In India, Dutch east India company established the first factory in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat

in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653. Following the corruption and bankruptcy, the Dutch East India Company was formally dissolved in 1800. William Hawkins was the first Englishman ever received by the Emperor of India as the official representative of the King of England. William Hawkins obtained first distinct acknowledgement of the rights of British Commerce in India. In 1611 the first English Factory was established in Surat. The English factory at Surat was set on apermanent basis with the Firman, officially recognized by the Emperor as well as the Prince-Governor Khurram. After the first factory at Surat in 1612, they established its branch factory in Masulipattanam In 1632 under a grant, the "golden firman," from the king of Golconda, the British obtained rights to trade in Golconda. The political history of the British in India begins with theCarnatic Wars, which were fought in the early eighteenth century. The Fort St. George or Madras was the first territorial possession of the British in India acquired in 1639. n 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the titleNizam-ul-Mulk (Governor of the country) by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, defeated a rival official to establish control over Hyderabad. This began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad until a year after India's independence from Britain. In 1744, a war was declared between France and England. Dupleix was the French Governor of Pondicherry and Clive was a young civil servant (Clerk) at Madras. First Carnatic war was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession that was fought between the Kingdom of Prussia, Spain, France, and Bavaria, Sweden etc. on one side and Habsburg Monarchy, England, Dutch Republic, Russia on the other side. This war continued from 1740 to 1748 and finally ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). Major Stringer Lawrence was the first Commander-in-Chief, India, of the East India Company. Some people also call him the "Father of Indian Army". The British forces under Sir Eyre Coote, defeated the French in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and besieged Pondicherry. Murshid Quli Khan was the First Nawab of Bengalwhose reign in this capacity was from 1717 to 1727. Siraj ud-Daulah was the last sovereign Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. On 23 June 1757, the Battle of Plassey was fought between the forces of Siraj Ud Daulah, and his French support troops and the troops of the British East India Company, led by Robert Clive. In the battle of Plassey the forces of Nawab were defeated and Nawab fled the scene on a Camel. On 2 July 1757, Siraj-Ud-Daulah was executed under orders from Mir Miran, son of Mir Jafar. On October 22-23, 1764, the decisive Battle of Buxar was fought. The belligerents were the East India Company on one side and combined forces of Mir Kasim, Shah Aalam II and Shuja-ud-Daula.

The British won this Battle of Buxar under the command of Major Hector Munro. The important outcome of the Battle of Buxar was theTreaty of Allahabad which was signed between Lord Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The Dual System of Government in Bengal was the brainchild of Lord Clive. In 1770, there was a catastrophic famine in Bengal. This famine was so ruinous that every 1 out of 3 people in Bengal (Plus Bihar & Orissa) died and the population of 30 million was reduced to 10 million. From 1734 to 1766, Mysore was under Krishnaraja Wodeyar II. In 1761, in the Battle of Panipat, the Marathas got defeated. n August 1772, the East India Company applied for a Loan of One Million Pounds to the British Government. This gave the parliament an opportunity to cross examine Clive and affairs of the company and then vote for regulation of the company. The result was the Regulating Act of 1773. Warren Hastings, In 1773, he was appointed the Governor General of Fort Williams, commonly called as Governor General of India. The next step Warren Hastings did was to shift the Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta, First Anglo Maratha War 1779 : The Maratha force was joined by Mahadji Shinde, the "most celebrated & Brave Maratha" after Shivaji. The combined Maratha forces fought with the forces of the British and Raghunath Rao at Wadgaon. In this battle the British were badly defeated. The British Forces surrendered at Wadgaon in 1779, on January 12. In 1781, Warren Hastings founded the Madarasa Aliya or Calcutta Madarasa. (which later Warren Hastings supported the establishment ofAsiatiK society, became Asiatic Society) in 1784 by Sir William Jones under the chairmanship of Sir Robert Chambers. Both of them exist till date flourishing. The Pitts India Act of 1784 somewhat amended at various times, established the system of dual control of India by the government of Great Britain and the British East India Company. These changes continued till 1858. Lord Cornwallis is chiefly remembered in India for the administrative achievement Permanent Settlement of the land revenue of Bengal. Izaredari system was introduced in 1773 by Warren Hastings. The Permanent Settlement fixed the revenue of the land on a 10 year basis. The First victim of the policy of subsidiary alliance of Wellesley was the Nizam of Hyderabad. We know that in 1684, British had established a printing Press in Bombay. It was in 1780, when James Augustus Hickey published the first newspaper in India titled "Bengal Gazette" or "Calcutta General Advertiser" in 1780. But, in 1799, Lord Wellesley brought the Censorship of Press Act, 1799. he initial attempt to train the Civil Servants locally was done by Lord Wellesley. Within the campus of the Fort William, he founded Fort Williams College on 10 July 1800.

The last signed treaty of importance between British and Marathas was Treaty of Salbai (1782) which left the British Protg Raghunath Rao retire on a pension. Thus with the second Anglo Maratha war, Maratha lost their independence. Third Anglo Maratha War 1817-19 was the last big battle won by the British. India was now theirs. India's first Vernacular newspapers Samachar Darpan was started in 1818. Then in 1818 only "Calcutta Journal" was started byJ S Buckingham. 3 years later Raja Ram Mohun Roy started national press in India. He published "Sambad Kaumudi" in 1821. Lord William Bentinck to abolish "Practice of Sati" in 1829. The Treaty of Yandabu or Yandabu Accord brought peace after the First Anglo Burmese War. It was signed on February 24, 1826. Treaty was signed (Ava was capital of Burma from 1364between East India Company and King of Ava
1841).

The name of Lord William Bentinck is still cherished in India for suppression of the Thugs. The charter act of 1813 legalized the British colonization of India . Thus with Charter Act of 1833, Lord William Bentinck became the First Governor General of British India. So the first law commission was set up by the Charter act of 1833 and Lord Macaulay was its most important member and Chairman. The annexation of the Coorg was the only annexation effected by Lord William Bentinck. Raja Ram Mohan Roy along with Dwarkanath Tagore founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which later became Brahmo Samaj. In 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the "Atmiya Sabha" a precursor in the socio-religious reforms in Bengal. In 1817, Raja Ram Mohan Roy foundedMahapathshala (Hindu College) at Kolkata . In 1821, he established Sambad Kaumudi. In 1828, English was first introduced in the college of Delhi. "Lord Metcalfe" is called Liberator of India Press . On 28 September 1837 , the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar who used to write Ghazals and Shayari with his pen name "Zafar" sat on the throne of the Mughal Empire which was now limited to Red Fort of Delhi. He was son of Akbar II. he first director general of telegraphs in India wasWilliam Brooke O'Shaughnessy. The Doctrine of Lapse resulted in the first annexation ofSatara, which was annexed in 1848. In the next year1849- Sambalpur were annexed to the British Empire. Next followed Karauli in 1852. The cool hill town of Shimla was made the summer capital of the British Empire. The Artillery headquarters of the army was moved from Calcutta to Meerut. The army headquarter was shifted to Shimla. It was during Lord Dalhousie's time that Gurkha regiments came into force. The important reform during this period was Wood's Dispatch of 1854.

Wood's Despatch is called Magnacarta of English Education in India. Lord Canning was the last Governor General of East India Company. Widows Remarriage Act was introduced by Lord Dalhousie, but it was approved by Lord Canning in 1856. he Santhal rebellion predates 1857. It was a rebellion of Santhal people led by 4 Murmu Brothers named Sindhu, Kanhu , Chand and Bhairav, in modern Jharkhand (then Bengal Presidency) against the oppressive Zamindari system. The princely states did not participate in the mutiny and as per Lord Canning, the princely rulers proved to be a barrier to stop this hurricane. Leaders of Revolt: Delhi : Bahadur Shah Zafar and Bakht Khan Jhansi : Rani Laxmi Bai Bihar : Kunwar Singh Mathura : Devi Singh Meerut : Kadam Singh Faizabad : Muhammad Ullah Kanpur: Nana sahib, Tantya Tope and Azimullah Khan Allahabad : Liaqat Ali Gwalior : Tantya Tope Haryana : Rao Tularam Sambhalpur : Surender Sai Bareli: Khan Bahadur Khan Satara: Rango Bapuji Gupte Hyderabad : Sonaji pant Karnataka: Maulavi Sayyed Allauddin, Bhimrao Mundargi And Chhota Singh Kolhapur : Annaji Phandnavis and Tatya Mohite Madras: Ghulam Gaus and Sultan Baksh Chengalpattu: Annagirian Krishna Coiambatore: Mulbagal Swami Those who helped British

Holkar of Indore remained with the British. Man Singh at Gwalior deceived Tantya Tope and Laxmibai. Nizam of Hyderabad, Gulab Singh of Kashmir, Sikh rulers of Patiala, Nabha and Jind also remained loyal to British. The Sikhs detest towards the Mughals was the main reason behind their remaining against the mutineers. Dinkar Rao of Gwalior and Salar Jang of hyderabad were "praised" by the British for their loyalty to the Government. Zamindars, Land Lords, Money lenders, Big Traders remained loyal to the East India Company. The elite "educated" class of Indians remained indifferent. Railways, Telegraph and Postal services, which were initiated by Lord Dalhousie saved India for British from the hands of Indians.
The first secretary of state for India and Burma was Lord Dundas.

The office of Governors-General and Viceroys of India remained from 1858 till 1947.

Lord Canning was the first Governor-General and Viceroys of India and Lord Mountbatten was the last Governors-General and Viceroys of India. The same office was called Governor-General of the Union of India, 19471950, and C Rajgopalachari became the last Governor-General of the Union of India. The High Courts of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay were established by Indian High Courts Act 1861. So, the Calcutta High Court has the distinction of being the first High Court and one of the three Chartered High Courts to be set up in India, along with the High Courts of Bombay, Madras. James Wilson was the founder of the much popular "The Economist" (weekly news and international affairs publication) . James Wilson was also the founder of modern Standard Chartered Bank. James Wilson is one of the earliest forefathers of India's Income Tax Structure. The initial sketch of the Indian Penal Code was drawn by Lord Macaulay in 1830s, but it was finally drafted in 1860 and came into force in 1862. The Orissa famine of 1866 followed a severe drought and destruction of the Rice Crop. Lord Mayo took the pains to secure and collect statistics regarding the population and the various conditions in each locality. The result was that in 1871, India's first census of taken by his orders. The most important legal reform during LORD MAYO time was the passage of the Indian Evidence Act in 1872. Sanyasi Rebellion : Murshidabad and Baikunthupur forests of Jalpaiguri, in West Bengal. Chuar Rebellion1799 : Midnapore, Bakura districts of West Bengal, Durjan Singh is the important leader. Name of Uprising: Birsa Movement, Area: Bihar and Jharkhand, Important Leader : Birsa Munda. The followers of Birsa Munda are called Birsait. The Santhal rebellion predates 1857. It was a rebellion of Santhal people led by 4 Murmu Brothers named Sindhu, Kanhu , Chand and Bhairav, in modern Jharkhand. Ahom's Revolt took place in Assam region after the First Anglo Burmese War. The rebellion was against the annexation of the territories under British Empire in 1828, The leader of this movement was Gomdhar Konvar. Khond Uprising took place in Orissa in 1846 and 1855, The Khond people were led by Chakra Bisoi. The Khasi uprising took place in 1833 in the regions between the Khasi hills and Jaintia Hills, against a planned British Road in that area, The leader of this uprising was Tirath Singh. Pagal Panthis (1825-1850) were a mixture of the Hinduism, Sufism and Animism, which became prominent in Bengal , The sect was founded by Karam Shah, and his son Tipu Shah led these people to upholad the religion and rights of the peasants in Bengal. The Paiks Rebellion took place in Orissa between 1803-1806. Paikis was a militia class under the Zamindars, led by Baxi Jagbandhu. Singhpos revolt took place in 1830 in Assam and continued till 1839, when it was suppressed by the British.

Kachnagas revolt took place in Cachar region of Assam in 1882,. The leader of this revolt was Sambudhan. The revolt was crushed brutally by the British. Faraizis Revolt 1838-1857, This sect was founded by Haji Shariatullah in Bengal. Haji Shariatullah advocated the radical changes in religious, political and social changes in Bengal, because the Islam got degraded because of the British Influence. Indigo Revolt 1856-1857, The peasants were compelled to plant Indigo rather than the food Crops. The peasants were provided loans called "dadon" for indigo planting which was at a very high interest rate. The loan made the people indebted and resulted in a rebellion. The leaders were Digambar and Bishnu Bishwas. The condition was depicted in the newspaper Nil Darpan. Bhil uprising 1817-19, This uprising took place in Khandesh region of Maharastra under the leadership of Sewaram due to the agrarian hardships. The trouble again erupted in 1825, 1831 & 1846. Koli community is an ethnic group mostly found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh. The rose against the British rule for dismantling the forests and a new order of administration in 1829 & 1839. The people in Kutch rose against the British when in 1819, they deposed Rao Bharmal and placed his infant son on the throne. The masses got violent and the British had to opt for conciliation. Waghera Revolt : 1820 Ramosi Revolt : 1825-26 under Chittur Singh around Satara Area of Maharashtra Satara Revolt : Under Dhar Rao in 1840. This was a follow up of the Ramosi revolt because the ruler of Satara Pratap Singh was deposed by the British. Bundela Revolt: In 1842 Under Madhukar Shah. The revolt was subdued and Madhukar Shah was executed. Gadkari Revolt: It took place in Kolhapur area. Naikada Revolt: Naikada Revolt took place under Roop Singh and Joria Bhagat. Rampa Rebellion of 1879 was a full scale rebellion against the British in the hill tracts of Vishakhapatnam against the oppressions of a Zamindar. Kuka Movement (1872) was another important event during the tenure of Lord Northbrook. Lord Lytton, who remained the Viceroy of India from 1876-1880 used to write poems with the Pen name of "Owen Meredith".

The important events during the tenure of Lord Lytton were as follows: Royal Titles Act 1876 Delhi Darbar 1877 Great Famine of 1876 Vernacular Press Act 1878 Second Anglo Afghan War 1878-80 Treaty of Peshawar Treaty of Gandamak Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College) was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the leader of Muslim renaissance in Indian subcontinent, in 1875 at Aligarh during the tenuer of Lord Lytton. It later became Aligarh Muslim University.

The Indian Arms Act of 1878 was legislated during Lord Lytton's time. The maximum age to enter in to the Civil Services Examination was reduced from 21 years to 19 years. Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. Lord Ripon is known to have granted the Indians first taste of freedom by introducing the Local Self Government in 1882. Lord Ripon is known as Father of Local Self Government in India. During Lord Ripon's time, the first Factories Act was adopted in 1881. The amended Ilbert Bill was passed on 25 January 1884, as the Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act 1884. In 1831, Dwarkanath Tagore had established the "Landholders Society" along with Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Radhakanta Deb, Ramkamal Sen and Bhabani Charan Mitra. The "Grand Old Man of India" Dadabhai Naoroji initiated establishment of East India Association, at London. Mary Carpenter was an English educational and social reformer who came to India in 1866, to fulfill her long cherished desire to, after she met Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1833. In 1870 she establishedNational Indian Association. Sir Mortimer Durand, demarcate the territories as joint Afghan Frontier Commission. This was the birth of Durand Line, which now defines the territories of Afghanistan and Pakistan. On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. A O Hume assumed office as the General Secretary. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected President. Indian Councils Act 1892 was the beginning of the parliamentary System in India. ince the famine of 1899-1900 was in the Vikrami Samvat 1956, it is known as Chhappania Akal or Chhappania Kal. n 1904, Cooperative Credit Societies Act, was enacted. This act gave the impetus to the Cooperative Movement in India. Soon after India's first "urban cooperative credit society" was registered in Kanjivaram in the Madras Presidency in October, 1904. The father of this extremism was Bal Gangadhar Tilak who started Ganapati festival from 1894. Thus in Calcutta session of 1906, under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, Congress adopted Swaraj as the Goal of Indian people. The 1907 Surat session was held at the bank of the Tapti river in Surat where split in congress happened. TheRaleigh Bill when became an act, it was calledIndian Universities Act 1904. The founding president of Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party. The seeds of Muslim communalism were sown by Syed Ahmed Khan, who remained loyal to the British in 1857 mutiny. The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha. The peasants (bhumihars) of the Champaran and other areas of North Bihar were growing the Indigounder the tinakathia system. Under

the tinakathiasystem the peasants were bound to plant 3 out of 20 parts of his land with indigo for his landlord. In Kheda, Gujarat, the peasants were frequently plagued by poverty, famines, scant resource, untouchability, alcoholism and British discrimination. Government of India Act 1919 is known as a consequence of Montague Chelmsford Reforms. The Satyagraha lost momentum with the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy on April 13, 1919. October 17, 1919 was observed as Khilafat Day. On 1 August 1920, Non-Cooperation Movement was announced formally. The Moplah Rebellion or the Malabar Rebellion was an extended version of the Khilafat Movement in Kerala in 1921. The Non-cooperation movement was on its pinnacle in all of north India. In South, though it was luke warm. On February 4, 1922, a mob of 2000 people gathered to picket a liquor shop at Chauri Chaura, a town near Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. In 1925, Keshav Bahram Hedgewar founded the Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur. the communist party of India was launched in Tashkent in October 1920. On October 31, 1920, the first session of the All India Trade Union Congress was held at Bombay under Lala Lajpat Roy, thus marking the beginning of AITUC. he Congress working committee met on January 2, 1930 and on that day it was decided that the January 26, 1930 should be observed as Poorna Swarajya Day., as on that day, a Poorna Swarajya pledge was drafted by Mahatma Gandhi. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in Lahore on March 23, 1931. Salt Satyagraha began with the Dandi March on March 12, 1930 and was the part of the first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Breaking of the salt law was the formal inauguration of the Civil Disobedience Movement. On 11 September 1930, the personnel of the Round Table Conference were announced. The Second Round Conference opened on September 7, 1931. Gandhi represented Indian National Congress and Sarojini Nayudu represented Indian women. On August 16, 1932, the British Prime Minister McDonaldannounced the Communal Award. Thus it is also known as McDonald Award. The Poona Pact was the agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Br Ambedkar reached on 25 September 1932. Third Round Table Conference was held in London on November 17, 1932. Officially, the Civil Disobedience movement was suspended in May 1933 and it was finally withdrawn in May 1934. Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), was a left-wing group within the Congress. It was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as President and Jay Prakash Narayan as General Secretary in 1934. In the Third round table conference, a Cambridge student Chaudhary Rehmat Ali coined the term Pakistan.

he Wardha Resolution is also known as "Quit India Resolution". This resolution was ratified in the All India Congress Committee at Bombay on August 7, 1942. Here on December 30, 1943 Subhash Chandra Bose first raised the flag of Indian independence. he boundaries between the two dominion states were to be determined by a Boundary Commission which was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff.