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1 Overview
1.1 Frequency band
1. The exact IMT-2000 frequency bands are 1185-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz. 2. The bandwidth of a wideband CDMA system is 5 MHz or more.
o2 Inner-loop power control inner-loop power control in layer 1 adjusts the peer entity transmit power so that the measured SIR fulfills the SIRtarget requirement. Inner-loop power control is performed entirely in layer 1. This makes it a very fast method to adjust transmission power. Therefore inner-loop power control is also known as fast power control. o3 Outer-loop power control The outer-loop power control sets the signal-to-interference ratio (SIRtarget). Outer-loop power control is handled by the RRC in layer 3.
SIR (Signal-to-interference ratio) is measured over a 667microsecond period. The transmit power control (TPC) bits are sent in every time-slot within the uplink and the downlink. During soft-handover, several base station are transmiting results to mobile at the same time. Two different algorithms have been defined for the TPC commands and the network indicates which one the mobile should use. also implememt on DPCCH (dedicated physical control channel)/DPDCH (dedicated physical data channel). o5 Outer loop power control contained in uplink closed mechanism. The outer loop power control functions within the base-station system, and adjusts the required SIR value (SIRtarget), which is then used in the inner loop control.
2.5 Handovers/Handoff
The procedure, which switches a connection from one base station to another, is called a handover (HO) or a handoff. As in GSM, all HOs are managed by the network. The network measures the uplink connection(s) and receives measurement results from downlink connection(s) made by the UE.
Measurement sets
o6 Active set When the signal strength of a base station transmission exceeds the addition threshold in the UE, this base station is added to the active set and the UE enters into an SHO state if it is not already there. 1. Addition threshold Addition threshold is an important network performance parameter, and thus it can be set dyanmically by the network. 2. Drop threshold Drop threshold is used to prevents the premature removal of base stations from the active set.
When the signal strength value drops below the set threshold value, a drop timer is started in the network. If the value stays below the drop theshlod until the timer expires, the base station in question is finally removed from the active set. 3. Ping-pong effect The timer must be long enough to prevent a ping-pong effect; that is, the same base station is repeatedly added and removed from the active set. o7 Monitored set The monitored set includes cells that have been identified as possible candidates(neighbor cell list which provided by UTRAN) for HO but have not yet been aded to the active set. When a monitored cell exceeds the UTRAN-defined add threshold, a measurement report containing the latest results is sent to the network. The network may send an active set update message to the UE. o8 Detected set The detected set contains all the other cells that the UE has found while monitoring the radio environment and that are not included in the neighbor cell list.
2. The primary cell ID is delivered by the UE to the active cells via the uplink feedback information (FBI) field. 3. The nonprimary cells selected by UE switch off their transmissions to this UE. The SSDT activation, SSDT termination, and ID assignment are carried out by the radio resource control (RRC) active set update procedure.
Relocation
Serving radio network subsystem (SRNS) relocation is a procedure in which the routing of a UE connection in the UTRAN changes. If the UE moves to a position where it is in SHO with Node B's belonging to different RNCs, then the signals will be relayed to the anchor RNC (serving RNC), which combines the signals and sends them to the MSC. There is always only one SRNC for each UE that has a combination to the UTRAN. SRNC is in charge of the RRC connection between the UE and the UTRAN. The relaying RNC is called the drift RNC(DRNC). which provides its radio resources for the SRNC when the connection between the UTRAN and the UE needs to use cells controlled by the DRNC.
2.5.2 Softer HO
A softer HO is an HO between two sectors of a cell.
A softer HO is an internal procedure for a Node B, which saves the transmission capacity between Node Bs and the RNC.
HHOs are difficult for a mobile station in a CDMA system, as it is receiving and transmitting continuously and there are no free time slots for interfrequency measurement. 3GPP has specified a method called compressed mode which not all time slots in downlink are used for data transmission. Compressed mode results in poorer performance, as it means either less data over the air interface (reduced data or puncturing) or more interference and higher code usage (lower spreading ratio). HHO procedure can be performed by several otehr procedures, such as physical channel reconfiguration, radio bearer establishment, radio bearer reconfiguration, radio bearer release, or transport channel reconfiguration.
3.2 Functions
channels
FEC (Forward error correction is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, such that occasional bit errors can be corrected in the receiving entity. TRCH Type BCH PCH RACH CPCH, DCH, DSCH, FACH Turbo coding No coding TrCH = transport channel BCH = broadcast channel PCH = paging channel RACH = random access channel CPCH = common packet channel DPCH = dedicated physical channel DCH = dedicated channel DSCH = downlink shared channel FACH = forward access channel 1/2 or 1/3 1/3 Coding Scheme Convolutional coding Code Rate 1/2
FEC Schemes
Toskala esimates that the suitable threshold value between turbo code and convolutional coding is about 200 bits per TTI (Transmission time interval). At higher bit rate, Turbo coding is more efficient than convolutional coding. If error correction is not needed, then FEC coding can be left out completely, as it always takes some tiem to carry out, and adds delay.
o11 Convolutional codes 1. For low bit rate o12 Turbo codes 1. For higher bit rate 2. Optional for UE o13 No FEC coding
higher layers
Radio measurements are typically controlled by the RRC layer in the UE. The RRC receives the necessary control information from the UTRAN in measurement control messages.
States
o14 IDLE/connected-mode the messages are broadcast in system information blocks (SIBs). In idle mode the purpose of the measurements is to help the UE in the cell-reselection process. 1. CELL_FACH 2. CELL_PCH 3. URA_PCH o15 Dedicated state In dedicated state (CELL_DCH) the measurements are typically done to help the UTRAN maintain the optimal radio connection. 1. CELL_DCH
1. Received signal code power (RSCP) 2. Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) 3. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) 4. Received energy per chip (Ec/No) 5. Block error rate (BLER) 6. UE transmitted power 7. Connection frame number-system fram number (CFN-SFN) observed time difference. 8. SFN-SFN observed time difference 9. UE Rx-Tx time difference 10. Observed time difference to GSM cell 11. UE GPS timing of cell frames for location services (LCS) o17 UTRAN 1. Received total wide band power 2. Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) 3. Transmitted carrier power 4. Transmitted code power 5. Block error rate (BER) 6. Round-trip time 7. UTRAN GPS timing of cell frames for LCS 8. PRACH/CPCH propagation delay 9. Acknowledged PRACH preambles 10. Detected PCPCH access preambles 11. Acknowledged PCPCH access preambles
demultiplexing of CCTrCHs
Every 10ms, one radio frame from each transport channel is multiplexed into a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH). This multiplexing is done serially; that is, the frames are simplyconcatedated together. In the FDD mode each UE can have only one CCTrCH on the uplink. In TDD the uplink can accommodate several CCTrCHs. On the downlink both modes can have several CCTrCHs per UE.
o19 Frequency shift keying (FSK) In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal. If the digital signal has only two symbols, 0 or 1, this means that in the basic FSG scheme, the transmission switches between two frequencies to account for multilevel FSK. S(t) = f1(t) sin(2fc1t+)+f2(t) sin(2fc2t+)
o20 Phase shift keying (PSK) In PSK it is the phase of the carrier signal that is modified by the digital signal. The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular systems. S(t) = sin[2fct+(t) ] 1. BPSK (binary phase shift keying) 2. QPSK (quaternary phase shit keying) 3. M-ary PSK 4. MSK (Minimum shift keying) 5. GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying)
Spreading
In the downlink, pseudorandom scrambling codes are used to reduce inter-base-station interference. Each Node B has only one primary scrambling coe, and this is used to separate various base stations. o21 Spreading Codes 1. Orthogonal codes It can be used in the downlink to separate different users within one cell, but in the uplink only to separate different services of one user. The UTRAN employs the spreading factor (SF) 512, where 4~512 appear in uplink, and spreading factor (SF) 512 is added to the SF catalog in the downlink direction. 2. Pseudorandom (pseudo-noise ,PN) codes
o22 Process 1. Channelization See also: Orthogonal codes. Channelization transforms each data symbol into several chips. The ratio (number of chips/symbol) is called the spreading factor. Data symbol on the I- and Q-branches are multiplied with the channelization code. Channelization codes are orthogonal codes( more precisely, orthogonal variable spreading factor [OVSF] code. 2. Scrambling See also: Pseudorandom (pseudo- .... In the scrambling procedure, the I- and Q-phases are further (after channelization) multiplied by a scrambling code. These scrambling codes have good autocorrelation properties.
only)
3.3 Channels
3.3.1 Logical Channels
Control channel
For the transfer of control plane information. o23 Common channel 1. BCCH Broadcast control channel (downlink) : broadcast system and cell-specific information. A downlink channel for broadcasting system control information. 2. PCCH
Paging control channel (downlink channel): Transfers paging information and some other notifications. A downlink channel that transfers paging information. This channel is used when the network does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the cell connected state. 3. CCCH Common control channel (Bidirectional point to multi-point channel) : Transfer control information. Bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. This channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC connection with the network and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection. 4. SHCCH (TDD only) Shared channel control channel (Bidirectional) : Transfers control information for uplink and downlink shared channels. Bi-directional channel that transmits control information for uplink and downlink shared channels between network and UEs. o24 Dedicated channel 1. DCCH Dedicated control channel (Bidirectional point to point channel): transfers control information. A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits didicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through RRC connection setup procedure.
Traffic channel
For the transfer of user plane information. o25 DTCH Dedicated traffic channel (Bidirectional point to point channel): Transfer user info. A Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for transfer of user information.
o26 CTCH Common traffic channel (Downlink point to multipoint channel): Transfers dedicated user information for a group of users. A point-to-multipoint undirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.
o29 PCH Paging channel: A downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into an entire cell allowing efficient UE sleep mode procedures. A downlink channel used for transmission of paging and notification messages. Transmission associated with transmission of paging indicator in PICH physical channel. o30 BCH Broadcast channel: A downlink channel for broadcast of system and cell-specific info.
o31 Shared Channels The idea behind shared channels is a more efficient usage of spectrum capacity. The shared channels support fast power control, but they do not support soft handovers. 1. CPCH (FDD only) Common packet channel: A contention-based channel used for transmission of bursty data; An uplink channe
CPCH is very like the RACH channel in UTRAN. The RACH can be used to send small amounts of data, but without a power control loop. The CPCH includes fast power control, as the downlink power control bits are conveyed via the associated DPCCH. 2. USCH (TDD only) Uplink shared channel: An uplink channel shared by several UEs. Carries dedicated control or traffic data
3. DSCH Downlink shared channel: A downlink channel shared by several UEs. Used for dedicated control or traffic data Associated with DCH (does not exist alone)
In FDD mode, There are two ways the UTRAN can tell the UE that there is data to be decoded on the DSCH. 1. By using the TFCI (Transport format combination indicator) field of the associated DPCH. 2. By using higher-layer signaling carried on the associated DPCH
In TDD mode, there are three ways the UTRAN can tell the UE that there is data to be decoded on the DSCH:
1. By using the TFCI field of the associated channel or the DSCH. 2. By using a user-specific midamble on the DSCH (i.e., the UTRAN will decode the PDSCH if the PDSCH was transmitted with the midamble asigned to the UE by the UTRAN. 3. By using higher-layer signaling. o32 HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH): A downlink channel shared between UEs by allocation of individual codes, from a common pool of codes assigned for the channel.
Dedicated channel
o33 DCH Dedicated channel: A channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink o34 FAUSCH Fast uplink signaling channel
3. Secondary CCPCH Secondary common control physical channel: Variable rate; Carries FACH and PCH
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the same or separate channels; Transmitted only when there is data avialable. 4. SCH Synchronization channel: Used for cell search Two subchannels, the primary and secondary SCH
5. PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel: Carries DSCH(downlink shared channel) Always associated with a downlink DPDCH.
6. AICH Acquisition indicator channel: Carries acquisition indicators (= signatures for the random access procedure). 7. PICH Page indication channel: Carries page indicators to indicate the presence of a page message on the PCH. 8. AP-AICH Access preamble acquisition indicator channel: Carries AP acquisition indicators of the associated CPCH. 9. CSICH CPCH status indicator channel: Carries CPCH status information. 10. CD/CA-ICH Collision-detection/channel-assignment indicator channel: Carries CD (Collision detection) indicators only if the CA (channel assignment) is not active, or both CD indicators and CA
indicator at the same time if the CA is active. o36 Uplink 1. DPCCH Dedicated physical control channel: Carries control information generated at layer 1. 2. PRACH Physical random access channel: Carries RACH 3. PCPCH Physical common packet channel: Carries CPCH (common packet channel) Uses DSMA-CD (Digital sense multiple access-collision detection) technique with fast acquisition indication. o37 Downlink and Uplink 1. DPDCH Dedicated physical data channel: Carries DCH (dedicated channel) Carries data generated at layer2 and above.
TDD
o38 DPCH Dedicated physical channel: Carries DCH o39 P-CCPCH Primary common control physical channel: Carries BCH o40 S-CCPCH Secondary common control physical channel: Carries PCH and FACH; One or more instances per cell.
o41 PRACH Physical random access channel: Carries RACH; One or more instance per cell.
o42 PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel: Associated with FACH or DCH. o43 PDSCH Associated with FACH or DCH. o44 PICH Page indication channel: Carries page indicators to indicate the presence of a page message on the PCH. o45 SCH Synchronization channel: Gives code group of a cell
between the block of information bits k (input) and the block of channel coded bits n (output) is called the code rate: Rc = k/n In a systematic code, all redundant bits are added to the end of the code word. In a nonsystematic code, the redundant bits are mixed in with the information bits. Block codes are often used with an automatic repeat request (ARQ) method. Block codes are eficient at finding errors, and when they are found, a retransmission of the block can be requested from the peer entity. This scheme requires that the data is block-oriented and that the timing constraints with the data are not very tight. o46 CRC The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of block coding. CRC bits are also used in WCDMA. The size of the CRC field to be added to transport block can be either 0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 bits in WCDMA. The information block is divided modulo 2 by the generator polynomial and the remainder becomes the checksum field. No of CRC Bits 24 16 12 8 Polynomial D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1 D16 + D12 + D5 +1 D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 +D + 1 D8 + D7 +D4 +D2 + D + 1
Covolutional codes
See also: Convolutional codes. Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are tight and intolerant of the ARQ schemes. The coded data must contain redundant information, which makes it possible to correct at least some of the detected errors that appear in the channel decoder.
Convolution codes have a memory, which means that the output bits do not only depend on the current input bits, but also on several proceeding input bits. Convolutional decoders work well against random errors, but they are quite vulnerable to bursts of errors, which are typical in mobile radio system.
Turbo codes
In turbo coding the output of the decoding process is used to readjust the input data. This interative process improves the quality of the decoder output, although the returns from the process diminish with every interative loop.
3.5 Diversity
3.5.1 Time Diversity
Time diversity means that the signal is spread in the time domain.
The methods for achieving time diversity are channel coding, interleaving, and retransmission protocols. Time diversity spreads the faulty bits over a longer period of time, and thus makes it easier to reconstruct the original data.
3.5.3 Macrodiversity
In an SHO all the participating base stations use the same frequency, and the result i a macro-diversity situation. Macrodiversity provides protection against shadowing.
Macrodiversity components will be combined in the physical layer, and not in the protocol stack. Macrodiversity in the downlink can increase the overall interference level in the system, and thus it should only used when necessary. For this, SSDT is used. The principle of site-selectionn diversity transmit (SSDT) is that the best cell of the active set is dynamically chosen as the only transmitting site, and the other cells involved turn down their DPDCHs (Dedicated physical data chanel).
A Transport Format is defined as a combination of encodings, interleaving, bit rate and mapping onto physical channels.
TFI
Each transport format within a transport format set has a unique identifier called the transport format identifier (TFI).
3.6.2 Semistatic
Define common service attitutes to all transport formats in a transport channel.
Transmission time interval Type of error protection scheme Size of the CRC Static rate matching parameter 3.6.3 Dynamic Transport block size Transport block set size
A service is defined by a set of service primitives (operations) that a layer provides to upper layer(s).
parameters
This service performs on request of RRC execution of radio resource reallocation and change of MAC parameters.
channels
Note that in 3GPP jargon the function "mapping between logical channels and transport channels" refers to a functionality in the Mac-c/sh, which has a more static nature. The MAC is responsible for mapping of logical channel(s) onto the appropriate transport channel(s).
RRC. The priority handling is achieved by selecting a Transport Format Combination for which high priority data is mapped onto L1 with a "high bit rate" Transport Foramt., at the same time letting lower priority data be mapped with a "low bit rate" Transport Format. Transport format selection may also take into account transmit power indication from Layer 1.
scheduling
MAC realizes priority handling on common and shared transport channels. Note that for dedicated transport channels, the equivalent of the dynamic scheduling function is implicitly included as part of the reconfiguration function of the RRC sublayer.
on the DSCH and FACH (in the UTRAN) Identification of UEs on common transport channels
If a UE is addressed on a common downlink channel or it uses the RACH, the UE is identified by the MAC layer. There is a UE identification field in the MAC PDU header for this purpose.
the allocated capacity. The task of monitoring the traffic volume is allotted to the MAC. Measurement of traffic volume on logical channels and reporting to RRC. Based on the reported traffic volume information, RRC performs transport channel switching decisions. The monitoring of the traffic volume is controled by the RRC. It may command the MAC to perform either periodic or event-triggered monitoring. The transmission buffer to be monitored is actually in the RLC layer, but the buffer occupancy information is relayed down to the MAC layer with each MacDataReq signal.
transmission
The MAC gets a set of access service classes (ASCs) from the RRC, and it chooses one of them to be used for the RACH transmission. These classes define the parameters used in a RACH procedure, including access slots and preamble signatures. The algorithm itself uses two variables: MAC logical channel priorities
(MLP) and the maximum number of ASCs (NumASC). If all the transport blocks in a transport block set have the same MLP, then select : ASC = min(NumASC, MLP). If the transport blocks in a transport block set have different MLPs, then select: ASC = min(NumASC, MinMLP). (ASC 0 = the highest priority; ASC 7 = the lowest priority).
o66 Duplicate detection o67 Flow control o68 Protocol error detection and recovery o69 Ciphering
into/from smaller RLC payload units Concatenation (RLC SDUs may be concatenated so
that they will fill the RLC PUs) Padding Transfer of user data Error correction In-sequence delivery of higher-layer PDUs Duplicate detection Flow control
transfer mode) Protocol error-detection and recovery Ciphering (in UM and AM modes) Suspend/resume function
General control
This is an information broadcast service.
The information transferred is unacknowledged, and it is broadcast to all mobiles within a certain area.
Notification
This includes paging and notification broadcast services.
Dedicated control
This service includes the establishment and release of a connection and the transfer of messages using this connection. Messages transfer are acknowledged.
4.4.2 RRC functions Initial cell selection and cell reselection (includes
preparatory measurements)
o70 Initial cell selection 1. Search for primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) Priority: 1 2. Once such a channel is found, acquire time slot synchronization from it Priority: 2 3. Acquire frame synchronization from the corresponding S-SCH Priority: 3 4. Acquire the primary scrambling code from the correspinding CPICH Priority: 4 5. Decode system information from the cell to check whether it is a suitable cell for camping Priority: 5 o71 Cell re-selection The cell-reselection procedure is performed in idle mode to keep the UE camped on a cell: the best server. The cell reselection procedure will be triggered if the measurements indicate that a better cell is found, or if the system information of the current cell indicates that new cell access restrictions are applied to the cell in question, such as cell barred. System information block 3 (SIB 3) tells the UE the quality parameter to measure, and also all parameters for the cell reselection evaluation algorithm.
System information (SIB 3) may also contain various optional threshold parameters that define when to perform various measurement. (Sx is the measured quality parameter of the serving cell) If Sintrasearch is given and Sx <= Sintrasearch, then the UE must perform intrafrequency measurements. If Sintersearch is given and Sx <= Sintersearch, then the UE must perform interfrequency measurements. If SsearchRAT n is given and Sx <= SsearchRAT n, then the UE must perform inter-RAT measurements. o72 Immediate Cell Evaluation This procedure is something new when compared with the GSM procedures. The purpose for this procedure is to make sure that the UE is camped on the best possible cell before it starts to send RACH bursts to the network. The UE ramps up () the RACH transmission power until it receives a response from the base station, and if this RACH burst is addressed to a Node B far away from the UE, the received signal power in the nearby Node Bs will be unacceptably high.
[SIBs])
Broadcast information consists of messages called system information blocks (SIBs) There are 18 different blocks, named as SIB 1 through 18. In addition to SIB tehre is a master information block (MIB) and up to two scheduling blocks (SBs). Broadcast information is sent via the BCCH logical channel which is mapped into the BCH in the idle mode and in the CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH in connected mode substates. A mobile station must find out the schedule of various SIBs so that it can wake up and receive only those blocks it needs and skip reception of the
otehrs. If a mobile notices that the schedule in its memory does not match the schedule used by the UTRAN, it must delete the stored schedule and start building the scheduling tree again beginning from the MIB. Because of the tree structure of the scheduling information, the update flag scheme is always reflected to the value tag of the MIB; that is, if any SIB changes, then MIB also changes. The value tag of the master block itself is sent in the paging channel. Since some information blocks change too frequently, these blocks without a value tag, a timer will be used instead. Every time this timer expires, the corresponding SIBs is decoded and the timer is started again. Because the paging channel is only monitored when a mobile is in its idle, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH, states, it is also necessary to transmit the MIB value tag on the FACH, so that all mobiles in the CELL_FACH state can receive this information. This information is added to a system information change indication message on the FACH. o73 MIB The location of a master block is easy to determine, because in the FDD mode it has a predefined repetition rate (8), and a position (0) within the repetition cycle. The master information indicates the identity and the schedule of a number of other SIBs. 1. 2. Contain PLMN identity Includes references to other SIBs.
The MIB may optionally also contain reference and scheduling information for one or two SBs, which give references and scheduling information for additional SIBs. o74 SB o75 SIB
Reception of paging and notification messages Establishment, maintenance, and release of RRC
channels.
execution of HOs and intersystem HOs Measurement control Outer-loop power control Security mode control (ciphering control, integrity
protection, counter check) Routing of higher-layer PDUs (direct transfer) Control of requeseted quality of service (QoS) Support for DRAC (fast allocation of radio resources
Tining advance (TDD mode) Support for the initial configuration of CBS service