XENON 1T Demonstrator Report

Nathan Holman December 26, 2011

Abstract Observation suggests 80% of all the mass of the universe currently comes from a nonluminous, nonbaryonic form of matter known as dark matter. Currently, WIMPs are one of the most favored models to explain the missing mass of the universe. XENON100, a detector experiment in Gran Sasso, has place the best upper limits for the cross section at 1044 cm2 for a 50GeV /c2 mass WIMP. Since detection of the WIMP remains elusive the next generation LXe experiment, XENON1T, will have a 1 tonne ducial volume and has a projected sensitivity to 1047 cm2 for a 50GeV /c2 mass WIMP. In order for the next generation experiment to run eciently and to gain the required level of purity the current gas system is inadequate. Work on the demonstrator apparatus has made signicant progress towards the development of a highly ecient gas system for XENON1T. Through the chacterization of the internal pressures, addition of a heat exchanger, new liquid-gas phase bell design and automated data analysis necessary groundwork has been laid out for the next generation LXe dark matter experiment.

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Rotational Velocity Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Bullet Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Current Status of XENON100 2.1 XENON100 Detector Phenomonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Limits on WIMP Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Demonstrator: A XENON1T Apparatus 3.1 Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Simple Theoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Recirculation System Characterization . . . . . . 3.2 Liquid-Gas Phase Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Slow Control and Pressure Analysis Computer Programs 3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 5 7 7 8 10 10 10 11 12 13 14

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Chapter 1

Observational Motivation for Dark Matter Searches

Historical development of dark matter searches takes us back to 1933 with the publication: Spectral displacement of extra galactic nebulae by Fritz Zwicky [1, 2]. Zwicky was not a mainstream astronomer and many of his ideas (e.g. dark matter, neutron stars and supernovae) were not taken seriously at rst but are now well established theories. It wasnt until Vera Rubins [3] measurement of the at rotational velocity curve of the M31 galaxy (See Section 1.1) that dark matter came into mainstream scientic research. Evidence based on WMAP constrained the matter density, m h , and the baryonic matter density, b h to the current limits [4]: m h = 0.1358+0.0037 0.0036
+0.00058 b h = 0.022670.00059

verse. The natural question becomes where is the other 81.1% of the mass density of the universe coming from? Two possible explanations for this apparent discrepancy are the following: either the current understanding of gravity is incomplete or there is much more mass in galactic formations than is suggested by the electromagnetic radiation. The following chapter will proceed as such: the rst section will develop the observational phenomenon known as the missing mass problem. Section two will provide some evidence for why dark matter is a favorable explanation over modied gravity.

(1.1) (1.2)

1.1

Rotational Velocity Curves

Based on existing frameworks there are two possible explanations for the at rotational curves: dark matter of Tensor-Vector-Scalar T eV eS Gravity. Both explainations attempt to reconcile observation and theory either by altering gravitational physics or by adding missing gravitational mass. The measurement of rotational velocity curves of spiral galaxies by Vera Rubin was the rst compelling evidence for new physics . In a rst-order approximation, a star rotating galaxy can be treated as a Newtonian System with m h = 0.0030 (1.3) two point masses: m1 and m2 where m1 is the mass 93.14eV of the center of the galaxy and m2 is the mass of a It follows then that neutrinos only contribute an ad- star. We will assume m2 m1 for the time being. ditional 2.2% of the total mass density of the uni- From classical mechanics the equation of motion for These constraints imply that only16.7% of the matter density in the universe comes from baryonic matter (i.e. atoms and other hardrons). So what is the other 83.3% ? Leptons like the neutrino certainly contribute as well as mesons but current constraints suggest that the total mass of the neutrino masseigenstates is: m 0.28eV [6]. From this the upper limit for the neutrino mass density, h , can be determined as [5]: 3

a point particle in a gravitational potential is:

This is a result of Gausss law for gravity which states that for a spherically symmetric mass, the gravitar() = (1.4) tional attraction for all external objects behaves as Gm1 (1 + cos()) though all the mass were concentrated in a single Where is the angular momentum, is the reduced point at the center. Gauss Shell Theorem: A spherically symmetric mass for the system, G is the gravitational constant and is the eccentricity of the orbit for a given semi- body will produce a gravitatonal attraction for all external objects as if the mass were concentrated at major axis of magnitude a where: a point at the mass center. 1 Proof: From Gauss law for gravity we can write (1.5) = aGm1 the surface integral for the vector eld g: Using Newtons laws, it can be shown that the rotag dS = 4Gm1 (1.12) tional velocity of a star in a Keplerian orbit is:
S

v(r) =

Gm1 r

(1.6)

Let n be the unit normal vector to the spherically symmetric surface, S. We can then write: g = g(r) n (1.13)

Since the above model assumes a point mass for the total galactic mass m1 it causes the velocity to blow up to innity as we take the limit r 0 To improve and: the accuracy of this model we can replace m1 with the integral: m1 = (r)dV (1.7)

g dS =
S S

g ndS

(1.14)

Where (r) is the mass density and dV is the volume element. Consider the mass density (r) can be described as a constant density up to some critical radius rc (e.g. the galactic bulge):

Combining these two and noting that n n = 1 we now have: g dS = g(r)

S S

dS = g(r)4r2

(1.15)

The 4r2 comes from performing the surface integral, which for a spherically symmetric mass, will be the if 0 r rc (r) = (1.8) surface area of a sphere with radius r. So it now 0 if r > rc . follows that gravitational force is: Using this one can show that when r < rc the graviGm1 tational potential, g (r) is: (1.16) g(r) = 2 r Gm1 2 g (r) = 3 {3rc r2 } (1.9) The potential for this force is: 2rc g (r) = Gm1 r (1.17)

Where m1 is (using equations 1.7 and 1.8 and integrating over all space):
rc

Which is what we were trying to prove. Q.E.D. Using the above theorem we can now write the 0 gravitational potnetial on a particle as the piecewise Outside the galactic bulge, if we assume that the den- function: sity of matter is zero, the gravitational potential will 2 Gm1 {3rc r2 } if 0 r rc 3 once again be the Newtonian potential: 2rc g (r) = Gm1 r if r > rc . Gm1 m2 g (r > rc ) = (1.11) (1.18) r m1 = 4 r2 dr =
3 4rc 3

(1.10)

As we can see in Figure 1.1 the velocity distribution no longer has the aphysical behavior of (r) as r 0.

Figure 1.2: Rotation curves of spiral galaxies using a CO-line telescope [7]. Here it is easy to see that the rotation curves do not obey the Newtowian law v 1 . Rather we see the rotational velocity for stars r outside the galactic bulge is approximately constant.

Figure 1.1: For a spherically symmetric distribution of mass the predicted rotational velocities are ploted as a function of distance from the radius. While inside the uniform mass the rotational velocities rise linearly with a slope of Gm1 until the cuto radius 3 2rc rc . After which the velocity drops of as a function of 1 . r

1.2

Bullet Cluster

While this theoretical model is perfectly acceptable as a second order approximation in the Newtonian regime, it is at odds with observational data [3]. In Figure 1.2 [7] we can see that spiral galaxies have relatively at rotation curves for radii past the galactic center. There are two possible ways to resolve this issue, either our understanding of gravity at long ranges is inaccurate(TeVeS gravity), or the apparent light halo does not account for all the mass (i.e. there exists dark matter). Galaxy rotation curves in and of themselves are not enough to dierentiate which theory is accurate as both can explain the apparent phenomenon. 5

The debate between TeVeS gravity and dark matter is unresolvable through the study of rotation curves alone. Since both theories can describe the at rotation curve eect other predictions must be probed in order to dierentiate which theory is truly correct. One such measure can come from the study of colliding galaxies. If TeVeS is true the gravitational lensing should be centered at the luminous portion of the galaxy as the eects of TeVeS only atten the rotation curve at sucently large radial distances. On the other hand if dark matter is the more accurate picture then the gravtational lensing should occur past the luminous center (assuming the collision happened long enough ago). This is a result from the property that dark matter is inert to the electromagnetic interaction, and as such, feels virtually no frictional force. So when two clouds of dark matter pass through each other they continue relatively unimpeded, whereas luminous matter will slow down due to friction with interstellar and galactic gases. A bimodal weak lensing eect outside the luminous center was indeed observed in a cluster known as the bullet cluster in 2006 [8]. At the time the paper was published any non-standard gravitational force that scales with baryonic mass fails to reproduce the

observed lensing eects. Currently, there exist some TeVeS corrections that explain for this observed behavior [9]. It is the opinion of the author of this paper that given two theories it may be possible to modify one theory to t an observation but the theory that predicts an observation will be the stronger of the two since its accuracy comes from a priori considerations. As such dark matter can be considered, although not denitively, the more accurate theory to date.

Figure 1.3: Mass contours extrapolated from weak lensing eects show two mass density peaks for this cluster are located on opposite sides of the luminous center [8].

Chapter 2

Current Status of XENON100

XENON100 is a liquid noble gas dark matter experiment with a ducial volume target of xenon. Currently, XENON100 is collecting data but has released some publications on the status of their search as the most sensitive detector for WIMPs in the world. Using 100kg ducial mass target, XENON100 employs the expected scintillation and ionization from a WIMP nuclear recoil to characterize the expected signal and discriminate a signicant amount of background events. section averaged over the relative WIMP speed,, to the detector. In the case of XENON we can further reduce this formulation by making the assumption that there is only one specie of nuclei in the detector (i.e. no impurities in the ducial volume). Then equation 2.1 becomes: R N n (2.2)

The total WIMP-nucleus elastic cross section can be formulated as [13]: 1 = 2

42 2 2 2 2 {fn A2 FS (q 2 ) + 42 F 2 (q 2 )fa }dq 2 Xe 0

2.1

XENON100 Detector Phenomonology

Direct Detection(DD) dark matter phenomenology has been well studied [10, 11]. In particular, there are two modes of scattering in direct detection experiments: spin-dependent and spin-independent. It will be the focus of this section to discuss the cross section for WIMPs based on theoretical considerations and how XENON100 measures rare WIMP-nucleon interactions. While spin-dependent interactions will be considered they are less likely to be detected compared to spin-independent interactions [12, 13]. The rate of interaction of galactic dark matter, assuming no lower energy threshold, can be written as: R=
i

(2.3) where is the center of mass reference frame, A2 is the number of nucleons, q is the momentum transfer from the WIMP to the nucleus, fn is the nucleon form factor, fa is the axial current form factor, and F 2 (q 2 ) comes from the Fourier transform of the nucleon density, (r) written as: F (q) = (r)eiqr d3 r (2.4)

Ni n i

(2.1)

F (q) is called the form factor and describes how coherent scattering o a nucleus is aected by the geometric conguration of the nucleons in the nucleus. If we look at the spin independent term in equation 2.3, we can write the cross section as just: 1 = 2 7
42 2 2 2 fn A2 FS (q 2 )dq 2 0

where Ni are the number of nuclei for each species i in the detector, n is the number density of galactic dark matter and i is the WIMP-nucleus cross

(2.5)

Limits on WIMP CrossEquation 2.5 shows that for coherent scattering, the 2.2 cross section is proportional to the number of nuSection cleons squared. So, heavy nuclei such as Xenon (A 131) and germanium (A 69) are natural Recently, there has been some discussion by CoGeNT choices for coherent scattering experiments. for a possible light WIMP signal with a mass of 7GeV /c2 [16]. Furthermore, they claim to have observed an annual modulation [17] with a 2.8 signicance. While this observation is a far cry from discovery much work has been done to try and understand these results. In particular, some theorists along with CoGeNT have argued that their result coincides with an earlier, even more dubious claim made by the DAMA/LIBRA group [18]. Numerous theoretical studies have been done to see if their results are valid [19, 20, 21] but most have cast serious doubt based on a theoretical and statistical basis.
Figure 2.1: A schematic diagram of electronic and nuclear recoils. XENON100 uses a liquid-gas time projection chamber (TPC) to characterize events inside the detector. There are two types of interactions that the XENON100 detector is sensitive to: electronic recoils (ER) and nuclear recoils (NR). Electronic recoils are the primary source of background noise in the XENON100 detector but are well studied [14]. Nuclear recoils can come from neutrons and are also believed to come from coherent WIMPs scattering o the nucleus. Both cases produce scintillation (called S1) and ionization from which XENON100 extracts its data. An electromagnetic eld is placed along the length of the TPC causing ionized electrons that do not recombine with xenon to drift inside the chamber. When the electrons cross the liquid-gas phase a second burst of scintillation (called S2) occurs due to an acceleration caused by a rapid change in the mean free path. The ratio of S2 to S1 can be used with greater than 99% accuracy to discriminate between electronic recoils and nuclear recoils [15]. In particular: S2 S1 S2 S1 (2.6)

Figure 2.2: Current experimental limits for WIMP cross-section vs mass, each at the 90% CL [15, 16, 18]. Note that for the XENON100 Curve the 1 and 2 sensitivities are indicated. The grey regions are the expected parameter space predicted by CMSSM is indicated at 68% (dark grey) and 95% (light grey) CL [23]. CoGeNTs claims grow weaker with the inclusion of other experiments results. In particular, XENON100 and CDMSII have both placed limits on the cross section that eectively put Cogents result in the exclusion curve [15, 22]. XENON100 current reports an upper limit of the cross section for WIMP-Nucleon cross section of 1044 cm2 for a 50 GeV /c2 . Figure 2.2 shows the projected XENON100 cross section sensitivity. When XENON1T comes into opera8

W IM P

tion the projected cross-section sensitivity will be to 1046 cm2 for a 50GeV /c2 WIMP.

Chapter 3

Demonstrator: A XENON1T Apparatus

Since the most recent results of XENON100s WIMP search [15] have had null result it becomes important to look to the future generation WIMP searches. For the XENON Collaboration this means work has begun on building XENON1T (where 1T refers to the mass of the ducial volume in kg). Recent development of an improved recirculationpurication system (Demonstrator) that is capable of recirculation rates of 100 SLPM has provided numerous insights into how XENON1T will operate, including which systems require further upgrades or investigation. The following sections cover recent models and results into the eciency of a new, larger heat exchanger, Slow Control, and analysis coding used to understand the operation of the Demonstrator recirculation-purication system.

3.1.1

Simple Theoretical Model

3.1

Heat Exchanger

In order to build an ecient recirculation-purication support system for XENON1T optimization of the cooling of gaseous xenon from the Getter back into liquid-phase is absolutely necessary to maintain high ow rates. The use of a commercial parallel plate heat exchanger was previously found to be 96 10

The second law of thermodynamics, in one form, denes heat as the exchange of thermal energy across a temperature gradient. The most recognizable form of this law comes from basic chemistry: Q = mcT . This however poses a problem as heat exchangers which, in order to have more than a modest eciency requires zero temperature dierence. Specically, at the liquid-gas phase transition the heat exchanger would have to have a heat ow with zero temperature dierence. Considering the latent and specic heat of xenon in addition to the temperature of the gas coming from the Getter is 300K, the liquid-gas phase transition is at 161K and the Pulse Tube Refrigerator (PTR) keeps liquid xenon at 161K in liquid phase only (e.g. no latent heat in the uid). Using basic thermodynamics one can nd for 1kg of xenon the latent heat required would be 93kJ whereas the heat required to warm the gas (where a non-zero temperature dierence could occur) would only require 23.6kJ. Given this factor of 5 dierence in heating requirements the heat exchanger could at best have an eciency of 20 At rst glance heat exchange with a zero temperature gradient may appear to be a physical impossibility, as it would violate the second law of thermodynamics. This would be true, if both systems were identical in every way. Stepping back from the problem for a moment if we consider the phase diagram for

p h a se d ia g ra m o f xe n o n

In p u t in te rp re ta tio n :

xen on

p h ase d iagram

Ph a se d ia g ra m :
10 3 10 2 10 m eltin g cu rve

supercritical region
critical p oin t

liquid

pressure MPa

solid

satu ration cu rve STP trip le p oin t

10 1

10 2

gas
su b lim ation cu rve

10 3 10 4

100

200

Figure 3.1: Phase Diagram of Xenon

temperature K
300

400

500

600

xenon (Figure 3.1). As the gas ows from the getter the KNF diaphragm pump provides additional pressure. This means the xenon from the getter is at a location higher on the coexistence curve than that of the xenon from the TPC column. As a result, heat ows between the two substances due to an entropic dierence resulting in condensation of the gas phase from the getter and evaporation of the liquid from the TPC column.

Figure 3.2: Measurements of the pressure drops across the KNF recirculation pump, getter, heat exchanger and mass ow controller. Notably, the pressure drop across the KNF diaphragm pump is the largest of the four measured systems. Since the pump must perform work to push the xenon through the entire system it is reasonable that it would create the highest-pressure drop due to the impedance of ow through the pump itself. The next largest system impedance comes from the chemical getter; the remaining systems do not contribute signicantly to resistance of ow. The demonstrators heat exchanger is designed to save cooling power for the PTR and as such one can quantify this through an eciency measurement. To maintain an equilibrium temperature for the xenon the PTR must 1 W expend 10.6 SLP M . With the addition of a heat exchanger, merely by measuring the power cost for the PTR can we gain an idea of the eciency of the heat exchanger for saving cooling power. Using the empirically derived formula the eciency, is:

3.1.2

Recirculation System Characterization

XENON1T requires numerous modications to the current recirculation system and as a result a full characterization(www.wo lfra m a lpsystem 18 , 2neededa m p a igIL., Ge n e ra teb y Wo lfra m |Alp h a of a the h a .co mn J ly is 0 11 fro m Ch to ensure d o) u n Wo lfra mAlp h a as Wo l fra m Re se rch Co m p a n y it operatesLLCA desired. aPerhaps one of the most important aspects of the system is the internal pressure. This is because if the pressure gets to high there are numerous risks including: KNF diaphragm recirculation pump failure, venting of xenon due to bursting of the failsafe disk and explosion of a portion of the recirculation system. As such we measured the presP =1 (3.1) sure drops across the getter, heat exchanger, mass 10.6 ow controller and KNF pump as shown in Figure 3.3. Where P is slope of the power versus ow rate 11

weighted dened as: P = Pf Pi f lowf f lowi (3.2)

chamber itself. Currently, the LXe detectors operate on a liquid-gas phase time projection chamber to veto electronic and nuclear recoils from radioactive sources. In particular, XENON100 uses gas ow from the recirculation system to maintain a constant level of gas inside the chamber. Since XENON1T will make use of a parallel plate heat exchanger the gas normally used from recirculation will be converted into liquid and will no longer be available to stabilize the liquid-gas TPC. To account for the change in the recirculation systems design a new means of creating a stable gas level inside the bell was developed. A small heater can be used to boil the LXe at the top of the bell thus creating a gas layer inside the bell. With this design we decouple the gas level from the recirculation rate allowing for independent control of each.

Figure 3.3: Heat Exchanger Eciency The measurement of the eciency shows that it hovers at a relatively constant 90% as seen in Figure 3.3. Notably, the eciency for larger ow rates does begin to decline around 75 SLPM. This is most likely due to two limiting factors: an upper limit to heat exchange and radiative heating from the vacuum container for the recirculation system. Since the entire system is in an insulation vacuum convective and contact heating is negligible. Using Stefan-Boltzman Law we estimated a lower limit for the radiative heating power to be 19.41 Watts. Adding superinsulation, a multilayered reective material that reects thermal photons, is currently being added to the system to minimize the radiative heating.

Figure 3.4: An overlay image of the Liquid-gas phase bell. Near the top of the interior of the bell sits a 25W (50) which is used to boil o the liquid interior of the bell. A cylinder capacitor is used to determine the level as a function of capacitance.

After designing and proper cleaning of the bell we tested it inside LXe in the demonstrator. During this time we determined quickly that radiative heating of Another important change from XENON100 to the ange at the bottom of the TPC chamber was XENON1T is a major modication of the detector boiling LXe and causing the inside of the bell to be

3.2

Liquid-Gas Phase Bell

12

pressurized. This was measured using a cylindrical capacitor. Since the capacitance for any capacitor depends on the dielectric constant, which is phase dependent, we can determine the level inside the bell by measuring the capacitance. Specically, we note that liquids typically have a higher dielectric constant than gases and as such when the bell is full of LXe the capacitance is maximal. Using this knowledge one can easily make an empirical formula for the height as a function of capacitance. In Figure 3.5 we can see the capacitance as a function of time decrease when the heater is o indicating that the bell is lling with gas due to radiative heating of the ange. Furthermore, in liquid nitrogen testing we can see the heater as the slope steepens between77pF and 81.6pF. Since the heater takes up a signicant fraction of the volume the rate at which the gas level increases is faster since there is less volume of liquid nitrogen to displace.

pF nitude of 1.61 min . After the oset value was determined we began measuring the gas-lling rate as a function of power the results of which can be seen in Figure 3.6. Notably, if we look to Figure 3.5 we can see that the capacitance drops rapidly until it reaches the bottom of the heater and then rapidly decelerates. This is due to the liquid nitrogen ash boiling o the heater due to direct contact with the heater. Once the gas level pushes below the heater the rate at which the capacitance decreases is not a result from direct thermal contact but rather through convection of the nitrogen gas inside the bell.

Level

100

95

Heater Off
90

Heater On

85

80

75

70

65

60 05:15 05:30 05:45 06:00 06:15 06:30 06:45 07:00

Figure 3.6: Change in capacitance (i.e. gas lling rate) versus heating power. A linear relationship Figure 3.5: Plot of the level (capacitance in pF) ver- was observed between the change in capacitance and sus time of the liquid-gas phase bell in liquid nitro- heating power. gen. The rst three trials were done with the heater o. The other trials were with the heater at various powers. 3.3 Slow Control and Pressure
Time

In spite the instability (i.e. constant lling of gas inside the bell) of the liquid-gas bell work was done grams to determine the lling rate as a function of heating power. Averaging over several runs we were able In order to maintain smooth operation of the demonto determine, in liquid nitrogen, that the gas level strator apparatus constant monitoring of various increased (i.e. capacitance decreased) with a mag- pressures, temperatures, voltages, resistances, power 13

Analysis

Computer

Pro-

consumption and recirculation rates is vital. At high recirculation rates the internal pressures of system can cause pump failure and possible explosion. As a safety measure a break disk was installed that can withstand 3.8 bars gauge until it vents the xenon into the atmosphere. Since xenon is approximately $1000 per kg a system that contains 6.45kg a signicant nancial loss can occur if system failure occurs. In order to help monitor the system for overnight/weekend runs a warning system is in ongoing development to monitor temperature uctuations.
Graph
0.7 0.6 0.5 Flow Rate (L/s) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Time (s) 7000 8000 9000

run from which we determined the mass of the xenon currently used in the system was 6.46kg.

3.4

Conclusions

The development of a new gas system for the next upgrade of the XENON dark matter experiment has seen notable development in the last few months. The internal pressures of the system, including the impedances to ow have been recorded for recirculation rates up to 80SLPM. Furthermore, the addition of a heat exchanger has lowered the power requirements of the PTR allowing for 90% eciency in saved power consumption. Higher recirculation rates have an observable drop in eciency, which may be due to radiative heating or ow impedance across the heat exchanger. Inclusion of super-insulation is currently in place and the eciency measurements of the new heat exchanger are ongoing. Automation of the mass ow measurement along with plotting software for power consumption was developed to speed up the analysis process. Lastly, the development of an automated warning system has had some progress and in ongoing development and debugging.

Figure 3.7: The collected ow rate data from a recouperation run plotted versus the time. Using ow.cpp the total recoupered xenon was found to be 1097.2 litres or 6.46 kg. One important aspect of preventing system failures is to accurately know how much xenon is put inside the system. A mass ow meter was placed at on the junction for output into the system and recuperation gas lines in order to know the ll rate in standard litres per minute (SLPM). Originally, these would be taken by hand every minute and used to gain a rough estimate of the total volume input for the system. This method was highly inconsistent as the ow rate could uctuate several SLPMs within a given minute. As such a program called ow.cpp was developed to take computer-collected data placed in a text le and use Riemannian-sums integration to nd the total volume and mass of xenon placed in or recuperated from the system. The following gure shows a plot of the ow rate versus time for a rocouperation 14

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