential Partners in Support of DDR-Related Tasks and Table II - Overview: DDR Related Competencies and Experiences attached to this document.

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

This reflects the fact that the political nature of DDR comes to the fore where the Security Council of the General Assembly is engaged in a conflict area.4 The effective coordination of DDR programmes in the field may be enhanced if the RC/HC is also appointed Deputy SRSG. In these situations the SRSG will convene and chair an In-Country Task Force for DDR, with the participation of UN and non-UN partners active in the DDR programme. As to the actual non-military demobilization component of the DDR process, the decision regarding to whom this should be entrusted will have to be made, taking into account the competencies and track record of potential implementing agencies, be they inside or outside of the United Nations system, and following appropriate consultations with Headquarters. Recommendations regarding this decision should be formulated by the In-Country Task Force on DDR and endorsed by the SRSG or RC/HC.

C. Strengthening UN Capacity: Several measures can and should be undertaken to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations system to ensure that it can support DDR in the most effective and efficient manner. These include: Staff and Organisational Capacity: The competence of the SRSG, the RC/HC and the Country Team are key to the successful planning and delivery of a DDR support operation: all organisations of the UN system should be mindful of this in selecting and assigning their staff for DDR support activities. Internal rosters of staff qualified to support DDR programs should be developed. Training activities for the United Nations system and its partners need to be increased. UNDP should be asked to take the lead on these activities, in consultation and with active support from DPKO. It is also recommended that each individual agency ensures the development of its own capacity to effectively assume responsibility in a DDR operation for those areas within its mandate and expertise. Financial Support: Financial support for DDR activities comes from a wide range of sources: assessed contributions, voluntary funding raised through consolidated appeals, special trust funds, parallel financing from bilateral programs or regional organisations, cash or in-kind contributions from national institutions. It should be noted that the issue of financial support and funding mechanisms for countries in a post-conflict phase is a significant constraint that can not be addressed within the parameters of this paper, but should be noted as an outstanding issue that needs to be addressed and resolved to strengthen the UN/non-UNs response in a DDR operation. Coordination: As noted, effective coordination at both the Headquarters and Country level is an essential component of the DDR process. It should be noted that mechanisms such as ECHA, ECPS, and IASC exist at the Headquarters level to coordinate humanitarian, development, and political initiatives. However, gaps remain. As an example, the

Further guidance with regard to the role of peacekeeping in DDR, together with some recommendations for its enhancement, are offered in the Secretary-Generals report on this topic (S/2000/101). Several of these proposals have already been endorsed by the Security Council (S/PRST/2000/10).

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

composition of the IASC is very much oriented towards humanitarian concerns, and does not by itself provide a forum where some of the key political and development actors who are crucial to successful DDR can participate. In order to address this, the Working Group proposes the establishment at HQ of a backstopping body for DDR operations with the same membership as the In-Country Task Force on DDR. This would be established as part of the existing coordination mechanism, such as the Task Force established for each operation. At the same time, the Working Group recognizes that the issue of overall coordination expands beyond the parameters of DDR activities and affects conflict/post-conflict issues and interventions as a whole. While this question surmounts the mandate of the ECHA Working Group and the purpose of this paper, coordination at the Headquarters level should be noted as an outstanding issue that needs to be addressed and resolved. External Partners: While the organisations of the United Nations system, including the World Bank, have much to contribute to DDR support, they do not by themselves have sufficient capacity or resources to work without partners. In all of the DDR operations that were successful thus far, other intergovernmental, regional, non-governmental and private sector actors have played a major role. It is, therefore, important that contacts with these external actors be nurtured. Information and Lessons Learned: Much in the area of DDR is relatively new. As such, it is essential that the UN and its partners ensure that lessons observed become lessons learned through the regular exchange and dissemination of information to serve as a basis for ameliorating the UN systems individual and collective response in a DDR operation. To achieve this, it is essential that agencies and organisations assume responsibility for developing their own institutional knowledge and capacities to respond effectively as a partner in a DDR operation and to contribute to the overall process. It is also recommended that UN and non-UN agencies involved in DDR operations undertake joint monitoring, evaluations, and lessons learned exercises. Additionally, the agencies involved in any aspect of a DDR operation should regularly provide relevant information to the centralised DDR Resource Centre, which is housed in UNDP5. Such information could include lessons learned, evaluations, and case studies prepared by individual agencies in the context of particular DDR operations. The DDR Resource Centre in UNDP should also house information regarding the programs, experience, and capacities of external organisations to facilitate the search for competent DDR partners.

For more information regarding the DDR Resource Centre, housed in UNDP, please refer to the following website: http://www.undp.org/erd/ddr.

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

TABLE I OVERVIEW OF POTENTIAL PARTNERS IN SUPPORT OF DDR-RELATED TASKS6

UN/OCHA UN/DPKO UN / DDA UN / DPA Reg/SubReg. Organiz Bilateral Agencies X X X X X X X X X X X X X X OSRSG/ CAC ** UNICEF UNHCR NGO Comm. X X X UNDP World Bank WHO ICRC X X X X X X WFP FAO IOM X X X GTZ X X ILO

CORE DDR-RELATED TASKS

A. BUILDING POLITICAL AND POPULAR SUPPORT FOR DDR Advocacy of peace and reconciliation, disarmament Mobilization of resources for specific aspects of DDR Advice and guidance to parties in conflict Introducing child protection considerations B. NEGOTIATING THE DDR ASPECTS OF CONFLICT RESETTLEMENT Establish management and coordination structures Establishment of cease fire Definition and identification of combatants Definition and identification of combatants arms Disarmament provisions Design program of assistance in cantonment areas Identification of cantonment areas; design specifications Cantonment Special measures for vulnerable groups, incl. female and child combatants Demobilization incentives Reintegration options Veterans benefits C. MILITARY OVERSIGHT OF DEMOBILIZATION PROCESS Collection and destruction/disposal of arms Establishing secure armoires
6

X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X

This Table has been compiled based solely on information provided by the agencies regarding their own capacities and experiences. This table does not reflect an analysis by the ECHA Working Group on DDR of the agencies capacities and experiences in this regard.

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

OSRSG/ CAC

Reg/Sub-Reg. Organiz

Supporting broad-based disarmament programs, including those held by para-militaries or civilians Supporting internal security, incl. handover to police forces D. CIVILIAN SUPPORT TO DEMOBILIZATION PROCESS Preparation and construction of cantonment sites Registration and issue of identification documents Provision of food, water, sanitation Support to families Support and psycho-social care for child soldiers, female combatants, disabled soldiers and chronically ill

X X

X X X X

X* X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

ILO

CORE DDR-RELATED TASKS

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X

soldiers
Support and psycho-social care for combatants with stress disorders Medical and nutritional screening on registration Socio-economic surveys and skills inventories of excombatants Documenting and monitoring case histories of combatants in vulnerable groups Immunization Provision of reproductive health services Recreational activities Weapons collection programme X Mine clearing in areas of cantonment and areas of return X E. REINSERTION, INTO NEW CONSOLIDATED ARMY Support Services

X X X X X

NGO Comm.

UN/OCHA

UN/DPKO

UN / DDA

UN / DPA

UNICEF

Bilateral Agencies

UNHCR

UNDP

World Bank

WHO

ICRC

WFP

FAO

IOM

GTZ

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

Reg/Sub-Reg. Organiz

OSRSG/CAC

F. REINSERTION: SHORT-TERM, INTO CIVILIAN LIFE Job counseling and referral Health counseling Medical and dental care General Education Family reunion and/or services Specific measures for vulnerable groups Vocational Training Transportation Departure packages (e.g., tools), cash, clothing, food and food coupons, housing and housing materials G. REINTEGRATION: LONG-TERM Integrated and balanced programs for demobilised soldiers, returning refugees and internally displaced Credit Land (and land reform) Professional and vocational training Public works job creation Income generation programs; micro-enterprise Participation of private sector, incl. hiring incentives Business and legal advice Children Programmes Veterans programs and outreach

X X X X X* X* X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

ILO

CORE DDR-RELATED TASKS

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X

* Please note: If they are to be effectively undertaken, it may be necessary to review the possibility that assessed funding could be used to support their initial stages, as recommended in the Secretary Generals report on the role of peacekeeping in DDR. ** Even though not operational, OSRSG/CAC contributes to technical expertise and undertakes advocacy on behalf of other partners involved with DDR.

NGO Comm.

UN/OCHA

UN/DPKO

UN / DDA

UN / DPA

UNICEF

Bilateral Agencies

UNHCR

UNDP

World Bank

WHO

ICRC

WFP

FAO

IOM

GTZ

Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

TABLE II7 OVERVIEW: DDR-RELATED COMPETENCIES AND EXPERIENCE OF UN SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS AND SOME KEY IMPLEMENTATION PARTNERS
ENTITY CORE DDR COMPETENCIES FUNDING POSTCONFLICT UNIT
Regional Centres for Peace; Conventional Arms Branch Core function

EXPERIENCE

UN/DDA

Advocacy for small arms collection and removal; advice on design of weapons collection programs

Trust fund for Practical Disarmament Measures; contributions by bilateral donors

Albania (Weapons for Development); Central America (workshops); Practical Disarmament Measures

UN/DPA

UN/DPKO

Focal point for post-conflict Peacebuilding in UN system; provides political leadership in prenegotiations and negotiations of peace accords; ensuring that DDR implementation meets political objectives Lead department for peacekeeping operations; SRSG reports to DPKO

Has special fund for political missions under UN regular budget

Involved in preparations for all SC Peacebuilding, peacekeeping and military observer operations; recently provided DDR-related advice in Sierra Leone; supports UN Peacebuilding offices in the field

UN/OCHA

OSRSG/ CAC

Coordination of financing and implementation for humanitarian elements, including reintegration, within framework of a DDR operation (through Humanitarian Coordinator mechanism) Advocacy for child protection in Mobilises resources through armed conflict; policy and technical advocacy, but only for others guidance in design of DDR plans

Budgets for peacekeeping Core function operations; while occasionally seed money has been provided for demobilization and reintegration, this component is usually funded from voluntary sources (and implemented with humanitarian and development partners) Voluntary contributions through Core function CAP process; assessed contributions for coordination of humanitarian components of SC peace operation None

Responsible for the planning, preparation, conduct, and direction of UN operations.

(PRE-REFORM) Mozambique/UNOHAC; Angola/UCAH; Liberia/HACO

SRSG visits conflict areas, meets with leaders to obtain child protection commitment; advocates inclusion of child protection measures in peace accords, and child protection staff (e.g., Sierra Leone) in peacekeeping and all kinds of peace operations

This table was prepared based on the information provided to the Working Group by the individual agencies.

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Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

ENTITY UNICEF

CORE DDR COMPETENCIES Advocacy for child protection in armed conflict; promotion of immediate demobilization of child soldiers; design and implementation of reintegration programs for children leaving armed forces; family reunification; prevention of child soldier recruitment Formulation and implementation of demobilization initiatives aimed at creating a sustainable environment in communities of return and facilitating the socio-economic reintegration of excombatants and their families. Facilitate measures to address small arms questions, including the reduction of the presence of small arms in communities of return. Reintegration of former child soldiers; prevention of their recruitment; reintegration programs for entire communities, including ex-combatants; advocacy for human dignity of returnees Lead agency support, technical and financial assistance to governments DDR programs, focus on the demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration phases Public health advice in the design of the programme, cantonment areas, etc. Ensuring public health in cantonment areas, epidemiological surveillance, health care delivery, including reproductive health and psycho-social care for soldiers and dependants. Facilitating re-absorption of military medics in civilian health services.

FUNDING Voluntary contributions, including resources through CAP

POST-CONFLICT UNIT Office of Emergency Programmes

EXPERIENCE Lead role in DDR of child soldiers: Angola, DR Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda

UNDP

Voluntary contributions, UNDP Resources; UNDP Small Arms Trust Fund

Emergency Response Division

Mozambique DDR severance pay scheme; Mali light arms collection; Angola support to national reintegration efforts; Guatemala funding of reintegration activities in support of DDR; Somalia Civil Protection Programme (DDR and small arms component); Republic of Congo, Reintegration of ExCombatants and arms collection.

UNHCR

Voluntary contributions

Reintegration and local Settlement Section

Reintegration programs for major refugee and IDP crises world-wide have often benefited former soldiers

WORLD BANK

Banks own resources; CG/roundtable processes or through co-financing with donors Voluntary funding, including CAP process

Post-Conflict Unit

WHO

Division of Emergency and Humanitarian Action

Lead agency for DDR in Uganda, Cambodia, Djibouti, Chad, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, DRC and Bosnia-Herzegovina; technical and/or financial support for Rwanda, Mozambique, Guatemala and South Africa Mozambique, Angola, Central America, Cambodia, Kosovo, Bosnia Herzegovina

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Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the DDR of Former Combatants

Prepared by the ECHA DDR Working Group for Final Submission to ECHA 19 July 2000

ENTITY FAO

CORE DDR COMPETENCIES Resettlement and Reintegration of excombatants, and integration of excombatants in target groups for agricultural assistance projects, including training Support to cantonment, demobilization and reintegration; Food aid for disarmed military personnel, their dependants, vulnerable groups and other affected civilian populations in context of comprehensive DDR programs; transport, communication and logistic support; support to return, social reinsertion, and reintegration into civil society. Support for employment and socioeconomic integration of ex-combatants.

FUNDING Funding through UNDP or voluntary trust funds, including through CAP Funding as implementing agency in CAP framework; WFP resources

POST-CONFLICT UNIT Special Relief Operations Service

EXPERIENCE Philippines(specific projects for excombatants); Sierra Leone, Liberia, Tajikistan (broader beneficiary target group); Angola; Guinea-Bissau Most prominent experiences: Namibia, Cambodia, Mozambique, Liberia, Angola (1992, 1995-1998); Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, Somalia, Uganda.

WFP

Office of Humanitarian Adviser, Operations Department

ILO

Funding as implementing agency or through voluntary trust funds Funding as implementing partner in CAP framework; IOM Reintegration Fund

Focus Program on Crisis and Reconstruction Emergency and PostConflict Unit

IOM

GTZ

ICRC

Resettlement and reintegration of former combatants, including establishment and management of assembly areas, profiling and data base development, logistic support for transportation, promotion of employment, reintegration grants projects, setting up of information, counseling and referral services Overall scenario planning for DDR; consultancies to national coordination bodies; planning and implementation of encampment, registration, pre-discharge orientation, transport and settling-in packages; support to national reintegration authorities Humanitarian support to people affected by conflict, including demobilised soldiers and their dependants, e.g., family reunification and "tracing" services; reintegration

Mozambique, DR Congo (with World Bank funding), Sierra Leone (Employment for Peace Program), Cambodia, East Timor, Central America Angola, Mozambique, Guatemala, Guinea Bissau, Haiti, Cambodia, Timor, Philippines, Kosovo, Tajikistan, Mali

Funding as implementation partner; FRG bilateral resources

Emergency and Refugee Aid Division

Eritrea, Angola, Uganda, Mozambique (GTZ Open Reintegration Fund), Northwest Somalia

Own funding through voluntary government contributions

None; post-conflict issues often addressed by the International Federation of Red Cross Movements

Balkans, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Daghestan, Chechnya, Colombia

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